APRil 1976

SUO

_Ji. J
.'

•
•
FM Sp • 2

With ~ - Computers Are Ridiculously Simple!

 •
% ore...

~ FIXED STATION FOUR BAND VERTICAL

The 4-BTV is longer for greater aperature, larger in diameter fo r strength and
bandwidth , heavier traps for precision and safety factor. Indivi dually, each
subassembly weig hs more to co llective ly give you an antenna designed for
convenience of assembly and installation. a wide marg in in mec hanical stabi lity
and far superior electrical performance.
e Lewest SWR - PLUS! w it ho ut damage to the alu minum tu bing

• Bandwidth at its broadest! SWR 1.6 to 1 or • Guaranteed to be easiest assembly of any

better at band edges, multi-band vertical.

• Hustler exclusive trap covers MS pritz" extruded
to otherwise unattainable close tolerances
assuring accurate and pe rmanent trap
resonance.
• So lid o ne inch fibe rglass trap forms for
optimum e lect rical and mechani cal stability.
• Ante nna has ~- -24 st ud at to p to accept AM -7S
or AM-75-S H ust ler reso nator for 75 meter
operation when desired
• Top loadi ng o n 75 meters fo r
broader bandwidth and higher radiation
effic ie ncy!

• Extra he avy d uty aluminum mounti ng brac ket
with low loss- high strength insulators.
• All sections 1,,- heavy wall, high strength
aluminum. Length 21 '5-.
• Stainless steel clamps permitting adjustment
• Feed w ith any length 50 o hm coax.
• Pc wer cacatautv-ouu legal limit on sse and
CW
• Ground mount with or without rad ials; roof
mount with radi als .

o~setting oCtotalbandcowrage!
40 THROUGH 10 METERS
MODEL
4-BTV
Available from all distributors ' 5 POUNDS
who recognize the best!
15800 comme rce park d rive,
neur-tromcs corporation b rook park. o hio 44142
Exporter : Roburn Agencies. Inc.• New York. N Y.
 •

'ALABAMA - J. W. Clary, Birmingham, 205/322-2486; Ack Radio, Birmingham; 205/322-

0588 "ALASKA - Service Electric, Ketchikan "ARIZONA - Masters Communications,
Glendale "ARKANSAS - M. J. Communications, North Little Rock, 501/945-9307
"CALIFORNIA - Buddy Sales, Reseda; C & A Electronics, Long Beach; Gary Radio, San
Diego; Metro Audio, Bakersfield; Henry Radio, Anaheim; Henry Radio, Los Angeles;
Hallcom, Riverside; HoE.MoE.C., Santa Barbara; Ham Radio Outlet, Burlingame; M-Tron,
Oakland; Quement Electronics, San Jose; Selectronics, Sacramento; Sequoia Stereo. Arcata;
Sichel Equipment. San Francisco; Teletronics, San Jose; Webster Radio, Fresno; Westcom
Engineering, San Marcos ·COLORADO - C. W. Electronics, Denver, LEC Electronics, Pueblo
"CONNECTICUT - Marcus Communications, Manchester, 203/646-1839 "FLORIDA -
Amateur Electronic Supply, Orlando, 305/894-3238; Amateur Radio Center, Miami, 305/573-
8383; Lasater Electronics, Tampa, 813/839-5907; HeLP, Jacksonville, 904/356-8545
"GEORGIA - Aquarius Electronics, Atlanta, 404/252-4827 "HAWAII - Island Electronics,
Honolulu "IDAHO - Bob's Two-Way, Lewiston; Chesbro Music, Idaho Falls; Morton
Electronics, Boise; Ross Distributing, Preston; United Electronics, Twin Falls ·ILLINOIS-
Erkk8011 Conununicurions, Skokie, 312/677-2161; Klaus Radio, Peoria, 309/691-4840,
Spectronics, Oak Park, 312/848-6778 "INDIANA - Hoosier Electronics, Terre Haute,
812/238-1456 "IOWA - Bob Smith Electronics, Ft. Dodge, 515/576-3886 "LOUISIANA - Radio
Parts, New Orleans, 504/581-5959 "MAINE - Yorks Radio, Houlton, 207/532-3354, Down-
East Hamshack, Lewiston, 207/782 8642 "MARYLAND - E1SCO, Wheaton, 301/946-1088
"MASSACHUSETTS - Kensco Sales, Quincy, 617/471-6427; Tufts Radio, Medford, 617/395-
8280 "MICHIGAN - Audio Land, 313/791-1400; Electronic Distributors, Muskegon, 616/726-
3196 'MINNESOTA - Hiawatha, Winona, 507/452-8448 "MISSISSIPPI - Jimmy'S Harnshaek,
Jackson, 601/9564017 "MISSOURI - Mellers Photo Lab, Springlleld, 417/883-1315; Ham
Radio Center, St. Louis, 8007325-3636; Precision Radio, Kansas City, 816/361-1965; Henry
Radio, Butler, 816/679-3127 "MONTANA - Conley Radio Supply, Billings; Electronic Center
Radio, Great Falls "NEW HAMpSHIRE - Craig Radio, Portsmouth, 603/436-2884; Evans
Radio, Concord, 603/224-9961 "NEW MEXICO - Manzano Enterprises, Tijeras "NEW YORK -
Adirondack Radio, Amsterdam, 518/842-8350; Barry Electronics, New York City, 212/925-
7000; CFP Enterprises, Horseheads, 607/739-0187; L & M Electronics, Hamburg, 716/627-
2498; Harrison Radio, Farmingdale, Long Island, 516/293-7900 "NORTH CAROLINA - Freck
Radio, Ashville, 707/254-9551; Pair Electronics, Greenville, 919/756 2292; Vickers Electron-
ics, Durham, 919/688-6311 "NORTH DAKOTA - CDS Electronics, Grand Forks, 701/594-
6744 "OHIO - Amateur Electronic Supply, Cleveland, 216/486-7330; Srepco, Dayton,
513/224-0871 "OKLAHOMA - Derrick Electronics, Broken Arrow, 918/251-9923; Radio
Store, Oklahoma City, 405/682-2929; Roland Radio, Tulsa, 918/835-6833 "OREGON - Oregon
Ham Sales, Albany; Portland Radio Supply, Portland "PENNSYLVANIA - Electronic
EXChange, Souderton, 215/723-1200; Hamtronics, Trevose, 215/757-5300; Kass Electronics,
Drexel Hill, 215/449-2300; Radio Pro Shop, Butler, 412/282-7373 "SOUTH CAROLINA -
Accuteek Communications, Greenville, 803/271-0088 "SOUTH DAKOTA - Burghardt
Electronics, Watertown, 605/886-7314 "TENNESSEE - Sere-Rose, Memphis, 901/683-1125
"TEXAS - Douglas Electronics, Corpus Christi, 512/883-5102; Electronic Center, Dallas,
214/526-2023; Howard Radio, Abilene, 915/677-1335; J & H Radio Supply, Odessa, 915/362-
5732; Waco Communications, Waco, 817/772-3550; TECO Electronics, Garland, 214/348-
8800; Texas Technical Products, San Antonio, 512/695-8430; Trimble Electronics, Tyler,
214/597-2835; Bellaire Electronic Supply, Bellaire, 713/667-4294 "UTAH - Utah FM Sales,
Salt Lake City "VIRGINIA - Williams Radio Sales, Danville, 804/793-8302 "WASHINGTON -
ABC Communications, seattle, Advanced Electronics, Bellingham, Amateur Radio Suppl'y,
Seattle, G &: I Radio Sales, Tacoma, GDS Electronics, Spokane, HCJ Electronics, Spokane,
Progress Electronics, Longview "WISCONSIN - Amateur Electronic Supply, Milwaukee,
414/224-4200 "WYOMING - Rule Communications, Laramie. Your authorized ICOM dealers.
VHF UHF AMATEUR AND MARINE COMMUNICATIO N EaUiPMENT Di stributed by :

ICOM WEST, INC. ICOM EAST, INC.

Suite 3 Suite 307

ICOM 13256 Northrup Way

Bellevue, Wash , 98005
(206) 747·9020
3331 Towerwood Drive
Dallas, Texas 75234
(2 14) 62002780
 •
• Take hold of SSB with these
two low cost t wins. ICOM'S new portable IC·202 and IC·502 put it within
your reach wherever you are. You can take it with you to the hill top, the
highways, or the beach . Three portable watts PEP on two meters or six!
Hello, DX! The ICOM quality and excellent receiver characteristics of this
pair make bulky converters and low band rigs unnecessary for getting
st a rted in SSB-VHF. You just add your linear amp, if you wish , connect to
the antenna, and DX! With the 202 you may talk through OSCAR VI and
VII! Even transceive with an "up" receiving converter! The IC·502, s im i-
larly, makes use ofsix meters in ways that you would have always liked but
cou ld never have before. In fact, there are so many th ings to try, it's like
opening a new band.
Take hold of Single Side Band. Take hold of some excit ement . Take two.

IC-202 IC-502
2 Meter SSB · 3 Watt s PEP· True IF Noise Blanker 6 Meter 5 SB · 3 Watt s PEP· True IF Noise Blanker
Switched Dial Lights' Internal Batteries' 200KHz Switched Dial Lights' Intern al Batteries' 800KHz
VXO Tuning' 144.0, 144.2 + 2 More! • RII! VFO ' RII!

VHFIUHF AMATEUR AND MARINE COMMUNICATION eaUIPMENT DistribYted by :

ICOM WEST, INC. ICOM EAST, INC.

Suite 3 Suite 307

ICOM 13256 Northrup Way

Bellevue, Wash. 98005
(206) 747-9020
333 1 'rowerwooc Drive
Dallas, Texas 75234
(2 14) 620-278 0

SEE OUR DEALER LIST ON PAGE 1

 Yes. You Can Build This 2m Receiver! _ 18
A Reprogrammable 10 _ _. . . .....•. 28
Put That AM Rig on FM 34
A Carrier Operated Relay (COR) for Your Receiver 36
A $5 100 Watt Ampl ifier 38
Buil d A 220 MHz Repea ter .40
Carrier Ind icat or for Your Regency 42 # 186 APR 1976
Long Distance Call Eliminator 44
Repeaters in Paradise 48
Simple New n Decoder . _............. ... ....•..52
One IC Tone Burster 55
The Tuna-Two Tr aveler 56
The Mighty TR·22/15 60
Inexpens ive HF·VHF Frequency Standard 62
~ Computers Are Ridiculously Simple! 68
~ A Versatile TTY Generator 90
Chariots of the Hams? 98
T he PLL - EXPOSE D! ,10 2 98
The Two-Timer 106
How Accurate Is Your Counter - Really? 11 0
Gray Matters .• .. _. . __ 122
TR -22 Tips _ _.. .. .... . . . . •126
A New Fashion in Hats for the Fun Mode? .. _ 130
Copper Clad _ __ 134
Bicentenn ia l Seconds __.. . . . . • . . . . . .. . __ 136

18 ~
~ ' . 68

4 Never Say Die 63 Ham He lp

6 Looking West 63 Correction
8 Hamburqtar 65 I/O Editorial
9 Ancient Avia tor , 13 Socia l Events ..... '_.... ._-....
__
10 Be My Guest , 13 Oscar Orbits
~

-_.
--,
~ _ ._ - _. ~

..
~_ . ~­

-
12
16
45
Letters
Con U~$1$
Neteo r ks
'1 5
144
144
New Products
Reade r Service
Propagation
~-
••
'_. ­ _......-
........ -_ .._ _ - ~

60

COVER : Nan cy Clu ff with the Yaesu FT·221 . PhOtO by Ed

Crabtree; dogs a nd sled co urt ew of David Houston, Jaffrey
N H.

J3 Magiiui ne {wflere the ac tion i3J is publ ishtld monthly by J3, tnc., Pererborough NH 03458 {a good p lM:e to Iiw J. Subscription rlHf!$
are a ridiculously low $ 10 for one year wor ldwide, $1 J for tlNO years, and $1 J.J6 f or th ree years (the buy of rhe year?). Second cliUJ
p ostage paid at Peterborough NH 03458 and at iiKfditional mailing o ffices. Phone: 603·924·3/1J3 (hey, don 't cilif much after 4 :30 pm
EST, okay?). M icrofi lm tldition - Un iwrsity M icrofilms, Ann Arbor MI 48106. Tapes - Science for the Blind, 332 RocIc Hill Rd, Sala
Cynwyd PA 19904. Entire conten ts copyright 19J6 by J3, I nc. INCLUDE OLD ADDRESS AND ZIP COD E WI TH ADDRESS
CHANGE NOT/FICA TlON.

HAPPIN ESS IS A NEW RIG
One of t he greatest joys of ham-
ming is getting on t he air with some-
thing new ... a rig, an an tenna, a new
mode. Unfortunat ely, one of the more
frustrating aspects o f hamming is
t rv ing to find out wflat to buy.
At the heart of t he problem is the
filet that there are too few amateurs
to present a market for ham gear
wfl;ch artrects larger and better
organized companies - thus most of
the ham gear manufacturers are small
outfits, often run as much as e hobby
as a pro fit-making b usiness. It is no
fault of t he entrep reneurs who run
t helil! companies t hat they can't afford
higl).powered advertising agencies to
write and produce t lle ir ads . . .
marketing and research consultants to
determ ine t he sales pot ential of
products and to see that they are
made and delivered on a schedule , .,
pro fessional wr it ers to prepare spec
sheets and ad brochu res ... etc.
Few men have had the experience it
ta kes to be fam iliar with all of the
aspects of managi ng a manu facturing
firm ... they may be good en ginee rs
. . . or good sal esmen (has t here ever
bee n o ne person good at bot h?) ... or
t hey may know ma rket ing , .. ye t,
when they start the ir own comp an y,
suddenl y they a re expec t ed to be
exp ert s in all of these fie lds, each of
w hich t akes years to learn . They also
have to know accou nting, product ion.
corpo rate fin anci ng and manageme nt,
slocks and bo nds, how to let con -
tract s, printi ng, packa ging, sh ip ping,
etc, Just t he business of getting
familia r with shIppi ng rou t ines is a job
in itself , with hund reds o f Ir uc king
firms t o son out , a weird asso rt ment
of mail rat es, UPS rates, etc.
ls it any wonder that many of the
ads fo r ham gear are written more
from the viewpoint of the manu·
lecturer t han fro m t he prospective
buyer ... you? Is it any wonder that
gening information alKIut a new
produc l is sometimes an almosr
impossible exercise? The ads say tinte:
you send for info and either get
nothing or else perhaps a copy of the
ad. Here you are waving your money
and the manufacturer seems to be
doing everything he ca n to push you
off.
Add to that the problem of gening
delivery. Maybe you decide that you
really must have a certain rig. You t rv
to find a dealer ad for it and there
iso't any. Or perhaps you do find one,
call the dealer, and f ind that he thinks
he will get a unit for you in six weeks
4
EDITORIAL BY WAYNE GREEN
(six montlls is not unusual on some
gear) .
A POSSIBLE CU R E
One Ihing that m i!itt he lp this
whole situalion would be some feed-
back 10 the dealers and manufacturers
of how you, the customer, fee l about
what is happening. In practice, we've
been doing qUIte a b it of this already,
but without any serious organized
effort behind ,t, Many readers, when
they gel frustrated enou!it , write to us
and plead for help. In many cases we
have been able to break things foose.
It seems to me that this should be
expanded. I think that the indusrry
would react well t o bene- feedback
from (;tJstomers. I may be biting off
more than I can chew II do that every
now and then ), but I'd like to enliSl
your cooperation in an e xperiment al
feedback Ie'S!.
Firsr, there are lhe ads. If yoo are
unabl e to find an ad fo r something
you wan t to know about, drop me a
li ne . . . milfk the tetter " Feedbac k"
so I will give it priority. It is awfull y
frustrat ing to wan t to know about
som et hing and have to loo k t h rough a
year of bac k issues to try and get data
on it . Man ufact ur ers shoul d advert ise
up t o date listings of gear and p rices
so the y are easily availab le.
If the ads do not tell you what you
wa nt to know, wr ite Feedback. Ads
shou ld be wri tten from yo ur view-
poi nt, not the manufacturer's . .. t hey
shoul d explain what t he benefits are
to you in using t he gear, wha t it costs,
and where to ge l it .
II yo u send for Read er 's Service
(and I've been meaning to speak to
you abou t that , , , yoo have not been
sending tn your reader's service
COUPOrl$ and I know who you are, you
slacke r) and info is slow in coming or
irl$ufficient, write Feed back . That
holds fo r RS fo r any hamrag. by t he
way, not JUSt 13.
If you have trooDie with any dealer,
write Feedback. Please be sure that
you are being al),olutely honest with
me . .. If yoo are screwing around
with a dealer and are t rv ing to pull a
fast one, don't bring me inlO the
hassle. Be sure you llr"e honest about
this and have not been fooling your-
sell because you pulled II $IUpid stunt
and don't want to admit it. , pull 'em
tOO and it is painful to face up to such
things. The motto on my wall is
comforting ... " Int elligence is No
Impediment to Stupidity."
If you get spec sheets or brochures
which leave yoo cold, write Feedbac k.
It you ge t hung up with a rig or kit
which is a np-ott, _ile Feedback.
As tar as I know, 73 is the only
ham magilline which puts its loss of
money wh«e its editorials are ... 73
refuses to run ads for f irms which
appear to be ripping ofl the reeoers
. .. or causing them wvere headaches
.. . or seem to be ripping 73 off. It
only amounts 10 a few lOSt pages of
ads a monlh •.• perhaps, l(lSi of
about S5000 a month in ad revenue,
about t he cost of a 32 page section of
the mag.azine. Would you rather NW
aoather 32 pages of magazine and
have to VIOrry abou t being r ipped off
by an advertiser?
$end your comments to :
FE EDBACK
73 Magazine
Peterborough NH 03458.
One other t hing . .. please don't
write and ask which fi rms are not
permitted to adYf!rti$l! in 73 ... our
lawyers insist t here is no way to pass
a lon g t hi s information without
opening ourselves to possible legal
harassment. Sorry abou t that.
CHA RLIE THE BOOTLEGGER
The anarchy o n t he CB bands
promoted by t he FCC's giving up on
any serious effort to co nta in t he
ac t io n the re seems to be spread ing . ..
to the ham band s. No t t hat we haven't
been sort of expec tin g this.
The use of Yaesu ham r igs fo r C6
side band is proving a serious t em pts-
tio n fo r some o f t he more ad ve n-
turous CBers. When they run out of
steam o n t he 23 CB ch annels they
start tuning the 10m and 15m bands
and hear a lot of silence. What the
hell, the FCC doesn't do anythi ng to
them on 11m when they ha m, run
high power and work skip, so t he y fire
up on 15m and give it a t ry.
One group tried this in an outskin
of New York recently and got
stomped by loca l ham$ who go t the
FCC into t he ac t and squashed the CB
exparl$ion effort. We need a lot more
hams, but that isn't the way to go
about it . Th is was in Fa r Rockaway.
I'd like to hear from ham groups
who are having problems w ith CB
expansion '" and what they have
done abou t it. I have a feeling that it
is t ime for the home building crew to
ge t busy and mme up with some good
d'rection f ind ing gear so we can form
posses and find t hese chapsQuicklY.lt
may be that a visit from a half dozen
or SO hams will convince them to go
back to the old 23. If ., doesn't. the
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'1602 ( . A .~ ' . n.F , .. no.Co ,93726
.,_
e-. _ , _._II...- ,
_ . "",_.... b. r".·K ...
FCC win need as much help as it ca n
gel in the wa y of !\iI~, addresses,
record ings, etc.
Oh , before I forget ... ;1 is legal to
make record ings o f caers on the ca
bands if they life break ing the law.
The secrecy rules state specif ically
lhat they do not hold if any law is
being broken ... and when was the
last time you hellld a CBer not break-
ing the law ... at least by not usi"9
his call? The re are no rest rictions to
mak ing tapes o f ham ba nd activities
, " the socrocy rules exempt ham
transmissions.
WHEN DOES MY
SUBSCRIPTION EXPIRE ?
Those twO numbe" under your call
lettel"s on your subKf ipt ion la bel are
the key . . . the lim ind icates the
month and the second lhe year of
your last copy ... 56 would expire
wilh the May 1976 issue. Now you
know as much as we do .
A FIRSH
I cla im the f irst bicen tennial aS L
del ivery for 197 6 , , , any arguments?
The contacts we re made at 0620 EST
{no reco rd, of course} and the 73
bicentennial aS L cards were delivered
in person to AA I KPS and AC1 PV F at
0727 EST Ja nuary 1, 1976. The coo-
tacts were made on two meters from
Pelerborough NH 10 the stations in
Somerville and Conwrd, Mass. The
c¥ds were de livered in Concord NH.
Chuck, Sandy and I were on a fie ld
tr ip 10 check OUI .,me HTs under
working conditions. Chuck, who runs
Tu fts Radio (New England's largest
ham distributor ), makes it a point to
koow how good the gear is that he is
Looking West
Now that was one = S&~ of a
football game they played out here
toda y. Possib ly one of the biggest
upsets in lootball history. II you are
one of the few t ha t missed it, I am
lal king about the Rose Bowl game
played here in Pasadena bu t a few
ho urs ago. Oh io ma y have gone in as
the favor ite, and tha t first ha lf it
seemed like our local UCLA team had
forgollen how to play football, b ut
somewhere "the gods" were smiting
on us and what toolc place in that
second half . Well, I guess iI'S one for
the record books! You can't imagine
in your wildest dream, the jo y that
abounds in LA tonight . " Our boys
done did iI, so celebrate!"
We have spent a lot of COlumn
space the past few monlhs on t he
top ic 01 amateur radio public relations
- gelling the word 01,.11 to lhe general
6
selling . " and I have to know how
good Ihe equipment is ., I know
whether or not to accept ads /rom the
manufacturers. Truly dedicated
people such as us willingly give up our
New Year's Day holiday to work hard
under rigorous conditions for your
benefit " and to get in a lillie skiing.
SA ROC - AN EXPENSE
ACCOUN T VACATION
After skipping the SAROC hamfest
fo r several years I mad e t he trip down
again to see what. if any thing. had
changed. Not much had . FM has taken
a back seat to microprocessors in the
exhibits, but th at was to be expected
since this is the wave of t he future lor
amateur radio.
Exhibitors were enJoYing the
pleasures of Vegas dur ing the wenings
and griping about the scant turnout 01
han11i during the days. January is
delinitely the off season in Vegas and.
othe r than am a teurs and an
emba lmers' convenlion or something,
not much was doing and t he big ac ts
were out somev.ohere else. Buddy
Hac ke tt (one 0 1 my favori tes) was up
in Asp en skiing.
The Smot hers Brot hers wer e th er e.
I've been one o f th eir fans fo r many
years , " sta rting with their record
albums, way before they gol into TV.
They were great, as usual . I under-
Uand that Dick is an amateur, by the
-,.
Other than the few manufacturers'
exh ib its, litt le seemed to be doing
wilh lhe hamfest. The biggest attrec-
tions were the microcomputers . ..
one by Hal using the Motorola 6800
chip had iI first rate game 012 1 set up
, " most appropria te for Vegas. It
aflorded an oooorturnrv to gamble
ccbu c . I had intended to devote th is
month to but one top ic: VHF -FM in
the sunny southland, and in teet most
01 th is column will be just t hat .
Ho~ver loops, there's t hat word
againf , I came <K;rOSS a book in my
travels arou nd the San Fer nando
Valley t hat bears ment ion.
Actually , it was just a fter mail ing
last month's column to Peterborough
during my tunch hour. Having wolfed
down one of Grassi 's fantastic Italian
sausage sandwiches and a Coke , I Uill
had about 25 minules before I was
due to be back at work . I decided to
$lOP by Sandy's E\e(:tron iC$ in Canoga
Park to see if any new and interesting
goodies were 10 be found. I was
brOW$ing through thei r bookcase
when my eye was caught by a rather
interesting utle, The Super 8 Hand·
book. Rather an odd volume to lind
without losing money .. . and that is
indeed unique in that city . Not that I
should gripe about the gambl ing ...
this t ime I won .
That's r i'1lt l And at the game giving
the worst odds in town ... Keno.
Along about my third 51 game I ceme
up with four out 01 four roumbers and
an amazed c/l$h ier paid ou t S11 4_ I
was so Ilabbergasted that I put some
dimes in a slo t machine and made a
bingo there 100 lor $ 10 more. I
changed it all into bicent enn ial silver
dol lar s and had t he who le wo rks
sto len a couple da ys lat er out o j m y
hote l room. Easy come, easy go.
The MITS systems were on d isplay,
being pushed by The Computer Store
of Los Angeles. Th is was my first look
at the MITS Altai r 680 (using the
6800 chip ) ." surprisingly small
package. I got my first look at the Joit
computer, It uses the Fairch ild Fa
chip and was an impressive unit . I'd
have pictures of all this jor you,
e xcept I didn 't lock my cameras up in
my hotel room and they got swiped
a lo ng with t he bicen tennial silver
dolla rs. From now on it's a metal
suitca se wit h a good combi nation lock
and a bic ycle locking cha in to go
aro und some thing in t he hotel room
wh ich can 't be removed. II t hey wan t
my suitcase they'll have to take along
t he sink.
SAROC is a nice expense accounl
vaca tion for the ham industry.
ITU PREP ARATIONS
Past 41m.;1teur preparations lor tnter·
!\iItiooal Telecommu nications Union
conferences. have been less than
minimal , despite S 100,000 being set
aside l or just t hat use. We ~nt into
the last big frequency conlerence in
~- -
in an etecrrcnes emporium, I thought ,
as I gave it ue " o nce-over" ... looks
interesting ,., hmmmmm ,., live
bucks . . . hmmmmm ... why not ?
Lill ie did I know the goldmine of
inlormation t hat I acquired whe n I
paid my $5 to th e cashier and went
merrily on my way back to "ye olde
salt m ine." It was dur ing my afternoon
break Ihat I began to get a glimmer of
what I had in my hot little hand.
First, it reads like I try to write -
,imple and to the point. You do not
have to be a pro in the mot ion picture
industry to grasp wha t the author1 are
trying to say. It starts by exp laining in
simple terms what Super 8 MM
photography i, and how it differs
from other motion picture formalS. It
takes you step by step through every
phase of Super 8 photography, and
when ue need arises, n stops to
1959 with virtually no pla nning and
with no requests lor more amateur
bands which could then be used as
bargaining chips. Through an inaed-
ib le luc ky f luke, U.S. amateurs did
not lose OU I that time.
The more recent satellite ITU con-
ference had almost as much pla nning
and t he end ~It was that amateurs
suffered a catastrophic loss
99.99 % of the UHF frequencies were
lost, wit h only II tiny segment on 450
MH z rema ining. All t he great ideas lor
w or ld wid e amate ur microwave
systems via satelli tes went down t he
t ubes ... en because there was no
planning, even though the money was
t he re to pay lor it.
Happ ily, thiflOJS look briflltel" t his
time. The next ITU conference is
scheduled for 1919 and an amateur
committee has come up with some
requests for expanded and additional
ham bands. If this looks extravagant,
remember that at one time amateurs
had 7000-8000 kHz and 14.000 to
15,000 kH z, too. And how about t hat
UL F band!
The frequencies suggested in tM
f irst draft of the amateur WAR C·79
allocations table are as fo llOWS (from
t he West Coast OX aul leti n!:
160-200 k HI 42(}.450 MHI
1715·2OfX}kHI 902-928 MHz
3500-4000 k HI 1215· 1300 MHz
70()().7500 kHI 2XXJ-2450 MHz
1{)100-10600kHI
14OlJO. 14500 kHI
330lXJ500 M Hz
5640-5925 MHI
18100-186OQ kHI 1()(}(X)- 1050Q MHz
21CJOO.21500 kHI 24 ·24.25 GHz
24OlJO.24500 kHI 48-50 GHz
28000-29700 kHI 7/ ·76 GHI
5lJ.54 MHI 165·170GHz
144·148 MHI 24lJ.250 GHz
220-225 MHI :xJ() GHz and up
8ill Pilsternl/k WA61TF
14725 Tiws SI. #4
Pan orama City CA 9 1402
explain itself .
Want to know how 10 set up prOPel"
artificial li!tlt ing1 See page 79 under
filming techn iques. Want to lea rn how
to edit your film so that no splice's are
ever seen1 Start on P1I'9l! 155 and keep
going. There is even a construction
project or two such as an inexpensive
home brew camera dolly. I carmat
be<}i n to tell you the wealth 0 1 in lor -
ma tion cleanly and ctearly packed
into t hose 240 pages by the authors

First, " "$it to ttw si~ of t~ ultn-wphistic.ted Sylmar avtopateh repeater
WRGAJP.
George D. Glenn and Ch8r~ B.
Schloz. T hey are award·winning Super
8 filmmakers and tell a lot about how
they did it in this volume published
by Ho ward W. Sams & Co" stock
=21001. If what I have written in the
past about t h is motion picture fo rma t
inter~s you, then I suggest you get a
copy of The Super 8 Handbook !!\len
be fore you hit the local photo shop 10
look at equipment. If you do, you will
know a 101 about what you are
loo king tor bef ore you en ter t he door ,
For what it's wort h, I hereby give The
Super 8 Handbook ten gold stars and
the "official" m Looking West
rec om menda t io n. No w on 10 FM . . .
Let's w ind up t he cover age of t he
Vent ura Convent ion and the SC RA
meeti ng he ld t he re. As to t he con ven -
t ion itse lf, I woul d be a poo r pe rson
to judge, as I arrived lat e and never
got a chance to visit the eHhib its or
partake of th e semi na rs. In t he gripe
departm ent , I have onl y o ne, and it
has to do wit h th e banquet . I am not
o ne w ho be lieves that at an affair such
as this one should ha ve to stand in
line, cafeteria styl e, to get one's
d inner. To me, "donner" or "banquet"
sugges ts service to your tab le and all
the trimmings tha t 90 with it. Again,
t his is purely personal , and t he only
negative I came upon that !!\IenulQ, On
t he positive, t he food was good and
the people sponsoring the conven tion
came up wil h a special aher<linner
treat that more than made up lor the
food line.
Now I ask you, how many conven·
t ions have you been to where you ate
good food, listened while a keynote
speaker like Ro y Neal K6DUE held
your mind captivated, and ended the
evening with Alvino Ray and his
orchestra? That was the bill of fare
presented for those attendIng Ventura
' 75. I defini tely enjoyed it ; I think
you would have, too. As I _ite this,
close in my mind is SA ROC '75 to
whidl I will soon triNe!. Well. , , thlt
report is oext month!
Meanwhile, back at the SCRA
meeting ... quue a bit of time was
spent discussing the problem of u....
ooordinated repeaters, but no co n-
crete solutiorl$ to the problem were
derived. T he problem is that voluntary
frequency coordinat~on is just that -
volun tary. It's a handshake among
amateurs. and when one or two ama-
teurs don't want to partake of tnat
commuoal handshake, what can you
really do? Keep offering that "hand"
is one thi ng t hat most !!\Ieryone
attending agreed on. Kee p try ing to
dev elop tines of oommunication with
the owner 0 1 su<:h a system, and do
your best to ma ke him "see the light ."
In o ne sll(;h conflict, it looks as if this
approath is meet ing with suc<:e ss.
When t hey realize it is to t he mutual
benefit of all parties, am ateurs rea lly
can lea rn the art of comm unicat ion.
Commu nication is t he f irst step
towa rd negot iat io n, and negotiat ion is
the refore the f irst st ep toward solu-
tio n,
Persona lly, I tend to prefer having
any d iffe rences w ith in ou r "com-
muni t y" settled fr om w ith in. It is now
a his torica l fact, one well proven by
past ex per ienc e, t ha t when you a re
forced to go to t he Commission for
assistance, most o f t he time thi s assis-
tance comes in th e lo rm of rather
stringent regul ation . A fter having
fought hard fo r a good number of
years to eliminate all or at least most
of the ef fects of 18803, we do not
want to ma ke any move now t hat
would turn the clock back lor us.
It is still my belie l t hat the simpl~
solution lies in some form of official
recognition by t he Commission of t he
work being done by regional t re-
q ue ncy coordina ting organizations.
Note that I say ooordinating organiza-
tions, not individual coordinators. I
feel very stron:.Jly that a coordInating
organization, whether it;s called com-
mittee o r council, should be made up
of representatives from not only t he
ranks of repeater owners, but also
from regional organillltions repre-
senting all interests (repeater FM,
simple x FM, re mot e base operation,
AM and SS B use, and other more
exotic modes). T he concept of t he
individual ent ity lamateurl acting as
an area coordina tor is on e t hat I
personally do not agree with. Not that
there have not been some trul y OY t-
stand ing people taki ng 0I'l t his burden
and do ing an exemplary job, but is it
fa ir to all? Is it possible for any
ind ivid ua l to be totally objective in a
situation where possibly one of his or
h er best f r ie n d s is involved~
Reme mber , ooordinators like all of us
are hum an bei ngs - people - and no
person that I know could be termed as
perfect. I know that I am not , and I
doubt if I could remain totally objec-
t ive in every cue or in every dispute
tha t would come my way if I were a
freq ue ncy roordinator , It is for this
very reason that I doubt if the Com-
missio n would be inclined to " o ff i·
cially rec:oglize " any DOe individual
ama teur in a given area lIS " sup reme
voice" on such mailers.
On the other hand, a c:oordinating
organization, o ne made up of all
interested inhabitants of a given se1}
ment of spectrum, is a horse of a
different color. By the very IllCI that
no two people th in!< exaCtly alike on
a ll matters, you have built·in controls
and are forced to develop organiza-
tional guidelinn directed to bene-
fitting the vast majority. Giving each
repea ter owner an equal voice in all
matters affecting VHF -FM repeater
operat ion has proven its true viab ility.
I suspect t ha t this simple precept has
been the key of success fo r the SC RA
and o ther similar organizations. Now,
with the recent introduction o f a
numbe r of mult i·mode all band
coverage rad ios for two meters (and
unless 1 miss my guess, similar equip-
ment in the future for 50 MHz, 220
MHz and 450 MHz ), it will soo n be
incumbent upon anyone involved in
freque nc y coor di nation to ta ke steps
to insure t he sanc tit y o f use rs of these
oth er modes, fo r as more and more of
suc h rad ios proureeere am ong o ur
numbers, th is wil l become a necessity.
If orga nizatio ns that are now invo lved
in repeater freq ue ncy coo rdi natio n
t ake t he initi ative and so licit the most
Next, • I<It~ night inr.",~ .....i th
WA6VQP.
know ledgeab le users of th ese oth er
m odes in to the ir o rganizations, it may
well prevent chaos from develop ing in
the future. It will also show t he
Commission that repea ter / FM enthu-
siasts are not isctano nlsts, It w ill show
t hat we are interested in the welfare
of all spect rum users, and may be t he
kind of key necessary to obtain that
sign o f off icia l recogni tion t hat is now
so necessary.
If this sounds a bit different than
the recent ideas set forth by the
ARRL , I must at least credit t hem for
putting "the bug" into my head about
where the future might lead. While the
basic ideas are sound, from the fore-
going you probably guess I do
strongly disagree with the concept of
a Regional ARRL Appointed COOrdi....
ator. No matter how strong t he co n-
troIs from Newington, it would be too
easy for a monardly to develop
should the wrong person ..... ind up
entrusted with the future of a given
erea. Ra the r, I would like to see t he
Lea<J.Ie solici t the formation 01 ooor·
dinating councils in areas now served
by a single amateur acting as roordina-
tor , and simul taneously recognize
existing courn;:ils as the official repre-
sentatives o f those areas in which such
councils exist.
Step two mig ht be t he formation of
four area-wide organillltions (i.e.. East
Coast, Mid -West, Mou ntain and West
Coast) t ha t would be made up 0 1
represe ntat ives o f t he smaller regional
organizations, T his woul d se rve two
pu rposes . F ir st , it would let
"neighbors" get to know one another
and at t he sam e t im e provide a plat-
fo rm where problem s oom mon to all
in that area cou ld be worked on. On
t his level, lines of com munica tion
cou ld be developed between t he four
regional organizations and an ongoing
exc ha nge of information vita l to
standard ized national growth could be
mainta ined, and then d issem inated to
the local o rganizat io ns. Meetings of
suc h area-w ide organizations oould be
he ld in conjunct ion with a major
WR6AJrr liCtffisetl, Jim Hflndtfrshor
1
amateur convention with in that
geographic area, or better yet , by use
01 lo nger range communication on 75
SSB or what~r you plea se. Actua lly,
l"e9-'lar on-the-air mee t ings would
lICCOmpiish a lot more than one or
two meetings eyeball each year, but
tbe ae are just suggestions, and
admittedly open lor improvement,
Anyhow, going one step lurther, that
being to a national and possibly inter-
national level, I can foresee the top
echelon being a modification of the
now exist ing VHF Repeater Advisory
Committee. i.e., a reorganization to a
VHF Spectrum utuuenoo Advisory
Comm ittee . Rather than being
appointed by ARRL HQ, th is "top
dra-.wr" grou p would be composed of
four or f ive " elected" me mbers of
nc h area-wide organi u tion and
wo uld be ilS$ igned the task 01 dealing
with all VHF /UHF problems that
required hand ling on a nationa l basis.
In add ition, since VHF operat ion is
not isolated to the USA. I could see
an open invitalion being given to
foreign representatives of VHF /UHF
interest to sit in and exchange ideas
with us. Similar to the way that the
ARRL Board of Directors meet, t his
committee could hold similar
meetings either quarterly, serm-
annually or annually as necessity
wo uld dictate. Travel costs lor such
national meetings cou ld be generated
through shared fund ing on the part of
each loca l organization o r that in
comb ina tion with partial funding
from the delegates themw tYeS.
Note tile difference : From tile
"grilS$ roots" local level on up. no one
indiv idual is appoinled. On everv
level. those in posit ions of power are
elected by their peer s. There is no one
individua l anyplace with supreme
power over anyone . Rather all
decisions on each level are handled by
majority vote resulting in. basically, a
democratic republic for the VH F·
oriented amateur - one with the
possibility of developing worldwide
t ies. In this bicentenn ial year, not a
bad goal to shoot lor. As a "long-
Tracking the HAMBURGLAR
STOLEN : RF Co m munications, Inc
2m FM r ig. Mode l RF·403. Four
channe ls. Crystalled for 16.76, .94.
148.01 , 143.99. Noticeable "carbon
mike" audio quality. Contact
W3DTN.
TAKEN : IC-21 SIN 6047 also hi-Io
pol ice mon itor sus pects two male
N~ros, driv ing 1968 Ford Falcon
dark green O hio license 654283. Carl
Scheff WB8L TN .
MADE OFF WITH : Re<)er>CY HR ·2,
Heathk it linqr att lChed S.S-N.
405-46-6000 inscri bed on both units.
John Fomash WB4TOH .
ABDUCTED: Regency HR -2-A SIN
040842. Ear l Nicho ls W4Pll .
8
stanlltng" league me mber of some
t wo months now. I offer these sugges-
t ions to both them and you for
cons iderat ion , in the hope that tl'ley
INlY be o f some t rue l1I ility.
LOOKING WEST VISITS AN
OPEN AUTOPATCH AND
V ICE VERSA
Ever been visited by a repeater7
Believe it or not it has happened more
than once around this QTH and I have
the pictures to prove it. OK ... to be
honest only once d id a comple te
repeater, along with the person that
created it, pass by to spend an
evening, that being about three
months ago when Mark WA6DPB
$I.0Pped over to show me a new
creation for 420. Got some good ccro-
slides of that one and perhaps we can
get a " cover" out of one o f them in
the future . Maybe . , . h uh, Wayne 7
An ynow , it was a vi,,; t b y J im
Hendershot WA6VOP . ea rlier th is
evening that has lead to the fo llowing.
Jim , better known around here as
"J r." passed by to show me the new
receiver that will soon serve as the
"ears" of his two meter open auto-
patch repeater system WR6AJP -
146,865 in - 146 .265 out. Jim's
system is located here in the San
Fernando Valley in an area known as
Sylmar, basically the northeast corner
o f the Valley. AJP is one of the
Inverted California Plan sp lit·split
systems that has proven lhat what was
thought up out her e rea lly does work
- an OPI!n autopatch on an inverted
spIit·spI it that operates 24 hour s a day
wit hou t any ad ja cent (:hannl!'!
problems. WR6AJP is one of IWO fu lly
ooen autopatch systems serving the
Los Angeles metropo litan area, the
other being WR6ADH on 147.72 in -
147.12 out. There is a third autopatch
system, WR6AKB in Palos Verdes
(146.745/145), that also pu rpor ts to
be an open autopatch ; however, its
owner requires regular users of the
autoPlllch facility to .b eco me "club
mem be rs" and provide ongoing
support for t he " cl ub." To m y way 01
SHANGHA IED: TR ·22·C SIN 121124
on 9 /3 /75 . Jack Moorhouse W8IHO.
ROBBED : Clegg 27/B SIN 27014
3313, Tempo 220 SIN 5171, also
Regency 440 no serial number avail-
able. Gorden Plainfield VE3HKE.
STOLEN : Icom 230 SIN 2403241 ;
IC3PA ( Ico ml power supply SIN
1105929; Drake TR ·22C SIN 940898.
These items were stolen as o f 11-7-75.
I would appreciate any infor lNltion
concern ing these stolen items, • they
-.wre un insu red and a heavy loss.
P lease contact me. or Wilshire
DivisionlLos Angeles Police Depart-
ment . Michael Mockler. 121 S. Oxford
Ave., Api. E. Los Ange les CA 90004.
Phone 213-388-6584.
think ing. th is tatter stipu lat ion takes
WR6AKB OUI 01 the truly open auto-
patch calegory even though the
repeater system it self is open iIClCeS$
carrier SQuelch. By contrast, both
ADH and AJP ocerete under the
premise that V'Ol untary user a;lntribu·
tion mllSt support their conti nued
operations. While I have never spoken
with Wayne Curley WA6NRB. owner
of ADH. on this matter, the following
from the June 16, 1975 SWAPS
NEWSLETTER is a very sensible
approach in my opinion.
"What is my fair share of the phone
bill? The amount of the donation in
support of the phone bill is based on
how much a user uses it. Each minute
the phone is in use is &C. whether he
ca lls YVhilt ier or Hewhal f. Of course,
there is the cost of the basic phone
service. plus the coup ler. etc.. wh ich is
part of the phone bill also. With a
totally o pen autopatch system.
support is strictly voluntary. So just
remember the more calls, the more
time, the more money. "
Note the phrase "strictly volun·
terv." Simply, il you are one of those
stalwart sou ls that is providing your
area with open autopatch service,
technically , you are do ing so "out of
the goodness of your heart," and user
support of your operating expenses is
something really up to tile whim of
your users. However, when one
decide$ that he will become a regu lar
user of an open autopatch system, he
take$ on a very important moral
obliga tion to show some form 0 1
support. No open autopatch can long
survive unl l!S$ those amateurs making
use o f its faci lities give ongoing
financial support. I personally look at
any autopatch system as a friend
doing me a favor by supply ing me
with an extension telephone in my
car, If it we re an extension of my own
phone and I used it, I would have to
pay the costs involved. Now if a frien d
were to pul an extension of his phone
in my home, and I were to make use
of said phone. I would be morally
ob ligated to pay my share of the bill.
FILCHED: Kenwood T5-520 SIN
231023; lcom IC-22 SIN 10718;
KW107 supermatch tools. books, etc.
Taken from my car in Toronto
November 1975. Any inlormation
please contact Metropolitan Toronto
police, James Knott VE3CVM.
PI LFERED : KDK 144 - lOSX SIN
5446. Taken from my car in the
Chicago area on 10.25-75. Nick
Kalafice WOOll , 117 Wesl Glencre$l.
Drive, Mankato, Minnesota 56001 .
Phone 507·387-2279.
PLUNDERED : Drake TR-72, SI N
860589. Bob Armantrout WBSTNl.
MISAPPROPRIATED: HR ·212 SIN
24-00355. Oon Tacy WA8UKS.
The guy providing you with an open
autopatch is doing just that - giving
you an extension telephone that you
can make use of while mobile and the
aforementioned moral obligation does
indeed exist. The responsibility for
defraying COSU rests on the shou lders
of all that partake. I would much
prefer to see open autopatch repeaters
prosper on the basis of voluntary user
contribution rat her than the road that
WR6AKB has gone, since when an
autooatch system is forced to form a
"club t ype operation" to Insure
survival. and even if such a dub is
open to membership by any interested
amateur as is the case with AKB. can
it truly be said that such an autop.atch
repeater is an open autOPatch ? If the
very concept of the open autopatch, a
la the ADH and AJP type operat ion , is
to survive th is inilial time period . it is
up to those that make use of these
systems. up to you.
I m ight be stick ing my neck out a
bit, but the aforement ioned SWAPS
NETWORK June ' 75 NEWSLETTER
has a lot of good information about
operating on an open auropatch
repeater with some very good basic
common sense ideas on this topic.
Perhaps a note to them at PO Box
"B:' San Gabriel CA 91778 will bring
you a copy if any are still available. If
not , I will try and find space in future
columns to print more 01 the SWAPS
NETWORK 's ideas on open autopatch
repeater operat ion.
The story 01 WR6AJP itself is an
interesting repeater $I.ory and it will
be part of next month's Looking
We${. along with what took place at
SAROC. and if space permits, a few
other goodies. In the meantime, I
hope that the pictures entice you
enough to be back next month for t he
complete WR6AJP storv. No, that
photo of the machine itself is not a
put-en. What is pictured is a fully
operational IWO meter open autopatch
that has never "been down" due to
equipment failure' Who said the art of
home brew is deacH
KIDNAPPED : Drake TR·22 SI N
430470 large mike conn ., also m ini
phone jac k. 81rt Rosenb e rg
WA8HKO.
PILLAGED : Unimetrix Ultra Comm.
SIN 090325, eight sets xtals. 1.T. pad
two separate phone jac ks, mike had I
piece broken on top. Ross Fox
W8PlX.
RIFLED: Lafayette HA-I46. T.T,
pad, ball point marker on deviation
pod. phone jack in rear, all CRA xtals
plus. Jim Frey WA4LBI .
HIJACKED: Standard Mobile model
825-MA. SIN 205258 written on
inside of chassis " KBUYO"' dent on
backs ide lo wer left, T.T. pad
" K8 UYO" on inside of box next to
speaker jack. John lisman WB8JWD.
RUSTLED : Unimetr ix Ultra Comm
no further info. Donn Nottage
W8JGP.
 'n the early part of its orgimil<t-
lional phllse, lhe Aeronaut ics BrallCh
of the Departmerlt 0 1 Commefce was
Vefy short o f help. Applicat io m for
pilot, aircraft and mecha nics licenses
were pour ing into the Wash ington
off ice. They had the country d ivided
i nto regions with a Supervisi ng
Inspector in charge of each. Abou t all
t he Washington office was able to d o
with these hundreds of oJPplications
was sepa rate them according to
regions, then sh ip them oul to the
Supervising Inspector o f each region.
Since the District of Columbi a was in
my region, I would stop in at head-
qu arters as often as necessary and pick
up my new applications. sort them
out and ma ke up ltineeeries.
Tile pay on this job was something
like $JOO a month to start. You were
prOllided with .tI book o f government
!ravel requests to take care of trans-
portation. When you were away from
your official headquarters you could
collect $6 per di em to cover food and
lodg ing, rips InO! o ve r 254'1. ta Kies,
st reet ca rs, buses and loca l phone calls
(not over lOC f on an expe nse account.
Don' l you wish you had a shot at a
deal like thaO
My earlief tr ips were made by train
and bus. One I remember quite well
took Frank Jedcoe and me to various
plaCll$ in North Carolina. We started at
Raleigh a nd split up to cover two
itineraries. Mine too k me to Winsto n-
Satern. Greensboro . North Wilksboro,
MaKt o n, Ham let and back to Raleigh.
I arri ved at North Wil ksboro a little
before noon. I had one applicant there
for aircralt and pi lol licenses whom I
tried to reach by phone. No phone. So
I went to the loca l police station,
idenlified myself and asked if they
could help me locale t he fe llow. They
"hemmed and hawed" and said t hey
wou ld see what t hey cou ld do, I told
t hem I woul d be ha ving lunch at the
resta ur ant down t he st reet and would
app rec iate any information they could
get me. Well, whi le I was having lunch,
a fellow came in al'ld sat down at my
table. He asked me why I wanted to
LOOTE D, Healh HW- 202, series
0 1324, Set up for 34194, 31191 ,
22/B2, 16n6. 28/BB, 3Bl9a Sto len
Ja nua ry 1, 1976. Also taken : a first
aid k it for VOlunteer resc ue squad.
Info to Black sburg Pol ice Dept .
Blacksburg VA 24060, telepho ne
(7031 552 · 2 311 . Douglas Ha lt
WA4UNS/P4
ROB BED : Drake TR·2 2C, SIN
8 50265, Taken in San Diego. Rewa rd
o ffe r e d. Da v id M. A nder s on
WA 6KHH/6, PO Box 1097, Lem oore
CA 93245.
KIDNAPP ED: Robyn GT VII B
5001-005801. Stolen September 2 1,
1975 . Mark Jacobson, 2133 River-
wood, OkelT"lO$ MI48B64_
SHANG HAI ED: Co urief Traveller II.
SIN 12Y21737, Taken from m y car in
Tamaq ua PA on 10/22 fl 5. R. A.
Hutton, Bo" 197, Schnecksville PA
18078 .
EARLY AERONAUTICS BRANCH,
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF CO MMERCE
get in touch with the app licant . I told
him and showed him my 10 card.
"On." he said , " Yo u' re lrom l he
gDIIefnment up in Washingto n ?" I said
I was. Then he said "Well, the feller
you wa nted to see won 't be availab le.
There'S a bus leaving fo r Winsto n·
Salem in an hour and my advice to
you is to be on that bus." I didn't
argue with him . , _ on that bllS. The
remainder of that tr ip took u s to
Rocky Mount and Norfo lk Naw l Air
Stalion, where they gilve us a lift Oller
to langley F ie ld _ After a weekend at
Langley renewing old acqudlOtaoces
and l hree working days at Richmon d,
we retur ned to hom e plate in Washing-
ton.
Since quit e a few pilots at NAS
Norfolk and Langley F ie ld had
e"pressed a desire to obtain a civili an
pi lot license, I got oJPprOlla l to spend a
few da~ there c hecki ng pilou for
tra nspor t pilot tickets. The Depert-
mel'll assigned me a mand new J5
lai rd for tile trip. Now t he lai rd was
a beaut iful sh iny ship. b ut it was an
open cock pit job with no heater; the
m ont h was December and no winter
f lying clotlles went with the machine.
I had my own helmel and goggles so I
bundled up ItS best I cou ld in my
business overcoat and set sa il for
MADE O F F WIT H: IC-2 30 SiN 240
1926, Heal hk it HWA-202- 6 colinear,
and Data Tone 2 touch tone enc od er
that was stolen fro m my car in Tampa
FL on October 31 , 1975. Report filed
wit h Hillsborough Cou ntV Sheriff
Dept. Bud Ho lman WA4 ASJ , PO BOK
69B, Vera Beach FL32960.
ABDU CT ED : Drake ML·2 SIN 11603,
17 cr~tals, coa" line from mike input
to jack o n rear o f case. William B.
T ilghman, 448 W. Oak Ridge, Apt
201 , Or lando F L328 09.
SWIPED: la fay ett e HA-146 nine sets
xla ls. no mike, 115.70 insta lled in
priorily position . Lo u Rauh
WBBWBD.
MISAP PROPRIA TED : KDK
144 ,I OSX SIN 5446. Taken from my
car in t he Chicago area o n 10-25-75.
Nick Ka lafice WOO ZZ, 11 7 West Glen-
cr est Drive, Mank ato MN 5600 1.
507·387-2279.
langley. The te mperatu re o n ue
ground at Bolling was about 4 5' 50 I
f lew low 10 Langley and didn't sutfe-
too much. The Irip back to Boiling a
few daYl lat er was a di fferen t siory. It
was aroun d 30" on t he ground at
Langley the mo rn ing of m y depa rt ur e
lor Bolling (Washingtonl. As the trip
progressed, I got colder, and the
colder I got the more I leaned on the
ttvott le, 50 I made the 130 m ile lr ip
in aboul an hour. That was un-
questionably the coldest ride I ever
had . TheV had 10 he lp me out o f the
ship at Bolling.
First thing I did upon my arrival at
the "Deep de Com" hangar was to ask
t he man in charge to "scrounge" some
winter flying gear for me. He said he
thought he aluld he lp and this is how
he d id it. It seems thilt only a few
days before. there had been a fairly
exteemve lire in one of the Bolling
Field hangars. Now this is an even!
that every Supply Sergeant on the
field welcomed, because it enabled
h im to Clai m t hat almost eve ry item in
his charge that had been lost, stra yed
or stolen was destroyed in t hat hangar
fire. So all my man had to do was to
get a wintef flying su it , boots and
gloves from a Supply Sergeant who
'M;)uld survey lhem as having been lost
SN ATCHE D: Drake TR-n si" cha n-
nel SIN 6 10017 1.0. perm. G.E. name-
plate attached, has CRA repeater "tals
plus 46 sim plex and also 66/06 . Roger
Joll is WB 8HUP.
T A K E N : D rake T R-n -C, SIN
B10233, broi<en antenna. trimline
T.T, Pad lIttached all CRA Xta ls p1u,"
Steve Cou lson WB80OG .
PIL LAGED: Midland 13-505. SIN
0 30647. Len Malone WBB PTP.
RI F LE O: Drake TR-22·C, SI N
851327, la rge ac plug red power cord .
matching net, included for synthesilef
in unit . Or. Ed Casey W8DWJ.
HIJACK ED : 12 channel Mid land
Mobile, no further info. MIke Moore
WABZPY.
RUSTLE D: Heat hk it HW20 2 series
0031 6 stol en from Newpo rt Shoppi ng
Center. War re n Pete rso n WB4VR J ,
in th e fire. I got m y winter flying gear
for a $ 10 bill. Since this was some 4 8
years ago. I guess that t he statute of
limita tions will alver all participants.
As of March I , 192B, my official
headquarter1 were changed from
Wash ington to Philadelphia. They 01 150
issued me a J5 Trave lair. I was glad to
swap the Laird fo r the Travelair. The
Laird was a m uch better looki ng plane
and it was faster, but t he Travelalr was
much better for gett ing in a nd ou t of
small fields - pa rticularl y t he many
where you had to land up hill and
tak e o ff down h ill.
After four n'IOfltlls of operat ing Out
of Washington as a temporary head-
quarters, I was pleased to get the
permanent assignment to Phi ladelph ia.
First t hing I did was to rent a small
apartment and move Wayne and my
wife, Cieo, to Ph il ade lphia.
The Lud ingto n Philadelphia Flying
Service operated t be municipal flying
field juS! south of the city. Bob
Hewitt, an o ld friend, was the
manager. They did I rot of f lying
instruclion, passenger hopp ing, cross
country wo rk and had an e" oellent
service and re pa ir shop. Bob was kind
enough to provide me wit h a small
room for a field office, co mplete with
a desk, cha irs, etc, Ev er yo ne was
happy .
Ne"t mont h more about the reS! of
my time with the " Deep de Com" at
Phi lade lphia and a first class hunt ing
trip ,
SW IPED : Regenc y HR·2·B SIN
49/03875, also HR -2-A a mp. SIN
11502346. Bill Melt WB4K QB.
BURG LED: One E, F. John5On Msgr
I II "CS" t ransceiver, convened fo r
use on businas band, containing
crystals lor 27.41 and 27.43 mcs.
Ia no so me CB channels!, SIN
143COBo- 6 9008. Also has my name
and social security no. " Har o ld
Dalton, 247-56-8723" engraved inside
rad io. Ta ken from my car in Green-
ville SC 12-1 3-75, Haro ld Dalton
WN4J O R/KWD593, Hte. 5-BOK B3A,
PiCk ens SC 296 7 1.
LIFTED : Standard 826 MA, SIN
2081B5 was sto len from my car
October 31 while it was parked in the
parking joe of Dow Radio in Pasadena,
California. ccmect Gary Jaegers
WB6WDV, 870 E, Alameda si..
Altadena, Californ ;a o r t he Pasaden a,
Californ ia police departm ent.
9
 be my guest
visiting views from around the world
Chalk It Up As A Lesson
"Hey honk te, whalcna doio' down
here?" is not an uncommon phrase
heard in the neighborhood where Mike
(WB6ZHD) and I found ourselves. We
were there to $Upposedly "help" a
newcomer on WR6ACS get his new rig
more on frequency. Since he had
gi~en his call as KlB4368 or some
such, it isn't too diffiCtJII to figure out
why we placed corsefves in this neigtl-
borhood late one afternoon. We had a
San Francisco policeman with us.
This Story has an uotcrtunere
ending for some unlucky ham some-
where that has Ilad his IC-230 ripped
off. Of COUfse, the melaliled sticker
containing the serial number was
merely peeled off. Why doesn't some
ham club start 11 project 10 encourage
manufacturers to engrave serial
numbers on the chassis or some other
ha.dlo-replace part? But more impor-
Reprinred from The Canadian Ama-
teur .
Are we mature enough 10 run our
own show or do we always h/tlle 10 be
told what to do?
For many years now, in teet far
longer than most of I)S can remember,
the lower amateur bands have by
regulation Oawf been subdivided into
"cw" and "phone" segments. Initially
this was done to peovide "guard"
bands to protect services on adjacent
frequencies from phone sidebands and
splatter. But now the bands have been
officially divided up between CN and
phone mainly because of the inability
of amateurs themselves to SOft out
and amicably resolve their own
problems.
Why is it that in Canada (and the
U.S.! it is recesserv 10 have laws that
tell us what we can and cannot do
within our allocated frequency bands?
10
•
tant, why don't all hams erlgl"lYe their
driver's license and the two leiters
signilying their state on every easily
saleable uem In their homenn
According to several police depart-
ments, the driver's license is much
easier to trace than your call sign. It
takes approximately 15 seconds to
trace any driver's license if you indi-
cate the state. It might take weeks 10
trace an owner by his call letters.
Quite olten the well-known callbook
is outdated by the time it ge" into
print, and. believe it or not . a lot of
policemen never hean:l of the call-
book.
I personally removed bctb COYers of
this IC·230 looking for some kind of
10. There was none. The policeman
called in a description of the rig -
they had nothing On it. Of course
not 111 II it is originally stolen by a
Let's Grow Up
Amateurs in other countries seem to
be able to carry on wcoessfully with-
oul the need for such ollicial interven·
tion. Surely our amateur fraternity
has now reached the age 01 serf-deter-
mmation and no longer needs to be
wid what or what not to do. Why
should the DOC have to expend many
man-years of wo rk (and thousands of
dollarsl in an attempt to solve an
unresetveble problem? They never will
be able to satisfy everyone. We can do
the job jU$t as well (or maybe better)
ourselves.
It is my firm belief that CN and
phone sub·allocations (except for
band -edge guard bands .... here
necessary) shou ld not be made part of
official legiSlation. If we are not
mature enough to sort this problem
out among ourselves perhaps we
should not be enjoying the hobby. If
we carryon in our present regimented
fashion, CW may soon be prohibited
"professional" thief, he certainly
transports it out of the area before he
sells u. So !here was nothing we or the
police could do in this episode except
congratulate the owner On making a
good buy (at $150.00) and advising
him of the illegality of operating
without an amateur license.
You don't have 10 conceal your
engraving: in fact, it is better if it is
very obvious - On the cover, front
panel, or chrome frame - the thief
then has more difficulty in disposing
of it. It DOES NOT make the rig less
valuable if you decide to sell or trade
it. Just give the purchaser a "bill of
sere" or a note. Then, if it is stolen
later, the police would of course
comect you, and you vvoutd be able
to steer them on to the next owner.
Even if it has gone legally through
several owners, if each passed on a bill
in certain segments of the bands. and
there .... ill be sub-bands for SSB, USB,
LSB. RTTY. television. etc.
So whal if there is some inter-
ference between CW and phone opera·
ncrs - is it all that terrible? It may
even improve our operating tech -
niqul!s and capabilities.
Such an "open" band concept does
not in any way affect the incentive
concept since phone and other
privileges would still be allocated
according to the qualifications (class
of radio operator's certificates) and
experience of the rcereee.
Legislatively Ihis can be easily
accomplished by simplifying the list
of amateur frequency bands in the
{Canadian DOC) General Radio
Regulation, Part II, to show only the
complete amateur bands and by
deleting Schedules II through V. When
an operator becomes appropriately
qualified, he would be authorized 10
of sale with it, it could still be traced
to the final owner easily, and believe
me, the police would do this bird-
dogging gladly when they suspect they
have a thief, It may be their best
evidence,
Thin k about it - the price of an
engraving tool is a hell of a lot less
than insurance, and quite often more
apt 10 get your equipment back.
Oon't oYl!rlook engraving your TV,
your tape recc-eer. your sewtng
machine, typewriler, etc.
The lucky new owner of that
IC-230 is a leojit,mate CBer, and
thought he was buying a CB rig. Now
I do NOT want to he/ll' descriptions of
all of the stolen le·23Os across the
country. Just chalk it up is a I~ to
engraYl! your driver's license and state
on your next one.
Dick Altman WA6AXV
San Franc isco CA
operate phone on Wly one or more of
the applicable high frequency bands
without reference to Wly SPeCific seg.-
ment of the bands.
These are strictly the opinions of
the writer, who has listened to the
pros and cons of this so often
vcctteroosrv argued subject for these
many years. as well as having been
involved, fro m the official side, in
trying to find an acceptable solution
to the multitudinous "demands" of
groups and individuals within the
fraternity.
Let's grow up and do the job
ourselves as responsible and reason-
able individuals.
A.P , Stark VE3ZS
22 Lyall St.
Onawa, Ontario
CANADA
An is iJ rettred DOC senior official. -
Ed.

ins ist t ha t you pr i n t. ev
THE MAI LM AN
DIDN'T RECOGN IZE IT
What kind of a nu l are yO<.l ? I mean
rea lly you must be one to be against
one of the best d\anges in format that
you cou ld possibly have made ! I can
now see the damn pr inting lor a
cllangel
This January issue is really great
and I cannot fathom your having such
a hang-up on going 10 the larger sue.
More room for bigger and better
schematics, layo uts, pictures and
above all easier to read. Best move
you could have madel
This issue has iI lo t in it , 100. I am
going to build the automat ic dialer or
someth ing sim ilar to it. I rea lly
enjoyed tbat art icle. 01 the other
many fine i1nic;'es. one worthy 0 1
special mention, at least for me, is the
one on " Modul e K its _ a Low Cost
Homebrewing Breakt hrough." I was
int erest ed in this art icle beceuse it is
what I hllVe been engaged in for
severa l mont hs, but I am not as far
along as G.R. and Bob. I halffln 't
gotten to the packaging $1age, yet, just
t he kits.
I just wanted to write and
encourage you in t he new magazi ne
format. There are always some nuts
who are against "everything" new. but
I'U wager a donut that the great
majority of your readers will be
enthusia$l ic about the larger size !
Lon Allbrigh t W6Sl F
San Dite}O CA
Nice world Your new format for 73
is F.8. Really like it .
F. Tun le W80ll
Midland MI
Got my giant issue today and those
advan tages you wan ted are showing
up. The mailman, who delive rs my
mail next doo r (he can' t read), didn't
recogn ize it: It arrived in perfect
condition, for once. I don't know how
long he' ll be fooled! I fou nd that it
swalS flies bener than last year's
mode l, does better no-nos on the
k iddies. and ma kes great placemats.
Don't be too uPSet over t he size;
XYl sa~ that quality not size is
importa nt (t hat's what she tel ls me l.
Some will like it; some will learn to
like it.
Richard Fosburgh WN5PW E
Dayton T X
12
don' t ever
I received my January 76 issue 0 1
73 and was pleasantly surprised at
how eaw the new size of type is to
read. Please count me as one in favor
o f the new size, ellen thou~ it will
requ ire new bookshelves for tre
""'k.
Pet er K. Von Hagin WA6HXM
Palos Verdes "-n CA
I jusl rece ived my January issue of
73 and want to congratu late you and
YOur staff on an outstanding job in
making Ihe transition 10 the enlarged
fo rma l. With a background in
journalism, I can app recia te so me of
the problems you must have had in
mak ing layou l changes
I had every expectation that 73
would cont inue to be a qual ity
period ical, and it appears that I
haven't been disappo inled.
Dan Davis K30SO/4
l a ngley AFB V A
I like it ! I like itl Il ike il! The new
size. The articles. The projects! I even
sent for aSls and a new ca llboo k
from this issue.
Good before ... greater now . Keep
on . .. keep ing on!
Do n Dve KflJVE
Un iversity Park IA
I d idn'l think you could do it, but
you did . You a<:tually topped the
November 1972 Issue with the
January 1976 issue. Th is h<lS got to be
the greatlm issue of any amateur
magazine in h istory.
There is no way of telling what the
react ion will be to the new format,
but for wnat it's worth, I like it , For
one thing. the draw-ings seem to be
quite a bit larger , and th e older I get
the more I appreciate things like tha t.
For another, th e magazine seems to
lie l1at and open easier. This is
rem iniscent of t he sadd le binding you
used years ago when you first started
13.
I must adm it I was a bit upset when
t he Nov/Dec 19 75 issue arrived, bu t I
understand the problem now, <lncl this
Iaotsstic J<lnuary issue more than
ma kes up lor it.
Bill Gu lledge KSUAR
Downsville l A
Just got the January 76 issue. New
format loo ks great!!
Glenn R. Kurzenk n itbe K3SW Z
New Cumber land PA
b l!t by 2% inches, and the whole job
n displa~ poke right I hrou ~ the hole
n have to fasten down the circuit
Your Janua ry 197 6 issue is t he be st
ever in the 13 years I have been a
subscriber,
Har ry Roblye r W00lM
Bu~1I NE
I loYe the new format . O nly one
cornment : Move the pr inting over
toward the edge of the page. It would
make it easier to read with one hand
folded over. What ever happened to
GRRREEEN ? Abou t time it came
back I think ,
Ro n Vee lik WA6 l TH
Crest line CA
1 TREATE D
1 hne of work is about as remote fro m
I have recent ly treated myself to a
3 year subtcr iplion to your mag.azine
after " sam pling" it f rom the local
newsstands for some monlh$. 73 is a
magaz ine in a class by it self. II is
really great to be ab le to get hold of
such II varied collection of "matter"
every month. Your magazine has tru ly
got something for everyone and reatly
doesn't waste t he volumes of paper
that certain other ham rad io pub lica·
t ions d o on use less chitc hat. I
especially apprec iat ed th e var ious
articles on weather satel iite receiving
station construction by WB8 DOT. I
am now planning the construction of
my own station using some of his
circu ilry and some of my own. I
would like to suggest that WB8DOT
consider pu blishing a book on the
top ic in t he same way he worked on
the SSTV handbook .
John L. Webl\er VP2DN
St. Augustine
Trinidad , W.1.
WBRDor's new Weat her Satellite
Handboo k should be on the 73 presses
right now. - Ed.
1 SMEl l NICE , TOO
1 the patience to learn the code doesn't
Maybe all of the people who've
bui lt the SO Sales Clock Kit wonder,
as d id I, about what the deY il you can
house tbe clock in really fast and easy.
Here's my idea, and it cons just about
nothing.
Have someone give you e ither aher
shave lotion or all-purpose!? ) lo tion
put OU I by English leather in the
eight ounce size. The cardboard bo x
lwh ich used to be real wood ) is
perfect for the SO circuil boards. The
front cutout ne«led is almost exactly
can be done with an X-Acto knife. No
lED mask is needed: Just let tke si>c
you 've cut in the side of the box, If
you cut the bo x ri~t. you won't even
boards; they'll fit nicely with fr ictio n
be tween them and the cercboard.
I know that the clock ca se peop le
will hate t his idea. but why spe nd
mo ney when you can have a nifty case
and smell nice , too?
Tom Donohoe W2NJSfWA1PXV
New York NY
G ETTI NG OUT
WHAT YOU PUT IN
Just had to pass along some " obser-
vations" regarding " Gett ing Out" in
the January issue.
I firmly believe that Mr. lichtgarn
is a "quitter:'
I was just around t he 40 year old
mar k when I became interested in
ham rad io and. of course, it's hard to
"teach an old dog new tricks." My
electronics as auto rac ing and ice
hockey, so had 10 enter an emire ly
new and rather fr i~tening world.
With the aid of a fr iend, VE1AMZ
Clive Bagley, I W<lS ab le to pass not
on ly the " Experimen tal" but also the
" Advanced" ticket. For t hose not
fam iliar with Call1ldian rules, the code
is 10 wpm for the "Expenrnental"
and 15 wpm for the "Advanced." I
can truthfully say that it was not easy
for me and too k a great deal of t ime
and ell ort on m y part. Now t hat it's
over and behind me, I can sy mpath ize
wit h others having a rough t ime, but
not qui tting. I think t he old adage of
"you will only get out of something
exact ly what you put into if ' would
apply in this case.
I often remark 10 ot hers that if my
XYl, VE1SEV , can pass t he exam,
anyone can.
Hope I made my po int c lear witt>.
out making it sound like I'm blowing
my own horn.
Thanks, Wayne, and I tike the new
format!!
Ralph F. Campbe ll VE10U
Darlmouth N.S.
I agree with your answer to Fred
l ichtgarn. Anyone tha t doesn't have
belong on a ham band, About your
magazine - I'm glad ii'S around . It's
wha l origina lly got me int erested in
amateur rad io, and has kept me
interested and work ing on my Novice
license. I've alreldy passed t he code;
tbe theory comes in 3 weeks. I hope
to move 10 Genera l in &8 mont hs
after getting o n t he aiL Again, t han ks
73, for being arou nd!
J im Bay
Co lumbus O H
r FAR AND AWAY TH E BEST
Thought you might be interested in
hearing t he results of my letter about
XU4X A t hat appea red in t he NovlDec
issue of 73.
First off, I received several nice
letters, but wonder of wonders,
W8JTW (now WA28RlI sent me a
Xerox copy o f o ne of my XU4XA
eeos and an or iginal! He Iw<llwo - I
worked him when he was in
Columbus, Ohio in 1939_
Then later , W3HTG, now W6HTG ,
and cur rent ch ief operator at KPH.
pa id me a personal visit, and he
brought me another XU4X A card, as
he had two! He was in Atlantic City,
N.J . when we were aso.
W3 LT H _ot e and says old
WSCRA, now W3CRA, is sti ll hale and
hearty and going strong in Pennsyl-
vania. Also had a note Irom Ed
Hopper W2GT - he is still quite
active.
Now - if I cou ld get a Xerox cop y
- or better yet - an original o f my
old XU8 LR and XU8 XA cards when I
was operating in Shanghai, I'd really
be ple.-d!
I st ilt th ink 73 is tar and rNay the
best magaz ine publ ished in the ham
lield, Wayne - I like the new and
biggeor size also.
Keep up the line work, and I assure
you I'll continue as a subscr iber as
long as I'm arou nd.
Al Lower W6CLB
e x-XU4 XA, XU8 LR,
XU8XA, ete. , etc.
39 16 Arden Wlt'f
SKrllme nto CA 95825
1 BUR NED O UT
1 the actor.
I have a cathode ray oscilloscope
model 6 70 . made by Hickok, and t he
power t ransformer has burned oul. I
'o'IIOOld like to be put in touch with
someone to w ind the power trans-
former lor me, as I cannot obtain one
from Hickok. I hwe the erJ9ineering
drawing from Hickok with the power
windings listed. I would appreciate it
il you can hel p me.
Walter Schivo
5 60 Eld ridge Av'm ue
Novato CA 94947
41 5-891 -4088
1_ _-----'1TWO HANDS NOW
The magaz ine in t he new format
arr ived and t he setup looks q uite
attractive. The only complaint I have
would be that il now takes two hands
instead of one to hold it up so if one
wants to scratch h is ear while perusing
the periodical, he has to lose his place.
Regarding 2 meter cooperat ioo and
band plans and all, in some cases the
high officials making the decisions are
a lso high officials in repea ters and
t her e has b een some cr itic ism tha t o ne
will feather his own nest rather tha n
I rntke object ive decisions for the
benef it of the general public. I note
one 01 the " p rivate repeater " people is
on the ARRL Commi ttee.
Paul Schuett WA6C PP!WA7 PEI
weuace CA
I I
WA TCH O UT SO UT HERNERS I
I wanted to comment on the Look-
ing West column that Bill Pasternak
_ites for your thick magazine. I
don't know if Bill is a new guy or an
ol d timer in Sout hern Californi a, but
t he pro blems t he 2 meter repeater
councils in t he Nort h and Sout h are
h a v in g goes way b ack befo re
repeaters. In fact, it has nothing to do
with Ham Radio at all but is purely
geographical in na t~e.
Here is the true pl'"oolem - it seems
thai lhere is a Northern Calilornia and
a Southern Cali fornia. And fo r years
the two fac tions have been fighting
ove r almost ever yt hing from poli tics
to ta x dollars a nd water rights . For
instance, it appears that when a
Governor is e lect ed he usually gets
most 01 his votes by whether he
resides in Southern or Northern Cali·
forni. - not by whe ther he is a
Oemocrat or a Republican.
So Bill, don't take it so hard. We
Northern Californians have been
t rying to secede from Southern
Cali fornia fo r man y yea rs. We have alt
t his beautiful cou nt ry, fo rests, water,
b lue skies (smoq- Ireel, fa irly un-
polluted beaches, water, the Golden
Gate Bridge, fewer peopl e, wa ter and
freeways that actually mOll'l! at rush
hour. And Southern California - well
as far as we've been able to determine
up here, their bigges t assets are smog,
people, deserts, and Ronal d Rea<]an
The Northe rne rs had hoped t hat
the eart hquake t hey had in the South
would do t he inevitable - ma ke
Southern California break all and
float ou t to sea. But since that idea
didn 'l work, tell ya what we 're agonna
do. Let's go ahaad and make it two
stales like we planned to anyway.
The n you guys down there can take
J erry Brown and we'll elect a
No rthern er fo r Gove rno r, Or we' ll
keep Jerry Bro wn and you totk s ca n
elect a new Governo r. I hea rd o n t he
wireless the other day that Richard
Nixon is a citizen of your new state.
Perhaps him!
Now, you ask , how will we make
out financ ially when Southern
Cali fornia is so rich? That's easy - we
sell water to the Sout h and become
rich like the shei ks in t he Mideast wi t h
t he ir oi l well s, Watch o ut South erner s!
It gets awful d ry down there.
Bill, we can hear you shaki ng in
your boots down t here but please
don't war", - il sounds great to us.
And \lIIhat of the future of Northern
California? Wl!'lf - today a new state
- tomorrow a new count", . That way
we ca n ask for fore ign aid from the
rich Ame r icans . We could also have
ou r own version of the FCC - ter rificl
As for work ing o ut t he prob lems
with repeaters - perhaps you'd like to
make an appointment with our
arl"Oassador . He will be glad 10 send
you several crates of red tape and
fo rms in 32 par ts to fill out. The
Nort h sha ll r ise again - but don 't
worry Bili!!!
Robert Lee Fields
Box 884
EI Sobrante
Northern Cahfor ni. 94803
I'--_ _I
RELIABLE SO URC E
J ust a note to le t 73's reader s know
how p leased I am with one of vour
adver tisers. Dea ling wi th Co mmun ica·
t ions Specialists, manu factur er-s o f the
ME-J miniature PL eocccee. has been
nothing less t han . p leasure. Their
products are eltcellent and delive", is
usually less than five days cross-
count",.
Re liab le sou rces are hard to f ind.
Tha nks.
Cha rles B. Anz m an WB2PVH!WR 2A IL
Freeport NY
SHOT DOWN AGA IN
1 '
In the interest of fa ir play and
downright revenge, I am w riting and
doc um enting the below infor mation
conc er ni n g u ne t hic al busi n ess
practices o n t he part a lone of yo ur
fo rme r advertisers in t he hooes that
o thers will be spa red t he frustrat io n,
mental anguish and eltper'l5e I haw
gone ttw"ough.
On 14 March 1975, I placed an
order with Trigger Elect ronics of
River Fo rest , Illinois fo r a Drake low
pass rf filter. Being a patient pe rson, I
waited e xoec tedlv u nt il July fo r my
filter, When it di d not arr ive as
expec ted, I wrote Tr igger Elect ronics
and requested to know the d ispositio n
01 my order and lin immediate refund
if the merchandise had not alrllildy
been $hipped.
In reply, Tr iQgl!l' stated that t he
product had been out of stock and
t hat I could e xpec t shipment wi lhi n
two weeks, No me ntio n was made of
m y desire for a refu nd, and in lact tl)is
was the first indica tion that my o rder
had even been rece ived in the first
place.
When t he filtet' had not arrived by
September, some two months after
the purported shipment date, I again
w rote and demanded an immediate
reba te o f m y pu rchase p rice and in
turn was advi sed that I wo u ld haw to
provide additional info rmation so that
the y m ight lo ca te t he " pa pe r wor k." I
had already provided them with
copies of all previous cor respondence
which rema ined on my possession .
When I again _ote in October and
threatened legal action, I was advIsed
that I could expect them to car", out
my wishes once they had complet ed
research ing t hei r files. f have hea rd
noth in g since then.
I b rought t his matter to th e et ten-
t ion of other local hams in th is are.
via the 2 meter repeat er and was
appalled a t what I heard. Numerous
hams in th is area have been t he
recipients of eq ua ll y poo r service by
TriQger Electron ics, ser vice w hich is
unethi ca l, non-existent , and in my
e stimatio n, ou tr ight ma il fraud. All,
ot her tha n myself , have resigned
themselves to the teet that they haw
been taken and forfeited their hard
earned green, some losing money in
the three f igu re rllngs.
This t ype o f operation must not be
allowed to continue and I a m si..
ce rely seeking you r att ention in
exposin g thi s shodd y opera tion to
a mateurs nati onw ide via 73 Magazine.
Rlt'fmond E, Au lt WA6E VX/KG 6
FPO San Franci sco CA
I_ _
ELE VEN METER FRE AK?
-----J1
In respo nse to the r ecent lett er
s ubm it te d by Sca n Lie bli ng
WAJO XG o f Pittsbu rg PA, t ha nk you
Scott for your let ter regard ing CBerl.
Yl!$, we are people just like you
are! I resent being ailed an 11 meter
f reak and the constant nit-picking in
the ham magazines concerning
" people" who use CB.
I will even give you "hams" the
pleasu re of see ing in blac k and wh ite
these wo rds from a CBer:
" In my op inion, as many as 85% of
the peopl e who key thei r o ver mod u-
lated 01 04 mikes belong in jw en ile
homes. "
There once was a time when f tou
was engaged in chitcha t, arguing wilh
the channel "landlord" that I too had
a right to use "his" channel, etc.
The time does come, t hough, after
count less letters, call s, etc., to the
FCC, that one realiz es that it' s use less
to even bo t her.
1 feel, Scott, that many people now
might go the way of the "ham" if
t he y were not to be embarrassed
for ever be ing a CBer.
I recall listening in one eYening on a
2 meter FM when a new "ham" was
rea lly gett ing a goi ng over as he was
once a CBer. He was be ing ca lled his
for mer " hand le" o f " Yogi Bear: ' etc.
I am no longer ac tive in CB
a lthough I st ill have all my equip me nt
and intend to use it again someday, if
t hings ever straighten out on t he CB
"'''''.
What I would like to say, though, is
something abou l the good CBers I've
known and become involved with.
I've personally seen and bee n part
of t housandS of CBers who seaecbed
lor B days unde r th e most horrify ing
condi tio ns for a lost ch ild, assisted
police and fire deor s, o n Halloween,
walking and bi ke marathons_ I've seen
CBers donate hundreds of quarts of
blood, collect thousands of dollars lor
a truck driver who was badly hurt,
hold benefit coffee breaks for bu rned
out families, dy ing children, etc .
Assist the Coast Gua rd with missing
boats when people wer e foo lish
enough to go to o far and depend on a
13
CB radio, report accidents, render fi rst
aid on the scene - a nd I c:ould go on
and on.
Believe me when I $;Iy v.e would
love to v.eed out the bad apples. but
there are also some very fine people.
Please don't forget them, for they
might wan t to become one of you. if
you'll let the m.
I'd also like to mention in th is
ie rtee the Newport County Rad io
Club to whic h my son belongs. Bob is
now WN1 VWN thank S 10 the fine
"hams" who Pil tiemly encouraged my
son and held h is interest by letti ng
him become part of the ir activ ities
while learning.
A special thanks to Fred Evans
W1JFF , for all be's done for Bob,
things too numerous to ment ion.
June VllISaty KHV· 142 1
Newport RI
II.....--_------JI
MORE ON ETCHING
I just finished reading the articl e by
John Har rington, " You Can Make
Photo PC a ceres" (Feb 761. I found it
to be a good art icle. Having also done
$Oflle work with PC boards. I thought
I might o ffer some of my own
f indings to supplement the ar ticle.
When work ing with the photo sensi·
tiz ing spray, I found it adv isable to do
it in a well-ventilated room. Wear one
of those sterile masks that pa inters use
to cover their mouths and noses. Yo u
C<ln find them in just abo ut any pa int
or hilrdw.e store.
Another t ype of etchilnt tha t I
found very nice and neat to use is
ammonium persulphllte. Sold by
Kepro ( EPI-Gl, it oo mes In a
crysta lline powder lorm and is mixed
with water when ready to be used,
The advantage of this stuff over ferric
chloride is tha t it's clear and not as
messy to hand le. Yo u can see the
progress of the board ilS it is be ing
etched . II's also fllSt when hea ted to
the recommended ternperillure.
If you use the G. C. Electronics
sensit izing spray, don't use the Kepro
deve loper . Some t hing holds true if
you buy the Kepr o pre-sensitized
board and try to develop it in the
G, C. Developer . One way nothing will
happen and the other way .. , well , . ,
it's Dack to the drawing boerd or
should I say exposu re board. In an y
case, don' t mill b rilnds in these twO
stages , There is no problem whi ch I
encou mered in the etching $\age . Use
whatever b rand yo u warn.
One m or e t hing: Abovt' all,
remember - whatever stuff you use,
always read the warnings and Ihe
instructions and never lose respect fOl'
the chem icals you are using,
IS6iIc Michalowtki WN2A LK
Brooklyn NY
When elching pr inted circuit boards
with ferr ic chlo ride, it he lps to warm
the solut ion. This will reduce the
etching time from about one hour to
15 minutes for small boards. Some use
a heat Iilmp or oven, but these
14
methods gene rate a lot o f heat. If you
use a plastic co nta iner and don 't
watch . it c:ould be possible to melt the
plastic.
If you have a microwave oven, that
works fine . Thirty seconds or less is all
that is necessary. No unnecessary heat
is generated with this method. I use a
glass jar w ith a plastic lid for small
boa rds. Bigger boards could be done
in an open Iray .
A no te of caution. The ferr ic
Chlor ide fumes might do bad th ings to
the m icrowave oven so try to use a
conta iner tha t hllS some type of cove r.
Max Holland W4ME A
Mad isonvill e TN
I_ _------JI
SOME CHRISTMAS
I have bad news. I will be "o ff the
a ir" temporarily. On Dee. 20, 1975
some PUN KS stole my en tire com-
munications equipment, and some TV
test equ ipment , ou t of my garage,
Here is the list: 1-Tempo FMH H. T,
w /acces . ; 1- HR -2 w/touchtone;
l -SX·l00 & spl(r; I-Seneca 6&2;
1-Lalayette 6m xcvr; I-Uticom 2m
~cvr; I-Pe L o wrstcr am p; 2-S&2m
" ON" conv.; I -swr meter; 1-12V.
4A. DC supply; 1- Sencore MU-l50
tube chec ker/analyzer; I -$encore
CRT checker/rejuvenator ; 2- Tube
caddies full of late type TV tubes;
3-Port. B&W TVs,
Loss is est imated at appro ximately
52,400. Some Christmas.
Antho ny E. Bodo WA9YOZ
4380 HiI'f8s St.
Gary IN 4&4OB
1'-_--1
KNOW YOUR NEIGHBORS
recently had the pleasure of
att end ing the filT! organizat iona l
meet ing of the new Tri-Stat e Repeater
Counc il. This council, serving Metro-
politan New York, New Jersey and
Sou thern Connect icut, has been
formed to f in ish the rob that the
new-defunct Northeast Repeater
Associat ion started. Und er the very
able direction of Dave Minott
WA2EXP (Trustee WA2ACD, NY
City), this group is attem pting to clean
up FM in New York and the surround-
ing areas and keep it that way . The
key to achieving t his goal is participa.
t ion. The f irst meeting was auended
by over one hundred local repea ter
trustees, an e xcellent representation,
but many were not there, I urge aU
repeater groups, coordinated or not,
to par ticipate in t his valiant e ffort by
contacting Dave or one of the direc-
tors. The vibrations at the meeting
were excellent and I feel that if ALL
repeater groups Me represen ted at the
com ing meoet ings, tile TRC will wor k.
Duke Harrison K2QPF has been
reta ined as area frequency cooe -
d inator. Call him if you are planning a
machine - II can only benefit you by
coordinating,
On the same note, I have a very
simple recommendation. If you are a
repeater trustee and have other
machines on " your" cha nnel o r 15
kHz next door, call the tr ustee o f the
o ther machines and say hello. At the
Rochester ham convention, I ran Into
Tom Palmeiri WA2WKP who is trustee
of the 175·775 repeater in Whit e
Plains NY. As trustee o f WA2A IL here
on Long Island terse 7751 I mad e an
immediate effort to say hello to To m
a nd deve lop a nei!t' bo r relat ionsh ip.
Now tha t bot h repeaters lll'e COR , 24
hours a da y, and oonsta nt ly eXPilnding
coverage, To m and I have avoided
many problems by ca lling each other
once in a While and letting each
other know what's happening on the
other end. In the near future we plan
to link the two machines d uplex viii
UHF and many other cooperative
efforts are in the works. The moral is:
Ge t t o kno w your frequency
ne i!t'bon. - it c:ould n't hurt!
Keep up the good wor k reflect ing
FM act iv it ies in 73. Lo ve the new
format.
Charlie Anzma n WB 2PVH!WA2AAB
Pres ide nt Sout h h. Rp tr. Soc.
Freepor t NY
1'------__1
ONLY LINK
Congratu lations on doi ng it again ll
Every time I t hink I have the "uln-
mate" in a two meter sta tio n, you
pub lish another a rt icle whic h forces
me to d ig out the too ls and commence
to mess u p the room , much to the
cha grin 01 my long sufferi ng fiBt
Sergeant.
At present, I a m referring to t he
art icle by WAB LEM in the September
issue on page 137 , ent it led " Ad apti ng
Telephone Handsets to FM Trans-
ceivers."
This is very easy to accomplish on
the ITC Mult i-2000 transceivt'r. A
careful stud y o f the t iny schematic
revealed th:at pins 1 and 4 on t he
microphone plug are connected to
ground. All that wllS nece-ssilry WllS to
remove all connections fro m one of
these pins (I used p in 1), and reoon-
nect them 10 e ither th e othe r pin or
direct to ground, A single wire was
the n run trom t he external speaker
jack on the rear pane l to the vacant
pin. I elected to use a hoo k-up Wh ich
gave audio to the handset at all ti mes,
regardless of whether an e xter nal
speaker WoIS used or not.
I went the whole rout e with th is
modi fica tion and b uilt a complete
" remote" audio system in an o ld
telephone case. If you know of env-
one who might be inte.ested, I will be
more than happy to pass along the
SChematics and such on the e Kternal
s~tem . It def initely makes lor more
convenien t operation and is Quiete r,
The latt er is an importan t item with
me lIS I live in iI barracks.
I wo uld etso like to correspond
with ot her Multi·2000 ownen. and
eKcha nge ideas and prob lems. At
present, I have a small (2 kHz)
problem with my VXO, A frequency
me ter indicales that t he output fre-
Quency is 2 k Hz lower than the VXO
knob indiC<ltes. I am a lso on need 0 1
ano ther copy of the schemat ic to
convert the 2000 10 selectab le side·
band. The copy I had was misplaced
(lost) in a big room shuff le in the
barracks.
Many thank s for your help, bot h
past and present, and keep up the
good work with the magilzine. II is
abo ut my only link w,th the fast
changi ng hobby up here on thi s
remote site.
Carl Hattan KeBZV/ KL7
1931 -07 Comm Det BOll 75
APO Sea tt le 98 711
1 DESIROUS
I am in defonite desire to repair a
1
Hallicrafters Receiver, Model 5-4OB,
into working oondit ion for moni tori ng
bot h amateu r and broadcast (Hf)
traffic. I have a copy of the schematic
and an idea where the alteration was
made by the previous o wner, I a m
very desirous to have t his unit back in
COndit ion in lIS sho rt a lime as
possi ble_
I am also In the process of
attempting to obtain a General Class
Ticket!!
Ralph Brigham
40 5 Oxford Drive S.E.
Huntsville AL 35802
(2051·88 1-8400
aftar 4 :00 pm
11---.-_-----'I
OIGITALITIS
Let 's kee p up the technica l art icles
and " build it " art icles in 73,
With the new (UGH) size I expect
to see PC board layouts!
I use a Mamiya 500 DTL with
Litho film to copy the layout and
then enlarge it onto 5x7 Litho film -
does a good job with G-C pho to resist
spray.
I have ccntrected " Digitalitis" from
your rags.
Mel Hart W(lIBZ
St. Loui s MO
I
L - - -_ _
WAN TED : K60GX
I
A lot has happened s;nce you
published my letter in the November!
December ISSue.
On 24 December I passed t he
Advanced Class test, and now I'm
anx iously undergoing the weeks-long
wait tor my ticket.
I found the 73 code tapes very
helpf ul in prepar ing for the test . I'd
like to pass along a hint for others - 1
stan ed with tile 6 wpm tape, since I
ill ready k~ t he code, having once
had a Tech nician license. When I wes
cop ying the tape pret tv _ II, I
wondered how to get over the hump
Continued on pdge 112
 ---------------
.....nt ,..

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Installed Tone Encoder
I
Separate connors for independent transmi t and receive fre·
quency selecti on . . . Pre-se lected pa ired freq uency lock
I o Ril ga Ranger ARX·2 6 db 2·M Bm Altu
i.e'.)
u
(Bat. ..I

1
eucwe one knob operat ion ... Rear pane l exte rnal speaker 1 @ 12'm 1 _
I
jack . .. Optiona l mlc gai n cont ro l and sub-aud ible tone mod
1 o Lambda/4 2·Mand 6·M Trunk Antenna
possible.
I I
Down trom $199.95
1 o TE·I rene Encoder Pad for
I
(l n cl. 52.525 MHz )
1
installation on most
pl ll~· j n
amateur transceivers @ $59.95 $ _
1
IN S T O C K - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , 1
NOW ... GENAVE STOCKS MOST 1 o TE·II Tne huder Pd for installation on
most Hand-Helds @$49.95 .1 _ I
1 o PS·l AC Power Supply for lise with all mates I
COMMON 2-M CRYSTALS 1 of transceivers 14 VDC-6 amps@$69.95$. _
FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY I and the following standard crys tals @$4.5Oeach$,- == = = = I
These crystals can be used in most makes t hat employ the
follow ing ci rcuitry: 1
Non-standard crystals @ $6.50 each: L I
Tra n sm it:
1 ACCESS ORIES FOR GTX·' and GTX ·1T
I
For factory crys ta l i ns til i ialion add 8, 50 per tran sceiver.

12 t imes l o r use in 32 of capaci t ance c irc u it s

Rec eiv e,
I o PSI·1B Optional Nicad battery pack$29.95 ,-S I
3 t i me s for 10.7 MHz If i n 32 pf capaci t ance ci rc ui ts (lo w side)

I o PS·2 Charger for GTX·1(T) banery139.95 pack

_ 1
$ _ I
-
1 4141 Ki ngma n Dr.• India napol is, IN 46226
o GtC·) leather carrying case $12.95 $,
[l H ·III Tone Encoder (for use with GTX-l)
$49.95 1
_ I
I
1
I NAME
(3 11 +546·1111 )
_
1
AMAT EUR CALL Sub-Total: $ _ 1
ADDRESS - - - - - - - - -- - CITV - - - -_ _ STAT E & ZIP - - - - - - -
1 0
Payme nt b y:
0 0 C.O.D. 20% Down
TOTAL, I---------c-- 1
S12.oo)(min im u m order
I process.
Certi fi ed Check l Mo ney Orde r Persona l Chec k Incl ude
Note : Orders accompa ni ed by personal c hec ks w i ll recut re abo uttwo weeks t o 1
I$-;;;;;;;;;;;;;""c<iI
IN res iden ts add 4 '11. sales ta x:
1 20 %.Down Pay me nt Enclosed. Chtlrge Ba la nce To , Cit residents add 6'11. sates ta ll '
All orders sh ipped po st·paid Wit h in c on tinen tal U .S.
0
1o Bank Americard •
Mast er Charge . Exp ires
EXPire., ;;;;;-;= = = =
Interba nk #
e (allow ~
weeks del ivery.)

.. - . CLl P OUT AND ORDER NQW _ CLIP OUT ANO ORDER NOW _ •

Editor:
Robert Baker WA /SCX
34 White Pine Drive
Lirtleron MA 0 1460
SAN JOSE
BICENTENNIAL AWARD
The Santa Clara County Amateur
Radio Association (SCCARA) is o ffe r-
ing a special Bicentennia l Award to
celebrat e the bicentenn ial of San Jose
CA. The award is eerrec by work ing iil
f1Ymber 0 1 SCCA RA members, and
stat ioos loca ted in San Jose, Santa
Clara Coun ty. or the Pacific Division
fOff e total 01 200 poi nts. The points
are based on the icceuce o f the
sta tion requesting lhe award. A mini·
WHEAT CI TY AWARD
This award is sponsored by the City of
Brand on a nd the Brandon Amateur
Rad io Club and is offered Iree of
c har\lt'. To receive the aWiilrd, work
three ama teur rad io stations in the
City of BriilOdorl, Manitoba. Canada il
you I~ outside 01 Canadiil. Those
living inside Canada must work live
statio... in the City of Bramon. An
contacts must be made alter Jan uary
I . 1967, Send log diilta only to: Mr.
Doug BOwles VE40 Z. 1104 First
Stree t, Brandon. Manitoba, Canada
R7A 2Y4.
The following two awardJ are spon·
sored bV the Narrown A mateur R;N}io
Club, V E3NA R, PO 8 01< 356.
A d e la id e S t reet PoJtal Station,
Toron to, Ontario, c.n.da. A nW>m
affidavit certified by a President or
Vice Prn ident o f a legitimate A mateur
lVEll, Nova Scot ia (VEl ), New
Brunswick tvan. Ouebec (VE21.
Ontar io lVE3 J, Man itoba (VE41.
Saskatchewan (VE5), Al berta lV E6),
British Colu mbia (VE7I, Yukon or
No rthw est T e rr itor ie s (VE81,
Labrador (V021. and Newfoundland
(VO l). All contacts fmlst be made
from an area w it hin iil rad ius of 150
miles of one point and iilher JilIlUilry
I , 1939. VO contacts must be made
a fter March 3 1, 1949. Submit the 24
OS L ca rds with $2,00 o r 20 IRCs and
return postage for OSLs. All cards will
be returned. Cards submitted for
WACAN can be auto mati cally applied
to wards the WAVE award - please
ind icate if desired. For ho lders of the
WA VE Award. submit the OSL cards
lor the remaining lour sect ions (8
OSLs) with S1.00 or 10 IRCs iilnd
return postage.
FLORIDA aso PARTY
1500 to 2000 GMT
Saturday. April 17
0000 to 0500 GMT
Sumay. April 18
1400 to 2400 GMT
Sunday. April 18
The 1111'1 annual OSO Party is
sponso red by Florida Skip. Pho ne and
CW are counted as sepa rate co ntests.
The same station may be worked on
each band for OSC points and Flo rida
stenore may WQrk other Flo rida
statioos for OSC poin ts only.
EXCHANGE:
RSlT) and OTH; OTH ., wunty for
Florida statiOns, - state. prOl/mce. or
country for others.
SCORING:
Florida stations count 1 point per
OSO. Mu ltiplier is sum of states (49
ma x!, provinces 11 2 max I. and OX
co untr ies (1 2 m ax} . Maximum mult i-
plier is 73. Florida mobiles and
portables operating o n emergency
power and running 200 Watts Off less,
multiply totiill score by 2. Out of state
stations score 2 points lor each
Florid a portiilble or mobile station
worked and one point for each fixed

CAL EN ~A~
mum numbe r of SCCARA members Radio organization may be Jubmitted
must be includ ed. Also, one contact in lieu of OS L earTh.
with either of the c lub sta tions W6UW
or W6UU may be counted for special
WAV E AWA RD
point va lue. Contacts may be made on
WORKED ALL VE AWARD
any mode , o n any band, bu t each
Cont act two d iffe rent stat ions o n two
statio n ca n be counted only o nce
d ifferent bilnds in each of the follow-
regardless of bilnds or modes used. No Mar 21 · 28 ' Tennessee esc Party
ing 8 sections: Prince Edward Isl and
c redit will be allowed fOff con tacts Mar 21 · 28' CO Worldwide WPX Contest - SSB
o r NO\Iiil Sooti iil or New Bru nswick
made Vlll repea ters. e xcept that Mar 27 ·29' BARTG Spring RllY Contest
(V ElI, Ouebec (VE21, Ontario (V E31,
OSCAR con tacts will be counted. An Ai>' 17 ·18 Florida OSO Party
Mani toba IV E4l, Saskatdlewan
endorwment for all phone Off all CW Apr3 ·4 ()pen CD Party - CW
IV E5l, Alb er t a IVE61, Briti sh
contacts will be available il requested Apr3-4 SP OX Contest - CW
Co lumb ia IVE71. and Northwest
(and log datil verifies). Contacts to be Apr 10 ·11 Open CO Pitfty - Phone
Terr itories (VES). All co ntacts must
cou nted must be made between July Apr 10 - 11 County Hunters SSB Contest
be made from an area wit hin iil rad ius
1, 1976 and December 31. 1977. To Apr 24 ·25 PACC
of 150 miles of one point and after
request the award, send log dat a (call Ap r 24 ·25 Delta GSC Pan y
Januarv 1. 1939. Submit the 16 OSL
of station worked, date. time, mode Ap r 24 - 25 BARC Contest - Phone
cards (or sworn affidavit) with $1.00
and hand le 01 operato r) along with May l ·2 Massachusetts Bicentennial OSC Party
or 10 IR Cs. All cards wi ll be re turned.
$1.00 US or 5 1RCs (latest type oniy ll May1 ·2 Helvetia 22 Contest lH221
Return postage must acco mpany all
to the Club Secretar y, SCCARA, PO May8 · 10 Georgiiil OSO Pany
submissiqns.
Box 6 , San Jose CA 9 5103. May8 · 10 Vermont OSO Party
The following table indicates OSO May8-9 BARC ContltSt - CW
point values and minimum number 01 WACAN AWARD May 15 World TeleoDmmunication Day Con tll$t - PhonI
SCCARA members t hat must be WORKED ALL CANADA AWARD May 22 World Telecomm unication Day Contest - CW
included (only one co ntact with Contact two different stations on two June 4 · 7 IARS/CHC/FHC/HTH aso Party
W6UU or W6 UW is allowed , not d ifferent bands in each of the follow· June 12 - 13 ARRL VHF asa Piilrty
bot h!): ing 12 $l!Ctions: Prince Edward Island July3 ·4 ORP - Summer - Contest
July 3 AR Rl Straight Key Night
Wl in SC Wlin 6th Dis!. W/out 6th Jul y 24 ·25 AR AL Bicentennial Celebration
cntv (Not SC Cnty ) Dist. Aug 14 · 15 Europeall OX Contest - CW
Sept 4 ·5 ARRL VHF cso Party
Min it SCCARA
members 10 Sept 11 · 12 European OX ContltSt - Phone
5 2
Oct8· 10 CO Piilny - Phone
PlsfSCCARA Oet16 · 18 CO Party - CW
OctJO ·31 CO Worldwide OX Contest - Phone
member OSC 5 10 25
No.. 5 · 8 IARS!CHC/FHC!HTH aso Party
Pl1 for Club No.. 6 ·8 ARRL SwMpstakes - CW
No.. 13 · 14 European OX Contest - RllY
Stat OSC
(only 1) 10 No.. 14 OK OX ContltSt
20 50
No.. 20 ·22 ARRL S_pstakes - Pho ne
Nov 21 · 28 CO Worldwide OX Contest _ CW
Pis lor o ther SC
Coun ty Contacts Dec 4 ·5 ARRL 160 Meter Contest
(not SCCARA oeeu vt a AR RL 10 Meter Contest
members) 1 Dec 3 1 ARRL St raight Key Night
2 2

Pis lo r contacts
wIPac. Div. • ., descrIbed in last i _
lnot SC Countyl I

16
 stat ion. Multiplier is number of mittee, P.O. B o~ 320, Warsaw, VU2~~~ , WH6~~~ . WL7~Jl~ , WB5MYV , Route 1 Bo~ '93,
d ifferent Flor ida count ie5 worked Po la nd . WN :~Jl~ and WP4.. ~ lor bicen· He avene r OK 74937. Include an SASE
( ma ~ 671. Final score is total OSO tennia l equlv.I. fo r results.
points times multiplier. SIX METE R GROUN D WAVE EXCHA NGE..
FR EQUENCIES: CON TEST RST and name. COU NT Y HUNTE RS SS8 CON TEST
~ - 1807, 3570. 7070, 14070, Starts: 0 300 GMT SCORING.. Sta rts : 0001 GMT
21070,28070. Sunday . April 4 Novices mul tiply total num be r of Saturday, April 10
Phone - 1817, 3970, 7270. 14317. Ends: 0 700 G MT OSOS by tota l number of different Ends: 2400 GMT
21370.28570. Su nday , A pril 4 prefi~es worked ( K l u ~ & WAlllu, Sunday. April 11
ENTR IES: Tile COnt est is sponsored by lhe are d ifferent p-euxes, etc. l. Non- The f ifth annual County Hunters
A su mma ry she-et is requested showing Soc iety For Tile Preservation and Novices multiply tota l number of con- SS8 Conte5t is sponsored by t ile
the scoring and other pertinent inter. Encouragement of Si~ Meters and tects by the number of different Mob ile Amateu r Radio Award s Club,
merion. Also, your name and address Global Resea rch. It is open to all Ncvrce pr efixes wor ked (WN4 . WNB . Inc . (M ARAC). Basically. the rules are
in BLOCK LETTE RS, and a signed amateurs, worldwide - on all mo des: OA3N, OA2 N, etc.I. as fo l lo~: Mob ile stat ions may be
d ecla ration that all ru les and re<J.lla- SS8, CW, FM, AM, SSTV , RT TY . and ENTRI ES.. wo rked each t ime they change
tiOO$ have been observed. Include a FAX. Any six meter contect is valid. To qualify for awards, mail logs no
131t stamp lor results in a future issue Sk ip stat ions do count in the event la ter than May lst to : Andi Anderson Continued on PlIfJe 32
o f Florida Skip. Mailing d ead line is the band is open, but they only cou nt
April :nth bu t late OX enn ie5 will be % point each no mailer where the

~ ESU ~LTS
accepted with in reason. Send a ll stat ion is located.
entries 10: Florida Skip Contest Corn- SCORING:
mittee, P.O. Box 50 1, Miami Spr ings For sco r ing pu rposes. th ere are fo ur
F L 33166. lanes defined by the distance be t ween
AWARDS: you r OTH and th e station contacted.
RESUL TS OF TH E 19 75 DELTA aso PARTY
Cert ificates will be awarded to the tOp Zone definitions and OSC points for
Plaq.... winners .e _ follows : h igh sQOrlI, Delta Division - WSDRW; high
single operator score in each stat e. contacts wit h each zone are as
scont outsidll division - KIGJO/6; h illh Salrll , portab le nat ion - WB4DJ U/4;
pl"oyi nce and OX country as well as fol lows: Zone " Stat ions within 25
high Sal", mobile station - WASKODI5. Only WA3VWJ15, W4CHK and
each Florida county fo r both phone mi les of your OTH - 1 pointJOSO;
K!lGJD/6 worked five stations in each of t he lour nates in the Delta Division
and CWo There are also 5 plaques to Zone 2, Stations 25 to 50 miles from
for the Delta Achievement Award . Resul ts of a contest survey are available , f or
be awarded for : High single operator your OTH - 2 points/OSC; Zone 3.
a lar ge SASE and t wo f irst class stamps, fro m W5R U8. The first place statio n in
in Florida and out-of-state both phone Stations 50 to 75 miles from you r
eac h sectio n is as foliowl :
a nd CW (4 plaquesl, and to lhe OTH - 3 poi nts/OSO; Zone 4.
Florida cl ub with the h ighest aggre- Stations over 75 mill!1O from your OTH
DEL TA DIV. CA LL _ a so> SECTIONS PO INTS
gate score. - 4 pointslOSC.
At the d iscret ion o f the contest LOGS.. ARK WSDRW 32' 62 20,088
commin ee, stat ions may be d isqua li· Show yoor name, ca ll, add,"" ARRL {WA5 RTG op )
tied lor improper report ing, e~cess ive sect ion. and input power. Mob ilesand LA W5WG 299 60 17,940
dupes. errors in mu ltiplier lists, un- portables must show actual locations. MISS WSRU8 /S- 584 55 32,120
readable logs, obvious cheating, etc. For each station worked. show: ca ll, K4 EOH /5 210 47 9 ,870
Anyone disqua lified in t his year's ARRL section, lo ne (as defi ned TEN N W84 RJ F 232 47 10 ,904
Florida OSQ Party will be barred fro m above ). time. and points scored. Show • - not e ligible fo r plaque
t he cont est eext year . you r tota l score, sign the log, and
subm it to : Phil Caruso K90T8 , cIa SECTION CALL _ a so> COUNT IES PO INTS
Sf OX CON TES T - CW G loba l Research, Contest Cha irman, caNN WA1KMP 29 25 ns
Starts: 1500 GMT PO B o~ 271 , Lombard IL 60148. E. MASS W1AOE 71 45 3,195
Sat urday, April 3 logs must be postmarked by May 3, NH W861PR /1 13 11 '43
End s: 2400 GMT 1976 for scoring on May 31 , 19 76. VT Kl11K s s 25
Sunday , Ap ril 4 Incom plete logs will not be eligib le fo r ENV W2WSS 30 ts 570
Work as many SP stations du ring awards. Nli W2RPZ 77 42 3.234
the con tes t period as possible on all AWARDS.. NNJ WA2D FC 40 24 960
bands 3 .5 10 28 MHz. The three All entries w ill receive a cert ificate WNY W2NCI T3 40 2 ,920
ca tegories are: sing le operator . s ingle fro m SPESM. The first p lace total EPA W3EFY ts 15 28'
and all band; m ulti -opel1ltor. all band score in each cate90rv will reeewe a MD W3RAB 16 40 3 ,040
onl y; and SWL The same sta ti on may prize. Pr ize categor ies are as follows: WPA W3HDH 16 13 208
be worked on each band for OSO Mobile - any mode or power; GA W84QGN 72 39 2 ,808
points but a powiat may be counted Portable - any mode or power; High KY W4K F8 47 25 1,175
only once as a multiplier. All con tacts power - 100 Watts or more; Med ium NC W40MW 32 21 era
must be on CW only. power - 5 1 WaHs to 99 Watt s; Low NF LA K4 DD8 34 20 680
EXCHANGE..
RST p lus a 3 f i<J.lre OSO number
power - SO Walts or 11!105.
Any questions concer-n ing rules can
50
SFlA
K4 HOU
K4 HWW
••
8.
29
35
1.334
3 ,010
sta rti ng with 001 for foreign stations. be answered by K90T8 (Phi l) at VA W4CHK 113 59 6 ,667
Polish stat ions will send RST and their 312·279·4658 o r through 5PESM. AU NT EX wssoo 40 23 920
powia t le n ers. pr izes are d onated by G lobal STEX WA:NWJ/5 74 39 2.886
SCORING.. Research . LA WA!lKXJ/6 12 12 144
Each OSC with an SP station counts 3 aRG KeGJ D/6 12' 57 7.068
po ints. Final score is total OSC points NOV iCE OSC PA RT Y S8A R K6 0PH s e 25
times the total number of different Starts: 0000 GMT 57V K6TG 13 9 117
powiats worked regard less o f bands. Sat urday, Ap r il 10 ARIZ W678QN 9 9 81
AWARDS.. Erids: 0600 GMT IDA HO W7G HT 44 29 1,276
Cefl,ficate5 to the top scorers in each Sunday, Apri l " aRE WA7GOO 22 17 374
category, in each co ntine nt and each The f ifth annua l Novice OSC Party MI CH wawvu 50 29 1,450
cou ntry and call area of Austra lia. is sponsored by the International OH IO WSRYP 7 7 49
Canada, USA and USSR. Novice Amateu r Radio Assoc . Any WVA K8 LO U 10 9 90
ENTRIES.. c la ss am ateurs work only Novices an d ILL W9VEN 50 28 1,400
Use a separate log sheet fo r each band wor k each station only o nce rega rd less CO LO K00 l X 59 33 1,94 7
and include a summary shee t with all of bands. Please use "CO NP" for Ma W8lo1NOU 8 7 56
{he scoring information. The usua l contest ca ll and use the lower 10 kHz NDAK K!lITP 3 3 9
signed declarat ion is also requested. of each Novice band. The following CA NADA
lJwal d isqua lification ru ll!1O will apply. are considered as Nov ices: EL:N~, MAR VE1AHG I. 15 240
Emnes shou ld be postmarked no later HC .. N~~ , HI :N~~ , K G4N~~ , a NT VE3EJ K 65 36 2 ,340
than April 30th to PZK ceorest Com· KZ5~~N , L8 "'.., OA :N~Jl , OL If~~~ ,

17
by
Jim Huffman WA 7SCB
P.O. Box 357
Provo UT 84 60 1

Yes, You Can

Build This 2m Receiver !

ha nces arc no one has to tell you how
C great it is up on "2." You mav already
have at least one rig on two, or wish you had
one. Either you or some of your ham
buddies may operate the local repcaterfs]
an d maybe yo ur club even has a repeater. If,
h ow e ve r , b y some strange un canny
phenomenon, you do n't kno w how good it
is o n two meters, you'd better build yourself
t his receiver. If you're like most hams an d
alreadv have a handle o n t wo mete rs, build
this unit and you can have a good back up
rece iver, mon itor yo ur calling repeater (no
matter wh ich o ne yo u're work ing), o r spend
a fe w e xt ra d o llars to add a transmitte r for a
da ndy economical lit tle FM rig.
For somewhere in the 35 dolla r range you
can receive two meter ~ignal ~ in the fract ion
of a microvolt range , run off a handful of
batteries, the ho use current , or the auto
battery, and know what 's happening on two.

18
 A simple, inexpensive transmi tter ts on the
d rawing board as a companion for t he thi ng
a nd t here is plenty of roo m for it in t he
\lI FILTER
cabinet . If yo ur ju nk box is fu ll to the brim,
you ca n probab lv bui ld t bis unit for th e cos t
of so me o f th e I C~ and th e circu it bo ard , etc.
The whole rece ive r was designed with an
c.. RF AMPl.
- MIXER I-F QUAD
DE T
AUDI O
AMP L . --C
eye to t he cost vs. performance ra tio . You
get the best performance possible at t he
lowest cost. You can leave ou t some of the
circuits if you r budget Is .I little strained.
Sort of a " put t he sq uelch o n laya way"
program. The circuit design uses t he right
r _ C RYS TA L
CSC
3 PL R
SQUE"LC H

combina tio n o f ICs and discrete circuits to ==

give good performa nce and st ill save on the
cost of t he un it. Also, considera tion was
given to the overall circui r-bv-ci rcuit cost ;
tha t means you do n't pay only a quarter for
an IC (bargain, huh?) and the n have to add
$5,00 worth of external components to
make it work. You get t he bes t c hoice as far
as th e combi na tion o f t he IC cost and
e xter nal components.
Fig. 1 sho ws the block diagram of the
receiver. The receiver is a simple, single
conversion u nit wit h no frills. As ment ioned
before, you can ad d the frill'i later . For
insta nce, there is no fancy te n-pole crystal
filter in the i-f bu t t he re is enough room o n
the circuit board to ad d it for th ose wh o
nee d it. Aft er all, why sho uld t ho se of us
who have onl y one or two repeaters in t he
area, o n widel y separated Freq ue ncies a t
t hat, pay fo r t hat ad de d selectivi ty? If t he
action gets too hot up there later, we can
== == ...c-"
~r
, ,, . " Af' Fig. 1. Block diagram, Optional features
include the squelch, crystal switching and i-f
filter.
add th e circu it. It Is a lo t easier for t he poor the re arc t hose who feel a re ceiver wi th out
a mateur to liberate ten doll ars here a nd squ elch is unthink able. It is a little noisv up
t here t ha n to spend 50-60 buc ks a whack. th ere on t wo, so t he squ elch is a goo d o ne. It
Fig. 1 sho ws t hat t he incoming signals a rc will operate e xterna l buzze rs, rctavs and
convened to a 10.7 MHz i-f. Thc front end is lights, as we ll as switching the aud io. You
FET and t he i-f amp is an Ie. The quadrature can operate a buzzer with a tele phone
d etec to r is also an Ie. The f C audio amplifier ha ndse t operation to im press the boys in the
is protected so you can d isconnect it with carpool, or to soothe the XYl who can't
t he audio going full blast , This allows you to stand to hea r t he sq uelc h breaking. Yo u have
use a variety of spea kers, headphones. c tc., a Watt or Iwo of aud io which will work fine
without worrying whethe r gross impedan ce fo r all bu t the noi siest soorts cars . Thc entire
misma tches will rui n the receiver . The receiver draws abo ut 100 mA o T hat am o unt
squelch is treated as an op tion, although won' t run your nrcads d own for a fe w hours,
1FT 2

'[
L U'r--, IO pF
"
# ct

.001

470ft
,
I T YPICAL" 1
,
1_ ONE OF X" --J ~ L3
; e
'"
I" I
., III '

r-~t1:' "
Ct1A NNEL SEL ECTO R II I
• I II
r~~ • '"
o!o
;:~IO pF 3.9 1< Rce
14 4 33
41K ;
r"--1

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram (continued on next page). Optional channel selector is shown, 01 : GE FET 2, F0021, MPFl 02,
3N 128-. 0 2: 406 73, 3N 140 -, 0 3: 2N2222, Ol -X: 2N2222 -. Ll: 7T # 18 3/8"d 5/8 "1, tapped 1 T and 2 7" from cold end, L2:
5 7" #18 3/S "d 7/1 6"1 C. T, L3: 5T #18 W' certorm, tapped I!4T from cold end . "See text.
,.
 CA30 65
P/O IF T2
I· F AMP AUDIO
I a ~F F E R ~ P ra
LIMIT ER
.. ~: F
,
I
'"
OETEC TOR
/ "
.o41...F
m,
I
.o
e , •• s , , -
(~
'0
I" "
0'
,~
,F
; ~. r
, O.
~K . .*. • LM 3a~• t
•
IOO/, F

'00
" , 100pF .001

. '.'
_ ..-:"

~,
.~

" HEPl70 OR
1I0 VAC EQUIVALENT
12 V/
" loon
,w
.5 AMP
• •
'" IOOO... F

'"
tOOO ... F
esv
4 10 0

.-
( ~ )LE D

Fig. 2. (continued).

and you'll never nut ice the new addi tion to
the electric bill.
A look at the schematic, Fig. 2, shows
tbat the oscillator and trjpler circuit are one
Fig. 3. This is the prototype layout. If this thing worked (and it did, very well) just abo ut
anything you can dream up should work with no problem. See the text for pointers on
some pitfalls in laying out the receiver.
and the same. This circuit uses crystals
which triple in the same way the Regency
folks do in the HR-2 (or so I'm told). That
means you can order your crystals from the
inexpensive units that advertise in 73 all the
time offering the ir crystals for part icular
units, to tbat unit's specs. To find the crys tal
frequency, subtract 10.7 from the repeater
or other desired frequency in MHz, then
divide by three. For a 146.94 unit, the
frequency is 136.26 and the crystal fre-
quency is 4 5.4 2 MIll. I have had a lot of
success with Ian Crystals units selling for
$4.00 each; just order for the series mode.
The dual gate mixer and I FET front end
provide good overload immunity and help
guard against cross-modulation effects. If
you fi nd the age-less receiver suffering fro m
overload in your applica tion, jus t ad d the rf
gain control sho wn in Fig. 5.
The j·f stage uses the familiar 703 op
amp. Although I have read reports of people
ha'iing bad luck with the cp amps, I find
them extremely stable when treated right.
Just keep the leads short and by pass close to
th e case. You won't nave any trouble at all.
The limiter, detector, and audio pream p
stages are part of an IC that is unique in that
its original application was in the 4.5 MHz
audio i-f o f TVs. If that scares you, you are
welco me to the popular CA3089 IC, The
3089 has built -in squelc h, but the cost is
nearly 4 doll ars as compared to less than 7St!
for the CA3065 used here. The squelch circuit
can be added for around a buck and a half or
less and is far more versatile than the squelch
in the CA3089. The CA3065 uses few
external compo nents in this application and
will do the job well. Ignore the spec sheet
that may come with the unit, unless you

20
 SUPER THUNDERBIRD
The UltimateTri-Band

No other antenna gives you performance on 10, 15 and 20 meters equal to the
TH6DXX Super Thunderbird . It's built, without compromise, to be ele ctrically and
mechanically superior to everything else.
Separate " Hy-Q" traps are used for each band and they are factory tuned for
peak performance. You can get optimum results on tran.smission, phone or CW,
with the easy-to-use tuning charts we supply.
The cast alumi num, tilt-head, boom-to-mast bracket accommodates masts from
1% " to 2V2 " and provides mast feed-th rou gh for stacki ng with other antennas.
Taper-swaged , slotted aluminum tubing is used for easy adjustments and light
weight. Full circumference compression clamps are used throughout , instead of the
usual. self-tapping screws. All element-to-boom brackets are formed from extra
heavy gauge aluminum.
Hy-Gain 's exclusive Beta Match is used to give optimum match ing on all three
bands and a positive DC ground path.
For tri-ban d OX, nothing can beat the Super Thunderbird .

Up to 9.5 dB gain over V2 wave dipole

3 act ive ele ments o n 20 and 15 meters
4 active elements o n 10 meters
25 dB tron t-to-back rat io
SWR less t han 1.5 :1 on all bands at resonance
24 ' boom. 20 ' turning radius
6.1 sq . ft . surface area , net weight 61 .5 Ibs.
For best results, always use a BN-56 Balun

6-element Super Thunderbird Order No. 389

3-element Thunderbird Order No. 388
3-element Thunderbird Jr. Order No. 221
2-element Thunderbird Order No. 390

Hy-Gain Electronics Corporation 8601 Northeast Highway Six;

Lincoln . NE 68505; 402 /464-9151 ; Telex 48-6424
 The receiver is sho wn .15 a prototy pe layo ut
a nd there is room for the squelch ci rcuit
(layou t nOI shown), crvstal switching, even
for a transmitter. Yo u'll be readi ng abo ut
t he add uns to this rece iver Iater ; in fact, you
ma y even have something uniq ue in mi nd for
yo ur own. If you use the sa me cabi net I d id,
the re will be plenty o f room for addi ng a
power sup ply a nd the spea ker mounts ea5ily
in t he unit.

Fig. 4. This is the tinct layout of the breadboarded receiver circuit. St ick with this one,
and you'lI hove room enough for add ons, and a stable receiver design .
want to do a lot of experimenting. T he
/ , ' " QI values given work nicely.
The audio output stage U~C') the LM380
Ie. The 380 pu ts out better tha n a Watt with
a 12 volt sup ply an d will be adequa te for
\.. .J most applications. T he best features o f the
IC are its very low cost (S1.60 ) and t he few
externa l compo ne nts it requires. The gain is
fixed at a maximum limit like the 703 up
am p a nd this gives it a lot o f sta bility as long
a~ good layo ut is used .
Construction
You can use just about anv layout you
wan t. If you usc my layout, you will likely
have better resuf ts right away since mine is
proven. You certainly should lry your own
if you have something in mind as the
sirnplici tv of rhts receiver makes it a can-
d ida te fo r miniaturization. If you do try
Su bstit ut ions
Any good ham is intere sted in using junk
box pa m in bu ilding a ny th ing, bu t so me-
times t he junk box is nO I full of the values
the schematic calls for. For sta rters, yo u ca n
save some mo ney by ge tting the three
MOSFET pack fro m yo ur local Rad io Shack
for less tha n S1.50. Use IwO in the receiver
and add one to th e junk box. The gates
aren' t protected, but I have mo re sta tic in
my ca rpe t tha n rf in my transmi tter, a nd
using i u~ t reasonable ca utio n a nd d ischa rging
myself befo re handling t hem, , ha ve no t
burned o ut a single gat e. The 3Nl28 single
gate make s a good front end. The 3N140
makes a dandy mix er. You ca n substitute
paper coil for ms for the ceramic forms.
Better choices are the restrutc fo rms, those
b rittle plas tic loo kin g thin gs you've seen
aroun d. Yo u probably noticed that the
crystal switching circui t ts strange. If you
want 10 leave OUI the OS stages and just use
tbe switch, just re member to use a layout
like mine that pu ts the oscillator near t he
front of the case, so the switch leads will be
shorter. Just grou nd th e lug of the crystal
t un ing capacitor rat her th an connect it to
the collecto r o f OS. The OS stages ar e not
given in th e PC layout.
In the i-f stages, you may stea l the i·f
transformers from a transistor radio (1 ) if it
had FM an d (2) if you ca n identi fy the 10 .7
MH l transfo rmer s from th e 45 5 kHz trans-
fo rmers in t he case o f an AMjF M. Use t he
mixer transfo rmer f rom t he rad io as t he
mixer t ransformer in the receiver and U'tC the
radio's i-f T2 as i-f T2 in the receiver. For
saving anot her qu arter, use the bipolar tran-
sistor (if it's NPN ) from the radio for the
local oscillator. Be su re 10 usc either the
fron t end or the oscillator/ mi xer t ransistor
as 03. O h ves, whi le you're canmbalizing,

- ... ,
another layout jU~ 1 t ry to keep inp uts a nd
ou tpu ts that arc at or nca r t he same fre-
I que ncy separated, shiel ded , o r bo th. Not e, in
I OK the PC dia gra m, how the ground bus is used
I I to pro vide shielding between stages. The i·f
\ I syst em in th is unit has very high gain; t he
you may as well use the rad io 's volume
contro l and /o r to ne contro l fo r the vo lu me
,1Od sque lch cont ro ls. Check the values to
insure they <Ire SDk or lowe r.
The true parts su bsti tu tion nu t will lo ve
t his las t o ne. Don't even U'tC coil forms Of

- ""
I,
Fig. 5. Installing a 10k rf gain control in Ql
emitter when o wrtood is a problem. l~llen
using the unit I1S 11 ttxea uatton. it may be a
trimpot "set and toceet " control. Adjust [or
maximum gain/minimum cross mudulation.
CA3065 was designed to be t he sole i-f
amplifier in a T V system, so the addition of
the 703 op amp can bring t he system gain as
high as 90 d B. Tha t is pre lly hard to keep
stable without keepi ng the inputs and
outputs well apart.
Just look ott Fig. 3. This was the pro-
totype circuit board while t he develop-
mental wor k was be ing done. If that wo rked,
just abou t anything you drea m up sho uld
suffice . Fig. 4 is a ph oto of th e Iinatla vo ut .
t rimme r c..pacitors. The he,IVY coil windings
ca n be wo un d so tha t a ferri te core from a
coil for m (the threaded interior ty pe ) will lit
inside along with a little tape or plastic sheet
to insula Ie the thing, The slug will move in
and out of the coil when you lu rn it since
t he pitch of the windings ac ts like threads in
the coil form. You no longer need trimmer
capaci tors because t he coil is slug-t uned.
Natura ll y, since the inductance incre ases you
will need to find a value for the fixed

22
 OPTIONA L
OPTlOOA.
SQUELCH
CIRCUI T
AN T ENNA • ~ TAl

SW<lCHI N(

0'

tl
-VCC
AUDIO ~
OUTPUT
-II- .L -i""
CRYSTAL
-;Ir- ..,1-
f
~
.L
T r-.
"
~;..
T
-\k
-il-
"'t--
-'-
~

0'
~

-Jr
~

.1 T 0'
..LT
T
D 0 1
-r-
1
IFT 2
-J ~
1FT I
! T ~
«vee

oPTIONAL F IL TE R
CIRCUIT
Fig. 6. Foit siae PC layout. Note open areas for squelch and crystal switchinq; as ....-ett as crystal filter.

,
I
I
PIO CA~065 AUDIO I PRE SE NT CI R CUI T
r- ... B urrER r- AM P -----
.. »>
1 - .
,,,-, . -I .......,>- -I-- -Jr ---- ---,
1,.. "
__ -
I I J.,"
1'- - - - -
,<4
I
...J t 1r- -- ,
I

I LI"~BO,
,
>
L- 1r - r
, ~- --
15 ,. r

SOUELCH
'0' 0'
2N 22 22

" 0'
"~IO
2N2222
-o~rr I N91 " ~ 0'
2N2222
IOOpr
"
)
.., '0 " '" ; ~ IOO p F v) REC AY, BUZZER,LEO,
E TC_

~,
•
'" " IN91 "
'-'
; ~Ol
'-'

Fig. 7. Squelch circuit. Q5 and Q6 are on option to the option. They will operate a buzzer, or whatever. You will probably IVcJnI to odd 0
swucn to the audible signal so it can be cut when you are in Q50.

23
capaci tor e xpe r ime n tally. A grid dip me ter
should su ffice. Don 't worry too mu ch abo ut
h urting circ uit Q because the FET~ do n't
care , and the Q in the oscillator circui t is not
tha t critical to proper operation. You will
still have to use a form for the quad detec tor
coil since it is a rel atively high. inductance
unit.
Opt ional Circuits •
While yo u may not consider some of the
optiona l circ uits opti onal, they really are n't
basic to t he funct ioning of the rece iver and
can be ad ded later if yo u don 't wish to do so
now. Fig. 7 shows t he squ elc h cir cui t. The
o pt ional cr y stal switc hing is part of t he ma in
sche mat ic, Fig. 2. Th e crysta l fil t er circu it is
shown in Fig. 8, and the PTI 2 194r Piczo
Technol ogy Comline filt er sho uld do the
tri ck. You ca n find a slew o f pre amplifier
circui ts if yo u fee l t he need to ad d one to
t he fro nt e nd . And diode p rot ecti on , bac k to
bac k I N91 4s across the inp ut rf amp gate, is
reco mme nded when u sing the receiver with a
companion tran smitt er. Th is pro t ect ion may
no t be necessary, but ca n' t h urt since it will
cost o nly a quarter more and might save the
front end from damage from the nearby rf.
Tuneup
Accomplishing tuneu p is easv . First align
the i-f, then the rf stages. With an inpu t from
a signal generator o r grid di pper align the
quad de tector fo r minimum no ise ou t p ut.
Fe)" ""'OITooo..... ,"FOI'IOMT,CJOO
~ I<ESER·,ATOOt4 .",TE TO
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20/-227-/7S/
198 Passaic Ave••
Fairfield , N .J . 07006
24
IOOpF
2N D FLI
1F T
;:~18,F
r.
Fig. 8. Crystal filter circuit. FL 1 is a PII21 94F crystal filter or equivalent.
Keep switching th e rf o n and off so you
make sure you have noise without signal, no
noise with; that way you don't accidentally
detune th e t hing way o ff frequency t h ink ing
yo u' re right o n. Next peak the l-Is fo r
m in imu m no ise . T un c up the fr ont en d by
giving it a signal on t wo meter s, a gd m is
fine , and again tun e th e f ron t e nd for
maximum q uieti ng. Tweak the o scillator for
ma ximum quie ting. The n accom plish final
tuneu p wit h weak signals on the band wh en
possible. For a sensitivity check without 2
meter signals use the gdm . You should be
able to quiet the receiver from as far away
from a 19 inch wh ip or piece of wire as you
can you r communications receiver. If you
have a two me ter FM rece iver alrea dy , you
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ca n usc its sensit ivit y as a reference . If all is
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You sho uld e njoy thi s receive r. Th e sat is-
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wel l as kn owing how mu ch money you saved
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volta.... Is connected aCrO SS th~ cou pler inj~etion port and erou n d l
t h~ sil nal cabl~ acts as a m~t.alic link without dlSturbll1g sie na
c ha ract ~ristics orieinally prese nt. RF si&na l pat h is no t dinctio nal .
Two couplers can b~ u ....d. on ~ IOCll Jly a nd o n ~ r~motely . wit h
th~ arrOWS poi nt inc t o "ch ot her. Th~ coallia l cable betw~ ~n t h~
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25
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27
 A Reprogrammab/e 10

UI , Q I
by
I SE NSE 6 L ATCH P lY I Robert Glaser WA 3MSW
U3G ,d,U' U30,b,03 ,04 3922 Algiers Road
DURA TION 3 MIN UT E
TIMER TIMER U2 , 0 2
Randallstown MD 21133
SENSE a L ATCH PlY 2

z Z
0
-
Q
•
•• •• •u
,.
z.

-•••
u Z • BATTERY
U7, U8,U9 U'O
T here are a large number of repea ters o n
0 o· 0 SUPPLY
u Z
" ADDRE SS
COU NTER
MEMORY
the a ir these days, and most have CW

- ~
CRI,C R2
PO WER FA IL
S W IT CH
ide n tifiers. The CW operator who take s a
sojourn into t he repeater bands is inundated
with repeate r callsigns. After a day or two
o n the sa me re peate rs, listening to the d ull
bu t prevale n t " DE WR3ABQ" t ype of
rep ea ter identificatio n becomes rather
bori ng. Being a n avid CW operato r as well as
re peater user, I deci ded t ha t a more
,... interesting t ype of repe ate r iden tifier could

~
easily be b uilt. It was dec ided tha t t he
U6' ide nt ifier sho uld:
BUFFER BUFfER 1. Be easily reprogramma ble (with-
r~ AU O IO out opening the case) .
U'
CLOC K 2. Have ca pacity fo r long messages.
3. Re tain its memory duri ng po wer
O!>,Q6 failures.
U60 ,b OSCI LLATOR
4. Service t wo repeaters.
O£ BOU NeE'
5. Be re lativel y inexpensive (under

r -- -_. ---- - . ----- -- --, f -+-AUO,Oa

\40).
The identifier was to be used at a site whe re
I .,S PEED 51 RUN t V .,
STEP
50 I two repeaters are located with the same
call sign (150 and 450) - hence the four th
I PR OGRA M
SWI TC H
0- DATA
,N I point.
I I
I 55
I ro
.,10 TI ME
LE O
BlT O
53
WR IT E
I
I
POWER
SUPPlY
An ide ntifier was designed and con-
struc ted which satisfied the above requi re-
rrents. It is program med from switches on
IL FRONT
PAN EL J
I the front pa nel, has a 1024 bit non-volatile
memory, identifies two repeaters, and costs
Fig. 1. Block diagram. about $30 to $40 to build (with new parts).

28
 Ot her Ident ifi ers PTT I ., PTTZ
.,
The distinguishing feature of identifiers is
the memory . Identifiers may be classified
according to the type of memory they use.
UP 74 0 0

• .!.l'
, . '"
U Z· 7 4 0 0

There are basrcanv two kinds of electronic ,ro Z 14 7

• • '. ••
identifiers in use today . The first and older •• I'! " < po"
of the two uses a diode matrix for memory.
., .,
The identifier is programmed by soldering
r; " 9l d 8 t:

diodes in a matrix. The disadvan tages of this

,,
.,
system are that large memory units become ,
"" 00 ., •"
cumbersome, and that reprogramming
entails opening the unit and physically
•
, .
, "
<

moving diodes around.

The other type of identi fier uses read , ro • ., A
only memory (ROM). These are fairly new I
devices and can store more in less space tha n
a diode matrix . Typically, fusible li nk ROMs
are used because these arc the most inexpen- ., -« "
."
IZ U 3

"l
"
d b! '
sive. The fusible link ROM is programmed '" PR O c.R AM

by selectively melt ing fusi ble li nks inside the

integrated circui t chip. Naturally once a link
is melt ed there is no way to put it back. "
",
Generally a ROM of this ty pe can be 1 14 Z 3 " .. ~ - 1 Z 1 31 "i+~
f-s P
programmed only once. However, to change
the identification in t his type of identifier it
8", A,~ R
U8 749 3
II
f1 8",
U9
R
7493
R
t'],
"
is only necessary to reprogram another ROM
chip and replace the old ROM with the new
~A 98
~Z
C 11D
'16
"f.<
9t8C'E"~-!<.-
'~ t4
__-;,;;-~
O~. U'O Z ID2
'"
The latter type of identifier is more easily 0 ... R ~W Dw •
changed than the former, but still lacks II 3 'Z
versatility in that a different chip must be
purchased every time it is desired to change
the identification. This would become
impractical if the memory were to be
changed every few weeks.
There are alternatives to the fusible li nk
ROM. There are available programmable,
erasable ROM s. These can be erased by
ex posure to ultraviolet light. However, a
specialized and co mplex progr ammer unit is
needed in orde r to program them . These
chips are presen tly in the $20 price class.
There is anoth er type o f memory which,
.1 .1
in the past, has not been used in identifier
circuits. This is random access memory, or
RAM . This type of memory is elec trically
programmable. Moreover, the 2 102 static
Fig. 2. Schemat ic.
RAM has 1024 bits of storage and sells for
abou t five dollars. There is one disadvantage mode, the address counter i~ incremented by The duration timer I~ co ntrolled by a
to using this kind of memory ~ it is volatile, a push-button on the front panel, and ones three minute timer. This timer docs two
which means that when the power is turned and zeros can be written into the memory things : If the repeaters have not been used
off the contents of the memory are lost. through the front panel. In the run mode, for three minutes, upon key-up the timer
Both the diode matrix and ROM are non- the address counter is driven by a free will send a pulse to the duration timer to
volatile. A power fail battery can make the running clock. The clock determines the CW initiate an identification. Additionally, if the
RAM immune to short line power failures. speed and is controlled by a potentiometer repeater remains on the air, the timer pulses
The re-programmable iden ti fier uses such a on the front panel. the duration timer every th ree minutes.
system. A duration timer controls the address The three minute timer is controlled by
cou nter. When it is low (normally), it two ide ntical sense and latch circuits. The
Theory of Operatio n inhibits the address counter fro m being sense an d latch circuits go to the push-to-
Fig. 1 is a block diagram of the iden tifier . toggled by the clock, and holds the cou n ter talk lines of the two repea ters. If either of
The oscillator genera tes a sidetone with two at address zero. When it is ti me for an the push-to-talk lines is grounded , the three
variable leve l outputs for the repeaters. The ide ntificati on, the du ration ti mer goes high minute timer is activated. If the du ration
memory unit keys the oscillator, and an and allows the address cou nter to co un t. The tim er is hi ~h when a push-to-talk line is low,
address count er drives the memory. The timer then falls low (i ndica ti ng tha t the the lat ch on the respective sense and lat ch
identifier has two modes of opera tion: iden tification is over) and resets the address circ uit is set, which grounds th at push-to-
progra m and run. The run mode is normal counter. It is the du ration timer which talk line to keep the repe at er on the air.
operation, and the program mode allows the determines whether the ident ifier is iden- When the dur ati on timer goes low the la tch
memory to be progra mmed. In the program tifying or no t. is reset , letting the repeater drop.

29
 A power supply feeds the electronics, but repeater. When the d ura tio n timer goes low, care shou ld be ta ken to make groun d and
when power is lost, the memory is switched the latches arc reset again . Vee lines out of bcavv bus wire, with
to internal batteries. The step control goes to an RS flip flop e xtensive bypassing with .1 uF capacitors.
The schematic of the identifier is sho wn used as a debo uncer , which toggles the The logic is not be ing used very fast, but the
in Fig. 2. The memory consists of a 2102 address counter. Bit zero of the ad dress is chips will respond to pul ses of several
RAM . The 2102 is an nMOS integrated monitored o n the fron t panel by an LED. nanoseconds in length, necessitating good rf
circuit and has TT L compatible inputs and The po wer supply uses a full wave construction practices. The uni t was bui lt
ou tput. The chip has ten ad dress lines rectifie r to an LM309 K regulator chip . Three into a Radio Shac k plas tic bo x with
ncccssarv to access 1024 bits . When a "D" cells in series provide emerge ncy power aluminum cover, but it would be be tter
particular address is selec ted, whatever is for the 21 02. practice to usc an all metal enclosure to keep
present at the Din ter minal is stored in that rf out.
location when t he read /write (R/ W) line goes Const ruc t ion
low . When the R/W is high, whatever was All of the parts used in the ident ifier are Adjustme nts and Programming
previously stored will be present at the Do ur readily available. All of the integrated
Progra mming the identifier is a simple
te rminal when that address ls again selected. circ uits used are sold by James Elec tro nics.
All tra nsistors e xcept 04 are general pur pose matter. The add ress counter counts up fro m
The oscillator utilize s an 88 mH toroid
NPN silicon a nd can be bought in barga in zero a t a constant rate. A zero in a location
coil with two secondary wind ings. The audio
produces no tone and a one produces a to ne.
out puts of the identifier are low impedance. packs. The transistors used for 0 1 an d 0 2
As the cou nter counts from zero up, a tone
Wit h the component val ues specified, the shoul d be rated for what ever current the
tone is 1 kHz. push-to-talk line of the repeaters requires. will be generated when ever a one is
The ad dress counter consists of three 0 4 is a unijunction and is sold at Radio encountered . Si nce the identifier rests at
7493 fo ur-bit binary counter ch ips. The location zero, a zero must be progra mmed in
Shack as #276- 111 . The diodes ar c all
that spot, or the repeater will have a
reset li nes arc tied together and go to the general purpose silicon and can be bought
compleme nt of the d uration timer. cons tant tone o n it. A dit sho uld be one
fro m bargai n pac ks, wi th the exception of
location long, and a dah three. A single zero
The clock is a 555 square wave generator. CR1 and CR2, which sho uld be germaniu m
should follow dits an d dahs within a
Anothe r 555 is used as a monos table multi- and capable of passing 70 mA. The oscillator
charac ter. a nd t hree zeros should follow
vi brator for the dura tion timer. When the coil is a centertapped 88 m H toroid coil and
each character. Characters at ends of words
input is pulsed, the outpu t is a pulse of can he ob tained from M. wetnsche nkcr. Two
should have seven zeros after them. Table 1
predetermined width (5 to 60 seco nds). wi ndings of about 25 to 50 tu rns shoul d be
shows the desired encoding for a typical
A unijunetion transistor is used as the added to the tor oid for the o ut puts. The
repeate r call. As can be seen, " DE
t hree minute t imer in conjunction with 03 powe r tr ansforme r is Radio Shack
WR 3AfM " requires only 83 bits out of the
and part of U3. #273- 1384. The compo nents used in t he
1023 available, so much longer identifica-
The latches arc RS flip fl ops . The rese t timing circui ts (pa rti cularly the capacito rs)
tions will fit into the memory.
lines go to the duration timer's o ut put, so should be high qual ity units .
the latc h outputs arc held low until t he The proto type was bu ilt o n a pat chboard To program the memory with the desired
d ur atio n timer goes high, where upon the set ty pe of pri nted circu it board using Molcx code, ap ply po we r and wait for the LED to
line may go low if the push-to-talk line is sockets a nd ju mper wires. Point to point stop flashing. Back ing off the 10 time
low. When the la tches are set, 0 1 or 0 2 is wiring using integrated circuit sockets on control will stop it. When the light rem ains
t urned on and holds up the res pective vector board shoul d wo rk fine . Part icular o n, the address cou nter will be at location
zero. Flip the mode switch into the program
mode. To write into the memory, the write
Address Contents Address Contents Address Con tents Add ress Contents button mu st be dep ressed with the Data In
, -,
0 -0 30·0
31 - 1
60· 1
61 . 1
90·0
91 - 0
button do wn for a zero, and up for a o ne. A
zero shoul d be written in location zero. Push
2-t 32·0 62 ·0 92 - 0
a- t 33 . 1 63 ·0
the step button, and the LED sho uld go out,
93 - 0
4 -0 34 . 1 64·0 94 · 0 indicating that the counter is now at loca-
5-, 35·1 65·1 95 - 0 tion 1. Program a one, and proceed on in
6 -0 36 ·0 66 · 0 96 - 0 this manner u ntil location 83 is
7- I 37 . 1 67 . 1 97 - 0 programmed. It should be noted that there is
'-0 38 · 0 68 · 0 98-0
no way to go bac k a count, so if a mistake is
'-0 39 - 0 69 - 1 99 - 0
made the procedure should be sta rted over.
10 · 0 40 - 0 70· 1 100 ·0
11 - 1 41 - 1 71 _ 1 101 . 0 A num be r of zeros sho uld always be placed
12 - 0 42 - 0 72 - 0 102·0 after the message to give leeway to the
13 - 0 43 _ 1 73 . 1 103 - 0
14- 0 44 _ 0 d uration timer . Put the mo de switch back to
74· 0 104·0
15 - 0 45 . 1 75 · 0 105 · 0 run and push the 10 bu tton. Set the speed
16 · 0 46 · 0 76 ·0 106 ·0 control for the desire d speed, and the n
17· 0 47 . 1 77 . 1 107 _0 adjust t he ID time control so that the
18 · 0 48 ·1 78 . 1 108 · 0 cou nter resets about five seconds after the
19· 1 49 · 1 79 . 1 109 - 0
20·0 50 - 0 80·0 11 0 . 0
ID is don e. If a mistake is noticed , hi t the ID
21 . 1 51 _ 1 81 . 1 111 _ 0 button again, but place the mode switch into
22 - 1 52 . 1 82· 1 112 - 0 progra m just before the location where the
23 - 1 53 - 1 83 - 1 113 . 0 mistake is located. This makes it unnecessary
24 - 0 54 - 0 84·0 114 . 0
25 - 1 55 - 0
to step through the entire ID when a mistake
8 5· 0 11 5 - 0
26 - 1 56 ·0 86· 0 116 - 0 is ncar the end. The counter remains whe re
27 - 1 57· 1 8 7· 0 117 ·0 it was befo re it is placed into the program
28·0 58·0 88 · 0 11 8 - 0 mo de. After programming a message, tie a
29· 0 59 . 1 89· 0 1 19·0 pus h-to-talk line low, a nd measure the time
between identifications. Adjust the 1
Table 1. Example of programming (J typical lD: "DE WR3AFM. " mego hm trimpot for the desired time -
nominall y three minutes .

30
 Results
After wtrmg, the o nly problem
encountered was one of the vee lines being
too small and poorly organized. After
remedy ing this problem , the identifier had
no other problems. After the unit was in
operation about a mont h the speed began to
slowly vary. Rep lacement of the com-
the first name in solid s tate
pon en ts in the cloc k circuit fi xed this ®
problem. The ident ifier is located in the
botto m of a 450 MHz repe ater cabine t, next
to a 150 MHz repeater , in a bu ildi ng wit h
dozens of 150 MHz and 450 MHz repeaters.
THE FM LEADER
t------~
There has been no pro blem with rf getting
into the identifie r, even th ough it is co n-
struc ted in a plastic usc. The iden tifie r has •
been installed for several mon ths and has
been working continuously on the Baltimore
Amateur Radio Club's 146.07/146.67 and
2METER~ 220 MHz Q.:tiii
444.35/449.35 repeaters. The batteries have
not been replaced, and they have been 6METER oJ ' "I 440MHz ~
successful in reta ining the memory whe n
power failures have occurred. II generally
ta kes bet ween five and fif teen min utes to
program the iden ti fi er. BA RC repeater users FEATURING THE . . ,
have been listen ing to the CW as it spou ts
notices and co mments. If nothing else, this
e r---·
· - - -- - - - - - ---..,.
type o f identifier makes users cognizant o f HR -2B The M aster i n 2 M eter FM
the fac t tha t the to nes act ually say some-
thing, and are not something 10 be con- Pos itive performance at a
stantly ignored, as is the usc with too man y practical price makes our
repea ters across the country. - H R-2B tops on 2 meters.
Individual trimmer capa citors
hr1 s L ist
CAl . CA2 - lIl",""n,um diodes, 70 mA
give bull's -eye accuracy for
a I , 0 2 , 0 3, 0 5, 06 - general purpose NPN silicon working repeaters or point -to -
(2N39041
12 Channels point. The .35J.N sensitivity and
0 4 - un ijuoc t,on (Radio Shac k =2 76· 111 )
Al - 10 k po te nt iomet er wit h lIWitch 15 Watts
Hilla power sw itc h insure your
R2 - 1M pote ntio me ter hearin g and being heard ... clearly
Sl - OPOT tOll9 le switCh $229 00 Amateur Net
and reliably ... the Regency way.
52 - momentary push-burt on 5POT
53, 54, 55 - mo ment ary p ush·bulI On SP5T
56 - 5 P5T mou nted o n R1
T1 - 88 m H ce n tertapped toro id coi l wit h t wo 50
t urn windings added
T2 - 6 .3 VO lt power tran sforme r (Aad io Sha ck
#2 73-1 384 1
.. . AND THE
Ul. U2, U3. U6 - 7400 quad NANO gat e
U4. US - NES55 timer
e '----- - - - - - - - - ---..
U7, US, U9 - 7493 fou r bit binary coun ter HR -440 UHF-Th e U ltimate in FM
U10 - 2 102 1 k static AAM nwmory
Ul1 - LM 309K volta ge regu lator

440 is fresh . , . it's new , . .

and with our H R 440 you can
use U HF without using up your
A.R.R.L. budget. So. pioneer some new
ground! Put a co mpact H R 440
SOUTHWESTERN under yo ur dash or at you r desk.
12 Channels It's th e best way to usher yo urself
DIVISION 10 Watts into UH F.
$34900 Amateur Net
CONVENTION
APRIL 9.10.11
Tucson. Arizona
p.o. BOX 12261
TUCSON, AZ. 85732 ~
E

11H 6
~~~ELECTRONICS, INC. 7707 Records Street
Indian apolis , Ind iana 46226

J1

CONTESTS
from page 11
counties or bands. They mory be
worked on different bands in each
county for point credit only. Mobile
stations contacted on a county line
cou nt as one contact but two or mo re
multipliers. Portable stations t ha I
change counties during th e contest
may be wo rk ed for bo t h point and
multiplier credi t from each new
cocmv. Fixed stations may be wo rked
by other fixed stations o nly once
during t he contest regardless of bands.
Fixed stations may be worked, how-
ever, by mobile stations each time the
mobile station changes counties or
bands. Repeat contacts between
mobile stations are permitted as long
as they are on anot~ bi.ond or at least
one of the mobiles hM changed
counties, KL7 and KH6 are con-
sidered OX and ma ritime mobiles are
considered fixed stat ions for scoring
purposes.
EXCHANG E:
RS!T). cou nt y and state lcountrv for
OX). Mi xed mode co ntacts are per-
mitted. bul at least one sta tio n must
be on SSB.
FREQUENCIES:
Suggested frequencies are plus or
minus 10 kHz of following: 3.935,
7.240. 14.290. 2 1.390, 2&580 MHz.
No tn'dit for contacts on county
hYnter net frequencies of 3.943.
7.238, or 14_336 MHz is allowed.
SCORING:
Contact with fixed US or Canadian
station E 1 point; contact WIth OX
stations .. 5 points; contact with a
mobile stat ion" 10 points. The multi·
plier is t he total number of US
coun ties plus Canadien stati o ns
wo rked . Tak e cred it fo r a county only
the f irst time it is worked. A oounty
does not count again even if worked
again on a different band, but a
Canadian station counts each t ime it is
worked. The final score is then the
t01l1 number of OSC points times the
total multiplier.
LOGS:
l.ogs should include the date and
time. the station worked, the report
exchanged, county. state, band,
claimed points 0,5 or 101. and each
new multiplier should be n um ber ed.
Check sheets are not req uired but
would be appreciated on all scores
over 100,000 poinu. Summa ry and
log sheets are availab le free fo r a # 10
SASE or SAE and appropriate IRCs
f rom: James L. Willingham KliMR S,
Route 1, Bevier MO 63532, All en tries
should be received bV K0A RS by J une
1,1 976 to be eligible for awards. OX
entries shot.Jld use air mail.
AWARDS:
P~ues will be awardeclto the hi~
scoring fixed US or Canadian station.
OX station, and fint .->d second
highest scoring mobile sta tions.
Certificates will be given to the top 10
mobile and fixed stations in t he USA
and Canada, and to t he highest scoring
32
station in each DXCC country. Only
single operator stations are eligible for
awards; multi-oper3l0r certifica tes will
be awarded as merited. A station may
enter M both filled and mobile, but
with separate scores. Winners will be
announced in the MAR AC Newsletter
a nd at t he 1976 Ind epe ndent CountV
Hunte rs Net Co nvent ion Ito be he ld in
July '76).
ZERO DISTR ICT OSO PARTY
Starts: 2000 GMT
Sat urday, Apr il 17
Ends: OZOO GMT
Monday , April 19
The contest is sponsored by the
TR A· ARC of Iowa State University.
SlItions OYtside of the zero district
will e~change reports with stations
within t he zer-o district onlV, Zero
district sta tions may work anyone.
An V sta tion ma y be wor ked once on
each band, on each mode. If a mobile
statio n char>gE'S counties, he may be
work ed agai n - so be su re to loo k fo r
mobile stations changing counties.
FREOUENCIES:
3570. 7070, 14070, 2 1070. 28070.
3900, 7270, 14300. 2 1370, 28570,
3725,7 125, 211 25,
EXCHANGE:
RS(T1, OSO Number and ARRL
section. Zero district stations will al$O
send their county along with the
ARRL section.
SCORING:
Zero district stations: MultiplV the
total number of con tects by the total
number of different zero district
count ies, foreign cocn tnes, and
ARRL sections. No n-zero district
sta tions: Mult iply the t ota l num ber of
co ntacts by th e tota l number 01
d iff er e nt zero district counties
worked.
ENTRIES:
To compete - logs. claimed score and
SASE 1I0r resulnl must be sent 10:
TRA·ARC, WAOTKK. B406 Wilson
Hall, Ames IA 50013 no later than
MaV 14th . Appropriate certificates
will be awarded.
TWO METER ALL MODES
CONTEST
Contest Period : 0300 to
0700 GMT Sunday. April lB
This contest is sponsored by t he York
Rad io Club and Global Research and
is o pen to all rad io amateur s. world-
wide, Any 2 me ter contact is valid
except for t he use of repea ters other
than OSCAR. Use all modes: sse,
CWo AM. FM. SSTV. RTTY. or FAX.
EXCHANGE:
RSi Tl and state.
SCORING:
Score one point for each completed
two way contact. A multiplier of 1
per mode will be given for every mode
worked with a minimum of 5 contacts
per mode. Exam ple : A station work·
ing 5 contacts on AM, 5 on CW, and 5
on SSB wo uld have a mul tiplier of 3.
Final score is the OSO points times 01 phone bands free. General call is
the final multiplier. "00 PA"; PA/Pl!PE stations will call
LOGS:
Logs should show your name, call,
address. state. and input power, For
each station worked. include their
"CO PACe."
EXCHANGE:
RSCTI and aso number starting with
001. Dutch stations IPA /PIIPE) will
call, state. and RS(T1 sent and also $end ill 2 fener code indicating
recei ved . Show yoyr total score. sign their province. The possible provinces
the logs, and submit to: Phil K9DTB. are: GR. F R, DR, av. GO, UT, NH.
c/o Global Research, PO Box 271, ZH, ZL, NB, LB. VP.
Lomba rd Il 60148. logs should be SCORING:
postmarked no later t han May 8th lor Each OSO counts three points. Each
sco ring. station may be worked only once per
AWARDS: band regard less of mode. Fin al score is
All ent ries submitti ng logs wi ll be t he total number of GSa points times
listed in the YRC Circuit Board and the sum of all worked provinces on
will rece ive a 3 month complimentarv each band {max 72l.
subscription. The first place total AWARDS:
soore in each category will receive a Certificates go to the highest scoring
Bicentennial certificate and a prize stations in each country and district.
from Global Research. Second place (A eenificate will go to each call ar-ea
totals in each category will receive the in the US, Canada. New Zealand,
Bicentennial certificate. Catt9Ol"ies: Bruil, AuW.li•. Japan, OJ;le, Russia
Mobile - any mode or power; and South Africa. )
Portable - any mode or power; High LOGS;
power - 100 Watts or more; Medium logs should show: date and time in
power - 51 to 99 Watts; Low power GM T, station worked, 050 number
- 50 Watts o r less; OSCAR - 2·10 sent, OSO number and province
meters. tene-s received, multiplier column for
Any questions concerning ru les can each band (only show a multiplier the
be answered bV K9D TB (Phil) at first time it is worked), and points.
31 2·279-46 5B. The dec isio n of the Logs must be sent to VERON Contest
contest committee is final. Manager PA00lN, PO Box 1166,
Arnhem, The Nederlands. postmarked
not later than June 30, 1976. Each log
PACC CONTEST
must be si<ped and indicate that the
Sta rts: 1200 GMT
participant has observed the contest
Sat urdory, Apr il 24
rules as well as all regulations of
Ends: 1800 GMT
amateur radio in hislher country.
Sundory, April 2 5
FORSWLs:
Th is year's ccntese is again sponsored
Show information exchanged between
bV VERON in Nederland and is open
PA!PI!PE station and other station.
to all single and multi-operator
Each station heard counts 1 point;
stations. Use all bands from 160 to 10
otherwise sooring is the same.
meters, but please keep the lower 10
kH z of CW bands and upper 25 kHz Continued on page 115
~ ESU LI S
RE SULTS OF 1975 YL·ANNI VERSAR Y PART Y
COMBINED SCORE (phone and CWI:
CALL POI NT S
K6Dl l 5356.25 CordoTan Award
YVSC KR 4839 Hager Wor ld OX Award
WA1NXR 3796
PHONE SCO RE:
CAll POINTS
K6KCI 5696 Go ld Cup
W2GLB 6049 Certif ica te
K6DLL 5232.5 Certificate
FG7XL 4746
F5RC 3910
WA1UVJ 3827
CW ONl V SCORE :
CALL PO INTS
YVSCKR 1056 Go ld Cu p
OKIEK 861 Certificate
DK5TT 828.75 Certificate
l3MQ 630 Ce rtificate
OF 2Sl 286.75
WA2DMK 288. 75
Not.: No one qualified for the NA-central America D X,Hager Award!

Get your fiSL cards out of
the shoe box and into an
organized file. The QSL
Organizer. A sturdy file
box measuring a full 13" x
11" x 4" and divided into
16 indexed compartments.
Shipped completely assem-
bled.
Fill out coupon and enclose
check or money order. (Sorry
no C.O.D.l. Enclose $6 .00 ea.
for U .S ., Cana da and Mex ico.
Includes postage and handling.
All oth er fo reign orders $1 0.00
ea. Total enclosed $
Mail to : OSL Organize r,
12757 Woodford Way ,
Bridgeton, M O 63044
Use your Master Charge* or
Ban kAmericard
Master Charqe'
Ban k Americard
Account no. _ •
Interbank no. *
• Fi nd above your name
Good through
2
- -- -- . - .dJ
Pr in t Na me
Addr es s
Cit y
s t at e Zip
BAUDO T to ASCII c o n v e r t e r k it $29.95
WANTED ASCI I to BA UDOT co n v e r t er k it
COMBINATION k it · c o n ver s ion
$34.95
in both direc t ions $59.95
AN/GRR-5 Includes encoded PR OMs. TT L ,
res, c a ps , PC b oard .
R-174/URR Speci. 1 Alta ir m o d el w ill be availa b le.
., RECEIVER
WITH POWER SUPPLY IN T V T ERMI NAL III $ 134.95
M ETA L CABINET. ANY Displays 16 X 32 lines on televi sio n
, CO ND ITI ON OR QUALITY.
CALL COLLECT NOW FOR TOP
monitor or mod ified tv set f rom ASC II
keyboard . Complete wI PC boards and
PR ICES. WE PA Y SH IPPING . all IC's, res, caps. Special BAUDOT
SPACE ELECTRON ICS INC., 35 model $159,95
RUTA COURT , SOUT H HA CK EN-
SACK. 07606 (2011 440·8787. CPU'~
8008 CPU 9 .9 5
WANTED 8080 CPU 32.95
8080A C P U 3 7 .95
M6S00 CPU 49.95
AU c o m p o n e n ts p rime · no sur p lu s, seco n ds
• run. Al'1ATEUR ",R,ADI
,~ 'f;r ~ l lf O I! II I Il I ~f ,Clltlf ORfllll
UARTS - p in for pin w it h i ndu~t r y standard .
WB6LDN WB6ZCT LO~ .a.JKn
r eq ui r es on ly 5 vo l t supply RE G . 9.95
SPE CIAL 7 .95
Three 8080 based minicompu ter
DIE CAST CHROME LICENSE FRAME
systems and two 6800 minicompu ter
Your NAME, OTH. 73 e tc, in viny l leners (ma x, 121 sy stem s available.
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Lo w e st p .ic es an d m o st c o mplete lin e o f ca m ·
$ 3 .45 each pp with vi nyl letters puter k its in th e indu st r y.
\Y6RADIO P,O. BOX 15 HAWTHORNE , CA 9 0 250
-_._ - - - - - - -
R-M T ERMIN A L
Th e R-M Ter m ina l is a surpl u~, hot e l reserva-
t io n termina l , id ea l for adaptat ion to a c ern -
. .VIUI:O-NEW • UNEQUALLED •
M IN I A T U R E SO U D ST A TE
VALU E puter terminal o r for m o d ific at io n fa. ha m R
TTV u se. The key board out p u t is B A UD O T
co de, w ith electron ic par alle l t o serial con ·
ve rSion, and pro v ision for Slor ing a n d ed it ing
5 12 c h a r ac t e r s. The c a se will ho ld a T el etype
CAMERA KIT 32 o r 33 pri n ter. Manu a l an d sche mat ics f ur·
n ished . W ith so l id-state Hall- eff ect key b oa rd,
A UNIQUE CAMERA KIT
ill u m in a t ed ....... itc h pane l , c a r d gu id es, c ase,
FEATURING A . . . 100 X 100 BIT and m u lt i ·vo llllge power supp ly , $109.95,
SELF SCANNING CHARGED pl us shipp ing. W ith ASC I I c onver t er $134.9 5 .
COUPLED DEVICE A ll 9 PC boards, with ed g e c on n ecto rs . c om -
p lete wi t h h a r n ess a nd do cu mentation , as r e-
III" Y 6E USED
INCLUDES THE FOllOWING WITH " III"TEUR mo ved fro m Ter minal , $19.95. (O nly $10 if
UNIQUE FEU URES , .. R"DIO FOR VIDEO
o r d er ed wit h $109.95 Term inal ) Com p lete
FOUND IN F"R IIIORE
EXPENSIVE C"IIIER"S USED FOR CH"R"c. manual and schem atics m a y be purch ased in
IF "V"IUBLE TER RECOGNITION advan ce for $5 w it h f ull credit t owards pu r-
• cOW VOI,.... (lf su......v lOA
aUTf RlCs l • ~ ANO • 's vOl. TS
FOR CQIIIPUTERS
WITH EltTERN" L c h ase wi t hin 90 d ays.
• SENSlTrv£ TO ........ AEOAS
CIRCUITS Shi pp ing addi t iona l, UPS or Parc e l Po st .
wHe AS vISl"'-E UG><T
iliA Y 6E USED IN Sh ipping w e igh t 6 0 pound S.
• MAY IlEllSEo ' OA .. A VACUUIII.UN-
""""EIl.l.ANCE WIn< AN" DER WUER. HIGH
UG><T'lOURCE
EXCEL.J.ENHOA Sl ANO"'"
ALTITUDE. " NO
IN MAGNETIC
SUAVEUANCE wOAl< BECAuSE ENVIRGNIIIENT
0' ,TS!JGNT Y>f...... T NIO
S MAU. SiZE 6EC"USE THERE
_ IS NO HIGH
• AU. C""""""-NTS MOUNTED VOLUGEOR
ONTWOP"'AU.H3 -"~ ­
MAGNETIC
SINOl.ESIOE080AIlOS TO"''' DEFLECTION
WftGH T u"IOfA 2 UlS
• MAY BE WlAEO ay PERSON
_ wrr>! SOME TEC H'<W; "'-
E"""""'NCE IN 0_6 HRS WE SUPpev Al. L
-.
SUPER UNafUEVAaLf
SE MICONDUCTORS
BOARDS,OATASHEETs
~.o.GRA MS , flf Si STORS
....0 CAPACITORS
SORR Y "" 00 "'OT ' U"'" IS"
T.. t CAS ' , T.. E Lf NS , T'"
ON" .225 00 IlA TTE RI " COR S<WPC v i
ADO S2 00 PO ST AGf AND
.. ANO LlNG, pe us ,6,00 ' O R
Me ' c SOn ETS .oPT 'ONA e '
Send stamped , self ·ad dre ssed e n ve lope
for p rompt respon se .
MinaIicro~1art
1618 James Street
Syracuse . New York 13203
(315) 4 22 -446 7
by
Ralph Orozco. Jr. WB6 FVW
208 1 Bo lero Avenue
Hayward CA 94545

Put That
AM RigonfM

B r ing the old AM rig out of retirement

and put it on FM for about $10.00 or
tess. It 's one of the cheapes t ways to ge t on
FM tha t I know of, es pecially if yo u alrea dy
have a rig. As mos t o f us know, wi t h an A M
transceiver , receiver sl ope de tection can
rece ive FM at a reada bility compa rable with
strength. On the other hand, in tra nsmitting
FM, an ad vantage is tha t compara tively
simple mea ns may be Word to genera te an
an AM signal of just abo ut t he same FM signal.

GROUN D
PLUG TO
TRANSM TT ER , II M IKE

,. ~ ,

•• r
"0 ,
I
)
I , -
CONTROL

,;;-4'1 9V

3.3 K
TO
KlOK XT AL
MIKE
3.31< 24MHI IN '9UT
220K

..
LI

~~
'OOK
OOOK

;;]~
0'

.~
c

,
02 03
04

~
f lOP F as r
~.
t
" , "
<T

""" -!¥?• r;.. k :b KlOK 2.

~ 8M HI '- ,,,
4> K ;, mH
,,
~"'F ."
F
'00 ,l;;0 '
3.3K
000
p'
00
, H ;;; ,
0< I
I
22 00 330 220 I
OK 33K
, r , 1340
p'
, , '00 2 .!l m H 6-12'1 ,,
0

0 1,2 . 3 - 2 N 4 0 4 A OR EOU l\', 9V

- RLY I
0 4-HEP5Z .2N36 4 4 , E TC. , ~ 6 , e ll •
CONTROL

Fig. 1. Circuit of FM adaptor.

 Because a VHF tra nsmit ter multjplies t he
original oscilla tor freq ue ncy several times,
o nly a small amoun t of deviation at the
osci llator freque ncy will be required 10
produce narrow band FM. The frequency
modulator con tains a microp hon e prcampli-
fier , dri ver amplifier an d 8 MHI crvstat
oscillator at 24 MH z ou tput. The audio fro m
the modul ator drives a variable capaci tance
diode in the crys ta l oscillator. I used a
silicon switching diode. Frequency mu lti-
pliers in the transmitter increase the devia-
tion 10 about 8.5 kHz at the ou t put fre-
q uency. A microphone an d co ntrol with
push-to-talk cable pl ug in the transmitter's
micropho ne jack. It carries th e push-to-talk
line, bUI no audio unless th e switc h i~ in the
AM pos it ion . Deviat ion can be reduced for
narr ow ban d F M by adj u~ting the au dio pot
on pre amp. Use a hi-Z microphone. Resul ts
are worth it; I have been using my F M
• modulator 6 months, working several 2
Fig. 2. PC board pattern.
meter repea ters an d signal reports have been
good. •
HI' Z MIKE
9V

+----...-----=-j' 11>------,
CRYSTAL

'OK
INPUT

o
02 TOPSIOE

~~)
o C_ _ F OIL
- SlOE
'~ NO
'----l ~
• .,
~

" . ~
~
• ~
~ o.
® •
~ ~

o(iOOK}:'t. . 'k ....

~ ~

~~)
@ a «;
PCUG
., OO~F , ~ . , 100 f-- I

~2.mH~ ~ __ ~ ~ HOLE FOR

COIL AOJ

I
Fig. 3. PC parts layout.

FOI L
SIDE _
r
1"-
u · STANDOFFS ..-'
~ ,
/'
RU BBER !
FE ET ::..--""

Fig. 4. Suggested assembly.

35
by
W. J . Hosk ing W7JSoN
8626 E. Clarendon
Scottsdale AZ 852 5 1

A Carrier Operated Relay

(COR)
for Your Receiver

Fig. 1. Scbemattc of the COR. Ql could just as well be on MPF102 or any other N
channel jFET. Q2 Would be 0 200 rnA, 30 vott transistor, RYJ is a 26 vou tetepnone
type relay. The LED is nothing more than an indicator' hung on as an afterthought.
I have a Mo torola T44 which I have built
power supplies for, mounted in a rack
and now use as a base station. I now want to
+ 12V use that equipment as a 450 MHz repeater
but, of course, the receiver has no COR. I
could have bought a squelch relay kit made
tor the radio but, besides adding more tubes
, ~.., IK to the radio, it would cost money.
I I retreated to my junk box and came out
IN 4QOI
RYI ,
I
LED I wi th a few lFETs, some NPN 300 rnA
,
•
, transistors a nd a tele phone type relay. T he
• I
I • boo k of schematics I have for Mo to rola gear
says t he squelch relay is connected 1O the
I
3.3K
q:: cathode o f the noise rectifie r o n t he 450
FROM ,
NOi SE
A MP 01
2N5555
V • ',
I
. radios. A measurement t here with a VTV M
showed a voltage that rested at +2 V dc
squelched a nd swung to abo ut - 12 V de

5MEG
"'" 02
2N2222 A
RYI
wit h a carrier present. This seemed co m-
pati ble with my FET ~ so I pu t toge ther t he
circui t in Fig. 1.
The catho de voltage is brought out across
a 5 meg pot. The circui t starts leading and
affecting squelch action when a value muc h
below 2 meg i~ used. The J F ET gate is taken
Fig. 2. Connection foro TA141A type receiver is shown. off the arm of the po t. When the receiver is
squelched, the ~light positive voltage causes
the FET to conduc t, wh ich in turn holds 02
off. When a carrier is received. the gate
- -) , I I MEG
swings negative t urn ing 01 off and 02 o n,
V- 14 rhus closing relay R YI. By the way, the
6 U8 relay I have is marke d 26 volts bu t I find it
I works fi ne at 12 volts and only dra ws abou t
/ 40 mAo

--- 9
680 K Conclusio n
This circ uit Is perfe ct for all o f you who like

/
" • 4.7MEG TO V- IS
(12 A T 7)
to correct, im prove, or add to magazine
circ uits. There are hundreds of wavs th is
could be improved or modi fi ed h ut I wanted
CONNE cr PI N 2 it sim ple, chea p a nd work able and this fits
HERE those needs ad rnira bly.
02 2.7MEG
For those o f you wit h T44. , I incl ude

t Fig. 2 whic h shews where to hoo k u p the

COR. •

3.
 Henry Radio
has the
amplifier
you want
2K·4.. •
THE " WORKHORs e"
The 2K-4 l inear amplifier offers engineering, construction
and features second to no ne, and at a price that ma kes it t he
best ampli fie r value ever offered to t he a mateur . Const ructed
w it h a rugged ness guaranteed t o provide a lo ng li f e of
reliable service, its heavy duty compo nents allow it t o loaf
along even at full legal powe r. If you want to put that
strong clear signal o n the ai r t hat y ou've probably heard
from ot her 2 K users, now is the time. Move u p to the
2K·4. Floor console o r desk model .,$995.00
3K-A COMMERCIAL/MILITARY AMPLIFIER
A high qu ality linear am p li f ier designed for co mmercial
and militar y uses. The 3K-A empl oys two rugged Eimac
3-500Z grou nded gri d triodes f or super ior linearity
and provides a conservative three kilowa tts PEP input o n
SSB wit h effic ienc ies in the ran ge of 60%. T his results
in PEP output in excess of 2000 watts. In add ition. the
3K-A provides a heavy d uty power supp ly capable o f
furn ishing 2000 watts o f cont inous duty input for either
Rn y or CW wit h 1200 wa tts outpu t. Price ...$1 250.00
4K-ULTRA
The 4 K·ULTRA is specifical ly designed for t he most
deman d ing commercial a nd mi litary operation for SSB,
r:N, FSK or AM . The amplifier features general coverage
operat ion from 3 .0 to 30 MHz. Using the magn ificent
new Ei mac 8871 grounded grid triod es, vacuum tune and
load condensers, and a vacuum antenna relay , the
4K-U LTR A represents the last word in rugged, re liab le,
linear high power RF amplification . 100 watts d rive
delivers 4000 watts PEP input. Th is amplifier can be
supplied modified for operation on frequencies up t o
about l 00MHz. Price...$2950.00
TEMPO 6N2
The Tempo 6N2 bri ngs t he same high standards of
performance and reliability to the 6 meter and 2 meter
bands. Using a pair of advanced desig n Eimac 8874 tubes,
it provides 2,000 watts P EP input on SSB or 1,000 watts
input on FM or CWoThe 6N2 is complete in one compact
cabinet with a self-contained solid state power supp ly,
built-In b lower a nd RF re lative power indicator. Price...$795
TEMPO 2002
Th e same fi ne specs and festures as the 6N 2, but for
2 meter operation only.... $695.00
TEMPO 2006
Like t he 2002, but for 6 meter ope ration ...$695 .00
TEMPO T-20oo LINEAR AMPLIFIER
The bra nd new T·2000 linear is the perfect compan io n
for the Tempo ONE . It is compact, reliable . and pri ced
right . Uses t wo Eimac 8873 grounded grid triodes coo led
throu gh a large heat sink. The T -2oo0 off ers a full 2
KW PEP input for SSB o peration and provides
amateur ba nd coverage from 80-10 meters. Provides
a built -in solid state power sup p ly, built-in ant enna relay,
a relative RF power indi cat or, and bu ilt-in q ua lity
to mat ch much more ex pensive am plif iers. $79 5.00
K-2000 LINEAR AMPLIfiER
T he new K·2000 is the perfect companion for Kenwood's
T5-5 20 ...matched for sty le and circuitry . The same
specifications as the T -20 00...$ 79 5.00
TEMPO VHF /UHF AMPLIFIERS
Solid state power am p lifiers for use in most land mo bile
applicat ions. Increases t he range. clarity . reliabil ity and speed
of two -way commu nicatios. FCC type accepted also.
TEMPO l00AL 10 VHF LINEAR AMPLIFIER
Co mpletely solid n ate, 144-148 MHz . Power output of tOO watts
Ino m.l wi t h only 10 watts (no m.! in. Re liab le and co mpact.
please call or write for complete informa tion.
HDOf/Radio
11240 W.Olympic Blvd.•l osAngeles. Ca lif. 90064 21 3/ 477·6701
931 N, Eucl id. Anaheim. Calif. 92801 71 41772·9200
Butler. Missouri 64730 816/679 ·3127
....... ~t1I ....... _ _
•

by
Ian Burn V EGQB
16016 78th Avenue
Edmonton . Alberta
Canada T 5R 3E4

A $5 100 Watt Amplifier

O ver the past fe w mo nt hs the re have

bee n two ante n na-building work shops
spo nsored by t he No rthern Alberta Rad io
Club in Edmonton. At each workshop 15
two me ter beams were constructed. The
spacing and element lengths are fair ly
standard, but the construction methods
might be unique. The original intent was to
construct a small beam that could be easily
disassembled for portable use; however, a
number of fellows required a simple base
station antenna, so materials and methods
were chosen to suit both need s. The follow-
ing outlines the ma terials a nd methods used.
Mater ials
The bo om is const ructed from 1/ 2" Type
HOLE FOR
OR IVENELE7
BOOO
RE FL ECTOR
DRIV EN
EL EMEN T
195/16 1n
I'
I.t. DIRECTOR
I. 18 5/1 6iI'L
RI NG OF WIRE SOLDERED IN PLACE
1 35 liZ i n .
Znd DIRECTOR
18111 6in .
M (very t hi n wall ) copper tubing, at least 48
inc hes lo ng. A piece 6" to 8 " lo nger wou ld
be required for idea l mou nting me thods, to
be discussed later.
T he elements are made of 1/8" d ia me ter
brass rod. This is relatively expensive, about
154 per foo t, but the a mo unt s req uired are
not excessive. The element lengths are 40",
38",36" and 35·1/2".
The gamma match is made of a 4-3/ 4"
length of 1/16" diame ter brass brazing rod
(or copper), a 10 or 12 m mfd disk ceramic
capacitor (12 p refer red ), a re movable
sho rt ing clamp o f you r design, and a small
stainless steel wo rm gear ho se clamp.
RG58 coaxial ca ble is recomme nded if
the antenna is for portable use.
HOLE FOR
I STOI R 7
Fig. 1.
38in.
I on my base statio n a ntenna for t he past year
,I
36 in .
I
. t~
I be seen in Fig. 3. The measurements should
,I
Fig. 2.
Construction
The boom is p repared by dr ill ing 1/8 "
d iameter ho les o n 16 " cente rs. This can be
acco mplished by careful use of a d rill press
o r by a hand d rill. Since mos t worksho ps do
no t have a d rill p ress, the second met hod is
described .
First, draw o r scribe a circle Mound the
tubing at each of the four element positions,
i.e., on 16" centers as shown in Fig. 1. A
t ubing cutter, used with care, will do a good
job. Alternatively, wrap a sheet of paper
carefully arou nd th e t ub ing 50 tha t it doesn't
spiral and t he edge wi ll for m an accura te
guide fo r yo ur pen cil.
Once all fo u r lines have bee n d rawn , lay a
stra ight edge o n t he top o f t he t ubing and
using a cen ter punch , mark t he 4 hole
locations. These 4 ho le s can no w be d rilled
but DO NOT DR il l TH RO UGH BOTH
SIDES O F THE PIPE.
Again, with reasonable care, mark the
holes on the bottom slde of the tubing u5ing
a straight edge. Drill 4 holes. With a
minimum amount of luck thC5C holes will
line up with the first set!
The elements should be cut to the lengths
shown in Fig. 2, an d a small piece o f wire
wra ppe d around and soldered to each
elemen t as sho wn . T his is required to keep
t hem from falling th ro ugh. Fo r permanent
installa tion the elements may be solde red to
t he boom . ( I have used the "gravity system"
with good resutts.] A spo t o f solde r o n t he
top of each ele men t e nsures t hat they are
pu t in the righ t wa y u p. Note that the wire
ring is not in the middle of the elements.
Whe n disassembled, the elements are stored
inside t he boom. T wo small corks will e nsure
the ir staying put!
The gamma match is very sim ple as can
be followed fairly closely. The shorti ng
damp can be made in any number of wa ys.

38
Oll lVt ll tLE "'tllT
III ASS Il'OO
brass or copper over both reds and place a
clamping bolt in the middle. II is important
eo"
IIING OF Will t The cost of materials should be slightly
sccee eee to have something that can be easily
.....1'0 OIlIV(lO n t "' t Nr less than $5.00. If a group can get toge ther
loosened if the antenna is 10 be read ily and make 15 anten nas wit h 48" booms
COPPtIl f Ulli NG . 000 dismantled. (15·3/4" element spacing), this will pro ve to
" ,. Th e h ose clamp, whic h con nects t he
shield of t he coaxial ca ble to the boom,
be the mos t economical since both co pper
tu b ing a nd brass rod come in 12 foot

::r
1/ 1&lft. OIA
IIIASS 0 11 should be as close 10 t he driven clement as lengths. Brass b raz ing rod comes in 36"
COP Pt ll ll OO
possible. Idea ll y, the cable shoul d be dressed lengths a n d coul d be spliced up 10 the 4 0 "

J along the boom past the re flecto r and then

.. 1/2 110
and 38".
do wn the support mast. A number of felloW'S
i ift NOT rc SC AL E
have droppe d the cable between the driven Tes t Results

Fig. 3.
--. I...... "-
element and the first director and they
report good results. Figs. 4(a) and 4(b) show
the two methods with 4{a) being the pre-
A solid block of brass can bc drilled to ferred.
accommoda te the driven element a nd t he For base station operation I have fas te ned
gamma ro d with a set scre w to hol d th em in the boom d irect ly to t he bo o m of my
place. A sim pler met hod is to fo ld a piece of triband be am as shown in Fig, 5,
At a recent two meter antenna- testing
works hop, this beam provided a 10 d B gain
over a refere nce dipole. There is no doubt in
the 10 dB value, but the re may be some
doubt in the efficiency of the reference
d ipole use d. In any case, the an ten na wo r ks
well. •

'" » , ", ..... 0 lfA "

'"
~OU
o. r 0'" , 0'" 2 ." 0.( ,
~OU
e,"• e'" 2 2 M EH Il SUM

SUIIIIOII' SUII"OU

f A) ( 8)

Fig. 4. Fig, 5.

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39
by
Geoffry W. Kufchak WA 1UFE
15 Fo urt h A venue
Westover AFB , MA 0 1022
Build A 220 MHz Repeater
O nc must first have a radio to build a
repeater. I chose to usc my Midland
220 r ig. This radio is ideally suited to
repea ter construction as it is in three
separa te sections: the exciter, receiver and
power amplifier. I separated the sections and
then each was installed in its own aluminum
chassls, except for the power amplifier,
which was mounted on the rear panel of the
main chassis. The chassis I'm using to house
everything is a Bud AC-415, which is 17"
wide, 10" deep and 2" high. The small
dlJssis that the receiver and exciter arc
mounted in are 7" wide,S" deep, and 2"
high.
Some minor changes were necessary to
separate the receiver from the rest of the
radio as the receive crystal and trimmers arc
on the exciter boa rd. This was solved by
et ch ing a small PC board and mount in): the
par ts o n it a nd locati ng it with the receiver.
Th e channel selector swi tch CJn be
eliminated alo ng with all the parts on the
e xciter board that were for the receiver. The
power am plifier hea t sink can be re moved
(carefully) and discarded, JS the rear panel
40
of the main chassis makes a muc h better
heat sink . Throw away the pilot lamps as
they are curren t hungry, drawing ove r 100
rnA. Without them the receiver dra ws about
90 rnA squelched.
The power amplifier is probably the
trickiest section to work with. No problems
were encountered mounting it; however, it
docs require a little bit of tweaking to get
power OUI of it when it's mounted. Some
stretching of coils and repeaking of
capacitors took care of that problem. Expect
about 15 Watts or more when using a 12 volt
auto battery, and up to 20 wa tts with a well
regulated 14 volt power supply.
At the present time I'm using what will
eventually become an operating repeate r JS J
d uple x rig, on the West Hart for d 220
repeater feature d o n the Jun e 1975 cover of
73.
Refe rring to the photograph of the to p
view, the enclos ure o n the left is th e excit er
boa rd, th e one on the right is the receiver
board an d in the cente r rea r is th e power
ampli fier.
The sensitivity of the receiver is quite
goo d .IS it comes fro m the factory, be ing .5
uV or better for 20 dB of quie ting. Careful
ret uning will improve this only slfghtlv, so a
preamp seemed desirable.
I realized that finding material on the 220
MH l band is at the least diffic ult , and
checking th rou gh a few publications con-
firmed this fact. I definitely wanted a
preamp, so I was forced to adapt existing
designs for two meters. An excellen t design
that can be made to work on 220 is in the
FM and Repealers book that the ARRl
publishes. The schematic and board layout
are on page 180. The colts are the only
changes needed to make this preamp work
quite well on 220. Change I I to 4 turns, No.
18, 1/4" dia., 1/4 " long. Do not change the
tap location. L3 remains the same exce pt for
the diamet er, which is 1/4" .
Ano ther c ha nge wh ich can be do ne to the
preamp is to reverse the foi l pattern so th at
the parts may be mounted on the sa me side.
Then two sma ll pieces of do uble-sided PC
board can be used to shield the inpu t a nd
output. Sec the 225% PC board. Tune the
preamp as explained in the book.
The transmitter is as abou t as good a
circuit I've ever seen performance-wise.
Midland is definitely being modes t when
they claim 10 Watts ou tput. Before I even
started o n this projec t, the rig was putting
out 18 Watts at 14 V de input, checked on a
Bird Thrullne. An automatic swr shutdown
circui t is also incorpora ted in this rig, but I
have bypassed it by not running the rf
out put on the relay board. Th is was so I
could elimina te the eventual problems one
encounters wit h relays by replacing it wit h J
solid s tate ke yin g circui t. I have already
keyed the trans mitter into an open line at
high power and no da mage to th e finals
occurred. Th is is pro ba bly d ue to the fact
tha t Moto ro la powe r transistors are used, a
2N6081 being the final.
Since I wanted thi s to be ,I really goo d
sou nding transmit ter, I also mod ified the
modulation stage 10 prod uce true freque ncy
mod ulatio n, ra ther than the phJSC modula-
tion employed in the rig. This is no t as hard
 Fig. I. Solid state transmit control for the Midland 220

,~
..
, .
5.6 K
~.
~ -
,,
,
repeater. Tie red wire from transmitter board (27) to B+ -
Ihi'i keeps the exciter operaling continuously. Th e o utp ut
from TR 21 is about 100 mit', so running it all tbe lime
doesn 't h url, since t he TR 20 base has a loon M IV 10
GRfy . 'RE ground to present a toad, A lso, me lo wer voltage on TR20
n iOM ""KE
,olOI., PT.T
«(;/1010 TO KEY) hasn 't decreased power; I slill get 15 Watts out 01 12.5 volts
'''21'0
(automobile buttery],

"
n.
l.l K
11 105
j"_ ,_ lCLF ~ E"O
"~ M " ~
~ Il£ SOSTOll I
Fig. 2. Modify ing the
Midland 220 for true
, ~

~~ .
(:16 5

" -,
Till!
11 11 0

oro

HAL <0,
"n

~.,
FM tronsmisston.

, 'm
(
I
'" '~ o' " R
l BASE TR 1O

,, ",'.:"
I " . IS :
47~
~

+
<0"
o.
Gif
I ':"';k.
' .2 K l!IO

" o'
w
, ~

, I- ,.; t~'~, ,
.~

"'~
,.,
'"
'0 ' '0'
, " ,,
I
"
'0' '0'
lX Xl~ L SOCKETS

0 O£V'ATION ' - - -_ TO R 110

2 ' '' .001 DI()()£S
,t,(l()

• OI .f O'SC 0

§ STiI.GC R [ AO JUs T DE:V ,ATlClH

TO .. ' D....r eosr nc..
"'CROSS TII' '' ''' UI

I T. osc l
" •

to do as one would thi nk . Since a repealer The space in the center of the transmi tter layout of this project, scale dra wings and
hJS only one transmit frequency. shortcu ts and rece iver is for the maste r logic board additional de tails arc available from the
can be taken. Add two 1N4001 diodes, a .0 1 control circuitry, which is curre ntly under author . Please send a large SASE. Let's gel
u F disc capacitor, and clip one resistor lead construction. This will be present ed in a more 220 repeaters on the air 10 show that
and th ere you have it! Th e accompanyi ng fut ure article. we do wa nt to keep the hand. N, the old
diagram shows where to make the changes. If anyone would like to dupl icat e the saving goes, " 220, USE IT OR LOSE IT." •
I ment ioned two pa ragr aphs back that I
have converted the radio to solid stall.'

IIl1111 IltI'!ffil,illlltlilltl'~;
keying. The c ircuit that I am using is also
shown; parts and layout arc not critical. An y
NPN transistor will work , but jus t in case. I
1j

IltliiWW1~1111'1\'iIJI~II'fiN4flt,111
mounted the power transistor o n the main
chassi s. So Iar it hasn 't even gotten warm,
even when keyed for long periods. ,
mounted th e other parts on a piece of .1" ·:·:::m~:w;:::}: ··~~:··;;;:-~: : .:.~:l':-:':':m~'::~-:;~~~:: :':':I:*~:~}i:;;::: .:.:»~:.,..~;. ;.:.'.~:.:
grid pcrfboar d and mo unted the board o n
the back panel ncar the power transistor.
mfu~ld;%rMf i : ~f~l~rwiMfjjj :~~f -lMkfl: )aJff1[~f
This circuit keys th e 8 + 10 th e pre-driver
transistor only. The fi n.tb have B+ on them
cont inuou sly. Also , r wired the exci ter to
operate continuously. Connecting th e red
wire from the ex citer board at point 27
accomplishes this.
The microphone jack and accessory jack
were both brought out and mounted on the
front panel. The accessory jack is used to
feed in the audio fro m my Touchtone pad.
The power switch, a fuse holder, the aud io
and squelch co ntrols and a 1/4" phone jack
were abo mounted on th e front .
Wi i1 r,W· .. Wf II i]"lllllllillll'llilllillillItI
BNC connectors were used for the
antenna connec tions, the chassis mount type ETCH COPPER DOUBLESIDED P. C.
being UG-1094.,. 1 plan to change these to FROM DARK BOARD SHIELDS
ty pe N in the future . Number 14 insulated AREA 1.5 II LONG X
wire is used fo r the dc power leads. About 0 .5" HIGH
six feet shou ld be enou gh fo r any installa- Fig. 3. Foil and component side, 220 MHz preamp (225 96). Parts location same as in Ihe FM
tion. and Repeaters book.

41
by
Fred Simo nds WA 1SNI
c/o 73 Magazine

Carrier Indicator
for Your Regency

I n mobile and high-noise environments, it

can be difficult to distinguish between
carrier-off and full quieting conditions. If
you have ever tried to key a repeater and
heard no thi ng, only to hear the squelch close
up a moment later, you know what I mean.
Having noted (and envied) the carrier-
indicator feature in tcom equipment as well
as in commercial gear, I decided to sec what

F R OM DE MODULATOR
RI25
,SO

T P-A
",
FU I 5

VOLUME
""c. R Il4
crar
I
CG
.0 4 7,. 1' '" • ~.'
RIZI RIIS RIIS R II" Rill
I '0 ' ro « 2.7 K
'" 4, 7 1<

I QI05 ~ I0 3 e l2 4 R1l2
I 2000 8.21< -::

I ,~~5100,.1' ~
~~
'I Ql 0 2
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Cl23
.015,.1'
' 0 ea
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I RIl2
eras
15K
c.
I RIl6
82O '" .I... F RIIS
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ro «
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'" -04 1,. F
"
l • RI2 0
I
I , , '"
~~211

I
· 12 V{ORANGE
WIREl
( AL L RES ISTORS 1/4 W,
10 % ) "
ro«
R2
2.2 MEG
R3
'" ( )"

"
2 ~390 4
02
~2N2 2 1 9
~

r:

Fig. 1. Regency HR-28 squelch circuit, with inverter end lamp driver.
 could be done with my Regency unit.
However, th is circuit is equally applicable to
other rigs with similar squelch circuitry.

This modiflca tlon requi res no additio nal

holes or otherwise permanent disfigura tlon
wh ich wo uld reduce resale value. No etch
CI RCUI T B OARD ---.,.f --k'
cutting or board chopping is requi red . The
uni t may be restored to its original factory
condit ion wi thin a few minutes. The circuit
r-
I
FI G. 3 LOC A T ION

HOLE S
works very well , and last but not least, it 's I
cheap and simple!

The circui t is shown in Fig. 1. It is

= OR G
+12
I SQUELCH LEA D

essentially nothing more than an inverter,

0 1. and a lamp dr iver. 02 . A small amount
of base bias is appl ied to 01 to prevent low
level noise spikes from turning the lamp on
when no audio is heard in the speaker. Also,
wh en 01 is off and 02 is o n. the lamp lights
fully - never at partial brilliance. This is
L A MP
because the biasing arrangemen t is such that
(TOP VIEW)
the transistors bias themselves into satura-
t ion or cutoff with no in-between sta tes. So
even a noise spike that gets thro ugh to the Fig. 2. Lay out.
speaker will illuminate the lamp momen-
tar ily. Yet the squelch con trol may be set at
"critical squelch" and you will still have Component Select ion (BOTTOM VIEW )
"crisp" lamp operation. I had always wondered why designers
select a particular transistor over another.
The Regency squelch circuit is quite equiva lent transistor. In doi ng th is project . I
straigh tfor ward (see Fig. 1). Demodu lator fou nd ou t why. First. the devices have
SOLD ER HERE
noise produ ced during the no-signal condi. usually been used by the designer before. so
t lon is fi ltered and applied to a noise he is familiar with the ir characteri stics from
amplifier. 0 102, through the squelch pot. experience. Second . they are avail able (in
The noise amplifier out put is then ac my case. junk box ). Th ird. the ir ge neral
cou pled to dc amplifier. 01 0 3. whose specifications (beta. col lector current. power
output is fil tered and dc cou pled to the base dissipation ] are adeq uate for the task. For
of transistor switch 01 04. The switch simply 02. a lo w VCE{sat) was desirable , since I "
grounds out or opens the inpu t to the first wanted the maximum vol tage drop to be '" GROUND
FOI L
audio stage, thus shunting noise to ground across the lamp, not the collector-e mitter
yet permitting audio to pass through to junction. R1 was chosen because it would
0105. provide both adequate isolatio n and base
current for 0 1. R2 was chosen experimen-
When noise is present, it is amplified by tally fro m observing the lamp. R3 was
1
0 102 which turns 01 03 o n fairly hard. chosen to minimize curren t th rough 0 1 and
Residual ac rip ple is removed by fi lter to drive 02 into cutoff or saturation. As for
capacitor C1 27. This positive de voltage, t ransistor s, I si mply used a good ge neral-
about three volts, tur ns on the swi tch, 0104. purp ose device for Q1 and a high-current,
When ac noise disappears with signal, 0103 good gain device fo r 02. However. almost Fig. 3. Foil location detail.
is turned off. which in effect grounds the any NPN transistors will work. although
base of 0 104 , thereby tu rning it off and some may require slight value adjustments in large. Groun ding is available at the rear
permitting audio to pass. order to work well. apron terminal stri p.
The lead for the squelch switch i~ pro-
Since one squelch switch is already in use, Installation vided by running a lead across the board to
wh y not add anot her one for the lamp? With Since my Regency is synthesized. I do n't the foil side through a ho le in th e frame
proper isolat ion (provided by RI ), squelch need the channel window illumination. I betwe en the transmitter and the receiver
ope ration should be unaffected. However, rem oved the o range +12 volt lead fro m the circ uit boards. Find the foil that joins R120,
the squelch switch is normally turned on, so lamp and installed a lampholder in the hole R123, and th e positive side of CI 27 (sec Fig.
an inversion is provided by taking the so conveniently provided by Regency. To 3). Solder the lead here.
collector output of 0 1 to drive 0 2. Thus. this I connected the collector lead fro m 02 You may use the lamp originally provided
the lamp turns on only when carrier is on one side and + 12 volts on the other side. for the backlight. but it tur ns on and off
present. As mentioned earlier, R2 prov ides a I ran the orange lead to the left rear corner rather slowly, so I left it mou nte d in its clip
small amount of base bias which the squelch of the radio , near the UH F connector (sec in case I ever need to restore it to service. I
signal must overcome in order to turn the Fig. 2). Here I moun ted the transist ors and used a Dialeo cart ridge lamp no. 39 rated at
lamp on. In this wa y, short negative-going resistors on a small piece of experimental 14 V and 80 rn A. Mine has a dear lens.
spi kes which would not be heard in the circuit boar d. There are two un used holes However, the 2N 2219 will dissipateB Wand
speaker will not illuminate the lamp ei ther. here. so I used them to mount the vtando ffs carry 800 mAt so almost any lamp will
Lastly. 01 is direct-cou pled to the base of and then the circ uit board. You may need work. You coul d even use it to d rive a COR
02, whose collector load is the la mp. flat washers here. si nce the holes are rather for repeater applications! -

43
 ()l AL
TONE
OCCODER
- GJ [] [2] 6 9 7 ..,

PATC M
AUDIO >- ..0- RELAY
DRIVERr- _s:: GJ 0
~
0 7 70 1011

'0
.,. sur OPATC H

DECODER I- 0 0 G 85 2HZ

Fig. I. 810(N diagram otthe decoder system.

Fig. 2. Standard tone dialing frequencies.
00 0
1209 1336
9 4 1 1-1 Z
147 7 Hz

Long Distance Call Eliminator

by
William J . Ho sking W7JSW O u r autopatch in Phoeni x, is an open one
an d anyone with a to ne pad o n h is
radio can use it. The telephone switching
and modifications to t he svstcm than I
wanted to make. A~ I was cogitating on the
situation an d also monitoring the pa tch, I
8626 E. Clarend on
center that our line works through was heard a guy with a marginal signal and weak
Sco ttsdale AZ 85251
unable to provide us with a tone dialing line tones bring up the patch and then get a
without direct long distance dial capability. misdial because his first tone digit was not
While this has not been a serious problem, strong enough to make Ma Bell's equipment
there have been many "malicious" long function; consequently the dial to ne re-
distance calls, such as to t ime/ t em pe rat ure in ma ine d until his second tone came along.
New York Ci ty. It took a wh ile to sink in, but in t ime I
I wanted a simple metho d wh ich wou ld rea lized that the dial tone an d th e first di git
eliminate t he d irect dial lo ng d istan ce calls d ialed exist simulta ne ously for a fe w milli-
wit ho ut do ing a m ajor rebuild o f our entire seco nds . Ther efore, if I decode d the d ial
autopatch. One reco mm endation I receive d tone wit h a ha lf a second or so del ay and
0' was a digit counter whic h woul d allow only also decode d a "1," the combi nation co uld
e
"'
'"
seven d igits to be d ialed. Wh ile completely
feasible, the idea required more har dware
be use d to ha ng up the patch p ho ne any t ime
a " 1" was d ialed as the first digit of a phone
(, ~ T;!; ;!l number. The idea is shown in block d ia gra m
15K 12212_2 form in Fig. 1.
r. ,);F,); F I..
];0'
L!.
3
./4
740V
,
I

, . Circ u it
A quick check of my reference books
showed thai Ma Bell is pretty well stan-
'"02
" ro
dardited on a dual tone composed o f 350

• '" • r AUTO·
PA TCH
a nd 440 Hz for di al tones. Since both tones
arc well below the n or mal lone dialing
uz frequencies, I d ecided to o nly decod e o ne of
74 0 2 "
!" I.:'>K
'" '" , )
s
t. " ,,
t he & 11 tone freq ue ncies - 350 til. To
decode the" 1" I nee ded l WO mor e deco ders,
NPUT 10K '" ,,
oe o ne for 1209 Hz and one fo r 697 Hz (see

'"
, F ig. 2).
Now, referring to Fig. 1 again, when the

I' 3501011 •
ua
""1 =
RELA Y
ev
350 Hz dial tone and the 1209/697 "1" tone
are present vlmultaneouslv, the output of
the AND gale goes high thus operating either

, '"I T ~12 I
a tr.to~jstor switch or a relay which in turn
"hUh down the patch.
•

I ~ ~ Cl The actual circuit is shown in F ig. 3 and

t-----' I~I( ~lIl~"'F consists of only three 567 tone decoders. a
;};033 J: Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the decoder.
7402 gate, and ei ther a transistor or a relay.
The decoders arc connec ted normally for

44
S67s except for U3 wh ich has added
capacit y o n the output filter. Th e added
capacity causes t he device to remai n o n fo r a
few milliseconds after t he d ial to ne has gone
a wa y. Note th at C1 on U3 se ts this delay
a nd might have to be ad justed slightly to
meet ind ividual system needs.
Constr uct io n
The unit can be buil t almos t any wa y yo u
want. I foun d t ha t, with minor modificati on,
the circu it board for my Single Function
Control Decoder (73 Magazifle, March 1976)
works very nicely . The board s are available
fro m Contact, Inc., 3S W. Fairmon t , Tempe
Installat ion and Opera tion
First (I mea n after the smoke test), using
a freq uen cy counter co nnec te d to pin 5 of
Ul , set t he freque ncy to 1209 HI . In the
same manner co nneCl the counter to U2 a nd
adjust the frequency to 697 Hz. Then
con nec t to U3 and adjust for 350 Hz. Now
you are ready to install the devi ce in your
autopatch.
A sample of how I con nected o urs is
shown in Fig. 4. Th e power sou rce is a 309k
five volt regulator co nnected across t he 25
volt dc relay line. By the way, when using
309s don 't neglect the recommended 0.22
uF from input to ground - t hey sometimes
do st range things without that capacitor.
it must contain both telephone and receiver
audio. I use the audio output from t he patc h
to the transmitter. Then I used a t ran sisto r
to open the "off" ree d relay in our system as
sho wn in Fig. 4. Another method is sho wn
in Fig. 5 using a normally closed relay
con tact to open the main phone relay in a
system.
As it is anytime when using 567s for
dec odi ng, t hey are very level sensitive. Be
very careful when setti ng inpu t levels -
otherwise your patch might get tatsed off.
Th is is the only a pplicatio n righ t now where
I have 567s in service without an age
amplifier preceding t hem and I may well yet
add one. I hope this cuts down your phone

85~2.::8.::1';==~ __I
The audio input connection is important as bill - it did ours. •
AZ r-------
i
30'
ees
AU TOPA
""
2 4 VDC SUP PL Y
I
•
:I L:.--Ft~::
L, .. .,
dr
I
II MA IN CONTR 0'

II
ASTER · UOI O REL AY

II
PHONE
RELAY DECODER

. ;II I ,J
• BRE AK
DECODER
: DISCON ~r~T IK
'"
,J, AUTOPA TC H
I CONT ROL CIRCUITS
I I .... ...IC A UD IO
1
I ro
L t~~I~E R

Fig. 4. Interconnection used in the WR 7A BQ autopotch.

• Fig. 5. A lternate interconnection using a relay havin g normally closed contacts.

net""c::»rks
E.H. Barnett WBOIIX
Route 1
Ashland, Mi$$l)Uri 65010

,
- NOTE: Times and Days are given in GMT.

-- A~. Typo N._ Time 0." F~q

NAT IONAL A ND R EGI ONA L

1 Liberty Net 0300 Thurs asse

East US R Old Goats Net 1200 Daily 7210
NET TYPE T Continental Tra ffic Net 1730 Dail y 14315

1- Inlorma tion STATEWID E

R - Rilfl Chew
S-~cr
GA T Georgia Side Band Net 0000 Daily 3975
MO R Mis!iOuri Mules 1330 Daily 3963
T - Tra ffic
SO I South Dak ota W.. Net 1400 Daily 3961
WA T Noon Time Net 1830 Daily 397.
You can only get Ouf 01 amateur radio whilt you OH S Ohio Slow Net 2210 Da ily 3577
are willing to give. Check into a net, You will make OK T Sooner Traffic Net 2230 M-S J8SO
new friends who will be there when yo u need VEJ S Quebec Ne t 2245 Da ily 3535
them l (Ever tried to raise a tower by you/WII?1J II MI 1 M I A REC Net 2300 Soo 3932
you don 't want to wait for , long roll CiiJII. most VEJ T liJurentian Net 234' M-S 3755
nets hiJve a " Short Timer'sN check·in belore roll LOC AL
c4J1f. My r!Wnks to W88ESK lor contributing to
t his mont h', rolumn. 11 y ou ch«k into a Iltlt. drop T Kent County AREC .,00 Soo 146 .16/.76
me a card and tell me eooot it. T Orange County AREC Net 0230 T,,, 146.19/.79
ee
 .----,

1402SM
HAND HELD 1405SM
2.5 WATT HAND HELD
TRANSCEIVER 5 WATT
144-148 MHz TRANSCEIVER
FEATURES
$164 95 1402 SM
• 'Chi nne' Ope.aUon
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• Individual Trlmmlrl • Individual Trlmmen

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• All Crytlals Plu, In .
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• 10.7 IF Ind
455 KC IF
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QuIoeUn,
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len Bilttuy
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Indlutor
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x 2 7/'
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Output . 12 vee
• Curunl Drain AX
14 MA TX SOO MA
• MlcrOtwltch Mik.
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on au TX /RX Crystals
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KCIF
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Qu l eUn,
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• Sin: • 7 /. It I 3 /4
It Z 7 /1
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SPECIAL
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RADIO
14 MA TX 400 MA INCLUDES:
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C'M

Optional 10 Day 90
Can be Modified
Touch -Tone Pad for Money Back Day
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TO: WILSON ELECTRONICS CORP., 4288 S. POLARIS AVE., LAS VEGAS. NEVADA 89103
(702) 739·1931
SPRING SPECIAL DIRECT SALE ORDER BLANK
_ _ _ _ _ 2202 SM @$239.95. 4502 SM @ $269.95. WE·224 @$199.95.
1402 SM @$164.95. 1405 SM @$239.95.
Accessory Special Prices Available Only at Time o f Radi o Pu rchase .
_ _ __ BCl @$29.95. BP @ $10.50. lCl @ $8.50. lC2 @ $8.50.
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CARD # EXPIRATION DATE _
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SHIPPING & HANDLING PREPAID FOR SPRING SPECIAL

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 •
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12 . He lical R-w lUlo.
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16. e.l...... Speft" " elI
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RAO IO PURCHAS E
by
Tom Gibson W3EAG
RD 1 Evansburg Road
Collegeville PA 19426
Repeaters in Paradise
V isitors from Capt. Cook
(who discovered the
isl and s) to James Michener
have all agreed that paradise
is that group of islands
centered at approximat ely 20
degrees north latitude and
158 degree.. west longitude .
The Hawaiian Islands - now
the State of Hawaii - cer-
tainly Qualify as paradise if
suc h can exist on this eart h.
Now, th e Emergency Ama-
teur Radi o Club of Hawaii
has constructed a "heavenl y"
sys te m of two m et e r
repe aters to ad d to t he other
att ractions of this fam ous,
histo ric an d beautiful place .
I spent the last tw o weeks
of June vacat ioning on t he
isl and of Oah u at Waikiki
Beach , and having heard t hat
t wo meter repeaters were
availabl e in t he fift ie th sta te,
I took my trusty TR· 22
along. Much to my surprise I
was able to work fro m Kauai
to Hawa ii Island from Waikiki
by accessing the Diamond
Head repeater.
The secret of the Hawaiian
system is a series of 450 MHz
links which interconnect the
repeaters on Oahu , Maui and
Hawaii islands. This means
t ha t a stat ion accessing the
major re peat er on his pa rtic v-
lar isla nd is also ab le to access
the majo r repeaters on t he
other two isla nds vi a 450
links, simulta neously. The
interconnection sche me IS
shown in Fig. I.
Th e D ia mon d He ad
re peater operates from t he
KAUA I
o
Nll HAU
• OA HU
Fig. I. Repeater link interconnection.
crater rim of that famou s
landmark on a frequenc y pair
of 146.28/146.88 MHz. This
is the major repeater for the
island of Oahu and is linked
to the othe r islands by the
450 MHz lin ks previously
me ntioned. The re is also a
local repeater operating at
146.16/146.76 MHz a t t he
University of Hawaii Manoa
Campus but th is ma y be dis-
cont inued due to lac k of
ac tlvitv. We could hope not
as it is a ve ry nice repeater
and easily accessible from t he
Waikiki area. Th ere is anot her
RX
146.28
146.88
RX
146.34
RX
146.22
146.94 146.82
TX TX TX
TX RX TX
449.15 449 .1 5 449 .1 5
444.15 444.15 444.15
RX TX RX
MOLOKA I
C :? MAU'_ll
L A NA t CU V
6
KAHOOLA WE r---. HAWA II
local repeater on the west ern the sun" and with that kind
side of Oahu at Ewa which of elevation we won 't argue
o perates on 146. 19/ 146.79 the point. The frequenc y pair
MHz. This repeater is not for the Halea kala repeater is
easily accessed from Waik iki 146.34/146.94 MHz. The
with a ha ndle-talkie, but location is so good that it
there a re plans to move it to a provides an input for base
muc h highe r poi nt in the sta t ions on Kauai some 200
Waianae mountains approxi- miles away. I was able to
ma te ly 4000 feet above sea access it with the handle-
level. This should improve talk ie from a twe lfth fl oor
access co nsidera bly. balcon y on Waikiki beach , a
The major repeat er on the distance of a littl e more than
island of Maui is located on a hundred miles.
a n e xtinct volcan o , Halcakala , Th e " Big Island " of
at 10,000 feet above sea level. Hawaii is the site of a
Haleakala mea ns "house of 146.22/ 146.82 MH l repeater.
 Th is is locate d o n Mauna Lo a,
an act ive vo lcano, at approxi-
mately 8,000 feet MSL. This
is t he o nly two meter
repea t er o pera t ing fro m an
active volca no (it has erupted
sinc e my visi t) , and probabl y
ho lds a OX record for access
as well having been wor ked
•
from the west coa st d uring a
ba nd ope ning - a distance of
so me 3000 miles. There is a
loc a l rep eater at Hila using
1
146 .16 /1 46.76 MHL for oper-
a tion.
At present, th ere is no
re peate r on the island o f
Kauai, but plans a re be ing
made for a 146 .0 4 / 146 .64
MHz machine there to link
with the ot he r islands, and a
l o c a l r ep e at er o n
146 .13/1 46.73 MHL accord-
ing to Jo hn KH6BFU a t
Ha namaulu, Kauai.

...... -
It is interesting to note
that the anc ient a nd honor -
able tra ditio n of ca lling CQ is
being preserved in Haw aii.
Sho wn above is the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Building at th e University of Hawaii Man oa
Whereas mainl and o perators
Campus on the island of Oahu. KH6FOX operates the 16/ 76 repeater from th is location as well
rou tine ly say "monitori ng
as a variety of other ham gear.
76" or " listening 88" to indio
cate the ir avail ability for a
call, you will still he ar
" K H6 - - - ca lli n g CQ
Diamond Head, " etc. Some
KH6 sta t ions have switc hed
to the mainland type opera-
tion , b ut many st ill ca ll CO,
so d on 't be afra id to do like-
wise.
In spi te o f the re-trans-
mission nece ssary to achie ve
linking, the audio qual ity is
good. Du ring my stay there
the o pera t ion was co ns iste nt
a nd re liable . It was a real
thri ll to si t o n Waikiki Beach
a nd ya k wit h a fell ow ham at
Kona about 175 miles away
using a handle-talkie. And
what a fantastic communica-
tions resou rce in the event o f
an emergen cy ! The fifti eth
state shoul d be pr o ud of its
hams.
We wou ld like to credi t
K H6GBX , KH6GRQ,
K H6 FN B, K H6BFU and
numerous others fo r informa-
tion, cons ide ration and a bu n-
dan ce of the " aloha spirit " Th is scene is inside the crater of Diamond Head looking to word the south. Th e 28/88 repeater
d uring o ur visit to Hawaii. - antenna is located on the opposite rim of the crater.

49
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* Aptron Laboratories
Box 323 Bloo mington IN 47401

50
 o LICENS E STUDY GU IDES ($19.80 value) all four J UST $ 15.95 o IC O P AMP COOKBOOK • . . . . •• . . .• • . . . • • • . . . . • . . $12 .95
o NOVICE STUDY G U ID E ...•••••••. _ ..• .••. $4.95 Down-to-eart b discussion as viewed fro m t he user' s sta nd-
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o ADVANCE D STUDY GU iDE •..•.•........•. $3.95
o
o EXTR A STU DY G UIDE ..•...•.•...... . . ... $4.95 TTL COOKBOOK "." , •..... $8.95
Shows wh at Transist or-Tra nsistor Log ic is a nd how 10 use it.
The only gu ides p ublished t ha t cov er ALL t he material in t he
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o 1001 PR ACTI CAL ELE CTR ONI C ClRC U ITS $9 .95
A comprehensive coll ect io n of ci rcu its wi th all th e d ata
o FM REPE ATER ATLAS ............••.•. st ill ON LY $1 .50 needed t o put t hem to work .
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o PRACT ICA L T EST INSTRUM ENTS YO U CAN BUI LD .. $4.95
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Explains how to work OX , get aSLs, country lists, award
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o SLOW SCAN TELEVISION HANDBOOK •• • • •• . . . . . • . $5 .00 o HOW TO USE FM . _ .. _. _ RED UCED TO $1 .00
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Check desired items from list above and mail today to: 73 MAGAZIN E, Pet erborough , New Hampshire 03458 I
Name Ca ll _ I
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51
 Simple New
by
William J. Hosk ing W7JSW
8626 E. Clarend on TT Decoder
Scottsdale A Z 8525 1

I recen tly had need of a simple and

compac t single function control circuit.
I wanted it to fit in most commercial or
the deco ders to be tu ned over the entire
tone signaling range. With this range the
decoder ca n be set to recog nize any two
a mateur transceivers and deco de two numerals in a given row or colu mn on the
num bers fro m a Ma Bell tone pad . The 567 tone keyboard. In my particular case, I have
decod er fi t t he bill but I didn 't need t he full one set to turn on with a " *" and off with a
seve n to nes. Thre e tones wou ld give me th e " #! ', and another set for " 1" ON and "* "
two nu mbers I wanted. OFF.
Connection of the basic 567 tone
decoders is right out of the Signetics Data Circuit
Book. Three of the decoders are used to The circuit is shown in Fig. 1. The audio
decode two Touchtone digits. The values input to the decoder should not exceed
shown in th e schema tic will allow each of about 200 mY. Rl , 2 and 3 in conjunc tion
GND +'
J U4 PIN 14

" •
4 .7 K F2
•
4 .7 1<
" •
4 .7 K

6 .8 K
3 UI
567
e
6.8 K e
U2
" 7 .. , ,.,
U3

., • ~
, .2
• 2 ,
7
.3
• 1
7

10 K"

-- '"
-- C2 C3 '"
-- C2 C3

:?r
C2 C3
:?T2~ C~T22 ~ 2
,c
, ~7
r
47 ' .7
CI CI

n7 r. '
AU O I O ~
INPUT """"
0.' ~ uF

3 e
~
U<A 7 4 02 U' .

, • th t ~:
.--1 3 1",N7 " U'

• •
3 RY- I
,V
RELAY
I ,
2
U«:
" U<O
1
RELAY
(10 mAl

o
"
Fig. 1. The complete circuit for the function decoder. FI, F2 and F3 are the required tone frequencies for the desired control
numbers. R Y-l 011 mine is an Electronics A pplications Company IA5 AH but any 5 volt SPS T Reed relay will work.
52
 An assembled prototype circuit board. The board is approximately 2]6" x 3".
with C1 set the frequencies of t heir respec-
tive 567 decoders. With the values shown the
variable resi stor will tune the 567s over a
range fro m about 550 Hz t o 1 50 0 Hz. C2 is
the loop low pass filte r and con trols the
detection bandwidth . I use d the 2.2 u F value
specified in t he applica tion notes and fou nd
it work s fine. C3 affects the turn-on time
and jitter o n the output switch . With the
value give n in the da ta book I experience d
con siderable leading edge bou nce on th e 567
outpu t. Increasing C2 to arou nd 4 to 6 u F
cut do wn the bounce without slowing do wn
the turn-on too much . The output of Ul
goes to both decoding gates and t his IC sets
th e co mmon ro w or colu mn freque ncy for
the two num bers desired . T he outputs of U2
and U3 go to U4A an d U48 respect ively.
These 567s are tu ned to the frequencies of
the second tone required for each numeral.
The outputs of U4A an d U48 set and reset a
latch made up of U4C a nd U4D. The output
of U4D drives a 5 volt low current relay
directly .
Adjustment
A freque ncy cou nter or acc urately cati-
brated scope is required to adjust the
decoder. A chart of the t ones is sho wn in
Fig. 2. When t he des ired numerals have been
selecte d from a single ro w or column [i.e. , 1
and *) t hen tune U1 to th e com mon to ne
frequency [i.e., 1209 Hz). This is done by
connecting the cou nte r to pin 5 of U1 and
adjust ing R1 u ntil th e desi re d freque ncy is
read.
In the same manner adjust U2 and U3 to
the second tone frequencies for the two
numbers desired [i.e., U2 to 697 Hz and U3
to 941 Hz).
Now with a tone pad connected to the
audio input and th e level set to about 100
mV t he relay should turn on and off with
th e correct ton es. With th e example I gave,
t he re lay shou ld turn o n with a "1 " and off
with a "<''.
Hz 1209 1336 1477
697 1 2 3
770 4 5 6
852 7 8 9
941 • 0 #
Fig. 2. The standard tone treqoenctes for tone dial systems.
Conclu sion
A pho to of the completed decoder in its
pro to ty pe stage is inclu ded. The circu it fits
my re quirements and also fits inside my 450
base station. The board is approximately
2}'2" x 3". A loca l group CO NTACT, INC.,
35 W. Fa irmont Dr., Tempe AZ 8528 1, has
etche d and drilled PC boards available for
t he decoder with latch and relay for $5.50.
They also sell th e decod er wired , tested and
tune d to your desired numbers. I have
several of these decoders in use in venous
places and fine them quite useful. •
53
 Cf} T-599D
(glpe cifications
FREQUH<CY RANGE 3 5 ·29 7 Mfj,
MODES USB, ,56 CW, AM
INPUT P!JWER US 8, l 5 8 . CW 160 "'a' " on 80
'0
15 ",a'.". 140 ",a tt. on 10 mo'o" AM
80 watt. on 80 '0 IS "'.,.". 60 wa'" on 10
"'.,."
ANTE NNA IM PEDANCE 60 '0 75 oh",.
unba lanred
f RE QUEN CY STABll lTY 100 'I , IS "" n af,o ,
wa,"'-up
CA RR lfR SUPPRl:SSIO N 40dB
UNWA NTED SIDf BA ND SU PPRESS'O N 40 dB
HARMONIC RAO,ATlO N _40 dB
AF RESPONSE 400 ' 0 2.600 H, 1_6 dB)
~ E Y IN G B'oco b'a• • a''''ll
AU 0 10 INPUT. 60 0 o hm, 0' 50 . ,10 oh""
TUBE AND SEM ICO NDUCTOR CO MPLE ME NT
3 tube,. 1 IC. 4 FEr., 30 "an,,,'o,"
38 d'oda.
POWER REQUIREME NTS 1'0-120/220-240
'lAC 50.' 60 H" 3 50 wall.
DIME NSIONS 2 70W. 140H,310Dlm",)
WEIGHT' 12 5 ~ 9
PRICE. U 7900

The Kenwood "Twins"... all of the advantages R-599D

of separate units ... PLUS!
Kenwood developed the T·599D trans-
mitter and R-599D receiver for the
most discriminating amateur.
The R·599D is the most complete
receiver ever offered. It is entirely
solid-state. superbly reliable. compact
and features a handsome new look.
It co v e rs the full amateur band. 10
through 160 meters. CWo LSB, USB.
AM and FM.
The T-5990 is solid state with the
exception of only three tubes. has
built-in power supply and full meter-
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AM and. of course. is a perfect match
to the R-599D receiver.
If you have never considered the
transmitter combination ... maybe
you should now. Because of the
larger number of controls and dual
vros the combination offers flexi-
bility impossible to duplicate with a
transceiver. They permit transmitting
and receiving on different frequen-
cies, no matter how far apart. The
VFOs are linked electronically so
either one can transceive. (A tre-
mendous advantage when OXing.)
Compare the specs of the R-599D
and the T-5990 with any other brand.
Compare their performance and
prices. Remember. the R-5990 is all
solid state (and includes four filters ).
Your choice will obviously be the
FREOUE NCY RA NGE I B-29 7 MH, . 6 ma'ar
hand _ 5000 '0 53 4 0 MH, ' 2 me'.' band
- 144 00 '0 '47 4 0 MH . · , WW'l_ 10 00
Mfj" C8 - 26 80 to 27 40 MH ,
'w,,~ op"onal <on"*,,.,
MODES USB. LSB CW AM, f M
AIHE NNAIMPEOA NCE 50 '0 75 oom.,
unbalanc.d
fRE QUENCY STABilITY' 100 H, ,,.. I S m'n
aftar w",m_u~
SE NSITIV ITY US 8, LSB. CW
'0
o 5 ~'I tor 10 d B IS+ NI IN on 160 10
"'''.' ba nd 1 0 ~'I for 10 dB ISHII IN on
6 and 2 meW band, AM 3 0 ~V for 10 dB
{S+ NI I N On 160 '0 l O me'", Mnd• . 6 0 ~'I
for 10 dB 15+ Nil N on 6 and 2 m.,ar band,
fM 3 0 ~V 10' 20 dB {S+ NIIN on 10 mo,..
band. 5 0"'110,20 dB {S+ NII N on 6 a nd 2
"""e' band.
SElEC11'1ITY' USB. LSe 2 2 kH, {-6 d BI. 4 4
~ H , 1_60 dBI CW 0.5 ~ H , 1_6 dB), 1.5 ' H,
(- 6 0 d BI AM 50 ' H. 1-6 uBI. 12 0 ~ fjz
{_BOOB) fM 200 ' Hz ( ~6a81.1200~H,
1-40 d81, 14 .0 kH, (-6 dBI' , 40 O ,H.
1- 60 d Br
'",,'h op'.on. 1FM f,I'or
IMAGE RATIO 50 d B
IF REJECT IO N 50 d B
Af OUTPUT POWER I ... 11
Af OUTPUT IMPEDANCE 4 '0 16 0h m,
SEMICO NDUCTOR CO MPLEM ENT' 2 IC'•. 10
fET ·s. 3 4 " On,,,,o... 59 d,OIlo.
POWER REQUIREMENTS 100 11' 7 /2201240
VAC , 50160 Hz. IS ",a'" or lJ B VDC, 'A
DIME NSIONS 270W, 140H,310Dfmm)
WEIGHT 5 7 ' 9
PRICE 145900

advantages of operating a receiver! Kenwood. S-599

KfHW*" . . . pt1ffS(fff( i ll omS/flit rotfi(l FREQUENCY RESPONSE 100 ' 0 5.000 H,
IMPEDANCE 801>"',
DI..METE R 12 <m
& TRIO-KENWOOD INPUT POWER' 2 "'O,ts
DIME NSIO NS. 150 W . 140 H , res D (mm)
"" COMMUNICATIONS INC. WEIGHT: I 5 kg
PRI CE 119.9 5

116 East Alondra / Gardena , California 90248

 One rc
Tone Burster

Fig, I. RI:15 or 20 turn linear 10k trimmer (Amphenol 3805, etc.). "Cerm et or by
wirewound resistors. Lh ary Meyer WB6Z UA
AUDID DUT Box 379
TO MIKE Fair f ax CA 94930

I MEG

• •
39 K lOOK
N ceding an 1800 Hl tone burst to

~ • access a local repealer. I turned 10 my

~
C2 faithful junk box. The most likely prospect
-=-9 V ...Ld, .0 0 4 7
p OLY-
was a 556 Ie dual timer that I got as a free

l ·
sample from a manufac t urer (a great way to
.0 1 STYRENE get I or 2 piece, of a part free, especially if

I. 13 12 10
•R I , SEE
you have a letterhead ].
The first half of th e Ie is used as a

S56
" J UM PER
9 8 NOTE
monos tablc with an on time of about 400
ms. The second half is a free runni ng
DUAL TIMER 22K oscillator which is disabled via the low
I 2 S • \S • 7 • out put of timer :<1. The NPN transistor
amplifies the negative going pulse from Cl
to start the cycle when it discharges to
.0 1 1:7 ground.
I.S The only part that is not common is the
MEG 2.2K 15 or 20 turn trimmer pot. These run about
.2 21
ISV
S2.50 new from Allied and allow a ~muoth ,
stable frequency setti ng. They produce
10K V NPN abou t a 30 HI per turn tuning and have a
2 N 3 9 0 4 , ET C. low tempco .
I\.
" The input volt age and the temperatu re
have lill ie effect on t he freq ue ncy, bu t if
yo ur repea ter has a narro w windo w the parts
should be cermet or wirewound resistors and
a polvstvrenc capacitor. The po wer for the
~+ :::,CI
50,.F
circuit ts not critical. I usc a 9 V battery, but
12 V is fine. The mggcr input require, + 12
ISV V.
470 Mine is mounted in a ,mall minibox with
a male and female mike connector on
AN Y DIODE
, opposite vidcs. I included a power switch
,. and with only 11 mA drawn, the batteries
last a long time. A switch and J few more
I: 7 pot, would give various tone, if you need
TO PTT
HI 8 1DE them. -

55
 The Tuna-Two
Traveler

by
• Edward R. Spadon i Wl RHN
91 Tower Street
Dedham MA 02026

A rc you using your 2 meter FM mobil e

transceiver with batter y or ac power
sup ply at t he home QTH ? Wan t to move it
temporarily a way fro m its present location
to th e d en, withou t having to rerou te t he
o utside anten na? Yo u may wan t to try it in
t he living room or be droom when you're ill
or want to be super comfortable, or on the
porch or patio on a nicc Sund ay afternoon.
Ope rate from your motel room after a long
drive, whether vacationing or on a business
trip. The portable antenna to be described
will .11'>0 give you freedom to find a com.
tenable spot to opera te the rig and still
allow you to locate the antenna for best
results.

Description
The antenna described here has been used
at all of the above-men tioned places, with
surprising results. The desiy,n an d construc-
tion WJs due 10 t he desire fo r a small , quic k
to asse mble, easy to move around (i.c.,
loo king fo r a hot spo t in J room) type
a nte nna, that can be remotely located from
the rig, limi ted only by t he trans mi ssion line
u..c d. The radiation resi stance of a 14 A
anten na is in the order o f 20- 30 Ohms under
favorable conditi ons . Most 2 me ter FM
t ra nsceivers wan t to see approxima tely 50
Oh ms for a load. To hel p the an te nna meet
t his rcqurrcmc m I int rod uced J y, A,

56
 RG-S8U (53 O hms) matching section . The ---- 7 / 8 - ( 2 3 m m)
tra nsmission line betwee n t he tra nsce iver
and the a nte nna can be any reasonable
APPR OX .
70z . (198GRAMS ) - 3/8 (9.5 mm)
length of RG-59 U (73 Ohms) T V type
coaxial cable.
TUNA FISH CA N

\
5 /32 ( 4 m m) DIA . - _ 3 / 4 (I 9mm )

Construction
Ob ta in a t una fish can or equ ivalent ,
(app roximately 7 ounces), wash well,
remove label and d rill ho le, (see F ig. 1) . I 3 /8(9.5 mm ) , 31 4

J•
, 19 mm )
718
j
Because t he met a l is on the thin side, be
careful of sharp edges and burrs. Use a 5/8
inc h (16 m m ) Green lee pu nch to make t he
mo u nting hole fo r the coaxial co nnecto r.
'Tm)4t _ f- f
, ,
-
I

Any telescoping sectio n t hat will extend

between 16 (40 ern] through 25 (63 cm)
inches will wo rk. T he telescop ing section
, ' - 112 DIA .
tl2.5mm ) /
5 /8 DlA.
,-~ ~-
f
(l6mm)
that I used came from an ol d set of TV
rabbit cars. A coupler is needed that 5 /320IA.
(4mm )
becomes part of t he telescoping sec t io n and
3 HOLES
is screwe d onto t he threa ded stud of t he Fig. J.
insulated fee d th rough. T he coupler was
Tuna con detail.
ma de from 3/8 inc h (9. 5 mm) dia meter
alumi num rod . On e end is dr ill ed to accept
the telescoping section. T he other end is SIDE H OLE 1 3 / 4 (19mm )
d rilled an d threaded to mat ch t he st u d on DRI LL 6 TAP FOR
the fee dt hrough insulator use d (see F ig. 2).
4-40THD - - ,
- - -'1'- - + - 3/ 8( 9 .5 m m )
DRILL a TAP FOR
Assembl y I 6-32 THO
Most pa rts came from the junk box, r. _ -f---C; --.i'c.r To1;r.r""" T;1
~ 1;....:J~~.:..l!.I~CJ
others from the local ra dio-T V parts store
(see Fig. 3 for assembly, a nd parts list). A
1 ---'- --"'
replacement CB walkie-talkie antenna from
t he Rad io Shack, catalog no. 21·1156, can
be used fo r the telescoping section . Inst a ll
DIAMETER TO F IT
TELESCOPING
L 11/2 {3Bmm ) - -
I
- - ! MAT 'L- 3 /8 ( 9.5 m m ) OtA.
SECTION USED ALUMINUM ROO
the fee dt hrough insulator onto the can as
Fig. 2. Coupler.
sho wn, then the 50-239 coaxial connector
with gro un d lug and associated hard wa re.
The hardware used W<l S 4-40 t hread by 5/16
inch (7.9 mm) long screw, wit h loc k was hers TELESCOPING SECTI ON
and he x n u ts. Nex t, mak e the matching
section from RG·58U cable (see F ig. 3).
Shape into a coil t hat will fit ins ide the can
an d ta pe at several p laces (sec ph oto ). No w
install insi de th e can and sol der en ds of cable
to the lugs and coaxial connector. I found a
">l:::::SET SCREW
plast ic cove r of the r ight size that will fi t I~ COUPLER
over t he bo ttom of t he can to prevent
scratching of furniture, etc . It came with a TUNA CA N \ INSULATED FEEOTHRU
can of peanuts, a well-k no wn brand and
foun d in most supermarkets. r--"":""'6&-+--
COAXIAL
- "-·· CONNECTOR
Final Comments
The transcei ver use d with the antenna is
a n Ico m 1C-20 with approximatclv 10 Watt,
output. After attac h ing the a ntenna to t he
rig, I placed the an te nna on t he h utch in t he """-- PL A ST I C COVER
den, e x te nded the telescoping section to
about 19 inc hes (48 e rn] and fire d up the rig. 3 /4 in. (19mm)TYP
The 1C-20 has a rela tive power output meter
with a mar k that lets you kno w if you're in
t he ball park for a 50 Ohm matc h [this was
checke d usi ng a known load). The meter
ind icat ed t hat there was a mismatch . By
L I/4( 6 m m ) T Y P
- - - - -- - 19 1/2 ( 4 9. 5 c.m ) - - - - - - - - - _
adjusti ng t he length of the antenna, I was
able to bring the meter within t he proper RG-58 /U MATCHING SECT ION
range . I then t ried the antenna on the
windo w sill; t his di d cause the match to Fig. 3. Assembly. Center conductor is soldered to feedthrough lug and coax connector
c han ge , b ut agai n wit h a little adjustment center.
57
and watc hing t he meter, the mar k was loc a ted abo u t 50 miles awav. Q 50s up to 25
reac he d. I want 10 note that wh en t he miles ha ve been ma de via si m plex . Th is
ante n na was not operati ng at opti mum anten na is a good evening or wee kend
setting, repeater a nd simplex contacts were pr oject. Its low cost an d ease of assem bly
being made wit h good re sul ts, indica t ing t hat will ma ke it wort h yo ur wh ile to use o r ha ve
it is not a critical adjus tme nt. Mo st tra ns- availa ble if need ed . -
ce ivers today have t heir output transistor
stage protected against antenna troub les th a t Parts List
may deve lop (check owner's man ual). I
QTV [)ascription
con nec te d a Hea t hkit VHF swr mete r into
1 T una Can (ref er t o F ig. 1 ~
the circuit with the antenna located on the
1 Feedthro ugh insulator - E. F. Joh n~o n,
window sill and fou nd that from 146 eat , no . 135·50 (or eq uiva lent l
through 147.69 MHz the swr was less than 1 Coa xial co nnector, t ype 50·239
1.5:1. Wit h the ante nna located on the sill I 1 Te l e~co pi ng section (refer to tex t )

have been ab le to work through 5 repeaters • 11 3 No. 4 - grou nd lugs

1 Pla otic cover treter \0 t ext]
in and around the Boston area including 1 Cou pler (refer to F ig. 2)
Derry , New Hampshire (WRtA BQ rot.I 1 Set screw (4-40 x l/B" long)

WORLD
OX' ERS SPEC IA L _ F or QSL s to F o reign stations
The ONLY QSL Bureau t hat will forward A LL o nl y . Send 20 or m or e cards at a t ime and include j ust
of your card s . . . from anywhere to anywhere - five ce nts each! For 100 or more cards at a tim e t he
p ri ce is four cents each.
Still $.06 tor OX cards .. . $. 10 rntra- u.g.A . an d
Canada .. . SASE brings detai ls.
Sugges t ion : Form a CARD POOL w ith your Budd y or
Radi o Clu b and sp lit the ex tra sa vings.
7 35 Or m Meyer K6QX
OSL
• • • • 111 FARM H I L L WAY LOS GA TO S, CALIF ORNIA 95030 U.S.A. • • • • BUREAU
We're Fighting Inflation. • •
No Price Rise for '76 r-.... K-ENTERPRISES
FOR FREQUENCY STABILITY
Depend on JAN Crystals. Our large stock of qu artz o ,." ' ~~ '''''''
crystal materials and co mponents ass ures Fast ~ 5.5200Y .,
Delivery from us ! lJ' ,"""'
... . , ,, _ , O"~O"
JlID ."",,,...,,,, "",.""". ","", ,0 0000 ' L . ' ,
....~o CRYSTALS FOR lIfoll '
,~ s M ' Ii Itor
tAe\el C'\'1.el\ anile eCe;"
~8l\d Radio ers MODEL 4X6C
50 HZ-250 MHZ ' 270.00
CRYSTAL SPECIALS
Frequency Standards 300 and 500 MHZ PRESCALERS
100 KHz (HC ' 3/U) $4.50
' 000 KHz (HC 6/UI. . ... . . . . . . . ....... . 4.50 FREQUENCY STANDARDS
Al most all ce sets. TR or Rec $2.50 MARKER and PEAKING GENERATORS
(Ce Synthesizer Crystal on req uest)
Amateu r Band in FT-243 ea. $1 .50 POWER SUPPLIES AMPLIFIERS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 4/$5.00
aO-Meter $3.00 (tee-me ter not avai1.) WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG
For t st class mail, add 20" per crystal. Fo r Airmail,
add 25". Send check or mon ey o rde r. No dealers, ,¥wr
Phone:
please . BANKAMERICARD, 405·273-9024

Dlv. of Bob Whan & Son Electronics, Inc.

2400 Crystal Or., Ft. Myers, Fla. 33901
All Phones: (813) 936·2397
Send 10c tOI new catalog

58
 The Black atch kit
At $29.95, it's The Black Watch by Sinclair is unique.
*practical-easil y built by Controlled by a quartz crystal . . .
anyone in an evening's powered by two hearing aid batteries
straightforward assembl y. . . . it's also styled in the cool prestige
Sinclair fashion: no knobs, no buttons,
*complete-right down to
strap and batteries. no flash ... just touch the front of the
case to show hours and minutes and
*guaranteed. A correctly- minutes and seconds in bright red
assembled watch is LEOs.
guaranteed for a year. It The Black Watch kit is un ique, too.
works as soon as you put the II's rational-Sincla ir have reduced the
batteries in. On a built watc h
separate components to just four.
we guarantee an accuracy
within a second a day-but It' s simple-anybody who can use a
building it yourself you may be soldering iron can assemble a Black Watch
able to adjust the trimmerto without difficulty. From opening the kit to
achieve an accuracy within a wearing the watch is a couple of hours' work.
second a week.

LED display
Complete kit
$29.95!
The kit contains
1. printed circuit board
2. uni que Sinclair-designed rc
3. encapsulated quartz crystal
4. trimmer
5. capacitor
6. LED display
7. a-part case with window in
position
8. batteries
9. batte ry-clip
10. black strap (black stainless-
steer bracelet optional extra-
see order form)
11. full instructions for building
and use.
All you p rovid e is a fine sol de ring
iron and a pai r of cutters.

Batteries
2000-transistor silicon integrated circuit

-----------------------------------------------------
Please send me
_ _ _ Black Watch Kits@ $29.95 IMPORTANT
Name
_ _ _ plus $2.50 shpg. & hndlg. Prin l you. nam e an d address he'e .....
'0' use as a shippin g la bel. Address _
_ _ _Stainless steel bands Tha n k you
@$5.50

NY residents please add sales tax

FREE 10 DAY TRIAl.
- - - - - ,;p- - - - --
1 enclose my check/MO for $ _

I
Name _
If YOU de cide not to keep your
Black Watch K it, .etu rn it u n-
damaged within 10 days for a full
sinclair
Mail to: SINCLAIR RADIONICS
I Address _ refund on t he kit .
Suit e 400
I 888 7t h Avenue
I New York NY 10019
I 73-4
----------------------------------------------------~
•

The Mighty
TR-22/15

COVER BOLT by
Walter W. Pinner WB4MYL
.._ CO VE I:l. 7304 Lorenzo Lane
Louisville KY 40228

ac
SVPI'tY
(0/(0 -10 71(22

I W a nl to add a little more po wer to

your TR22 ??? Wan t 10 make th i,
power pa cka ge small eno ugh 10 fit into t he
micro pho ne pocket ??? Want to make t he
c ircuit board with lin snips a nd glue ???
YES? Read on . . .
The little am plifie r I' ll de scr ibe is eas ily
construc ted, will de liver 15 Walts output
Fig. t. wit h 1 Watt inp ut a nd ca n be bui lt for less
tha n $10.00.
The amp fits into the mike pocke t of t he
TR 22C nicely and incorporates a de power
plug for the radio. A small I inch slil in the
mike poc ket bottom allows the de plug and
rf input plug to go d irec tly to the sockets on
the bottom of the transceiver, The top of
the amp has the antenna socket and de input
cable fined with a cigarette plug. This
a rrangeme n t provides eaw hookup to your
car, boat, motorcycle o r ??? and when used
mobile, both the TR2 2 and t he amp are
powered by the e xternal source.
Fig. 1 sho ws the mec hanical constructio n.
An alumi num bo ttom/ heat si nk i ~ forme d as
shown. A piece of co pper clad board is
pop-riv eted o r bo lted to t he botto m cover,
co p per side up. An a luminum to p is fo rmed
a nd sec u re d 10 t he finished amp with a single
t hro ugh bo lt. T he c ircuit board is made by
cu tting copper clad pad s wit h tin snips a nd
glui ng with one dr op super glue or epoxy as
shown in the fu ll stzc layo ut in Fig. 2. Fig. 2
also shows the parts place ment. All leads

60
shou ld be cut to the mini mum needed length
including th e co mpression t ri mmer caps . Fig.
3 shows the schematic an d parts list. The rf "+Uv.OC
tra nsistor has bee n adver tised in 73 at $6.00. ,001
Heat sink paste should be used wh en
mounting this tran sisto r and don't get too
strong when tighten ing the mounting nut.
Tune up is simply a matter of connecting the
amp to a dumm y load or a ntenna through an
output ind icato r, apply drive and tu ne C1,
C2, C3, C4, in that orde r for max imum rf
output. These adjustments wi ll interact ;
therefore, the procedure shoul d be repeated Fig. 2.
several times until no further increase in 13vPC
output can be obtained. r CIGAR E T rE
PUIG
Several units construc ted all produced 15
plus Watts out an d prov ided that little extra
power needed whe n you de cide to thro w the " .t.,
TR22 on the seat next to you and go
mobile.
r-·----
L-tjc>" Jk·Z2 DC.
I wan t to tha nk Roy WA4D XU for the PLUG-
use of his rig for photograp hy. Mine wasn 't
painted prett y. -
,
RrC
• •

Fig. 3. Schematic. Q7 - 2N5590or 2N6087;

Ll - 1 turn #78 wire 8 mm dto.; L2 - 3 .. ---- -------------- _. -------_.RG-_I 74 - ,,
turns #78 wire 8 mm dia.; R FC 7 & 2 - 8
~ .un::::::: ; :;;; ; r>;(-,;; W~- ---_n - n .i
turns #78 wire 8 mm ato. with 3 ferrite X/o1T -!='iy.----o--,.~C"
- o-... -:" ·AlJr~239
.... u .:Jt.. r -- - - -
beads on the cold end; Relay - 2P2T sigma ......-_.
'- __....._ -.y o-J""- - - - - - -- - R'€L A'I'
70OJ/.-
J6 xtal can 12 V dc or similar (Poly Paks
RF. .. ._
#92CUI743, 72 for $1.00, 26 V de 700
Ohm, work on 12 V dc orhigher); C7, C4 - IN •
_e.Lj?~9.. _

.:t-....-. ,
RGsa- - -- -:i. 15 K
-,- -tl:" M P 5A I4

15 to 150 p F (Poly Paks #92CU7979, - - 02

assortment 20 for $1.00); D7, D2 - lN974.

ALDELCD SEMI·CDNDUCTOR SUPERMARK ET

APRI L SURP LUS ISSUE SPECIALS 6-Meter TVI ?•
Rf DEVICE S
2"13375 3W 400 MH,
2"1559010 W 175 MH,
2"16080 4 W I 15 MH'
. , ,5.50
. , , 1.80
.. ,5.40
2"13866 I W 400 MH, ..99
2NSS91 25 W 115 MH, . 10.95
2N608 115WI75MH, .8.45
UNlvnSAl 2-Meter
Our b.."tHul
SIII!T< ·f~C
t~' " -e. v t ty b."dpa .. f n t . co provIde
p'ot<-etion f rtlOl .... cehin9 0' '.diotl,,\!
interfer.nc. o"Uf d. t ile ...... t . ur bl tol•• It .tnatlr>g
2"16082 25 W 17'5 MH,
2N608440WI15MH,
. , , 0,95
.. 16.30
2N608J 30 W 115 MH, .. 12.30
2N4Ml1W400MH ' ... 5.25 \ de,,",. Ond lnt d fr ", 0010_",11 1 ,t9"'1> 0/1 11,

IOWfRS
pur lfy ir>g yO"' h, 1on, O"d In'"ri n9 a gal nH TV!.
HEAVY DUTY RECTi fiERS Varden Electronics Company
Vol. 100 Amp DOll.
;>(1(1 . 5. 50 .... 791 , )echon , Mich l .n .9204.1' 17)7'7·2299
200 Vol. 250 Amp DOlI.
400 Volt 2 Amp S;!ioon R.ctilier RCA . .
. ,8.50
, ,15 for .99
\
1000 Voh 2 Amp Sihcon R"".;fi., RCA . , , ,10 lor.99
,
'0.000 Vol' Silicon R"",;fiOf E. ;. .
SILICON TUBE REPLACEMENT S
. 2.95
" , ,, WI NN E BA GO 20-foot mo torhome. Loaded
1"1263 7 R"" i.co, 866. 866A, 3828 .. , . . . 9 ,80
lN23B9 R""lico, 5U4, 5'1'3. 5W4 , . .. , .. . 5,25 Free standing alum- w it h op tioM , Hot a nd co ld r u nn ing water ,
san Repl""", 872 .. , ' .. , 28 ,50
in um t o w e r 10' to heat, air c o nd it io n ing, 2500-watt generator.
Send ... mp for compl... repl..,. "",nt iiot a nte n n as. S le e ps 6-8. Id eal fo r F ie ld Day .
100'. Pr ices f ro m
STUD RECTifiE RS 2 AMP EP(lXY RECTifiER BRIDGE Se nd for spec shee t t o Peter S tar k K20A W.
$ 110 (30') .
50 Volt 40 Amp
100 Volt 40 Amp
~ooVoIt4OAm p
4ooVoI I40Amp
.. 99
1.39
,1.59
, 1.79
100 Voll
200 Vol' .... .
4ooVoit . " .. ,
6OOVolt . • . . . ,
... 25
.. , . . , .35
. .45
55
\ Box 209. Mt. Kisco, NY 10 5 4 9

2ENERS
lN746 to 1"1759400 Mw •• ,25 IN4728 '0 lN4764 I w ••••• ,.35
10 . ""n od ••"", dK>do!' "" ....'k.d .... ,
2N2222 or 2N2907
2N3055 ,
, .. , . 15 nv,
.. , .... , . 1.00

90 1400 __ .. 20 7415 80
MOST POPUlAR HAM SUB-MINI "TOUCH TONE ENCODER

TOW(R (Y(R MAO(

2"13113 , 45 1401 20 7490 80
2"14443 or Cl0GB , .. , .95 1403 ,20 7492 __ 80 SMALL · ONLY 5/16 D XI I {2 W X 2 H
2N3904or2N3906 15 7404 ,25 14121 .. 60 12 DI GIT· Q UALIT Y PRODUCT
2N54960,2N6109 , ..35 7405 ,25 74123 . . 110
HOBOl FH .. " __ .99 7406 ,45 74162 .. 1.25 COMPLETELY SELF CQNT AINED
2N3819FH .. , . .35 7407 45 14165 .. 2,00 XTAL CONTRO LLED - EASY I N ST A LLED
741 or 709 14 Pin Dip ~5 74 11 ."10 74166 .. 1.15 REQU EST NEW CATA LOG B PLUS, B MIN U S AND T ON E OUT
555 Timor , 75 7413 85 74111 .. 1,35
2425V, .,3.50 7430 ,20 74181 .. 3 .00 OF T OWE RS & AN TENNAS GOLD PLATE D DOUBLE F ACE D PC B
200Volf25AmpB ' idgo ., ..49 7437 ,50 74191 .. 1.50
lN91 4 .1N4 148 10for .99 7442 l.10 74193 .. 1,4 5 Midwest Ham Headquarters COMPLETE $69.U CWO
1N34 ·1N60· 1N64 1010r.99 "'N~Ot"""
For over 37 years COD 20 PE RCENT D EP OSIT
We Quote on ",,, do.i<o.t .... y quant',>", All ;/Omi pr"'poid. S5,OO
mg,. "'dor. Sond .._P for ","oIog, I-/YS _ to• . HAMS ' Wri ,. /OT f , u C o lo /Oil "no
Who/• •ol. " ,;... 1 GA M BER E LE CT R O NI CS
ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTORS. INC. 3 4 0 0 Be au crest. Hanisb u ra, P A l 7 1 11
1960 Peck Muskegon, MI 4944 1 SH IPPING AND H A ND L IN G 1 1.5 5
Tel. (616)726-3 196 TELEX 22·84 11 PA R es Add Sales Tax *Re g T M AT and T
P .O . Box 341 A , Lynbrook NY 11563

61
by
F. E. Hin kl e WA5K PG
W. T . Adams WASQZM
9503 Gambe l's Oua il Tr.
Austin T X 78758
HF-VHF Frequency Standard
T h ere have been many frequency
standard articles published in recent
years using advanced technology integrated
circuih l,2, Ho weve r, there is a need for a
foolproof circuit that is both inexpensive
and easy to build in a modest workshop.
While looking for a frequency standard for
HF operations I noticed that most au thors
neglect the need for 30 Hil and 300 kHI
mar kers in V HF FM operations, where 30
kHz is the standard channel spacing. Also,
most 2m FM frequency standards neglec t
t he needed 100 kJiI dod 10 kH I mark er s d'
used by the HF man. 2 This is why my
interest deve lo ped fo r J sim ple design fre-
quency stan dard which co uld develop both
30 kl-l z and 10 k Hl m ar kers as well as a hos t
of other freque ncies.
T his standard uses readily availa ble TT L
integrated circuit'> whic h arc available from
many sources as advertised in the back of 73
Magazine. T he integrated circuits sho uld no t
cost more than $4.50 total. The crystal I
used was one from my junk box, bu t an
Interna t io na l EX Crystal should wo r k as
well, a nd COSh $4.95.
T he block diagram of the frequency
standard is shown in Fig. 1. No te that a five
osc
.. 3
9 ...H z
CRYST AL
* until a zero beat is noted . Using this method,
...
3 / .3 / .03MH z
.. 3
Fig. J. Block diagram of the frequency standard. Sefection of the J MHz/,J MHz/,Of MHz is
made by the toggle sw itch.
62
Inexpensive
volt regulator was used to furnish the 5 volts
needed by the TT L circuits. By using a
regulator, an automobile 12. volt battery can
be used to power the frequency sta nda rd
when tu n ing up the mobile rig in the car,
Also, a lan tern battery may be used to
power the u nit fo r portable use .IS on fi eld
da y. T he 9 MHz oscillator is composed o f a
he x inver ter operating in the linear mode.
The 9 MHz o ut p ut fro m the oscillator is
d ivided by t hree to gene rate t he 3 MllI
signal use d by the fest of t he circ uit. Two
divide-by-te n circu its arc t he n use d to
gener a te the 300 kH z and 30 kH I marker
o ut pu ts. Whe n 100 k Hz o ut p uts arc
required, anot he r dividc-hv-th rec c ircu it is
inserted be tween the 3 MHI signa l a nd the
divide-b y-tens. Since t he re arc t wo d iff erent
o utputs o n each BNC connec tor, a sm all
LED is used to signal when the seco nd
divide-by-th ree is in t he circ uit. The LED
mon itors the output of the dtvldc-b v-t brce,
a nd wh e n it is out putt ing, the LE D is
illum inated correspondi ng to 1 MHz , 100
kHz or 10 kHl selections. When the LED is
not illumina ted, then the out pu ts are 3 MH1,
300 k Hz o r 30 kHl.
The circuit diagram of t he frequency
1- 30VOC >----1 Fl EGULATO Rt - - - ev REG
IN PU T
,
;. 10 ...10 I-
3M H Z / I MH Z 3 00KHz 1100KH z 30KH z 110 KHz
standard is shown in Fig. 2. A 7404 TTL hex
inverter is used as t he crystal oscillator. A
small 2-8 pF trim mer capacitor is used to
pe rmit zeroing th e crystal wit h WWV. A
7476 TT L d ual J-K fli p flo p is connected in
a sta ndard d ivide-b y-t hree configura tion.
T his same circuit is used later as the divide-
by-three in order to produce the 100 k Hz
mar kers. A to ggle switc h selec ts either t he
secon d divide-by- th ree or b ypasse s it
de pend ing wh ether 100 kHz mar kers a re
needed. Tw o 7490 TTL de cade d ividers are
t he n used t o fu rn ish t he low er freq ue ncy
markers.
T he TI L circui t lay o ut is not criti ca l. The
sta nda rd, however, sho uld be bu ilt close
t oge ther to kee p down st ray ca paci ta nces.
T o help t hose who wish to du plicat e the
circuit, circ uit boards arc being made
a vaila ble.f Alt ernativel y, the c irc u it may be
bu ilt o n a small vec tor board. Soc kets m ay
be use d t o help in the poin t -to-po int w ir ing.
T he board was mounted in a small
alu min u m box an d BNC connec tors were
use d for the out puts. The fr equency
standa rd Is quite rea dab le at 150 MHz and
probably higher. Because of t he square wave
output, t he ha r monic content is very high.
To calibrate t he oscillator, the 100 k Hz
mode is chosen. T he 100 kH z is then
compared wit h WWV at 5, 10 or 15 MHz.
The small t r immer ca pacitor is t hen adjusted
the harmonics at 146 MHz should be no
more than a fe w Hz off. •
Ref... n ell
I K. W. RobbIns, "All Band Frequency Ma.ke.:'
1 3, June t 9 75 . p_ 88·90_
,
• "Frequency Standa.ds," FM and Rep. rll" ,
ARRL 1972. p.1 66-1 68.
lPri nled c ircuit board$ a.e available from 110
Engi nee"ng. 9503 G ambel ' $ Quail T r., AU$ltn T X
78758. Undr iUed. 2x4 ineh i$ S3.75; dr illed i$
$4.75 PO$IPaid.
 9 M Hz
OSCI l. l. ATOR
74 0 4 • 7 4 76

8,Wn 82 0n
." ,
, ~ a 220n ,. , ,,,, ", . ~, 0 "'" s , O~
7-30
'CC •
, L M30 9
e _ TO ALl.
... , " INPUT ."
*
v VOLTA GE
, C
s
C • '0 - ,
CASE

~~ , 7s
ol! , 74 0 4 L M3 0 9

9 MHZ INTE RNATIONA L 1 2 -8pF • ., -'" o CASE

CRYSTAL TYPE EX 0 ., 0

BOTTOM V IE W

+3
+10 .;- 10
." 7 476 3 MH r / 300KHr /30KH z 74 9 0 749 0

, ".m t , I" , 0"

0" , ",
• , re s , 0" , '0
A in ra
80
A in
"
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0 I
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SELEC T 74 04' 7 ." ';;0
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I

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3 MH r 3 0 0KHz
I M Hr 100 K Hr 10 K H

7404
L EO ~
,, ~ 2 20n
... 10
." Fig. 2. Schematic of the inexpe nstve fre-
IMH z/ lOO KH z 11 0 KHz quency standard using readily available
ON ports.

Please put my nam e and the nam es

of t he o rgani zat ions I represent on the
list o f availabl e a nd eager ham radi o
teachers.
Steve Gold WB80J F
Pres., Beachwood A. R. C. He lp. Div. of Bo rg Warner, Santa Anna CA.
Secy., South East A. R. C. Richard K. Burrows It has mod u latio n, d eviat ion , pu lse
23881 Bryden Road 1335 Faxon Circle and rf o ut put 10 to 440 MHz. I have
Beachwood OH 44122 Williamsport PA 17701 written to t he above address but not
received an a nswer. I un derstand t hat
Does anyone out the re kn ow where
I wou ld app reciate kno wing of any- I can get a set of schematics fo r two there are fou r boo ks fo r t his set, but I
o ne in my area who wo uld be pieces of equipment I have and ca n't coul d n't get t hem from t he military.
interested in helping me o n t he road get ru n ning ? One is a Mot o rol a An y he lp out there ?
t o beco m ing a V E3 . Di spat cher, t ra nsisto rized , model no . Donald F. Kelso WA8YFO /4
Tim Molyneux D.33 BAT-1104A, xmtr. t ype CC350 1, 6233 Pinewood Village
31 Gr ass Point Ores. 6 vo lt . Circle West
Etobi coke Th e tough one ca me fro m the Lakeland FL 33803
Ontario M9C-2T9 MA RS program . It ' s a signal ge ne rator
t ha t loo ks like a very good mod el, CORRECTION
Would be glad to he lp any p rospec- bu t , as with all MAR S eq u ipment , it "Build This $5 Timer, " January,
t ive o r p rese nt ha m to get his licen se o nly ha lf works. T hough new, it loo ks 1976, page 129: Five pin nu mbe rs
o r up grade. like so me o ne has ta ken th e rippers to f rom t he NE 555 were inadvertently
Barry Anderson K3SUI it and I don't wan t to get into it o m itted . Cloc kwise from the to p, they
5114 Darlington Rd. un less I have d ocu m entat ion. I'm should be 8 , 3, 4 , 2, 1, 7, 6. Our
York PA 17404 wi lling to pay, if need be. It' s a SG apo lo gies.
(7 17)-79 2-0828 47/ USM- 16, made b y B. J. Electro nics L ---l

. 63
 You can
is icroco
or 5, •••
We would be a bit surprised if you In fact every part including the powerful
could do anything meaningful without MC 6800 CPU and the 8K dynamic RAM
additional hardware and software. Me 6800 is guaranteed for 120 days. It has the best
Wave Mate's Jupiter II'" isn't the kind of software around, System Monitor and Debug
microcomputer kit you only stare at .. . when programs (ROM). Includes powerful text
you've completed your Jupiter II just plug in editor and Motorola compatible assembler.
your terminal and you're ready to go. That's And BASIC at no extra cost. Because we've
because it goes beyond the sum of its high been making microcomputer systems for over
quality parts. It's the ultimate micro kit 4 years, we can offer you the broadest line of
experience. In performance, in documentation, interfaces including TV terminal and dual
in reliability. First, consider its superb features. audio cassette. Impressive. And yet the
It has small pluggable wire wrapped cards grandest feature is the experience ("''..1-''''''
M-:'--)
easily tailored to suit your modifications. of completing a kit that works. CW T)
Every IC is socketed and 100% burn-in tested. Guaranteed. WG.' TTIDU

f---------------------------------~
, ACT NOW AND SAVE. (Good uotil April 1, 1976) ,
.. SPECIA L price $1445. 00 (asse mb led $ 195 0 .00 ) ..
.. D Send Jupiter \I micro kit. ..
• Jupiter II Microcomputer Kit Includes : 0 Kit 0 Assembled •
... • Modular plug-in power • Rack mount module cage 0 Send details on kit-a-month III
.. sup ply • Wire wrap tool IlIIII
. . . 9 module PC backplane • Wire unwrap tool 0 I'm not convinced ; send me 101 reasons why. II
.. • CP U module - Cables, connectors, all 0 Please send free Jupiter II System catalogue. III
, • System monitor module other necessary ..
• 8K dynamic RAM hardware ..
... module - Software (edi to r. debug, ..
: • S erial RS 232 assernhler, BASIC) ..
.. communication interface • Assembly manuals 0 Check enclosed for :$ ~.~;-;:-c-;;-c -==__~ ..
.. module • Operat ors manuals Include 810.00 for postage and handling. California ..
.. • Front panel module • Theory of operation residents add 6% tax Delivery 60 days ARO ..
.. • Front panel manuals ..
.. • Wire, cut, stri pped . color • Annual membership in
"coded users Krou p Name ..

- --
City /State/Zip
,,
WAVE MATE ,
1015 West 190th Street Gardena, California 90248 ..
Telephone ( 2 13 ) .?~:~~~; ..
,,
lIo
f ) 120 '::,~~:~~~"s. !:
, _::~~;~~~~~~~~~~
materials and workmanship. : ..

...

COMPUTERS, SIMP LI FIED
The main part of the I/O section of
73 this month is taken up by a reprint
of Nat Wadsworth's explanation of
the basics ot computers, originally
published in the Scelbi ·BB User's
Manual. It is hoped that this article
will dispel once and forewr the idea
that computers are somethi..:.!
mysterious and inaedibly ditfictJlt to
understand.
Computers are complicated, but the
basic parts of them are not difficult to
get to know, and from there on it is a
matter of a whole lot of the same
thing over and over, so the complica-
tion is one of quantity.
For many ham applications of cern -
puters you can think of them as being
an almost endless switchboard which
can be operated by means ot a key·
board rather than individual switches
or the soldering of wires. Tlke a
repeater. for instance. Right now
repeater nuts have to wire in a time
delay for the SQuelch tale. another for
the three minute time out, an 10
generator. another timer to play the
10 at desired t imes. an autopatch
oecocee, and so forth. With a micro-
computer, said nut can do all of that
with a program. And if he wants to
change the length of time for the
squelch tale he can go on the air,
access the repeater control computer
and change it . Ditto the three minute
timer ... perhaps he'd like to shorten
the drop out time to two minutes
during drive time ... no strain. The
uP will turn on the cassette recorder
duri..:.! autopatches. etc. It is an
,ImO$! infinitely flexible way of simu-
lating a lot of electronic circuits. Now
do you understand what all the fuss is
about?
Amateurs have, for the most part, II
decided advantage over most of t he
people who are alrwdy into com-
puters. Most of these people are into
the programming end of things and it
just happens that programming is a lot
easier to Iwrn than etect rcnscs. We
can learn programming quickly. but
they will hewe II long hard row to hoe
trying to catch up with us on tile
digital electronics end.
Well. perhaps you have no great
interest in founding a multi-million
dollar hrm in microcomputer-. ... no
interest in grabbing a piece of the big
computer pie in the sky which is
coming. The estimated ham purchases
of computers and accessories for this
EDITORIAL
year is only about $50 million .. .
let's see now, if we only get 2% of
that market that is $1 million in sales.
Hmmm. And once a few more people
get hold of the Digital Equipment
book on computer games the com-
puter hobby market could el(plode.
Fortunately DEC has maf'll9l'!d to
keep this book a ti~tly held secret
. . . otherwise all hell might break
loose. 101 ullerly fascinating com·
putee gameli and the prQ9rams to get
t hem running alt in one 57.50 book
... fantastic.
With home use, hobby use, ham
use, and business use, computers will
be everywhere in a few- years. Offices
will use the same computer for book-
keeping. inVOICIng. writing letters
(watch out IBM, your $850 Selectric
typewriters are about to be made
obsolete ). ill'Yerltorv. addressing, PIY -
roll , indel(ing, and anything else that
now uses paper. pencil. typewriter,
etc. Your friendly local computer
store will sell, program and service
said ubiquito...s computers. It is not
often that we can see a multi·billion
dollar market about to open up and
decide whether we want to grab the
shirttails or not.
CHU DIGIT AL TI ME
CHU. the Canadian Observatory
station, has added a digital time tunc-
tion to its transmissions. This time
tick uses the standard modem tanes of
2025 and 2225 Hz and is sent during
the JO.39th seconds of each minute.
Who will be the first to come up with
an article on ...sing this time standard
for a ham shack clock or computer
application ?
The time code is it modified ASCII
at 300 baud. During the first 500 ms
of each of the 30th to 39th seconds,
CHU sends lirst 10 cycles of 1 k Nz
(bringing us up to 0.01 secortds " . 10
GPcativc GOmpntiRJj
ms}, then 125 ms of 2225 Hz. This is
fallowed by twa bursts of the time
code 1182.5 ms each). If the twa time
bursts are not identical the pulses
should be i!Tlared.
The time bursts are made up of five
Sbit characters, ea::h containing twa
decimal numbers (BCD) . for a total of
ten digits in the pulse. The first digit
must be a six as this will prevent
inversion of Ihe code. The next three
irtdicate the clay of the Vt'ar, then twa
for the hour of the day. two for the
minute, and two for the second. 2025
Hz is levelland 2225 Hz is rever O.
Gearing up to use these digital t ime
clicks is a fine project for you digital
home brewers.
SOME PUBLICATI O NS
O F POSS IBLE INT ERE ST
by
WilYne Gteen W2NSO / l
,,'"
Fred R. Gokfstein WA1WDS
PCC - People's Computer Com·
pany, BOl( 310, Menlo Park CA
94025. This is a tabloid newspaper
bi-monthly $5 tar six issues. S9
for two years ran 32 pages in the
latest issue. PCC is a mi xture of
chitchat, news of compu ters in the
schools. game programs, news of
products and ser .... ices ... emphasis is
school computer use. Delightful. PCC
has just announced a couple of new
publications. TINY BASIC at three
i$$Ue5 for S3, a newslener on Tiny
Basic. a new program Itlfl9.liIgt far
tiny kids so they can write games, do
math recreations and operate relays
and omee rea l lime stuff. The other
new publication is a series of bookleu
an Camputt'l'"s in the Classroom. Book.
I. 60 pages Xeroxed. is $3.
Computer Hobbvist. BOl( 295. Cary
NC 27511. S6 a year. This is an
ad v anced type of newsletter and a
by Wayfl(l' Green W2NSD I'
major source for info from Hal
Chamberlin, one of the leading com-
puter hobbyist circuit designers. This
is a little heavy for rank beginners ...
a recent issue had a program for
generating random numbers and a
c lie recorder interlace circuit.
Editor Stallings is doing a fine job.
Computer Notes, MlTS, 632B Linn
Ave NE , Albuquerque NM 87108.
While this newsletter is designed
primarily far Altair owners, and much
of it is fa r beyond the beginner to
comprehend, it is a very well dane and
interesting publicat ion. Costs $30 per
year.
Creative Computing, BOl( 789,
Morristown NJ 07960 ... S8/yr.
Bi·monthly. Heavy on games, cern-
plete wi th programs for them . "
heavy on school use of computen.
Micro-$ Newsletter, CabriUo Com-
puter Center. 4350 Constellation
Road. Lompoc CA 93436. $6/6
i$$Ul!$. Aimed at the hobbyist. PIniel>-
larly the hardware enth...siast and the
8008 eser. Tiny type and an enor·
mous amount of info in each issue .. .
sources of info, parts. equipment,
names and addresses of other
hobbyists. Circuits of in terest. First
ra te source.
Microcomputer Dictionary and Guide.
Matrix, Champaign IL 6 1820; $ 15. 95
postpaid. Also a.... elteble from Radio
ecoesroo. Peterborough NH 03458.
It's a whopper . .. _II ewer 700
pages .. . and the price ;s r~t at
$15.95. The term "dictionary" is nat
quite accurate . .. this is more like
what you might expect in an encyclo-
pedia. The definitions of computer
terms are not brief; tlleY are almost
enough for you to learn aboul com-
puters just fram reading the book.
In a field where there is a com-
pletely new le)Cicon, where it is almost
impossible to read articles in com-
pu ter magazines or newsletters wit h-
aut an inte rpreter, where you ca n't
even understa nd the computer folk
when you try and talk with t hem, a
dictiona ry such as this is in....aluable.
It is an unfortunate fact that vir·
tually everyone lI'Alo ;s deeply
ill'Yotved with computer-. and has
learned the new I~age also seems
to have forgotten English. Computer
lolk are unable, to a man lit would
seem ). to write in English or even to
talk it. They no longer talk with
people, they interlace. Withoul a lot
Continaed on page 94
65
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BOX 413, EDISON, NJ 08817. (201) 549-2699
 by

I Nat Wadswo rt h
SCEL BI Compu ter Consu lt ing Inc.
1322 Rear Boston Post Road
Mi lford CT 06460

Computers Are
Ridiculously Simple!
dir ecti on s t here-o n. The
Did vau just get hooked? Has the first reaction of boxes a re label ed In an
bewilderment and perplexity set in as you begin to explore the o rderly fashion, and th e
ins and outs of computing? Na t Wadsw orth of SCELBI person is also told that unless
Compute r Consulting - mak ers of an Intel 8008 based a piece of paper in a box
packaged microcomputer system - provides us with this d irects otherwise, when th e
article on fundamentals of computer operation. The article is person is fi nished perfo rm ing
written with the Intel 8008 in mind as an example ofa typical the task directed, they are to
computer, but the principles involved apply to nearly any repl ace th e paper in th e box
microcomputer you can find on the market. The material of and proce ed to open th e next
this article is taken from the first chapter of author box. No te, however, th at a
Wadsw ort h 's SCE LBI-8H/ B User's Man ual, one of the best piece of paper may give
documentation support packages among the various kit dir ec tion s to alte r the
manufacturers. seq uence in wh ich th e person
is t o open boxes.
Fig. 1 shows a picture of a
set of suc h boxes. Each box is
labeled fo r identification .
There have bee n nu merous piece of informa tion that will To present a view of a
examples put fort h ove r the give it furth er " direc tions," compu te r 's opera tion , assu me
years to illustrate the basic This fund amental concept is a person has bee n told to
sche me behin d the o peration the key to th e oper ation of start at box Al and to follow
of co mp uters. Th e scheme is all digital co mpu ters a nd the dir ection s conta ined on
d e ce pti vel y s i m p le a nd while it is a simp le concept, it the pieces of paper in the
in cr e dib ly powerful. The can be built up on to arrive at boxes until a piece of paper
power co mes from th e speed all the complex operati ons c o n ta i n i ng th e directi on
wit h which the mac hines can c o mpute rs of today ca n " stop" is fo und in o ne of the
p e rf o r m t he simp le perform , How thi s is done is boxes. In t his example th e
o pe ratio ns. Th e fundame ntal what thi s art icle is about. person f inds th e fo llowing
conce pt of the computer is On e of the best analogies " instructio ns ":
tha t it is a machine that is fo r describing a co mpute r's In box A1 is t he message:
capa ble of d oin g two basic operat io ns is to co nsider " Take the mathematical value
fundamental ope rat io ns at a bank of boxes, sim ilar to a of 1 and write it down on a
very high spee d: First it is ban k of Post Offi ce mail scratch pad. "
able to obtain a piece of bo xes. A piece of paper Si nce th e " inst ruc tio n" in
information fro m a storage co ntaining " directions" can box A1 onl y pe rtained to
Reprinted from TH E SCELB I· area and perform a fun ct ion be place d in eac h box, A s o me fu nction th at the
8 H/B USER'S MANUAL. a s dir e c t ed b y t he person is directed to go to the perso n was to perform, and
Au t hor: Nat Wadswort h. Coov- inform ation it o btai ns; and ban k of boxes, an dafter did not direct th e person to
right 1974, 1975 - Revised.
SCELBI COMP UTER CONSULT-
seco ndly, based o n it s curre nt sta rt ing a t a given plac e, to go t o som e specif ic box, th en
lNG, INC. With the permission of sta tus, it is able to asce rtain o pe n eac h box, withd raw the the person will simpl y go on
the copyright owner. where to o bta in t he ncx t piece o f paper and follow th e to the nex t box in th e row,

68
 Bo x A 2 co nta i ns th e
info rma tio n:
"Add the number 2to any
value already present on your
scratch pad. "
The person will at this
point perform an addit ion
a n d h a ve a t ot al
"accumu lated" value o n the
pad of scratc h paper. T he
accu mulated value would be
3. Since there are no other
directions in box A2, the
operato r would conti nue on
to open box A3 whic h has
the following message:
"Place any accumulated
mathematical value you h ave
on your scratch pad into box
H8. "
Th us the person would
tear the c urrent sheet o ff the
"sc ratch pad " and place it -
con taining the value "3 " -
into box H8. Note, th ough,
that wh il e the person was
d ir ect e d to p lace th e
accumu lated value on the
sc ratch pad into box H8, the
person was no t directed to
alte r the sequence in which to
o btain new "instruct ion s" so
the perso n would proceed to
ope n box A4 which con tains
the directive :
"Take the mathem atical
value o f 6 and place it on
y our scratch pad. "
Going on to box A5 t he
person fin ds:
"Add 3 to the present
value on y our scratch pod',"
Th is is o bviously ju st a
"data word ." Th e o pera tor
adds th e value 6 from th e
previo us box to the number
3, no ting th e calculation on
t he sc ratch pad and proceeds
to open box A6 :
"Place any accumulated
value y ou have on your
scratch pad in to box H7. "
The person th us would put
the value "9 " o n a piece of
paper (fro m the scrat ch pad )
into the designate d box and
proceed to open box A7 :
"Get the value presently
stored in box H8 and sove the
value on your scratch pod. "
This is a simple o peration
and the perso n proceeds to
open u p box AS:
"Fetch the value in box the opera tor wou ld no t have
H7. Subtract the value of "jumped over" box B2 an d
your scratch pad from the woul d have found the
value found in box H 7. Leave follo wing message inside box
the result on your scratch B2,
P ad. " "The values in box H7 and
When th e opera to r has H8 are of equal value.
perfo rmed th is operatio n, t he S TOP!"
operator will have fin ished However, for the values
the " A" row and will then used in thi s exa mple, the
c o n t i nu e o b ta i n in g person would have " jumped" The basic sc heme beh ind
" inst ructio ns" by goi ng to t o b o x B3 where th e the operat ion of co mputers
the " B" ro w and opening box following directive would be is decep tively simp le and
B1 where more d irectio ns arc fou nd: incredibly powerful.
fou nd: "If th e present value on
" If the present value on your scratch pad is a
your scratch pod is not zero "negative number" jump to
go to box B3. " box B5."
At this time if the person Since th is is not currently
checks th e scratch pad it will th e case the person will not
be fou nd that the val ue o n " JUMP" to box B5, but will
the sc ratch pad is indeed simply conti nue to ope n box
non - z er o as th e la s t B4 which contains:
calculation performed o n t he " Th e value in box H7 is
scratch pad was to subtract larger than the value in box
th e val ue in box HS fro m t he H8. STOP!" One of the best analogies
value in box H7. In this At t his poi nt the person for describing a co mputer's
example th at wou ld be: h a s co mple te d th e basic operatio ns is to ccn-
9·3=6 " instruction sequence" for sider a bank of boxes,
Therefore the directio ns in this example. It should be
box B1 for th is particular similar to a bank of Post
noted, ho wever, that box B5
case will tell the operator to Office mail boxes . . .
d id contain t he message:
"jump over" box B2 and go " The value in box H 7 is
to box B3. For the sake of smaller than the value in box
comple teness, ho wever, box H8. S TOPf "
B2 d o c s c on t a in a n This li ttle example of a
instru ction, for had th e value person open ing up boxes and
o n th e sc ratc h pad been zero fo llow i ng t h e d irec ti ons
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8
81 82 83 B4 85 86 87 88
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8
H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8
Fig. 1. A se t o f Post O(fice pi~on holes con raining meSSdt}('s,
69
 precise sequence, can be used from a grou p of ma il boxes
to solve a problem even and th e basic operat ion of a
though the "variables" (data) real minicomputer.
Fig. 2(<1). The computer structure in the problem may vary. Fig. 2(a) shows the Post
compared to the Post Office pigeon Such a set of " instruc tions" is Office bo xes, a figure
holes. ofte n termed an "algorithm" represe ntatio n of a person
by those in the computer who is able to "fetch" and
.
A>
"aa A>

" .. M M

es
"es " M

cr ca ca
or oz or
POST OFfICE BOXES
" "
"G' G7" G'" G'" G'" GO G7" os"
"' "' '" '" '" "" "' ""
PERSON
~ ---,
PAD & PENC IL
contained in each one is very
similar to t he concept used
by a computer. Note that
each "i nstruction" is very
short and specific. Also note
tha t the combination of all
the i nstructions in the
exa mp le will result in the
person bei ng direc ted to solve
t he problem:
Is I + X greater than, less
than, or equal to: 6 + Y?
For th e reader can note, if
the "data words" co ntai ned
in boxes A2 and AS for the
example were changed, the
" "ca
".. cs
"
os os
" na
" es
" MEMORY
D
" " "rs "
CEN TRA L
"" PROCESSING
UNIT
" ACCUMULATOR
sequence of "instructions"
would still resu lt in the
person being told to "STOP"
at th e box t hat co ntai ned the
correc t answer. The reader
can verify this by simply
assuming t hat different
numbers than those used in
the example are in boxes A2
and AS an d going through the
i nstruction sequence until
told to "S TO P."
The example illustrates
how a carefully planned set
of directions, arranged such
tha t they are per formed in a
fie ld. The example solved a
mathematical problem using
the "algorithm," but the
r e a d e r wil l fi nd that
"algorithms " can be devised
to solve many pro blems on a
computer that are not st rictly
mat hematical!
Any person lear ning a new
skil l must of necessity learn
the vocabulary of the fiel d in
order to proceed to any great
extent. You might think that
i t would be easier if
everyth ing was written in
plain everyday words, but t he
truth of t he matter is that
special ized vocabularies do
serve several usefu l
functions. For one thing,
they can greatly shorten the
time t hat it t akes to
communica te ideas or
concepts. I n today's
fast-moving world, tha t is of
significance in itself. In
addition, the limitations of
the English language often
result in a given word havi ng
a special meaning when it is
used in the context of a
particular subject. One must
know the new meaning when
it is used in such a manner.
Fortunately, much of the
computer vocabulary is very
logically named . This is
pro bably due partly to t he
fact t hat computers are of
n e c e s s i t y extremely
dependen t on logic, an d
hence many persons who
helped create t he field - an d
by that fact were rather
logically oriented themselves
- seem to have had the
logical sense to have named
many o f the parts and
systems of computers and
com puter programs, in a
logical manner.
In the text which follows,
two d iagrams, Figs. 2(a) and
2(b), are used to demonstrate
th e analogy between t he
person ta king " instructions"
retu rn the "instructions " or
"data" from an d to t he
boxes, an d a "scratch pad"
on which the person can
make tempo rary calculations
when directed to do so.
In Fig. 2(b) are three
interconnected boxes which
form a " block diagram" of a
comp uter. The uppermost
por tio n of th e " block
d iagram" is labeled the
"memory." The middle
portion is labeled the "central
processor unit" or "C PU" for
sho rt. The lower part of the
d iagram depicts a n
"accum ulator. "
The correlatio n between
the two pictu res is ex treme ly
simple. The "Post Office
boxes" correspond to t he
"memory" portion of a real
computer. T he " memory " is
a storage place, a loc at ion
where instruct ion s and data
can be stored for long lengt hs
of time. The "memory" can
be "accessed." " Instructions"
and/or "data" can be taken
out of memory, ope rate d on,
and replaced . New " data" can
be put into the "memory." A
"memory" that can be "read
from" as wel l as "written
into " is called a "read and
write memory." A "read and
write memory" is often
referre d to as a "RAM" as an
abbrev iation. Many times it is
feasible to have a "memory"
that is on ly " read from." A
me mor y th at is never
" writte n into," bu t is only
used to "read fro m," is
te rme d a " rea d on ly
memory" and is abb reviated
as a " ROM." For the present
d iscussion t he t erm
"memory" will refer to a
" read and write me mory"
("R AM").
T he fi gure of a person in
Fig. 2(a) corresp on ds t o t he
central processor unit in Fig.
2(b). The cental processor

70
 unit in a compu ter is the
section that " controls" the
ov e rall operation of the
machine. The " CPU" can
receive (fetch) "instruct ion s"
or "data " fro m the memory.
It is able to "interpret " t he
"in stru ctions" it fetc hes fro m
the memory. It is also ab le to
perform various t ypes of
mat hematical opera tions. It
can also "return" info rmatio n
to t he memory - for insta nce
make deposits of "data" into
the memory . The "CPU" also
contains con tro l sections that
enable it to sequentially
"access" the "next" location
in memory when it has
fin ished perform ing an
operatio n, or, if it is directed
to do so, to "access" the
memo ry at a specified
location, or to "jump" to a
new area in memory from
which to continue fetchi ng
" instr uc tio ns."
The pad of paper and
pencil in F ig . 2(a )
corresp onds to the block
titled "accumulator" in Fig.
2(b). The "accumulator " is a
tempor ar y "register" or
"manipulating area" which is
used by the C PU when it is
performing ope rations such as
adding two nu mbers. O ne
n u m b er o r p iece o f
in f o r m a t i on ca n b e
temporarily held in it while
the central processor unit
goes o n to obtain addit ional
instructions or data from
memory. It is an electronic
" scratch pad" for the CPU.
The three fundamental
units - the memory, central
proce ssor unit, and the
accumu lator - are at the
he ar t of eve ry d igi tal
computer syste m. Of co urse,
there are o t her parts which
will b e a d ded in and
explained later, but these
fundamental port ions can be
used to explain th e basic
o p e ra t io n o f a d igital
c omput er which is the
purpose o f this article .
The reader shou ld learn
the name s of the basic parts
of the computer as they are
presen ted. Note ho w ea sy it is
to remember th e po rtio ns t hat is to be performed. Each
tha t h ave been shown. The operation it is capable of
"remembe ring" elemen t is a doi ng is very ti ny by itself,
" memory. " The portion th at b u t w h e n th e many
d oes th e "w o rk " o r ope ra tio ns of a typical
processing is simply termed " program" are perfo rmed in
the "central processor unit," sequence, th e solu tions to
and th e part that is used to very complex problems ca n
accumu la te informat ion be obtained. It is important
temporari ly is ap tly called t he t o rem ember that the
"accu mu lato r! " compu ter can perform each
The reader should now little operation in just a few
have a conceptu al view of the millionth s of a seco nd! Thus
concept behind a co mputer 's a program th at might seem
oper at ion a n d an very large to a perso n - say
und er st andin g o f th e one with many thousands of
m ach ine' s m o st b a s ic i n divi d ual instruct ions
organization. It is simply a would o nly ta ke a digital
mac hi ne that can fetch compu ter a few th ousand ths
information from a memory, of a seco nd to perform. T he
interpret the information as sp e e d with wh ich th e
a n i nst ruction or data, comp uter c a n exe cute
pe rfo r m a ve ry sm all ind ividual instr uctions is what
operation, and continue on to gives t h e c omputer its
dete rmine the nex t operation seemingly fantastic capability.
Fig. 2(b). Block diagram of a comp u ler~ fundamental componen ts,
MEMORY
CENTRAL
PROCESSOR
UN IT
(C PU)
ACCUMULATOR
It is now time to start
delving i nto t he actual
physical manner in which a
compu ter opera tes. Ho w can
a mac hine be cons truc ted so
that it is able to perform the
pr o cesses of th e ce nt ral
processor unit? Wh il e it will
req uire a number of pages of
tcx t to explain the proc edure,
it is not nearly as difficult to
understand as many peo ple
mi gh t s uspec t. T he
complex ity of a com puter
'when first viewed by a person
is caused by th e fac t that it
appea rs to consist of many
hundred s of parts. It becomes
m u ch simpler when o ne
und er st and s t ha t t he
hundreds of parts are really
made up from a few dozen
similar par ts and they are
carefu lly organized into just a
few major operating portions.
The re ade r is already fam iliar
with the most fu nda mental
portions,
As fantastic as it may
sou nd at fi rst, a d igital
compu ter ca n be thought of
as really nothing mo re than a
highly organ ized collection o f
" on o r off" swi tches ! Yes,
compu ters are construc ted
from electro nic devices th at
can only assume one of two
possible s tates! The electronic
switches can be constructed
in a varie ty of ways. For
instance, th e swi tch can be
made so that th e vol tage at a
given point is eit her high or
lo w, or curren t th rou gh a
device is eit her fl owi ng or not
fl owing, or fl owing in o ne
directi on, and the n the other
direction. But, regardless of
how the electronic switc h is
co nst ructed, its status can
always be represented as
being either "on " or " off."
This " on" or " off" stat us can
b e math em a tic al l y
symbolized mo st suitably by
a mathematical syste m based
on "binary " notation.
Some peo ple tend to think
t hat comp uters are very
d iffi cu lt t o u n de rsta nd
because they have heard of
" str ang e" ty pes of
math ematics that are ofte n
71

As fantastic as it may
sound at first, a digital
computer can be thought
of as really nothing more
than a highly organized
collection of "on or off"
switches!
refe rred to in conjunction
wit h comp ute rs. In actual ity
much of the mathematics
th at a re dealt with in
compute r technology are
much easier to understan d
and dea l with t han the
d ecimal syste m that t he
average person is fami liar
w i th o I n t he deci ma l
numbering system a person
m u s t learn 10 differen t
symbo ls, and in order to
man ipulate th ose symbo ls,
they must memorize a lot of
information . For instance,
look at how st uden ts are
t a u gh t to multiply. T he
l earn i n g process actua lly
involves t he student having to
m em orize a rather large
number of facts. Because of
the way it is typically taught,
most students never realize
how much wor k th ey have to
go th rough just to learn the
m ulti plication tables! T he
teac her does no t stand up and
say, "O K, now you are goi ng
to memorize abo ut 100
facts. " Instead, over a period
of a few wee ks or so, the
student is made t o memorize
the toO or so facts - a few at
a t ime. The studen t must
learn the va lue of each digi t
mu ltiplied by all the other
di gi t s i n the d eci m al
n umbering system . The
decimal numbe ring system is
far mo re com plicated for t he
beginner than learning the
b inary numbering system,
and the binary numbering
72
system is the one uti lized by
compu ters at the ir most basic
funct ioni ng level. Th e reason
the compu ter uses the binary
system is because it is the
simplest system arou nd and
hen ce the easiest o ne with
whi ch t o co ns t ruct a
comput ing machine !
Readers know t he word
"binary" indicates " two."
Com pu ters are built up of
elec tronic switches t hat can
only have two possible sta tes.
Th e switc hes are binary
devi ces. The stat us of the
switches can be represe nted
mathemat ically utiliz ing th e
" binary" num beri ng system.
T he binary numberi ng system
on ly has t wo digits in it!
They are zero (0) and o ne
(1). A switc h can thus be
mathematically symbo lized,
for instance, by a ze ro whe n
it is "off" an d a one when it
is "on." Th e opposite
relationsh ip coul d also be
established, a one cou ld be
used to re prese nt a switc h
being "off" and a zero used
to represent a switch as "on."
It would ma ke no difference
math e m a ti c all y whi ch
conven tio n was used as long
as one was consiste nt. For t he
p u r poses of the prese nt
discussion, the reader can
ass ume that t he first
convent ion (switch off = 0,
switc h on = 1) wi ll be used.
l t sho uld be immed iately
app arent that wor king wi th a
numberi ng systcm based on
only two integers will be a lot
easier than wor king wit h o ne
having to integer symbo ls. In
f act, most problems for
peo ple lear ning the binary
syste m come abou t because
they tend to forget how
simple it is, and they ten d to
keep going toward s a decimal
solu tio n ou t of habit when
they are work ing with t he
binary system. For inst ance,
when one starts to add binary
numbers, as soo n as the va lue
" 1" is exceede d, a "carry " to
the next colu mn must be
mad e. The value of the
add it ion of "1 + 1" in t he
binary system is: 1O. It is not
2! There is no such intcger as
"2" in the binary numbering
system. However, when a
person who has worked with
the decimal system for ye ars
fi rst starts working with t he
binary system, o ld deci mal
habits tend to get in the way.
The read er will have to
beware !
To formally introdu ce the
binary mathematical system
one can sta rt by stating that
it uses t wo integers, zero (0)
and one (1), and no o the rs . A
binary numbe r has a value
determined by th e value of
the integers that make up the
number, and the posit ion of
the digits.
In the decimal numbering
system, the reader is fa miliar
with th e location of a digit
having a " we ighte d" value as
foll ows: A three digit nu mber
has a value de te rmined by t he
unit value of the digit in th e
right-most co lu mn plu s t he
value of the digit to the left
o f it multiplied by 10 , plus
the value of the thi rd digit
multiplied by one hundred as
ill ustrated in the following
examp le:
T HE D ECIMAL N UMBER
345 IS EQUAL TO:
5 UNITS = 5
PLUS(+) 4 TIMES 10 = 40
PL US (+) 3 TIMES 100 = 300
In oth er words, afte r the
right-most column (which has
the value of the digi t), each
co lumn to t he left is given a
weigh t i ng fac to r which
increases as a power of t he
total number of digits ut ilized
by th e numbering syste m.
Note t hat in the above
exa mple the 4 represen ti ng
40 units is equal to 4 t imes
t he n um b e r of integer
symb o ls in th e decimal
syste m (10) because it is
located in t he seco nd co lumn
from th e right. The nu mber 3
represe nting 300 un its is
equal to 3 tim es the nu mber
of int eger symbols in t he
dec ima l sys tem squared
because it is located in the
third co lumn fro m the right.
T h is relationship of t he
weighted val ue of the digi ts
based o n the ir position can be
descri bed in mathematical
sho rt hand as follows:
If the number of different
int e ge r symbols in t he
numbering system is U (for
the decimal system U=1 0)
an d t h e co lumn whose
weighted value is to be
determined is column number
M (starti ng wit h t he right-
mo st col u mn and coun t ing to
the left)
and any digit is represented
by the sy mbol X
t hen the we igh ted value o f a
d igi t in co lum n M IS
expressed as:
X t imes U raised to t he power
(M-1) or X U(M- l)
T he reader can easily
verify tha t the above fo rmula
a pp lies to t he decimal
num beri ng system. However,
t he above form ula is a general
formu la that can be used to
d e ter mi n e t he weighted
positi o nal value of any
numbe ring system. It will be
use d to de ter mine t he
weighted positional val ues of
n um be r s in t he binary
numberi ng system.
In t he binary nu mbering
system there are just two
differe nt integer sym bo ls (0
and 1). Thus U in the above
formula is equal to 2. For
illustrative purposes assume
the fo llowing binary number
is to be analyze d:
10 1
and it is desi red to de termi ne
its value in terms of decimal
number s . (Remember its
binary value is just 1 0 1 ).
Using the above formula for
the digit in the ri gh t-most
column : M is equal to 1, thus
(M·l) is equal to 0, and wi th
X = I:
Weigh lcd Val ue = X. U(M.1 )
= 1. 20= 1
(Remember that any number
raised to the zero power is
equal to 1.) Going o n to the
next digit it ca n be seen th at
the weighted val ue is simp ly
O! Finally, th e digit in the
third co lumn fro m the right
h as th e wei ghted value
because of its posit ion:
Weight~d Value = X . U(M-1)
= 1 . 213-1) = 22 = 4
Then, by adding up the sum
of t h e we igh ted val ues
(similar to that done for t he
decimal exa mp le earlier) one
can sec th at the decim al
equ ivalent of 1 0 1 binary is
5:
THE BINARY NUMBER 101
IS EQUAL TO:
1 UNITS = 1
+ 0 TIMES 2 = o
+ 1 TIMES 4 4 WORD #5
and thus 1 Ol in the binary
numbering system is the same
as 5 in the decimal numberi ng
system.
The re will be more to
learn abo ut the binary
numbering system. However,
the brief informa tio n given
will be enou gh to continue on
with the discussion tha t th is
section is primarily concerned
with - the basic operation o f
a computer. Since the reader
is now aware that a computer
is composed of numerous
elec t r o nic s wi t ches and
knows th at o ne ca n use a
mathema tical short hand to
represen t the sta tus of t he
switches (whet her th ey arc
"on " or "off"), and is also
aware of the fu ndamen tal
con cep t behind a computer's
operation , it is now possible
to proceed to show how
electronic swi tches ca n be
arranged to bu ild a fu nct ional
co mp uter. That is, how the
electro nic switches ca n be
arrange d and inte rco nnected
in a fashion that will allow a
machine to "fetch" a piece of
inform ation fr om a
"memory" section, dec ode
the information so as to
determine an "i nst ruction,"
and also determine where to
obtain th e next instr uct ion or
add it ional "data."
To begin th is part of the
disc ussio n it will be beneficial
for th e reader to picture a
group of cells (similar to the
Post Office boxes shown
earlier) arranged in orderly
ro ws as shown in Fig. 3. T his
tim e, ins tead of eac h cell
h olding a c o m p le te
instru cti on , i t ca n be
understood th at each cell
WORD # 1
WORD #2
WORD # 3
WORD #4
WORD #6
WORD # 7
WORD #8
Fig. 3. A n array of elec tronic cells, 8 bi ts per cell.
only represents part of an
instruction and that it take s a
whole row of cells to make
up an ins truction .
Furthermore, eac h cell may
o n ly co n tain the
mathemat ical symbol for a
one (1) or a zero (0) - or, in
o ther words, its con tents
represent th e sta tus of an
electronic switc h!
At this time a few more
c o m p u t e r t echnology
defi ni tions will be illustrated.
In Fig. 3, each box containing
a binary 1 or 0 re presen ts
wh at is ca lled a "bit " of
inform ati on . Wh ile eac h cell
may o nly contai n o ne piece
The decimal numbering
of information at a time , a
cell can actually rep resent system is far more com-
one of two possible sla tes of plicated for the beginner
information . Th is is because than learning the binary
the cell can be in two possible numbering syst em, and
sta tes - it eit her conta ins a the binary numbering
zero or a o ne. If o ne starts system is the one utilized
assigning positional values to by computers at their
the cells in a row , it can be most basic functioning
seen th at th e total nu mber of
level .
possible states in o ne row will
increase rapidly. For instance,
two cells in a row can
represent up to fou r states of
information. T his is because
two c e ll s side-bv -si de ,
containing ei the r a 0 or 1 in
each cell can have one o f t he
foll owing four states at a
particu lar mom ent in time: 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
73
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{415} -183-209]
 The co mbinatio n of the
eight cells can be filled
with zeros and ones in
256 different patterns.

0,0 1,1 1, or 0 O. Three cells current LS I technology, a a n " inst ruc tio n" can be does is " increment" the value
in a row can represent up to typical module of moderate decoded by the CPU and will it has each time the CPU
eight states of information as price has 1024 bytes in an cause the CPU to perform a fi nishes doing an operation.
the possible states of three 8-bit computer system. With specific function. De tails of Thus, if th e computer were to
cells side-by-side are: 000,0 the 8008 oriented design al l the func tions a compu ter s ta rt executing a simple
o 1, 0 1 0,0 1 1, 1 00, 1 0 " serving as the basis for this can perfo rm are usually program that began by its
1 1 0, 1 1 1. In fact, when article, one could potentially fou nd in the manufacturer's performing the instruction
each cell can represent a plug in 16 such modules for a docu mentation. contained in "word # 1" in
binary number, the total total of 16,384 bytes or There is another ingredient memo ry - the very process
number of states of 131,072 bits. Thus, a. large necessary for making the of having the mach ine start
infor mation that a row of amou nt of informatio n can machin e "automatic" In the program at that location
"N" cells can represent is: 2 be "stored" in th e compu ter's operati on . That is that the in memory would cause the
to t he Nth power, 2 n. Thus, a memory at any one time. CPU must "know" where to program counter to assume a
row of eight binary cells can The astute reader may obtain the next "instruction " value of 1. As soon as the
represent 2 to the eighth have already fi gured out a in mem ory afte r it completes C PU had performed the
(256) states of information! ve ry special reason for an operation. That fu nc tion is functi on t h e "p ro gram
That is, the combination of grouping cells into "words" greatly aided by having the counter" would increment its
the eight cells can be filled in memory. It was poin ted memory cells groupe d as value to 2 The CPU would
with zeros and ones in 256 out earlier that a row of eight "words. " The reader shou ld then look at the program
different patterns! cells could represent up to note that in Fig. 3 eac h group cou nte r and see that its next
A group (row) of cells in a 256 different patterns. Now, of cells representing a word instruction was located in
computer's memory is often if each possible pattern could was labe led as: "word # 1," word #2 in memory. When
referred to as a "word." A be " decoded" by electronic "wo rd #2," etc. There is a the instructi on in word #2
"word" in a computer's means so th at a particular special po rtion of th e ce ntral h a s be en processed the
memory is a fixed size group pa tter n could specify a processor unit tha t is used to " program counter" would
of cells th at arc "accessed" or precise "instruction " for the co nt ro l where the next word increment its value to 3. This
m a ni p ul a t e d dur ing one central processor unit, t hen a containing an instru ction in pro ce ss mi ght c o ntinue
opera tional cycle of the large group of " instructions" memory is located. This u ninterru pte d until the CPU
central processing unit (CPU). would be available for use by special part is co mmon ly fou nd an instruction t hat told
The CPU will effectively the mach ine. That is exac tly refe rred to as th e "program it to " STOP."
handle all the cells in a the concept used in a digital cou nter." One reason it was A sharp reader might be
"word" In memory compu ter. Patterns of ones given the name " program starting to ask, " Why have a
simultaneously whenever it and zeros organized into a counter" is because most of p rogram counte r if each
processes information in the computer "word" are stored the time all it does is count! instruction follows the
memory. Digital computers in memory. The CPU is able It counts memory words! nex t?" The answer is simply
can have varying "word to exami ne a word in Each word in memory is that the availability of a
lengths" depending on how memo ry and deco de the c o ns ide re d to have an " program cou nte r" gives the
lhey are engineered. Many pattern contained therein to "address." In Fig. 3 eac h freedom of not having to
microcomputers have a d e t e r m in e th e p recise word was give n an " address" always tak e the instructi on at
memory word size co nsisti ng ope ration th at it is to by simp ly designating each the next " addr ess" in
of eight ce lls. The number of p e rf o r m . Mo st mi cr o- word with a number. Word memory. This is because the
cells in a word, and the co mputers do not decode # 1 has an " address" of 1. contents of the " program
n u m ber of words in a everyone of the possible 256 Word #2 has an address of 2, counte r" can be cha nged
computer 's memory have a patterns that can be he ld in a e tc. The " program cou nter" when the CPU detec ts an
lot to do with the machine's row of eight cells as an porti on of the CPU keeps "instru ction " that directs it
overall capability. In the instruction. They have an tabs on where the CPU to do so! This enables the
typical microcomputer "instruction set" of over 100 s hou ld o btai n the next com puter to be able to
system, the memory is "instructions" which are instruction by main taining an "jump" arou nd to differe nt
available in modules ~ groups rep resented by different "address" o f the word in sections in memory , and as
of words which can be patterns of o nes and zeros in me mor y t hat is to be will become apparent later,
plugged into a common set of an eigh t cell memory "word." processed! Abou t 90% of the greatly in cr e ases th e
wires in the system. With Each pattern that represe nts time all the program co unter capability of the mac hine.

76

The "program cou nter" is
actually just a grou p of cells
in the CPU th at may conta in
either a bi nary zero or one.
The binary value in the row
of cells that constitute the
program counter determines
the "address" of a word in
memo ry. Si nce the number of
words in mcrrorv ca n be very
large, and since th e progra m
cou nter mu st be capable of
holding the address of any
possible locat ion in memory,
the number of celfs in a row
in the program counte r is
larger than the number of
cells in a word in memory. In
an 8008 oriented computer
design, for example, the
number of cells in the
progra m cou nte r is 14. Since
2 to the 14th power is
16,384, th e program counter
can present up to 16,384
dif fer ent p atterns. Each
pattern ca n be used to
represent the "address" of a
word in memory. Fig. 4
il lustrates what th e conte nts
of Ihe p rogram coun ter
would lo ok like when it
contained the address for a
specific word in memory. The
address the exa mple displays
is "ad dress 0" wh ich can be
considere d the first word in
memory. The reader should
note tha t an address of zero
There is a special portion of the central processor unit
(CPU) that is used to control where the next word
containing an instruction in memory is located - th e
"program counter." Most o f the time All it does is
count !
F'i g. 4. The program counter
of an 8008 based machine.
13 12 11 10 9 8
0 0 0 0 0 0
can actua lly represent a word
in memory !
Earlier it was stated th at
some "i nstruct ions" can
act ually change the value of
the program cou nter and thus
allow a program to "jump" to
different sections in memory.
However, the reader now
k no ws that a word in
memo ry only con tains eight
cells, and ye t the program
cou nter of an 8008 based
compu ter contains 14 cells.
In order to change th e entire
contents of the program
cou nte r (by bringing in words
fro m memory ), it is necessa ry
t o use more than one
memory word! This can be
done if the program counter
is considered to actually be
two groups of cells connec ted
togeth er. One group contai ns
eight cells, and th e other six.
In order to change the
c o n te n ts of th e entire
program counter, on e wh ole
eight cell word co uld be read
from a memory location and
placed in the right-hand
group of eight cells of the
p rog ram cou n te r. Then
ano ther eight cell word could
be read from memo ry. Si nce
only six more cells are needed
to fi nish fil ling th e program
cou nte r, the information in
two of the eight cells fro m
7 6 s ] 2 o
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
the second word bro ught in
fro m m emory could be
" d iscar de d ." I f t he
information in the two left
most cells of the word in
memory were thrown away
then the remai ning six cells
would contain information
that cou ld be placed in the
six unfilled locations in the
pro gram counter, Most o f the
comm on 8·b i t micr o -
co m p uters use a similar
sc he me of breaking an
address int o two pieces wh en
the program counter is loaded
in a jum p instruction .
In order to rna Ice it easier
for a person working with the
mac h inc to remember
"addresses" of words in
memory, a concept referred
to by computer techno logists
as " pa ging" is utili zed.
" Paging" is the arbitrary
assignment of "blocks " of
memory words into sectio ns
that a re ref erred to
figu rative ly as "pages." Th e
reader sho uld realize th ai the
actual physical memory un it
consis ts of all the words in
memory - wi th each word
assigned a numerical address
that th e mac hine uti lizes. As
far as th e mac hine IS
concerned, the words in
me mory a re ass ig ned
consecu tive ad dresses from
word #0 on up to the highest
word it contai ned in the
memory. However, people
using computers have fou nd
it easier to work wi th
a dd resses by arbitrarily
groupi ng "blocks" of words
into pages. For example in
the In tel 8008 "pages" are
considered to be " blocks" of
256 memory words. Th e fi rst
me mory word address in an
8008 syste m is at address
zero (0). Programmers could
refer to thi s word as word if{)
on page #0. The 256 th word
in memory as far as the
compu ter is conce rned has an
address of 255 . (Note: Si nce
the address of 0 is actua lly
assigned for the first physical
word i n m e m o ry , all
succeeding words have an
address that is o ne less than
the physical qua ntity !) A
programmer could refer to
this word as word # 255 on
page #0. The 257th word in
memory has an absolu te
add ress of 256 (" n"th wo rd
mi nus o nc since location 0
contains a memo ry word) as
far as the machine is
concerned, bu t a programmer
cou ld refer to tha t word
locatio n as being on page ':=-1
at locat ion O! Similarly, the
513 th word in memory, when
the pa gi n g concept is
used, becomes word #0 on
page # 2 for a pro grammer -
bu t it is just 512 as far as th e
machine is concerned. Paging
at mult iples of 256 is a
convenient tool when dealing
wit h a ny 8 ·bit micro-
computer.
The reader might have
noted a nice coinci dence in
regards to the assignment of
" paging" in 8-bit computers.
Each "page " refer s to a
77
"block" of memory words
that conta ins 256 locatio ns (0
to 255). The reader will recall
that that is exactly the
number of different patterns
that can be specified by a
group of eight binary celts,
and the re are eight binary
cells in a memory "word."
The relat ionship is more than
co incide ntal! Note t hat now
o ne has devised a co nve nient
way for a person to be able to
th ink of memory addresses
and at the same time be able
to specify a new address to
the program counter that will
still result in it containing an
"absolute" address that the
machine ca n u se . For
instance, if it was desired to
change the conten ts of th e 14
cell progra m counter fro m an
abso lu te address of word #0,
say to word # 511, the
following procedu re co uld be
used: The programmer would
fi rst specify an instructio n
that the CPU would decode
as meaning "change the value
in the program counter."
(Such an instru ction might be
a "jump" instru ction in the
instruction set.] Following
that instructio n would be a
word th at held the desired
value of the " low order
Fig. 5. The Pf09FdID co un te r with
ilddress 51 I represented in binary
notation.
13 12
0 0
address" or word # withi n a
"page." Since a memory
word only has eight cells,
since eight cells can onl y
represent 256 different
patterns, and since one of the
patterns is equivalent to a
value of zero, th en t he largest
num ber the eight cell s ca n
represe nt is 255. However,
th is is t he largest word # that
is co ntained on a page. This
value ca n be placed in t he
ri ght-most eigh t cells of the
progra m cou nter. Now it is
necessary to complete the
add ress by getting the
contents of another word
from memor y. Thus,
immediately following the
word that contained the " low
address" would be another
word th at contained the
"page if' of the address that
11 10 9 8 7 6 s 3
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
the program co unter was to
contain. In this case the page
number would be 1. When
th is value is placed in the left
six cells of the program
counter the program counter
wou ld contain the pattern in
Fig. 5.
If desired, the reader can
verify by using t he formula
p rese nte d previously for
determining the decimal value
of a binary nu mber, t hat th e
pattern prese nted in Fig. 5
corresponds to 51 1, and thus,
by using the "page ~' and
"word =: on the page, " each
of which will fit in an eight
cell memory word, a method
has been demonstrated that
will result in the program
counter being set to an
absolute address for a word in
2 1 o
1 1 1 I
memory. Fig. 6 provides
some examples as a summary.
By now the reader shou ld
ha ve a pr ett y g o od
under standin g o f th e
c oncepts re garding the
organizat ion of memory into
elec trical cells which can be
in one of two possible states,
the grouping of these cell s
into "words" which can hold
patterns which the CPU ca n
rec o g n iz e a s specify ing
particular operations, and t he
operat ion of a "program
counter" which is able to
hold th e " address" of a wo rd
in memory fro m which the
CPU is t o obtain an
instruction.
It is now time to discuss
the operation of the " scratch
pad" area for a computer -
t he accumul ator (and some

PAGE ffi WORD =0

~-~/'-_--- ~--~/'-~---..,
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 1ST PHYSICAL WOR D IN
IL- './~--------'
MEMORY HAS AN ABSOLUTE
ADDRESS OF : 0
ABSOLUTE ADDRESS IN THE PROGRA\I COUNHR

PAGE =0 "'ORO =-255

~-~/'-_---, r--- -/'-~---..,
o o o o o 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 256t h PHYSICAL WORD IN
MEMORY H AS AN ABSOLUTE
ADDRESS Of : 255
Fig. 6. EXilmples of ilddresses
in an 8008 based system.
PAGE # 1 WORD =0
~-_/'-_-~ ~--_/'-~---,
o o o o o 1 o o o o o o o o 2S7lh PHYSICAL WORD IN
IL- './~------- .\ l EMORY li AS AN ABSOLUTE
ADDRESS OF : 256
ABSOLUH ADDRESS I N TH E PROGRMI COUNHR

PAGE =-1 WORD = 1

.---_/'-~------, r-----/'-~---,
o o o o o o o o o o o o 1 258th PHYSICAL WORD IN
\1 EMORY tlAS AN ABSOLUTt
'./ ADDRESSOF: 2S7
ABSOLUH ADDRESS I N TH E PROGRAM COUNHR

78
additional "ma nipulating
registers" in the typical
8008 based compu ter).
As was poi nted out earlier ,
the re is a sec t ion of a
computer that is used to
perform calculations in and
whic h can ho ld info rmat ion
while the CPU is in the
process of "fetching" another
instruction from the memory.
The portion was ter med an
" accumula tor" because it
c o u l d "acc u m u la te"
informatio n o bta ined fro m
the CPU performing a series
of instructions until such
time as the CPU was directed
to transfer the information
elsewhere (or discard it). T he
acc um u la tor is a lso
cons ide red to be the primary
" mathe matical " center for
compu ter operations for it is
the place where ad ditions,
subtractions, a nd various
ot her mathematically
orie nted opera tions (such as
Boo lean algebra) are generally
perfo rmed under program
con tro l.
T h e c on c e pt of a n
"accumulator " is no t difficult
to understand and its physical
structure can be readily
explai ned. T he actual control
of an accum u la tor by the
CPU ca n be qui te comp lex,
PAGE = 1
"-
0 0 0 0 0 I
ABSOLU TE AD DR ESS I N TH E PROGRAM COUN TER
PAGE # 1
»<;
0 0 0 0 0 1
I
ABSOLUTE ADDRESS I N TH E PROGRA\I COUNTER
PAGE ::2
"-
0 0 0 0
0 0
I MEMORY HA S A N ABSOL UTE
ABSOLU TE AD DRESS I N TH E PROGRAM COUN TER
PAGE ::3
A.
0 0 0 0 I I
AB SOL UTE A DDRlSS IN THE PROGRA.'" COUNTER
but these complex electronic
manipulations do not have to
be understood by the
compute r user. It is only
necessa ry to know the "e nd
re s ul t s" o f the var ious
opera t io ns t hat can be
pe rfo r me d w i th in an
accumula tor.
The accumulator in an
Intel 8008 based machine can
be considered as a grou p of
eight "memory cells" simila r
to a " word" in memo ry
except th at the info rmat ion
i n t he cells c an be
manipu lated in many ways
that are not directly possible
ina word in memory.
Fig. 7 shows a collection
of e ig ht b i nary ce lls
conta ining o nes a nd zeros to
represent a n acc umu lator.
The ce lls are numbered from
left to right starti ng with
"B7" do wn to " BO." The
designations refer to "bit
positio ns" within the
accumulator. No te that t he
right-most cell is designated
80 and the eighth cell
(left- mos t cell) is design ated
B7. The re ad er should
become thorough ly familiar
with the concept of assigning
the reference of "zero" to the
right-most bit po sition in a
row of cells (si milar to t he
WORD=1
, I "-
0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0
'-/
WORD =155
"-
I 1 1 I 1 I
'-/
WORD ::()
"-
0 0 0 0 0 0
'-/
wORD ::255
"-
I I I I I I I
'-/
Fig. 7. The accumul.1tor, pictured
with binary 101010 JO (decimal
value 1 6 0 ) in its 8 bits.
B7 B6 B5 B4
1 o o I
co ncept of assigning a
reference of zero to the first
address of a word on a page
in memory) as the convention
is frequently used by
computer tech nologists. The
conventio n can be confusing
fo r the begi nne r who fails to
remember t hat the physical
qua nti ty is o ne more than the
reference designation. T he
convention of labeling the
first physical position as zero
ma kes much more sense once
the reader learns to thin k in
t e rm s of t he b in ar y
Th e accumulator simply
holds a num ber-it adds
and subt rac ts- a nd "ro-
tates" its conte nts.
, memory or one of the
259th PHYS ICAL WORD IN
~1C\IORYHAS AN ABSOLUTE
ADDRESS OF: 258
I appare nt later that the
1 512th PHYSICAL wORD IN
\1[ .. tORY HAS AN ABSOLUTE
ADDR ESS OF : 511
0 SHIh PHYSICAL WORD IN
ADDR ESS OF: 512
102-1lh PHYSIC AL WORD IN
ME.:\.10RY H AS AN ABSOLUT E
AODR lSS OF: 1023
B3 B2 Bl BO
o I 1 o
n um ber ing sys tem an d
thoroughly realizes that the
"zero" referred to so
frequently in computer work
when discussing actual
opera tio ns actually re presents
a physical state [the status of
an elec tro nic switc h) and
does no t necessari ly imply
the mathematical notion of
"nothing." The concept of
assigning a bit designation to
the positions of the cells
within the accumula tor will
allow the reader to follow
ex p lana t io ns o f various
accumulator operations.
One o f the most
fundamental and most often
used operations of an
accumulator is for it to
simply hold a number while
the CPU obtains a second
operator. In an 8008 ty pe of
machi ne the accumu lator can
be " loaded" wi th a value
obtained from a locat ion in
"partial accumu 1.1 tors." I t can
then hold this value until it is
time to perform some other
operatio n wi th t h e
accumula tor. (t t w ill become
accumula tor of an 8008 can
also receive information from
external devices.)
Perhaps the second most
often use d operation of an
accumu la tor is to have it
p e r f o r m m at h em at ic a l
operations such as addition or
subtraction wlth the value it
contains at the time the
function is performed and the
contents of a memory
location or one of the
"partial accumu la tors." Th us
if t he accum ulator contai ned
79
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Fig. 8. Adding the content of a memory wwd to
B7 B6 B5 B4
I0 I0 I0 I0 I0
the binary equivalen t of the
decimal number 5, and an
instruct ion to add the
co n ten ts of a speci fic
memory location which
contained the binary
equivalent of the decimal
number 3 was encountered,
the accumulator would end
up with the value of 8 in
binary form as shown in Fig.
8.
Perh aps the next most
frequently used group of
ope ra tions fo r the
accumulator is for it to
pe r form "Boo lean"
mat hematical operatio ns
between itself and/or other
"partial accumulators " or
words in memory. These
operations in the typical
microcomputer include the
logical "and," "or," and
"exclusive or" operations.
Another importa nt
capability of th e accumulator
is its ability to "rotate" its
co ntents. In an 8008, as in
many micros, the co nten ts of
t he accumulator can be
rotated either to the right or
left. This capability has ma ny
useful functions, and is one
method by which
mathematical multiplication
or division can be performed.
Fig. 9 illustrates the concept
of "rotating" the contents of
the accumulator.
82
tb~ accumulator.
B3 B2 B1
1 I 0 ORIGINAL CONT ENTS
OF THE ACCUMULATOR
CONTENTS OF THE
SPECIFIED WORD IN
MEMORY
FINAL RESUL TS AFTER
THE ADDITION IN THE
ACCUMULATOR
Th e astute reader may The "carry fl ag" can be
notice that the accumulator consi dered as a one bit (cell)
rotate capability also enables extension of the accumulator
the accumulato r to emulate a register. This flag is changed
"shift register" which can be if the contents of the
a valuable function in many accumulator should
practical applications of the
"overflow" during an
computer. addition operation (or
The accumulator serves
"underflow" during a
another ex tremel y powerful subtraction operation). Also,
functio n. When certain the "carry bit" can be
ope rations are performed uti lized as an extension of the
with the accumu lator the accumulator for certain types
com pu ter is capable of of "rotate" commands.
examining the results and will T he "sign flag" is set to a
then " set" or "c lear" a logic state of " 1" when the
special group of " flags ." most significant bit (MSB) of
Other instructions ca n then the accumu lator (or partial
test the status of the special accumu lator) is a "1" after
"flags" and perform certain types of instructions
operations based on the have been performed. The
particular sening(s) of the name of this flag derives from
"flags." In this manner the the concept of using two's
machi ne is capable of complement arithmetic in a
"modifyi ng" its behavior register where the MSB is
when it performs operations used to designate the sign of
depe nding on the resu lts it the num ber in the remaining
obtains at t he time the bit positions of the register -
operat ion is performed ! conventionally, a " 1" in t he
I n a n 80 0 8 based MSB designates the number
computer, there are four as a "nega tive" number. If
special flags which are the MS B of the accumulator
manipulated by the results of (or partial accumulator) is
operations with the "0" after certain operations,
accumulator (and in several then the "sign flag" is zero
special cases by operations (indicating that the number
with "partial accumulators"). in the register is a positive
These four flags are described number by two's complement
in detail below. Other micros convention).
have similar co ndition flags. The "zero flag" is set to a
logic state of "1" if all the
bits in the accumulator (or
partial accumulator) are set
to zero after certain types of
operations have been
executed. It is set to "0" if
anyone of the bits is a logic
o ne after these same
operations. Thus the "zero
flag" can be utilize d to
determine when the value in a
particu lar register is zero .
The "parity flag" is set to
a " 1" after certain types of
operations with the
accumulator (or partial
accumulators) when the
number of bits in the register
that are a logic one is an even
value (without regard to the
positions of the bits). T he
"parity flag" is set to "0"
after these same operations if
the number of bits in the
register that are a logic one is
an odd value (1, 3, 5 or 7).
The "parity flag" can be
especially valuable when data
from external devices is being
received by the computer to
test for certain types of
"transmission errors" on the
information being received.
In its simplest form, a
group of swi tches can
be used as an input de-
vice and a group of lamps
as a n output device!
In addition to the full
accumulator previously
discussed there are six other 8
bit registers in the Intel 8008
computer referred to as
. , partial accumu lat or s"
because they are capable of
perfor ming two special
functio ns normall y associated
with an accumulator (in
addition to simply serving as
temporary storage registers).
The full accumulator will
often be abbreviated in this
manual as "ACC" or "register
A." The six "partial
accumulators" will be
referred to as "registers B, C,
D, E, H and L."
 Regi..ter.. a, C, D, E, Hand
L of an 8008 are all capable,
upon being directed to do ..0
by a specific instruction, of
either incrementing or
decrementing their contents
by one. Th is capabili ty allows
t h e m t o be u sed a s
"cou nters" a nd " poi nter s"
whi ch a rc ofte n of
t r e m c nd ou s v aluc in
comp uter progra ms. Ymat
ma ke s th e m especially
valuable in 8008 arc hitecture
is that when their contents
are incremen ted or
decremented the immediate
result.. of that regi s ter will
affect the status of t he
"zero," "sign," an d "parity"
fl ag.. disc ussed a bove. Thus it
is possible fo r the part icular
con tents of these regi ster.. to
affect the operation of t he
compu ter dur ing the course
of a programs operation and
they can be used to "guide "
or modify a sequence of
operations b a s ed on
conditions found at the
actual time a program is
executed.
It should be noted that
reg!..ters a, C, D, E, H a nd L
are capable of be i ng
i ncreme nted a n d
decremented - but the full
accu mu lator - regist er A -
cannot perform those two
fu nc t io ns i n th e same
manner. ( The ful l
accumula to r can be
incremented or decremented
by any value by simply
adding or subtracting the
desired value. There is not,
however, a simple incremen t
o r decrement by one
instructio n fo r u..c wit h the
full acc umu lator o f a n 8008 !)
T wo o f th e p arti al
accumulators, registers Hand
L, serve a n addit ional pu rpo se
It has been said that the co mputer is the most versatile
machine in e xistenc e and that its applications are limited
only by man's ability to develop programs that direct the
operation of the machine.
Fig. 9. Rotating the content of the accumulator.
B7 B6 B5 B4
in the 8008 comp uter CPU.
Th ese t wo regist ers ca n be
used to di rectl y "point" to a
..pecific word in memory so
t h a t the computer may
obtain or deposit information
in a different part of memory
than that in wh ich a program
is ac tually being executed.
Th e reader should recall that
a spec ial part of the ce nt ral
processo r unit (CPU) termed
the program counter is used
to tell the compute r where t o
B3 B2 B1 BO
ORIGINAL CONTENTS OF THE
ACCUMULATOR (EQUAL TO
DECIMAL 2)
RESULT WHEN THE ACCUMU ·
LATOR IS ROTATED TOTHE
LEFT ONE TIME (V A L UE NOW
EQUAL 4 )
RESULT WHEN THE ACCUMU·
LATOR IS NOW ROTATED TO
THE RIGHT TWO TIMES (VALUE
NOW EQUAL 1)
NOTE THAT IF A ROTATE
RIGHT COMMAND IS DONE
AGAIN THAT THE "1" IN
POSITION B 0 WILL APPEAR
AT a 7 !!
AND THAT NOW A ROTA TE
LEFT COMMAND WOULD
RESTORE THE "1" IN
POSITION B 7 BACK TO B 0 !
obtai n t he next instruc t io n "register L" with the "low
while execu ti ng a program. a dd ress" portio n of an
The program coun ter was address in memory, a nd then
effectively a "dou ble word u tilizi ng o ne of a e ta..s of
length" register that could commands that wil l d irect t he
hold the value of any possible CPU to fetc h information
address in memory. T he from or deposit information
progra m counter is always in to the locatio n in memory
used to te ll the machine tha t is specified (" poi nted
where to o btai n the next to" ) by the " H" a nd " L"
inst ructio n. However, it is regis te r co nte nts. This
ofte n desi rable to have t he information flow ca n be
m a chin e ob t ain some fro m/t o the locati on specifie d
info rmat ion - suc h as a " data in memory and any of the
word" - from a locatio n in CPU regist ers.
me mory t h at is n ot At thi s time it would be
con nected with where t he beneficial fo r the reader to
nex t ins t ruction to be study Fig. 10. Fig. 10 is an
pe rformed is located. This expanded block diagram of
can be accomplished by Fig. 2( b) and shows the uni ts
simply lo ad ing "register H" of the compu te r which ha ve
wi t h th e "high address" been p rese nted in the
(page) po rt ion of an addre.... previous several pages.
in memory, the n loadi ng Until no w no ment ion has
83
 computer. Th is 110 structure is the most versati le mach ine
means thaI a whole group of in exis tence and thai its
devices can be simu ltaneously app lications are limited on ly
The computer's great versa tility comes about becau se the
hoo ked up to the computer by man 's ability to develop
machine is ca pable of execut ing a large group of instruc-
and the computer used to programs that direct the
tions in a n esse ntia lly limitless series of comb inat ions. receive informatio n from or ope rat ion of the mach ine. It
transmit information to a is undou brcdlv one of the
variety of devices as directed best mac hines for allowing
be e n m ad e o f how t ra n s d u c e r s , or teletype by a "program." A special set man to exercise and tes t his
information is put into or machines, or cathode-ray- of commands is used to creative powers through the
received from a computer. tube disp lay units, or instruct the computer as to development of programs
Naturally, this is a very vital keyboards, or "mag-tape" which " I/O port" is to be that direct the machine to
part of a computer because and "disk" systems - or operated at any particular perform complex operations
the machine would be rather wh a rever, are commonly i ns ra nt. With appropriate that can not only control
useless if people could not referred to as input/output programming it is then other mach ines, or perform
put info rma tion into the operations and are possible to have the computer calculations many times
machin e upon which collectively referred to in "communicate" with a large faster than humanly possible,
calculations or processing abbreviated form as "1 10" variety of devices in an but because it can be used to
could be done, a nd receive transfers. essentially "automatic" mode "simulate" or "model" other
information back from the In the Intel 8008 for instance receiving systems that it might be
machine when the computer designs all " I/O" information from a digital impractical to build for
operations(s) had been transfers are typically made multimeter at specified times, purely experimental
performed! between external " I/O ports" then possibly performing purposes. Thus man can
Communication s between (which connect to external some averaging calculations, crea te a "model" In a
the computer and external devices via appropriate and then ou tputting results to computer program and
devices whether those electronic connections) and a teletype machine without actually "play" with the
devices be simple switches, or the full accumulator in the human intervention. Or, in synthe tic model wit hou t
other app lica tions actually bui lding the physical
info rmat io n from a hu ma n device!
Fig. 10. The block dialJl'am of Fig. 2(b) fiJJed in wi!h the designations
operator ca n be typed in to T he computer's grea t
for an Intel BOOB compu ter.
the mach i ne u s i n g a ve rsatil ity comes about
tvpc wr itc r-flkc key board. In b ec a u se the machi ne is
MEMORY
0 1 0 0 0 , 0 0 WORD:< 1 AT PAGE 0 LO( 0
its simplest form , a grou p of
switches can be used as an
capable of executing a large
grou p of in struct ions in an
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WOR D #2 AT P.... GE 0 LOC 1 input device and a group of essentia lly limi tless series of
lamps used as an o utp ut com binations - t hese series
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 WOR D ;;<3 AT PAGE 0 LOC 2
device for the com puter! of inst ructions arc stored in
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 • H ow e v er , a m or e the memory bankfsl of the
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 • sop histicated system used in com pu ter - and a ne w series
many applica tions would be of instructi ons ca n be p laced
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 • to usc a te letype mac hine o r a in t he memory bank(s)
1 I , 1 1 1 1 1 WORD ttX AT PAGE Y LOC Z com bination of a keyboard whenever desired . In fact, the
and a cathode-ray- tube (CRT) memory bankfs) ca n often
display attac hed to input a nd h old several completely
outpu t ports to serve as the unre la t ed " program s" in
pri ma ry mea ns of 110. A differen t sections and thus
PROGR .... M COUNUR
perso n ca n t h us type one ca n have a mac hi ne tha t
info rma t ion on th e key board performs totally u nrelated
CENTRAL AN 8008 whic h will pass it into the tas ks simply by pushing a few
PRo(E~OR CPU WITH computer , a nd the compu ter buttons a nd th ereby dir ec ting
UNIT PROGRA"lCOUNTER can disp lay the resu lts of its th e m ac h i n e to sta rt
AND REGISTER STATUS FLAGS operations on the CRT execu t ing a new program in a
disp lay (whic h can, inci- differe nt section of memory!
fLAGS ..C: · .. Z,....S... & " P"
dentally. be made from an The digital computer is
ordinary oscilloscope and a capable of providing services
special CRT interface unit to people from all walks of
such as that described in Jim life! A person need only
REGISUR .. " •• = FULL ACCUMULATOR Hogenson's article in BYTE choose (or develop) programs
RlGlSTLR " 8~ " PARTIAL ACCU\lULATOR #2). and connect external
REGISUR -c- = P.... RTlAL ....CCUMULATOR Perhaps the most instruments that will provide
REGISTER " 0" = PARTIAL ACCU\lULATOR wonderful and exciting aspect the capabilities desired.
RlGl SUR " E~ = PARTIAL ACCUMULATOR
about a digital computer is its For instance, a scientist
REG "H" & ME 'lOR V P....GlPOI .. UR = PARTIAL ACCU'lULATOR
REG "L" & LOW .... DDRl~ POINTER " PARTIAL ACCU\lULATOR
tremendous versatility. It has might put a mathematical
been said that the computer calculator program into the

84
 computer 's memory an d use
t he co mpu ter as a
so phis t ica te d e lec t ro nic
ca lc u la to r b y u s in g a
calculator-tvpc keyboard as
an input device a nd a CRT
displ ay as a n outpu t device
on which to receive the
a ns wers t o co m p lex
ma t h em a ti c al calcula t io ns
wh i ch th e co m p u te r
performs. Aft e r using the
compu ter as a calcu lator fo r a
period of time, the scientist
might decide to uti lize the
s a m e co m pu t e r to
a u to mat ic ally record data
from instrumen ts du ring a n
exper iment. By s i m p ly
putting a d ifferent program
in the compu ter's memo ry
and plugging some peripheral
measuring instruments into
the compute r's I/O ports, the
scie nt ist cou ld have the
computer per iodically ma ke
measure men ts while he we nt
out to lunch a nd save the
resu lts in its memory. After
lunch the scientis t could have
the compu te r ta bulate and
present the data obtained
from the expe rime nt In
compact form. Then , by
merely putting a different
program in the memory, the
scie ntist cou ld have the
computer help him set u p and
arrange a " reference fil e" all
sort ed in to alp habe tical order
or an y manner t ha t wou ld
enable him to use the
co m p u t e r to ext ra ct
informati on far faster than a
manually operated "paper file
card" system.
So the computer can be a
valuable tool fo r a scient ist;
but, the same mach ine with a
d ifferent program in it s
m e m or y (a n d p o ssibl y
different peripheral devices)
could be used to cont rol a
c o mp le x manufa cturing
operation suc h as a plastic
injection molding machine. In
such a case I/ O uni ts that
coup led to tran sduce rs o n the
injectio n mo lding mac hine
might be used to relay
information to the computer
on a variety of parameters
such as temperature of the
The de velopment of computer programs ca n be an extremely
creative, exciting dod personally reward ing pa stime and
offers essentially limitless ways to exercise one's creative
capabilities .. . .
plast ic in the feed barrel,
amou nt of feed material in
the hopper and injec tio n
barrel, available pressu re to
th e mold jaws and feed
barrel, vacancy or filled status
of the mold and other use ful
parameters. T he computer
cou ld be program med to
ana lyze this information a nd
send back signa ls to control
the operation of heaters,
pre ssure valves, the feed rate
of raw materials, when to
in ject plastic into the mold,
when to e mpty the mold, a nd
o ther o pe ra tions t o e nable
the p last ic injec tion system to
o pe ra te in a n essentia lly
automa tic mode.
Or, a busi ness ma n cou ld
u se th e same computer
con nec ted to a n elec tric
typewrite r, with a suita ble
pr ogram in memory , to
compose, edit a nd then ty pe
out "p er sonalized form
letters" by direc ting the
compu te r to insert paragraphs
from a "ba nk of standard
paragraphs" so as to form a
p er sona l i ze d c us t o mer
an swering sys te m that wou ld
handle routine inqu iries in a
frac tion of the tim e (a nd
cost) that it would take a
secre tary t o prepare such
letters. Or, the businessman
might utilize the com pu te r to
h elp him co n t ro l hi s
inventory, o r speed up his
acc ou nting operatio ns.
However, a computer th at
costs as little as the typical
mic ro syste m does not have
to be rcstrtc ted to a business
or scie ntific environment.
The compute r that ca n do all
the types of tasks mention ed
above can also be used to
have fu n with, or to perform
valuable services, to private
individual s.
The co mputer can be used
as a sophisticated electron ic
calcula tor by almost anyone.
It can be used to com pose
le tters (usi ng a n edi tor
program) by virtually anyone .
Pro grams that so rt data
alphabetically or in vario us
oth er categories ca n be of
valu able servic e to people in
many a p p l ic a t ions. The
com pu te r can be used to
monitor and control many
hou sehold ite ms, serve as a
security monitoring syste m,
be connected to devices th at
will dial telephones, and do
thousands o f ot her tasks.
The elec tronic hobbyist
can be kept occupied for
yea rs with a digital comp uter.
For insta nce, o ne can buil d a
li ttle test ins trume nt that
plugs into a few I/O ports on
the com pute r, the n load
pro grams in to memory th at
will direct the compute r to
automa tically test elec t ronic
com ponents (such as comp le x
TTL integrated ci rcuits) in a
fr action of a s ec o n d !
(Busi nesses can do this too!)
Or a ham rad io ope rator
can put a program in to
me mory that will enable the
compu tcr to receive messages
typed in fr om a keyboard,
co n ve rt th e messages to
Morse code , and then ac tuate
an oscillator via an ou tp ut
port to send perfectly timed
Morse code. In addit io n, the
ham radio o perato r might use
th e co m p u te r with an
appropriate program to serve
as a "contest logging aid ."
The elec t ro nic hob byi st can be ke pt
occupied for years with a digital
co mpute r.
The " loggi ng ai d" would
serve as an insta nt refe re nce
fi le whereby the operator
cou ld e nte r the call s of
stat ions as they were worked
and have the comp uter veri fy
if the con tac t was a duplicate.
Th e compu ter cou ld do ot he r
tasks too, such as record the
time of the con tact by
checking an external digi tal
cloc k (or by utilizing a
program that would enable
the computer t o be used as a
clock within itself) !
And, the compute r can be
used to play nu merous games
with, such as uc-tac-toc,
chec kers, word games, card
games, and a large varie ty of
o ther types of games that one
can program a computer to
per form.
And perh ap s m o st
important - for the stude nt,
hobb yist , sc i e n tis t,
bu sines sma n , or a nyo ne
interested in th e excit ing
poss ibilities of its applications
the co n tempora ry
m i c rocomput er offe rs
unlimited possibil it ies fo r t he
expr e ssion o f individual
c re a t i v i ty. F or th e
development of computer
programs can be an extremely
c rea t ive , ex cit ing a n d
personall y rewarding past ime
a nd offe rs essentially lim itless
wa y s t o exe rcise one's
c rea t ive c ap ab il it ie s in
developing " algorithms" that
will e na ble th e machine to
per form desired tasks!
85
 Announcing!! The world's most advanced,
low cost, computer system available today!!

The MICRO-SPHERE 200

S860
SPECIAL FEATURES:
• Completely Assembled and Tested (Ready to use; not a kit.)
• 4k RAM (EXPANDABLE TO 8k)
• CASSETTE LOADER
• Sphere Cassette Operating System (SCOS)
supports file handling and Advanced Program
Development, System, an aid for developing your
programs.
• 16 Line by 21 Character Alpha Numeric Character
Generator (128 by 128 B & W Dot Matrix Graphic System
• Monte Carlo Games Package
• Operators Manual
• Attractive Mar-Resistant Plastic Case

--
- ...oe_'l O(:f$$OR ,..sno UCTlQN lK T _

"'. MPU I~ STRUCTI ON SET

• OC

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 The Micro-Sphere 200 Series computer is the most
ADVANCED, low-cost computer SYSTEM available
today. Together with a TV and up to three cessette
recorders you con have big computer performance at
a rock bottom price.
The system features a 6800 type micro-computer
with 4000 characters (4K Bytes) of internal Random
Access Memcxy (RAM) Storage. The memory is easi ly
eXp:r!dable to 8000 total characters with the addition
of on optional second 4 K of RAM, with even more
memory to be made avai lable short ly . The 4K byte5 of
memory is equlvelent to 6 -8 poges of close typewri tte n
material .
Acce$S into the Micro-Sphere ls achieved by the
keyboard or from cassette recorders. The compute r
can d isplay information on a standard TV screen (opt ion -
a lly supp lied) or store informati on on a ccssette re corder.
The keyboard uses highly relia ble keyswi tches to
insure use r satisfaction . It is fu ll a lpha-numeric
incl uding on in tegra ted numeri c key pod. The cossette
interface uses the "Kansas City" standard which means
that you can use even the lea st expensive cassette
recorders with your system satisfactorily though we
suggest that you do use high qua lity topes with your
system .
You may use your own TV without modification
as the system display device , or you may purchase one
from Sphere.
The power requirement is a single 1\0 volt AC
outlet. The unit uses less power than on ordinary
100 watt light bulb . Al l fuses, jo cks, switches, and
interface signols are prov ided on on ecsv-cccess
ponel at t he reor of the cabi ne t .
The Micro-Sphere is soppll ed with a built-in
loadi ng program from ccssette , which is in one
of the several standard or op tiona l Read On ly
Memory (ROM) Integrated Ci rcuits (IC} ,
ROM lC's are pre - programmed with speci fic non -
eraseable informa ti on . This fea ture great ly reduces
pfOgram load ing t ime and inconvenience, ROM's a lso
save valuable RAM storage . RAM's lose a ll stored
memory whenever the computer power is turned off,
while RO.v.s reta in all programs indefin ite ly .
The Micro-Sphere is unique in that 16, 384 different
dots on your TV screen can form any number of pictures
or designs wh ich you hove instructed your computer to
display . These images can be changed by the computer
program at a rate that appears as real-li fe movement,
such os aircraft flight simu lation, "walk-through M resistont high impact plastic designed to fit any modem
inspection of architectua l mock-ups, time-lapse stock
market graphic ooo lysis, or even computer generated
art forms, or space flight simulation where you con guide
your spacecraft to the moon, planets or the universe .
You can experience the thri ll of rolls, dives, loo pe ,
near-collisions and other types of aerial maneuvers to
out wit the Red Boron in your Sopwith Came l and then
the exc itement of a victorious landi ng as you crash at
the end of the approaching runway.
This some 128 row by 128 co lumn do t matrix can
form on a lpha -numeric display of up to 16 Iines by
21 characters . An opt iona l graphics input device
(Nouse) digi tizes hand movements when moved about
on a flat surface . The "Nouse" has a window and
crossha in, so it may be used for the accurate entry
of maps or other graph ic data.
The mouse may 0 150 be used in the place of a joy stick
for fli ght simulation or to enter hand mavements fOl'"
ping-pong or other games of skill.
Sphere COI'"p . has included in the basic price of
the Micro-Sphere 200 the hbite Carlo games package
on cassette, which allows you to ploy blackjack,
rou lette , ond other games just for fun .
The Sphere Cossette Operating System (SCOS)
is supp lied on tope and provides Assembler, Edit,
and Debugging functions to the computer when reod
in to RAM from the Cossette. Sub-routines for floating
poin t and trig functions are included in the seos cassette
and may also be purchased as on option in ROM . Sub-
routines are incl uded in SCOS which provide a ll nec -
essary a lpha-numeric charac te r generation for your
TV using appraximately 400 bytes of RA M. An
opt iona l charac te r generator ROM can be purchased
to reduce RAM usage to 50 bytes. seos 0 150 supports
file handling .
If the second 4K of RAM is purchased the mac ro
faci lity of the assembler is then available as on
extended a id to help you in the developmen t of your own
programs . The second 4K of RAM will a lso a llow you
to reod in extended Business Basic from ccssette ,
This basic prov ides 16 digits of decimal accuracy and
extensions for business use. This Business Basic can
make use of the Floating Point and Trig Package in
RAM or ROM to expand its capobilities into the
engineering fie ld . The Business Basic ond Trig
Packages are available in ROM, which leaves all
of the RAM storage avai lable for applications written
in the Beale language. This is a concept for which
you may poy 59 ,000 to get from an IBM 5100
computer.
One Cassette recorder is suffic ient to do everyth ing
by simply changing tapes . tv\u ltip le fil e handling such
as inven tory control, pa y roll, and genera l led ger
processing etc. will be more conven ient if two or
even three cassette recorders are used . For example
tope #1 may contain the last year- to-date accu mul-
a tion fi le , tope '2 may contain the present pay period
accoun t, whi le tope '3 is used to combine tapes '1
ond '2 into a new year- to-do te accumulation master
fi le. The second and third Cassette Interface options
ere avai lable for those who reqoi re them .
In the neor future. Sphere wil l release a Program -
mable Input/ Output Controller for use with printers,
d iSKS, and other input/output devices .
The attractive two -tone ccse is mode of mar-
decor . Additional srrength and protection to components
is provided by on internal metal chassis .
The unit is designed to operate in a normal home
or office environment without any extrc core . The
Micro-Sphere is the product of many years of exper-
ience in the micro-computer fie ld, prov iding a tremen-
dous omount of power and copability in the smallest
spoce-it requires only a small desk with space left over,
and it comes fu lly assembled and tested --ready to use.
5J1I-1EFlE
CORPORATCN
 PRICES FOR MICRO-S PH ER E 200 WITH OPTIONS

No . De$cription Price /Eoch Toto!

200 MICRO-SPHERE 200 - SYSTEM PRICE INCLUDES " A" ITEMS BEL ON ! 860.00 s 860.00
6800 type Micro-PrOl;e$$GlI" unit
4K of Memory (RAM)
Cossette Loading System (RO M)
Sphere Cossette Operating System (SCOS) Cossette 1 time license fe eJt 5137.50
Includes Floating Point ond Trig Pockoge Cesset te copy @ 12 . 50 5150.00 Incl .
"A" ITEMS Monte Carla Games Pa cka ge (Cassette) S10 .00 Incl .
First Cossette Interfoce
128 by 128 8&W Dot Motrix Grephles Disploy
Alpha - Numeric Keyboard
Attra cti ve McJ r-Reshtonl Plost ic Cese
Operators Noonual
OPTIONS AVAI LAaLE THROUG H FACTOII:Y INSTALLATI ON •
• To install options ahef' purchase is $35.00 per shipment to aur plonl .

"B" ITM Second 4K of memory (RAM) $180.00 SI80.00

"-- Chorocler Generator (ROM) S25.00 S25.00

I Second Cassette Interface

Extended Business Beslc (ROM)
$50 .00
$400 .00
$50 .00
$400 .00
"COO IT EMS Incl udes Business Beslc Noonual
Floating point & Trig pockoge (ROM) $130 .00 $130.00

L Third Cassette Interface $50.00 550.00

O PTIONS FO R PU RCHAS E NOT NEEDING FACTORY INSTALLATI O N .

Extended Business Basic an Cosse tte (Requires 2nd 4K of RAM ond SIOO .OO S1OO.00
Choracter Generator in ROM .) Incl udes Business Bosic Manual,
Floating Paint & Trig Packoge
9" TV for use with Micro-Sphere 200 S150.00 SI50.00
"Niouse" Graphics Input Device (Availnble in troy 1976) 2 ee , $150.00 $150.00
Operators Noonuol (SCOS) $10.00 $10.00
Business Basic fv\onuol $10.00 SIO .OO
M:Jintenance Monuol 540.00 540.00
Empty Cassette Tapes 3f~ $10.00 SIO .OO
20:>A INCLUDES MICRO-SPHERE 200 PLUS AL L OF "A" ITEMS AaOVE S860.00 $seO.OO

2008 INCLUDES MICRO-SPH ERE 200 PLUS ALL OF "A" & "8" ITE MS ABOVE $1065. 00 $1065.00

20X INCLUDES MICRO-S PHERE 200 PLUS ALL OF "A" & "8" & "C" ITEMS AaOVE $1695.00 SI695.00

EVERYTHING IS IN ROM II
AL L UN ITS ARE COMPLETELY ASS EMBLED AND READY TO USE II

MICRO - SPHERE OII:DE R FORM

Item Description Ouonti ty Price/ Each Total

I

2
3
4

A. Item Purcha se Totol

NAME
please pnnf cl earl y B. Utah Residents add 4 .75% tax
STREET C. Postage, hondling,shipping
and in ~-l::l' ? '¥.' f A
STATE D. Full W<- ran ty - 10% of A.
CITY : E. Order Total
STATE ZIP
PHONE NO . F. Down Poyment - 25%:;If E.

BANK CARD NO .
G. COD Sola nce
SPHERE generally oHers 60-90 day de ll~llfY on its pro-
duels, however. parts a~a ilabillty may delay oeuverv beyond
that time.
SIGNATURE
-
SPH ERE CORP. 791 South 500 West ,
--- -Tel. (801) 292·8466
Bount iful , Utoh 84010
Orders may be cancelled attar 120 days Witho ut penalty.
Spheres onlyobligation is to denver the product Introductory
offer ~alid in USA, only.
 You'll 80 nu-C:s oyer
our compu-C:ers!

And the Sphere Computer System costs

less than anyone else's terminal.
Com p lete ly in te lligent micro-systems . .. that's what we offe r. Just lo o k at the featu res, and the
prices. No co mp romisi ng, wi th no short cuts! Recently at W ESCON, SPHERE also d emonst rated its
new, full-co lo r and SA-V grap h ics terminal - and we have othe r new products. to be I'u st as
revol utiona ry as th e SPHERE 1 SYSTEM was w hen w e rel eased it last June. SPHERE 'R & D' wi I keep
ahead o f you r d emand s, no ma tter the state o f the art. Take one look at o ur catalogue , then call or
write us today.

\ PHERE I, Th" ",,'~m , n cl u d ~ ' ' he Mo,o,,,I, "':1m m,00l''''<<''o,. ~ P H ! R !':

Inclod.. ,II 0' lh,· ",·"u '.' 01 W HI R! I, ~ "er' 'he
4K RA.M. 1 ~ !P ~O M f<on,.m l n ~ ,n fD IH1 R, AS'il:MBl!R. mBUC- C4"e"~ ha, toeen ,.~I .. ed ,", .., 18M-«>mV..." I. Dua lllol'P" [)j,~
C ! ~, CUM MA" l} l'I"C UAC f. CASS, n! IOAm R, D I) M P!~ ~"tem, Ib" ""em ,n<lude>' D" '-ope"' ,nsw,,.m .nd MSlC
U1 III I I! ». • ~IAI - 11 "11 ClOC ~, plu, ';12 , h " . c l ~ r "d~o ,o' ~".," l,nS Udse dnd, oS tr.'1 Ion. w,n .. '
",,'h 'ull " <;<::1 1 , v, bo ,,,d dod o um~ "GCu "or . ..... p"d, pow'" ' uppl\',
C!"""" "",n u.I" .Old ,,,o,,.. 1'''''
~d 0 1 Hf ~ ~ P H n( P. O D lJ (1 ~ , ('S hl pen opl,OO, 'ull,olo , .nd B'W
" de o Srop h,', " ,Wm . low co" Dual f loppv V". ~'''em , nd l ull
~ PHE R E 1, Inc'ud~, all le"u '~' 0' W HI RI " p lu, ,~',., comm un.c. - 1,,,,· " I I"", co" p.. ' p h-e " "
toon" .nd aud ,o ca".". 01 MOrl! '1 ", .. ,f" .
SPHUt 3: In ltud., , II 'h. led ' Ulv, 01 ,P1tl RI I. plu' memo ,,"
11',
to.. I'" R '0
wh ,ch ;, , un;"e"' ,un 'ull ,, " " de d B"SIC l a n Ru,~~

NOW REPRESENTING SPHERE C OMPUTER PRODUCTS FOR DIRECT SALE & S ERV IC E
COMPUTER WAY INC . 15525 Computer Woy Huntin gton Beec h , Co lif. (714) 892-88 16
Ernie Dixon : Sphere Corp. Sout hern Co li fo rn io Coord inotor (2 13) 870-22 12

SIlI-fEI1E
CORPORATION
791 ~oul h 500 W~ "
Bo o " " ' u l, Ulah I!-IOl0
(801) 292-8466
 by
I C. Warren Andreasen WA6JMM
P.O. 80x 8306
Van Nuys CA 91409
A Versatile TTY Generator
A short time ago, an old
Mo del 15 Teletype
machine was, so to speak, left
on my doorstep. I wanted to
see it do something, and was
not sat isfied with poun ding
on the keyboard . Since I did
not have the proper terminal
unit and receiver combination
to copy off the air, I asked
mysel f what kind of a simple
test dev ice could be ma de
that wou ld ma ke the mach ine
print. I set to work thi nking
that an RY generator should
not be too hard, but much to
my surprise I came up with a
n.J
22 mS
osc
CONTR OL
STOP
1
m /
LS6
90
nifty little unit which is inex-
pens ive to build and yet will
pri nt every key and fun ction
useful test generator, but may
also be expanded into a com-
p lete tra nsm ission system
selected, and so on. T he
counter is an eight bit
cou nte r cons isting of a
o n t he Te let ype mac hine . Not with memory. CD4024 7 stage counter, a nd
o nly will it pri nt a test T he heart of t he system is Y2 o f a CD4013, adding t he
pattern tes t ing all f igures and a data selector (IC-S), a nd 8th stage. This counter is
letters, but it will also take an counter ( IC-2&3). T he d ata stepped by t he o ut put of an
input from an external selector has eight inputs a nd oscillator which steps t he
source, suc h as a memory one o utput. T he output is counter every 2 2 ms (refer to
device, and will generate con necte d to any one of the Fig. 1). T he fi rst t hree stages,
useful TTY signals. Wit h a inputs, a nd the selection is Q1, Q2 a nd Q3, are con-
simple interface, this unit d one b y the BCD co de nected to t he selection inputs
may be run d irectly fro m a ap p lie d to the selection of the data selector, causing
solid state keyboard. inputs. If t he BCD code 00 0 the output to scan each input
T he scope of this article is applied, the ou tpu t is con- at a rate of one input each 22
will be to prese nt a basic TfY nected to input XO. If the ms. T he inputs of the data
generator which is not only a BCD code is 10 0, input X! is selector are wired so t hat XO
is always low, Xl is always
high, an d X7 is always low.
Thi s leaves inputs X2-X6
open for data. For ease of
8 STA GE COUNT ER
ex planation, we will assume
t he open inputs are low, the
RESET counter has bee n sitting,
QI Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 08 reset, at cou nt zero. In pu t XO
is selected ca using the output
of the data selector to be low
+V
- HI GH (mark ). T he oscillator a nd
counter are enabled and 22
ms later inp ut Xl is selected
causing 22 ms of high (space],
>- - N ~ or 10---- t he start pulse, to be output.
~ 4 4 4 44 Since the ne xt five inputs are
4 >- >- >- >->-
w low (assume d) the next 11 0
~~
>- 4 4 4
~ 0 0 0 lL O ms (5 .x 22 ms) will be low
+v
'f
" STOP (mark). Now the Bth input is
117 selec ted a nd it is always low.
xo XI X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 If the circuit as described
were a llo we d to continue to
C
run, each cycle wo uld consist
6 DATA SELECTOR Z TTY of 22 ms of space and 154 ms
of mark. If t his were appl ied
A to a Telety pe mac hine, the
repeate d LTR fu nc tion would
be observed . If t he five
Fig. 1. (X2-X6) data inputs were
 DA TA SC A N
lell
COUNTER , 0 4 030
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Fig. 2. "Note: Terms EX/ ·EX5 haw no so urce, but are pr ovided as inputs for external data, or swit ches.

connected to switches so t hat t ion ). If a ll five bits a rc c ha rac te r overp rint. be a selectable inverter o n the
a high or low coul d be placed inver ted, all will be lower case To add t he final touch to TTY out put so mark high or
on each input , eac h combi na- because f ig u res is no w t hi s circuit, a da ta selector ma r k low may be selected ,
tion of the switch setti ngs fo ll o wed by le tters. will be used to select t he d a ta and a lso a sim ple ASF K
would prod uce a di fferent To select which polarity of so urce. If th e c ont rol signa l is oscil lator and a ud io a mplifier.
character or fu nction. Go ing signal is se nt to t he d ata lo w, t he five inp ut s, which Whe n built with the values
a step fu rther, we wi ll no w selector from t he counter , can co me from any thi ng from shown, t his circuit will p ro -
connect each of t he fi ve data eac h bit is passed t h ro ugh an static switches to memory, vide audio tones of 2125 Hz
inpu ts to o ne of the f ive "Exclusive O R" gate, whic h will be selected. If it is high, and 2975 Hz, a nd will drive a
remaini ng cou nter ou t puts wil l be used as a n inve rt select the inte rn al tes t pa ttern data lou dspeaker to car-splitt ing
(04·Q8 ). As can now be fu nction. The cou nter bit arc sele cted. Also ad ded will volume . •
observed, each pass, Of scan, goes in one input , and the
Parts List
of the data selector will have co n tro l signal in the other . If
a different combination of the co n trol inp ut is high, t he IC l CD4011 R CA Quad 2 In p ut NAND Gale
IC-2 CD402 4 RCA 7 Siage Counter
data for the five data bits. gate will invert and the print
IC-3 CD4013 RCA Dual D Flip Flop
Again , if this were applied to will be all letters. If the co n- IC-4 CD4002 RCA Dual 4 Input NOR Gate
a Teletype ma chine, it would trol input is low , the gate will IC5 MC145 12RCA 8 Input Data Selector
be observed that each full not invert and all figures will IC6 CD4019 RCA Quad AND /O R Select
cycle would consist of every be printed. Now there are lC7 CD401 1 RCA (S E E IC-lI
lC-8 XR2207 EXAR Voltage Co ntrolled Dsctllator
key (every code ) being " hit" two selectabl e patterns con- IC 9 LM380N NA T Aud io Amplifier
on c e. Some of t hese sisting of a ll letters (enti re IC 10 CD4030 RCA Quad Excl usive O R
cha racters would be u ppe r alphabe t), or all figures. In rc.t r C D4030 RCA (SEE IC·10l
case, an d some lower . It is bot h patterns there is a R l- R2 lOO k % Watt Res istor
R 3-R 4 50k Variab le Res istor
desirab le to ha ve all u pper or carriage re tu rn and a li ne feed
RS 10k Var iab le Res istor
a ll lower case c haracters, and so t he paper d oc s not over- R6 1 k Va ria bl e Resistor
if counter o utpu ts Q4 and Q6 print, but since th ere is no R7 4 7 k Yo Wall Resist o r
are In te rcha nged, we will ge t delay after a ca rr iage retu rn, RS 4 70 k Yo Watt Resis tor
t his. As d escr ibed , the print- R9 3 .9k Yo Watt Resistor
some mac hi nes will prin t th e
R 10 5. 1 k % Wa lt Resistor
ing wo ul d be all up pe r case first letter of t he line before C l-C3 1 mF 16 vol t Capaci tor
(since the letters fun ct ion is th e ca rriage h a s f u lly C4-C6 .0 1 m F D isc Capacitor
followed by the f igu res func- re tu rned, causing a si ngle C7 100 mF 16 von ElectrolY lic Capacitor

91
 \

GETTO \
THE TOP
FAST! \ \
\

NOW YOU CANCHANGE,

ADJUST OR JUST PLAIN WORK
ON YOUR ANTENNA AND
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Rohn manufactures towers that

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DICTIONARY
TITLE : Microcomputer
grou nd for antenna and rota tor Dictionary & Guide
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eliminates the hazard of c limb- David Kidd
This new microcomputer dictionary
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So use the tower that reduces in dustr iali sts to become q u ic k ly
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Rohn "fo ld-ove r"! Over BODO definitions and ex-
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Li ke other Rohn big com muni- (704 page s) relat i ng to m ic ro -
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tury ... in most every type of addition there is a comprehensive
o peratio n. Yo u 'll be i n good elect ronics I com puter abbrevi ations
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IMATRIX PUBLISHERS, INC. II

Dept. SM, 207 Kenyon Road.
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Please send me the ne w M ICROCOMPUTER
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92
Stay tuned for future programs.

~l ST-SCOO
- -- ----
• • • • • •
-' ...
r;;;;; ...., , ....-, .... -- .--
.,.. ..--
•••
•= -

The HAL 51-6000 demodulator
I keye r and the DS-JOOOand DS-4000
KSR/RO series of communications
terminals are designed to giYe you
superlative TTY performance today
-and in the future. OS series termI-
nals, for example. are re-prcqram-
mable, assuring you freedom from
obsolescence.Sophisticated 5ystem'~
all, these HAL products are attrac-
tively priced-for industry, govern-
ment and serious amateur radio
operators.
The HAL ST-6000 operates at
standard shifts of 850, 425, and
170 Hz. The tone keyer Is crystal -
controUed. Loop supply is Internal.
Active filters allow nexibilityin estab-
IIshing different tone pairs. You can
select AJit or ha rd-limit ing F fit modes
of operation to accommodate differ-
ent operating cooditlons. An Internal
monitor scope (shown on model
above) allows fast, accurate tuning.
The ST-6000 has an outstandingly
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Data I/O can be R5-232C, MIt.-l88C
or current loop.
The 05·3000 and 05-4000 series of
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reliable, all-electronic TTY transmis-
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mable 8080A microprocessor Is in-
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-and for the future. The KSR models
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These are some of the highlights.
The full range of features and speci-
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HAL Communications Corp" Box 365, 807 E. Green Street

Urbana, Illinois 61801 • Telephone: (217) 367-7373
 Company. M y O:!mputer Likes Me is textbook. But no manufacturer's you're so inclined, b ut the hardware is

I written as a simpl ified approach f o r reference book takes the t ime to start ha lf t he fun, right?
rank beginners, and seems aimed at a new programmer off on the r ight What to Do After You Hit Rerum
the secon dary schoo l user with a track wit hout major confusion - is big and attractively put toget her on
classroom termina l. The approach is unless perhaps he's 8 genius. For II giant pages that Slay open on the
friendly, informal and l ight , with t im id user, My Computer Likes Me table. It's the software equivalent of a
from
plenty of eKamples to show PNery step would be ideal 8$ an appetizer, but barrel of monkeys. See why most
..,.65
of the way. Onl y the fundamentals of BASIC (A ~1f·Teach;ng Guide) pro- colleges find t hat most of their eem.
BASIC are covered, wi th a demonstra· vides a main course for the hungry puter time is spent playIng gamt!$l
of reading of 73 articles (many of
which are not even wrinen yet ) you
non of mathematica l modeling to learne r.
predict popu lation. For a $Iudent with Games, Triclcs and PUlltes for" Han d
will be plain hiW! and dry try ing to
Wh"t to Do After You Hit R~turn lor,
an innate fear of the computer and O lcu l,flor by Wallace Judd. Dyma>:,
falhom what these st range folk are
PCC's f irst Book of Computer
what it takes to understand one, this sex 310, MenlO Park CA 94025; 91
trying to say in the ir weird new
Ga~s}. ~ Ie's Computer Company,
simple text is perfect to break down pp., S2.95 + .50 postage and hand ling.
language.
that first Dafrier. Menlo Park CA; 158 pp. Even when I read old "Iun WIth
My Comput~r Uka Me (when I speak BASIC (A Self·T~aching Guidrf) Computers are fantastic toys. and math" books I didn't th ink mathe-
i n BASIC} by Bob Albrecht . Dyma>:, takes a more sober approach and goes the best th ing about them is that they ma tics Wils fun . Now r know whal was
Box 310, Menlo Pari<. CA; 64 pp., much 'arther. Programmed teach ing, can be made to do so ITIiiIny d ifferent missing. This book updates the o ld
$2.00. with step-by·step Questioning of the things, so YOU never really get bored. number tricks by using calc ulators to
1952/1976 - 25t h Ann iversary - 1952/1976 - 25th Anni ver s ary - 1952/19 76 - 25th An ni versary _ 1952/1976

SAME LOW PRICES

>
"
••
-•
Dayton HAMVENTION
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c
c April 23-24-25, 1976
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• Fabulous PRI ZE S • AR RL and FCC Forums
'" • G I AN T Fl ea M ark et • Specia l Grou p Meetings
• Exhi bi ts • ladies P ro gr a m s
• N ew Pro d ucts • Awards
• T ec h ni ca l S essi on s • T ran smitte r Hu nt s

• G R A N O BANQUET S a t urda y Ev en in g (S pecia l Pri ze s )

>
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~ If you have registered within last 3 years you will receive
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,.,
c
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,
<
" •
s:
,l; For special motel rates and reservations call (5131 277·1325, 6 to 10 P.M . EST. ••
<"
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Write Daylon HAMVENTlDN, P.D. 80x 44, Daylon, DH 454D1 for information.

See You at the World's Largest Ham Convention

- 19 5 2/ 19 76 - 25th An ni versary -
BASIC fA Self·Te«;hing Guidel by
Roben L Albrecht , Le Ro y Finkel,
and J erald R. Brown. Wiley, New
York: 324 pp ., $3.95.
The most popular computer
language lor both sma ll systems and
time-sharing is BASIC. It ,sa powerful
language, yet easy to lear n. and is Iast
being adopted as the standa rd
la nguage lor hobby computer pr09"am
e><ehange. The computer novice who
purchases a microcomputer will
probably want to obtain a BASIC
OPerating system for his computer, as
it speeds up programm ing immensely,
These two te>:tbool<$ are very
dIfferent in $Cope and approach,
though bolh are authored by Bob
Albrl!'dll of the People', Co mputer
1 9 5 2/1 9 7 6 - 25th An niversary -
student, punctuates the te xt into
individual concepts. none of whi ch
intImidate the student the way a tess
CiJl.ltious t eet can. Alter e>:p laining
input and output. arithmetic, and
simple logical statements, the mofl'
sophisticated capabi lities of BASIC,
such as matri >: arithmetic and string
(characterl operations, are cautiously
introduced. After completing the te>:t ,
the student should feel competent to
handle most problems that can be
solved with BASIC and a small corn-
puter.
No te >:t in programming is really
comple te witl>out a computer 10
practice on, and the versions 01
BASIC that diffe ren t manufactureB
$lJpply are not all identical to any
1952/1976 - 25th A n niversa ry -
Especially with th is book, which
includes filty different games you can
play on a computer that speak.s
BASIC. These were developed on the
Hewle tt ·Packard 2000 minicomputer
system, and the programs were ali
tested by H,P personnel. Many !\ave
been circulatIng lOt" years; some are
quite recent.
TMre are nurreee games. WQrd
games, pattern games, board games,
simulations, and everl screece liction
games. N im, Lunar hnder , Star Trek ,
Madlib, Bagels, and most other popu-
II' computer lJlme5 are inc luded.
Rules are explained, sample runs are
shown, and in most cases, program
IistlflQ$ are ,ncluded lin BASIC). Most
can be played without a computer il
, 952/1 976
do the dirty work . Suddenly rnalh is
fun - with the machine. G.Jmes,
Tricks, and Puzzles " . includes
simple mathematical lriCks Ihllt even
children would appreciate, as well as
more complicated exeeetses thaI
require some hiW! school algebra.
They are e>:plained in order 0 1 com·
ple>:ity.
There are also lhe ca lculat or
"word" games played by turnIng the
calculator upside down , a photo story
on how a calculator is mad e, and
information to help evaluate caleu la-
tors prio r to purchasing one. Answers
to the puzzles are in back, along Wllh
e>:plan.ations 01 how lhey work ,
Impre$$ your friends. You may even
impress yourself !

94
· "WE ALSO HAVE A HEAvy-t / ii}?::::::::::·:········.
DUTY VERS IO N OF THEY\: , 5 VOLTS-- -5 AMPS
HI CROCOMPUTER POWER SUP- :::::; : +12 VOLTS- --, AMP
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powe r up to 16K by t es of RAM . Same size as JOLT sup-
AND ALSO THE ADJ USTABLE' ply. Just a bou t goo f proo f, too ; inc l udes crowba r
NEGATIvE BI AS SUPP LY , overvoltsge prot ect Lon on +5V & FOLDBACK c ur r en t limit -
ing - -- regulat ion on the 5 vol t supp ly i s guarantee d
GOOD FOR UPGRADI NG better than 1% wit h l ine and l oad variation s . A TOP
STOCK MICROCOMPUTER QUALITY COMPUTER SUPPLY.. . INCLUDES CHASSI S AND ALL
SUPPLIES! HARDWARE , but l ess l ine cord. For 117 VAC, 60 Hz.
$7Q.95 PLUS SHIPPING. PLEASE AOO SHIPPING FOR 8 LBS.

NAKED RAM 10000 uF at 10V!

IIkx8 $7995 $1.25 THE PERFECT TONI C FOR POWER
SUP PLIE S WI TH A F ARAo DE F I-
CIEN CY , AXIAL LEAD P AC KAGE

THIS GENERAL PURPOSE BOARD I S DESI GNED SPEC I FI -

CALLY FOR JOLT SYS TEMS , BUT I S EQ UALLY APPLI CA- --and a special for
I/O people:
BLE TO OTHER BI - DIRECTIO NAL BUSS SYS TEMS , IF
YOU DO N'T NEED THE ON BOARD REGULATI ON OR BUF-
u
FERS OF OUR uB IGGER BROTHER 4K X 8 BOARD , THEN We' ve In t o a bunc h o f 39 u f I!l 10V TANTALUM capac!-
~U rl

THIS Lf THE WA Y TO IMPLEMENT COST - EFFECTIvE t o~s . These er-e xeee e t ype T310, bullet shape d cacec t-
t cr s , with all ial leads. Small ·--mounts on . 6 " c e n t e r- s .
MEMORY , low POWER --- UN DER 750 MA, SAME S I ZE
This cececltor is f ine tor bypass in g with TTL and othe r
AS J OLT RAM CARD; WITH I NSTRUCTIONS , log ic famil ies . NorMally thes e go at 4/$1.00; bu t If
you ge t vour cede r in by Ap~il 30 th "nd ment ion the I/O
p" ge, you ca n get 20 % off--- S/$I .OO.

EROM BOARds
NOW YOU CAN STUFF UP TO 8K OF SOF'1'WARE---EDITOR/ ASS EMBLE R OR
WHAT HAVE YOU ---OJli A BOARD . Our EROM boards feature the same
qualities as our RAM bo ard: sockets. lot s o f bypassing, buf-
f ere d addresses and outputs. on card regulation, and mo r e .
Ou r EROM boards are expanda bl e. too; you can star t with a 2/\
bo a rd , and populate i t wi t h IDO re ERClMs over a peTiod of t r e e
un t il you've got the fu ll 8K . PRICES: 2( by 8_ . ~$llS; 4K by
8- - - $159 .95 ; 8/\ by 8 · · -$2 49.95. All EROM boards f ea tu re l ow
po wer consumption: th e full 8K requires only ~ a t 5 volts &
150 ma at - 12 volts . With i ns t ruc t i on s and l o gi c prin t.
8080 SofTWARE BOARd
So you ' ve got yourself a mi crocomputer . . . only to fin d out you
need sof t wa r e t o run i t efficiently . Gi v e your '8080 ed ito r .
a s sembler , and monitor rout ines with ou r 80 80 s o ftware board.
I t use s t h e s ame confi gu r a tion a s our 4K by 8 EROM board , but
the EROMs a r e pre-programme d and ded dca t ed t o ma ki ng happier
8080s . Extra feature: b ec aus e th is board i s EROM r a t he r than
Illask bas ed. you c a n make c han ge s i f de s ire d ... so we In c Iude 2
f ree upda t es i n t he e ve nt of co r r ec tions or patches . The cos t
is $159 .95. Kit i ncl udes inst r ucti on s and s o f t wu e pa ckage .

Rj.\J'J\ .< rr ?") 7\ ??

JI Qt) ;;
Wi th t h i s kit you get sockets for al l rcs, industrial-quality plated -thr ough board, l o t s of bypassing, fi ve
volt age regulators to share the power load ( less therma l prob lems, more re l i ab i li t y ) , typica l 500 ns a c c e ss
t ime @ 25° C, and buffered addresses and outputs (no input pres ents more than 1 low power TTL l oa d : output
can drive 20 standard TTL l oa ds ) . Requires 5V @ l A at 25"C. Comes with a s s emb l y hint s and log ic pr int o f
t he RAM board.

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TERMS: AVV 50f TO ORDERS UNDER $10. AVV SHIPPI NG WHERE I NDI CATED; OTHERWIS E.
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BOX 2355, OAKLAND AIRPOll:T. CA 94614
 •
"BAMTRONICS"
A DIVISION OF TREVOSE ELE CTRON I CS

GET THE BIRD FROM HAMTRONICS

We have a complete stock of all Bird wattmete rs
and slugs on hand . .. immediate delivery . O rder a
new BI A 0 Ham-mate wattmeter for only $79, but
please soecuv if you want the 200/1000 watt model
or the 200/2000 watt model.

"" . "-
~'1'll
~~"
•
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THE HAMTRONICS EXCHANGE PROGRAM
We will ex change Bird wattmeter s lugs lin good
shape) bought from Hamtronics for any other sl ug
B,yant that vcu may need in the future - no ch arge!
SlCQ Your wattmeter can never be o utdated.

Oh no you don't!
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W t ship a nyw he re in USA
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TOYOU CORPORATION

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SEE YOU A T DA Y TONf

 "HAMTRONICS"
A DI VIS ION OF TR EVOSE ELE CT RONI CS

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$ 95
Each .
all Crystal!'>.
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S3O,OOO worth of crystals are in the crystal bank . Buy a crys ta l now. If you need to
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•
WANTED DEAD OR ALiVEl
$100.00 will be paid to anyone in the U.S.A.

showing that he can get a BETTER DEAL

than he can at Hamtronics.

See Press for the LOWEST PR ICES anywhere

in the U.S.A.

PHONES
,
(215) 357·1400 (215) 757-5300
SEE YOU A T DA YTONI
by
Jon Matthews WB0FKZ
Box SI 302
Augu stana Coll ege
Sioux Falls SD 57102
Chariots of the Hams?
A nyane who is aware of
the histo ry of mankind
Professor C. Q. Flugafsnorr {attas Dan WN4fQZW), crack archeologist, checks out on obviously hunt - retrieving it from its
primitive ham rig at the digging site.
98
realizes t he e nor mous engi- Ro mans devised ingenious
of the ancient civilizations
nee ring capabilities t hat some inventio ns to benefit their
held . Both the Gree ks a nd
respective cultures.
But of course we all know
that they we ren 't so advanced
as to a llow a cit izen of
Athens to jump into his
chariot a nd key u p t he lo cal
rep eater mounted on the
nearby Parthenon . And we all
know th at it wo uld be stupld
t o e xpec t t o find an F ET
stuc k in o ne of the hoofs of
t he Tro jan Hor se. That would
be just plai n du mb, wo uldn't
it ? Or woul d it? Be tter wait
to decide unti l you've read
this story of an ancient civili-
za tion that may have some
lessons for all amateurs!
It all started one clear fall
afte rnoon as our college ham
club was holdi ng its annual
t ra ns mitter hunt and
" refreshment hour." Onc of
t he guys had already found
the transmitter - hanging
from a shower nozzle in the
fift h floor bathroom of thc
women's dorm. Tracking
down the transmitter hadn't
been t he toughest part of the
ingenious hiding place with-
out ge tting caught was what
took guts!
But anyway , it turne d out
t hat two of ou r club members
had started their personal
"refreshment hour" a few
hours before t he hunt even
started , and had so mehow
ende d up saunteri ng th rough
a fiel d some 10 miles away
from the transmitter. Upon
ret urning to the festivities,
t hey claime d that they had
been led astray by so me frea k
harmonics from th e airpo rt
VOR. But we knew better.
To make matters even more
ridiculous, they cla imed to
have tri pped over a mike cord
coming right out of the
ground!
That's right - right out of
the ground!
"Sure," we all said, having
a nice chuckle over th is bit of
QR M. But the guys kept
inSisting t hat t hey were
telling the trut h, and pretty
soo n the refreshme nt hour
had been in progress long
eno ugh for everyone to wan t
to take a look at this place.
Need less to say , we tied up
t he repeater with tal k of t his
on the way ou t to t his fiel d,
an d also needless to say ,
every other guy in town
listeni ng thought we were
nuts.
But sure enough - comi ng
right o ut of t his field was a
mo bile mike and coiled cor d.
We quickly chec ked the club
records to see if we had ever
had a party out her e; no , we
hadn 't. (Thc possibility of a
rig getti ng bur ied at one of
our cl ub parties wasn't to be
o verlooked , altho ugh I don 't
t hi nk this is what they were
tal king about in thc recent 73
article on underground radio
transmlsslons.]
The whole thing was so
darn funny that pretty soon
we had half t he ha ms in town
tromping around in this field.
Shortly, one of t he guys
tripped over something about
30 yards away from the mike
Ham scuba diver from our college ham club pulls "fossilized"
2 meter beam out of lake. Was there an ancient civilization of
ham operators, and if so, did they disappear because of
incentive licensing?

cord co ming out of th e rea l fossil ized two meter

ground . We al l ran over.
" Da rn if that doesn 't loo k
li ke a two meter beam ," he
said, "but it loo ks li ke it's
fossilized !"
Well, we all had a good
laugh over th is obvious pra nk
and headed home to rec harge
our hand-holds an d fi nish the
"refreshment hour," which
by now was becoming some-
thing more like a "refresh-
ment day."
I awoke bright and early at
12 noon the next day to t he
ringing of th e phone. On t he
li ne was Professor C.Q.
Fl u ga Isnort, our college's
c rac k arc hcologist. Prof.
Ftugalsnort had heard from
somebody about the st range
th ings di scovered in the fi eld
the ni ght before. I tried to
explain that it all had to be a
Flugalsnort (note puzzled expression on face) checks out joke pulled by someone,
mobile mike coming right out of the ground. because o ne just doesn 't fi nd
beams lay ing aroun d In cor n-
fiel ds.
But Flugalsnort insistcd
that wc had to go out and
take a loo k. I agreed to meet
him at t he field, but just as I
was leavi ng t he phone rang -
it was a member of the club
reporting that scuba diving
that day in a nearby lake he
had come across another
fossilized beam! Either some-
body was going to an awful
lot of effort to get some
laughs, or we were really on
to some thi ng st range.
I rou nde d up the rest of
thc club an d we headed back
out to th e fi eld wi th an
assortm ent of sho vels. Not to
pass up an opportunity li kc
thi s, t wo members of the club
were already dr awing up pro-
posals to submit to the dea n
for us to get a full class credit
in archcology for diggi ng up

99
this field. {Which remin ds me
of the time I tried to get a
class credit in physical educa-
t ion for haul ing a 20 meter
beam up a 75 foot tower
alone; I deserved it. But that's
another story ... j
Anyway, Professo r Ftugai-
snort met us at the field.
Flugalsnort is the ki nd of guy
who, if yo u ever saw him
coming over your SSTV
screen, would cause you to
slap the side of your rig to see
if something inside was loose.
We dug around In the
cor nfield for awhile with
Flugalsnort on his hands and
knees certain that he was
about t o make t he biggest
arc heological splas h since
he' d delivere d his paper on
the plumbing of ancient foun-
tains before a Chicago con-
vention .
As he galloped around, the
rest of us were having a diffi-
cult time resist ing some 20
over 59 laughter. The two
guys who had originally dis-
covered t he place had just
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confessed in whispers that it [0 sec the slight gnn on ancient-looking stone slab out
was the ir little joke o n Flugal- F lu ga lsno rt 's face as he of the ground with the draw-
snort all along. It see med to slowly pulled a large and ing below on it . ..•
the guys that a little com ic
revenge was in order o n t he
professor after he had refused
to let our clu b run anten na
coax thro ugh his office win-
dow pane back at school.
Seems t h at he un just ly
thought our rigs were ca using
him TVI prob le ms at ho me
(we checked it out), and to
make matters worse, he even
drille d the pane himself (just
t he righ t sized hole ) and hu ng
a sign o ver it sayi ng, "NO
COAX." What a creep .
Well, after digging a bit
more we deci de d tha t we had
had our fun and started to
con vi nce the professor to give
it up. We had just about
accomplished this when su d-
denly o ne of ou r shovels went
"clunk" on something in th e
ground. This was really funny
because the guys hadn 't men-
tioned anything about MysterioU'; drawinq on stone slab pulled out of ground at
planting somet hing else in the digging site. Does the fellow on the couch resemble a
fiel d. We were all too stun ned well-known ham editor from New Hampshire hard at work?
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_

101
by
Larry Kahaner WB2NE L
4259 Bedford A venue
Brook ly n NY 11229
The PLL - EXPOSED I
T he phase locked loop is not a new
concept. But before integrated circui ts,
the PlL WJS an expensive and cumbersome
device. Using vacuum tubes, chokes, and
other "ancient" components, it was a mess.
The simplest PlL consists of th ree
internal units: a phase detector or com-
parator. low pass filter and voltage con-
t ro lled oscillator. They arc connected in a
loop (Fig. 1).
The Phase Detector
A phase det ector (also called com parator]
monitors the frequency of its input. When a
cha nge in p hase (therefore freque ncy)
occurs, it will cause a corresponding change
in its ou tput voltage. Th is change of out put
is immediate and linear. If we watch the
output voltage we can tell if a frequency
chdngc was happening at the input.
In the crudest form it can be an exclusive
OR gale. Fig. 2 shows the inputs and
corresponding outputs. (Sec July, 1975,
" How Gates Work," for details on the
exclusive OR gatc.] The action of the RC
network 00 the output yields t he error
voltage.
INI'VT
.
~ PI-IAS£
COMPARATOR
OR O£T£CTOR
.
~
Fig. 1. Phase locked loop.
The low Pass Filter
T he action of a low pass filter is well
kno wn. Su ffice it to say that PLb have
provisions Ior parts of the fi lter to be
inte rnal and o thers to be ex te rn al. For
example, the 565 chip has an in terna l
resistor a nd external ca pacitor for ming the
filte r.
The Voltage Controlled Osc illat o r
The veo is a com plex device. As the
nam e implies , it is an oscillato r. Its t ask is to
cha nge its o utp u t freq ue ncy when input
voltages cha nge, the op posit e o f the phase
detec tor. The output fre qu enc y wi ll increase
as the in put voltage increases. To do t his,
however, the input voltage must inc rease
past a kno wn value called t he "threshold
voltage." The input is the n kn own as the
"control voltage." With no input it operates
at a "free running" frequency (fo) deter-
mined by ex ternal adjus tme nts.
The Set Up
Here is what happens. If the in put fre-
quency changes, the outp ut o f the phase
comparator increases or decre ases. Thi s
" co. PASS
I'llT£ R
..
'"
. while our loop is taking its time locking up.
voltage change is fed through t he filter
which eliminates extraneous noises and
passes the signal t o t he VCO. Th is change at
the veo input will al ter t he o ut put fr e-
que ncy such tha t its value will be closer to
tbe free runn ing freq ue ncy. An d the system
goes 'round and 'rou nd un t il the loop is
loc ked on the incoming signal. Reinforce-
ment ta kes place.
In o ther words, we set the PlL to search
for a certain frequency . When that special
freque nc y is seen, the syst em works to keep
it loc ke d in. The error voltage is t he n zero
a nd the PLL o ut put goe s lo w. (Does the
name phase loc ke d loop make sense now ?)
Obviously, t he in put source, wh atever it
is, is inde pe nden t of the Pll, bu t t he action
is suc h t hat the signal we desire is ther e eve n
if it disa ppears for shor t per iods o f time. It
wo rks as a "flywheel effec t" docs. How long
can it disa ppear and still have a loc ked
condition? O r, to pu t it another way, how
long does it take to rea lize the desi red signal
is there and loc k o n it? Th is is related
directly to t he na t u ral frequency of t he
loo p. Th e lowe r it is t he longer the loc k u p
t ime. It is therefo re a function of t he low
pass f il ter. We adj ust t he filter fo r our
conditio ns depending u pon how fast o ur
info rma t ion is. If we are tra nsm u t ing very
fast infor ma t io n, we must have a fast lock
up time. If the lock up time is too great
(me aning slow}, we will lose 100 mu ch data
Less information speed gives us a great er
leew ay . It 's a trad eoff. We want our filter as
low as possible to exclude unwan ted noi ses
in o ur loo p circuit, yet fast eno ugh to keep
all in for mat ion int ac t.
 ,
~,
ol!-/ D '----'N'o....·. - -I---':O C ERROR
SIGNAL
area (about ± 60%) with linearity, we have
FM demodulation.
The 565 is a good PLL to look at (Figs. 3,
~

0
0
0
,
> •
< 0
, ~

0
, ,
~

~ ~

J; Sa}. The free running frequency is deter-

• • •u u> •< •z
0 ,
>
0
"
mined by fo = Yo R 1C1. It is adjusted for the
center of the input signal frequency range. r e e • a a ,
INPUT /I
L..J1..J T he 565 also has an amplifie r to Increase
•
565
I,"PUT 8
n.ri.r gain of the loop - a good feature. C3
prevents unwanted oscillations by inhibiting
OUTPUT C any feedback to the power source. T he 8 9 10 II '2 13 14
reference voltage (pin 6) is a voltage close in
value to the average de output of the
O · ERROR VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIATEO
demodulated signal. By connecting it to the s> •> •
BY fie NET WORK
output we can lower the gain o f the loop "
Fig. 2. Exclusive OR gate a phose •"0 "0•u
*,
05 with very little loss of output amplitude.
comparator. Since the lower the gain the smaller the lock "
range, we can decrease the lo ck range with- "
out leaving too small an output to usc. a e, r
When the input frequency (fs) is close to C2 is the low pass filter capacitor. It IS , AMPLIFIER
e
the free running frequency (f o ), the veo coupled with an internal resisto r of 3.6k . ,
will synchronize and lock. But how close ,
must they be? Just how large is this "capture Freq ue nc y Mult ip lication
range"? On most Pt. Ls it is adjustable. II is a
function of the input voltage, free funning
Frequency multiplication using PLLs is
easier than you may suspect. There arc two
'"
, , ,
frequency and low pass filter. Equations for
figuring capture range are given in PLL
specs. Other names which are used are
methods in usc. The first requires that the
PLL be set to look for an harmonic of our
input. If we set the VCO for the second
.. *" RI .
"acquisition range " and "bandwidth." harmonic of a signal, the completed loop Fig. 3. 565 PLL chip.
Once the loop is locked, how far can the will lo c k onto it. For all in tents we have
input stray before it loses loc k? This feature multiplied a frequency. Of course we are
known as "lock range" is larger than the
capture range. Once the loop is lucked, the
limited to signals rich in harmonics. We arc
also held captive to the first few harmonics
~" c~, *' C2

input can wander quite a way (relatively as harmonic strength decreases with
speaking) before the PLL will lose its grip . It harmonic number. Lo o p amplification is , e
" 'r ,,
is also ca lled the "tracking" or "hol ding" always used in this case.
'" •
EMOO OUT

" ", H ' OUT

range. The lock range is usually given as a
percentage of the frequency. The larger the
percentage, the further the input can move
before the P LL unlocks. Again, very exact
and easy equations are supplied in specs to
compute the tracking range.
As an example, we might design a PLL to
look for a touch tone signal. We would keep
in mind that the capture range must be wide
enough to accommodate those signals that
might be slightly off frequency but still
narrow enough to prevent the wrong
numbers from activating our device.
T rac king range would not figure very
heavily (again, relatively speaking) in our
design as the tones must only be detected
for a short t ime to be effective.
Appl icat io ns
As we said before, the output de level of
the phase comparator is proportional to the
frequency of the input signal at lock. As the
frequency shifts, the signal to the VCO
changes linearly. If we can track over a large
The second method is also not difficult
but docs require some extra equipment.
Insert a frequency divider between the VCO
and phase comparator. The d ivid ed VCO
frequency is locked to the input. Therefore,
the VCO is running at the mul tiple of the
input frequency. The multiple depends upon
the divi der value. T he frequency limits of
the in pu t s must be ta ke n into consideration
w ith both of these procedures. (Fig. 4.)
Frequency Sy nt he sis
PLLs have made low cost, compact FM
frequency synthesis a reality. In its simplest
state (Fig. 5), a mu ltiplier is used at the
input. The P LL is used as an add ing device
because it has a very important characteristic
which others lack - stability. By setting the
loop to stringent criteria, the output ca n be
kept to close tolerances With accuracy . T he
input (fref) reference frequency is supplied
by a crys tal oscillator. By adjusting a
counter or similar divider we can select or
"program" a choice of frequencies. The low
m
a
, ,
lb
; ~"
!
Fig. 30. 565 PLL as an FM demodulator.
pass filter gets rid of the fo + fref com-
ponent which exists.
I hesitate to give exact block d iagra ms of
synthesizers a'i work still continues on the ir
design. I have seen and used many good
ones, both home brew and commercial. But
all leave something to be desi red. This is not
meant to be a cri ticism but a push for all
experimenters to improve on current
designs.
AM Detection
PLLs can also be used fo r A M demodula-
tion. By using a special VCO or RC phase
shifter netwo rk and another phase com-

,, ec.
co.
PASS
FILTER
.., f-
I r"f
• MULTIP LIER
fot! ref LOW PASS
r--- -
1
lo-f re I
P.C .
------------- .,
'PROGRA MMED ' FREO OFFSE:T I I

LOW PASS
FILTER f-
1
1
FilTER I I' l l
1
1
1
'./
1
-;- '"'
'" " 1 1
COU,",HR
f o -I r" f+1 , 1
1
L
'" I
I
~

'"' x f ,

Fig. 4. Frequency multiplication. Fiq. 5. Frequency synthesis.

'0'
INPUT
OE MOO
~ M OUT
". LOW PASS . ' lTER
,
,~
•
sc PASS ,", ,
.'lTfR
• INPUT

f%,
SPECI AL
vee
,
e
ec

f- ...
" • R'.C I CUIHI E" T

, " • CONTROL
",
- "
CO .
PASS
. 'll("
OE IoIOO
.1.101 OUT

L-
I
...
Fig. 7. 567 PLL. "
Fig. 6. AM detection using second internal
phase comparator. I' • e
Fig. 7a. Internal circuitry. OUTPU T FILTER OUTPU T

Wit h the basic k nowle dge of the Pll,
.1.101 "'I ." let's sho w how a touch tone decoder can be
I designe d .
P.....St In order to fully design an y wstern, all
S ..,.,
"fTWOfII _ available infor mat ion is needed. In this Cd'>C,
I only the sections of the spec vhcc t whic h are
necessary to t his p ro b lem will be shown.
L. " "'l TII'\.IER
'0'
P...SS OE"'OO
.. lT f R
.1.101 OUT Keep in min d that a lo t more da ta is
available to the user b y the ma nufacturer.
The 567 Pll has sho wn to be ideal for
Fig. 6cJ. AM detection U5ill(j ex ternat phiJ5R touchtone de codi ng. F ig. 7 sho ws t he
shift network. layout. The "imide" vie w is give n in Fig. 7a.
As yo u may alr ead y kno w, eac h digi t
d el ivers TWO tones virnul tancouslv when
para tor, we ca n demodulate am pli tude presse d . Each row ha s a Ircqc cncv and each
modulation. In ternal o pera tio n ls shown in colu m n has a freque ncy. When a d igit is
Fig. 6 whe re t he YCO outpu t of 90<> is pressed t he t wo combi ne fo r ou r sign al. A
c ha nged 10 0 °. O r J~ in Fig. 6a where a freq ue ncy cha rt is give n in F ig. 8 . It is
who le ne w phase shift net wo r k is USl'J . T he therefore nc ccvsarv to hav e two Pt. Ls l or
561 chip ha-, a n internal capability for AM each d igit. There arc a to tal of ..even
de tect ion along with it .. I'M capa bili ty. di fferent ton es. To decode th e nu m be r " 1"
our Pt. Ls m ust det ect 697 IV and 1209 HI .
The circuit ts sho wn in Fig. 9.
T he val ue .. o f R I and C I arc fig ured fir..1.
They determin e the frequ ency o f the loop.
The equation Is fo = I/RI (I. According to
the specs, RI should reside between 2k a nd
201.. for be ..t .. tabilitv. In our ca,c th e top
Pll will decode the 697 com po nent, ,0
good values mi ght be R 1 = 6.8!.. and C I = .1
m F. To get t he fre qu ency righ t o n t he mark
(o u r valu es yie ld 680 HI ), a po tent iometer
nca r the val ue o f Rl wo uld serve n icely.
Since 0111 compo ne n ts have tolera nce.. t ria l
Fig. S. Touchtones. a nd error ts th e rule.
(2 ts part of t he low pas.. filter. Fo r this
we use a graph supplied by the manufac-
turer. The grap h in Fig. 10 shows bandwidt h
versus ampli tude.
Deci de the ba ndwidth you desire ; find
the inpu t signal amplitude and pick off the
value of fo (2. The equation for band width
i~ BW " 1070 x in put voltage/ foC2; for
inpu ts no t grea ter tha n 200 mY, f is in Hi
a nd C is in mF . Again, tr ial an d error may be
easier tha n the arithm et ic.
If t he inpu t i~ 50 mY , foC 2 shoul d eq ual
4 .1 x lO J (4 100) for a ba ndwidt h of 4 %.
Therefore. C2 woul d equal app roxima tely
5. 9 rnf at 697 HI. As we increa se the to ne
value.. C2 would get smaller because 4 % of
1477 i ~ larger t han 4% of 697 HI.
The next value is th at of ( 3. It scts th e
b a n d edge which atte nuates spurious
o ut puts. Hence t he na me - out p ut filter
capacitor . If t oo smart, it will a llow fre-
que ncies ncar t he d ete ction ran ge to bc.u
against th e output frequ ency and ..wi tch the
outpu t on and o ff. If too large , switc h ing
time at t he o ut p ut will be delay ed as it
ch'lfges . By experience it turn, out to be
equal to twice the value of (2 or a bit mor e.
To m ake a touchtonc decode r for all
digih usc the same t ec hn ique .. shown here.
Yo u m ay want to tr ade off values to get an
ave rage ca paci tor so y o u d on ' t go nu ts
buyi ng seven d ifferen t kind... And, you may
decide 10 u..c o nly o ne value of rheost at for
R I , o ne tha t will SJt i ~ fy .111 to nes. Fine , no
pro b le m. Bu t if y o u ru n into Iro ub le, these
design no t es will help yo u out.

69 1 ... ,
, • , •• ''"
:l6 T F'tL r h Is cus tcmarv to have J high wh en t he
desired tone is pushed. The NO R gate at the
output wor ks fine beca use whe n t he Pl l
.,
; .-
" "
loch, the er ro r voltage is zero and a low is
present. Bo th PL l lo ws presen ted to t he
" OR...) OUTPUT NO R gate will give a h igh out put. •
" .PUT
;f;"
,J, ~o
CURV ES · fo C2 1.. . ·.. ~1
esc -+,
12 0 9 '" :l61pn ' 0' ,•
•, '00
62000• ) -aoe
" 000
t >

•,
" 0

"' ,i'
,-=2 _~3
;i' •z
'00
eo
of"
;;:; ° a • e •
... 8A IOO III IOT.. "
Fig. 9. Decoder. Fig. 10. Graph {or determining C2.

, ..
 E 0 1 4 4 JR
FREE mobile antenna of your choice
with ESC JR thru April 30, 1976.

HEY! This is like transceivers in one! Fully synthesized co vering 143.5 to 148.5 MHz
tlt\Q
in 5 kHz increments. Standard 600 kHz offsets up or down automatically. Reverse simplex
and frequency split allow totally independent receive and xmit frequencies, and a priority
channel guard that switches you back to it as soon as a signal is detected.

• Sensitivity - .35u V for 12 dB sinad, .30u V for 20 dB quieting

• 20 Watts output
• Intermodulation , spurious and image 60 dB m inimum $599.00
• 10 pole xtal filter
• Frequency stabilit y .00 1%
• Ssmeter speaker built-in
• Independent selectable priority channel

nc:»"" shipping DAILV!

Also: Antenna Specialist - Regency - HyGain and Ten TEe Products.

IBANKAMER ICMO !
"HAM ''!JUEHCEB
68 N. YO RK RD., WI LLOW G ROV E PA 19090

105
by
Corky Deeds
Nexus Trading Co.
Box 3357
San Leandro CA 94578

The Two-Timer

T he two-time dock will display either of

two differen t times and also flash the
display at a one Hert z rate every ten minutes
to remi nd you that it's time to 10. This
dock CJn give you local time normatlv , and
with a flick of the switch you have Gree n-
wich Mean Time tor operation and logging.
mind: reliable continuous operation, two
separate time display capabilities, a station
ID reminder. and the ability to usc several
The clock was designed with several things in differen t power sources. A further quafifica-

",.
 lion was that all part~ be readily available to r - - --scLiOiO - - - - - - l Fig. I. Osciffator and JD timer.
the hobbvistfamateur from usual sources. I I
I I
I ~ 9
The final design was able 10 fulfill all the
qualifications.
II
L __+__ _ -,
,.. STAGE 81 ...."7
12 7
OIVIO£"
. ,
I
1'7~!1.

Theory of Operation - Clock '" :J

L __ _ _ _ __ - -.,...JI
The simplest way to understa nd this
circuit is to treat it as if it were a single 53 14
-:~ C3 TO MUl(
960H. 60 H.
C l(~ FREO TO ~0160 H. IN
clock with th e int erfac ing to drive com mon
@ @
cathode LED displays. Complete details on
this circuit can be fou nd in the National ,I" ,"
Semiconductor MQS Integrated Circuits
Book in the section covering the MM5314.
0r/.0
" , ,
,~

The 60 Hz for time keepi ng and the 960 Hz

for the multiplex freque ncy are obtained
from the osc illator divider circuits.
All inpu ts and outp uts for both ICs are in
rc
r ,
"0"0
.. , "
II II " " ,
"'' 00" 1
./
•
parallel exce pt the outpu t enables (pin 1), " '"
012
I
the time sett ing pins (pins 13, 14 and 15 ) and
if des ired the 12124 hou r select p in (pin 10). '"
"001
c
The out pu t enable lines are used to enable 112 . \ . . s
" Ol~ _
the segment outputs fro m the desired chip.
The resistor s R12 an d R 13 act as pull
"7 II" , OU TPU@ .. BU CLOCK I

-
/ "
downs, holding the not selected chip's '001 . 001
output enable low and placing that chip's 0 OU TPU T~"8 1£ CLOCK 2
CHIP SEL EC T ®
segment output in a nco-conducting high
impedance Slate. The outpu t enable of the
chip selecte d by S2 is eithe r held high or
pulsed high by the out pu t of the ID timer.
The multiplex tim ing signals for both ICs
come fro m th e same source, allowi ng t he
digit enables to funct ion in unison.

Theory of Operation - Oscillator -Divider

The oscillator makes use of two inverters
in the CD4060 to form a series resonant
crystal oscillator. The 1M Ohm resistor
limits the crystal drive voltage and the 4 .75
Ohm resistor provides the feedback. The
capacitor, C3, gives the circui t phase lead
allowi ng th e crystal to ope rate at series
resona nce. The output of this osci lla to r is
I 5.36 kHz, whi ch is then fed into a 14 stage
binary divider. The bJSC freq uency of 15.36
kHz is divided by 2 5 for 960 Hz, 2 H for 60
Hz and 2 1 2 for the 3.75 Hz used in the 10
timer. Grounding pin 12 allows the oscillator
and counter to function continuously. Pin
12 is the reset for the cou nter and shuts the Clock boora.
oscilla tor off when it is pu lled high. ,.,
Station 10 Timer
The 3.75 HI square wave fro m the OSC
divi der is fed int o th e input of a C04040
MUX 1NPUT 19 60 Hz)

60 HI INPUT ... SEGMENT ENABl E

01,07

twelve stage bi nary divider. The outputs of aa

the 2 7 , 2 5 , 26 , and 2 ' 2 s tages are fed into " "
COlilMON CATIfODE
OISPl AV 10l 7~.
one half of a C04012 wh ich acts as a
coincidence detector. When 2 160 pulses QRI 3
." Ot. 1'50. HCI
01 ,06

have been fed into the C04040 there wilt be

Is on the 2 5 , 'zt', 2 7 , and 2 1 2 outputs and
zeros at all other outpu ts. When thi~ happe ns T IME
•
SET I
1212 4 HR
SELECT
50/60 HI
SEL ECT 1212 4
the ou tput of the firs t half of the C04012 13 14 15 10 II 24 S EL ECT

wi ll go low , which is th en inverted by the ••

secon d half of the C0 40 12. A h igh level on
the ou tp ut of th e second half of the C040 12
sets the RS flip flop made up of two o f the
four gates in a ( 0 400 1. The 0 output of t he
RS nip Ilop is now forced low and NORed
with the outpu t of the second stage of the
(04040, a .937 Hz square wave. When both
Fig. 2. Clock chip connections. "These connections are made 10 each chip separately - all
other pins are in parallel. **See text for connection. *uSegment outputs: Pin 3/Segment
A, 4/8, 5/C, 6/0, 7/E,8/F, 9/G. UUDigit outputs: Pin 19/Digit H I D, 2O/HI, 21/"'10,
22/MI, 17/510, 18/51.
..,
 TO IIEAOOUrs@ neither is present the clock will continue to
operate fro m t he 9 V batterv bu t the
® d isplays will not light. Diode DS prevents
CD the standby battery and fiher cap C2 from
" bei ng drained by t he readouts, Capacitors Cl
I,

] •
Fi.q, 3. Power supply.
inputs arc low, th e o utp ut goes high and is
then inverted by t he remaining quarter o f
t he CD4001 , wh ich d rives t he o ut put e nable
of the selected cloc k ch ip . Th e resu lt is ;\
.937 HI blinki ng in t he cloc k dbplay. Switch
51 is closed to place a high on t he re se t
input of t he R 5 flip flo p and the binary
d ivider, whic h reset both of t he m. With t he
R5 flip flop rese t, the Q output is high,
fOfcing the ou tput of the NOR ga te low,
"
-,
wh ich is inverted .md ho ld s t he selected
cloc k chip output enable hi gh un t il the cycle
is repeated . Placing 5 1 in the reset po sition
inhi bits the o peration o f t he ID timer. The
out put of eithe r NOR gate may also be used
to t rigge r an audible circui t of so me t yp e ,
Po wer Supply and Filter ing
The power supply will take either 9-12 V
ar or from 10 ·1 4 V de tor P0 Wl'f, When
and C2, inductor 1, and zerer diode D7
form a filter network for the ac supply and
also act as spike and over vol tage protection
circuit for operation from a 12 V automo-
tive system. Diode DS also prevents damage
in case the power is connected in reverse.
Construction is rela tively s traightforward
using the printed circui t layouts. The U!>C of
two b oa rds allo ws the cloc k t o be assem bled
in a mi nimum of space an d with only t wo
jumpers on t he cloc k board. The 17 inter-
connec tions be tween t he cloc k and reado ut
bc.uds also serve as bracin g.
The two 53 14 clock c hips arc soldered
toge the r pi n to pin with t he exce ptio n of
p i"" I , 13, 14 and 15. If 12 hou r o peration
is desired on only one chip, t he n it must be
the bottom one. Pin lOon the to p chip is
left una ttac hed fo r 24 ho ur opera tion. For
either du al 12 or 24 operation, pins 10 on
both chips arc sol de red toge ther. The trace
to pin 10 is cut fo r d ua l 2 4 hour operation

KM-CX3 T
10 O..&-
.c=,. " lO--
and left connected for du al 12 hour opera-
tion.
Switch 52 is a single pole double Ihrow,

N -- .. i~.
• \J'
ICl I CD
while 5 1 is a single pole single throw swi tch,
a'> are the time setting switches. Power from

r-r-
~... I~ the ac line comes fro m a wall plug trans-
former .
The re arc only t wo cri tical procedures in
• putting this clock into operation : adjusting
,, the oscillator for 60 Hz and ~y nci ng the digit
" enables of the two clock chips.
T he oscillato r can be adj usted by any o f
several met hods: Th e 60 HI ca n be beat
agai nst th e line fre que ncy , a SCOPt' se t 10 line
trigge r ing ca n be used, an d the freque ncy
adjuste d un til a stable wave form is
obtained, or a freq uency counte r ca n be
used. If none o f the above is available t he
Fig. 4. Clock boord (full size). clock ca n be run agai nst a known sta ndard
an d adjus ted u nt il it matches.

o o
MUX-I4-6

CD
"

o o

Fig. 5. Reooout toaa (full size).

108
 To synchronize the d igit en ab le lines it is should start blinking and con tinue to do so ex, 15.36 kHz crystal
necessary to disconnec t all power from t he until it is reset. The timer can be disab led by ° 1·°6 11'1914 or F1 25
clock including the standby 9 V battery a nd leaving the rese t swi tch in the rese t position. 0, 15 V14 00 mW zener - 1 N9658
680 uH inductor
ground the positive side of C2. The grou nd This clock, with its unusua l fea tures, "IC1 2 MM5314
on the positive side of C2 is re mo ved and t he should provide you with a timepiece usable IC3 ' CD41160
standby battery is now reconnected, then in many situations and not subject to t he '''4 CD4040
normal power is applied to th e clock. If the a nnoyi ng time glitches of its line-based 'Cs CD4012
display is not correct on both clocks, check 'e,; CD4OO1
brothers. - 2N3904
0 ,.07
the 9 V ban erv's voltage a nd replace it if it 2N3906
°It°13
is no t above 8.2 V. Re peat the above
procedure again.
Parts List
You can be g" bo rrow, SI . .I , K rou nge, or ot h er-
",", 4 .7M Ohm % Wan
I M Oh m % Wa n
At t his poi nt t he o nly t hing left to check wise pu rloin the follow ing parts. Or saw t ime, " 34 10 k Oh m % Walt
is t he 10 minute timer. The act ual time is trouDle, and anx;e\y pai.. by p urc hasing t he wh ole R S:A,1 24 Ohm % Watt
related to the ttmcbasc and should be 9.6 kit and kaboocne from Nex us Trading . A12· A' 3 2k Ohm % Watt
minutes. Place the reset switc h in the reset AO I ·A06 OL750 Iccmrnon cathodel
c, ,1 u F d isc cap SPST swilch
position a nd then bac k to t he timer pos itio n.
Appro ximate ly 10 minutes later the display
C,
C3
250 uF/25 V e lectrolyt ic cap
3·1 2 p F cerem ic tri m caP
""
S 3- S g
SPOT switch
SPST push-button switch

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MB·1 Mobile MI . $8. 50 • One tra nsceive r p e rfo rms t he f u nc t io n s o f 3 - W IT HO UT COM P ROM ISE!

D e f i n itel y nor
your typ ica l hea vy-we ight im ported rad io - wit h
the ir c hea p paru, su pe r-t ight layou t .,. (almost impossible to
servicel , ti ny " pe nli te" ba tteries which poop-ou t in a few ho u ~,
limit ed versa ti lity, a n d need less fr ills.
Spec Comm gea r is completely eng meered 8< bui lt in t he USA -
With portabili ty in m iod - light·weight, ye r very rugged. We are
committed to Quali ty , Perf o rma nc e 8< Versa tility. How ma ny of t he
com pet ito rs can boast o f top qua lity co mpone nu as used in Spec
Com m gear? Like - Hewlet t -Pac ka rd , RCA, Motoro la, Fa irdl ild ,
CTC, A llen- Brad ley, Sprague , & Turne r - to name a few . You kno w
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o nly about twi ce the cu rrent c t t he usua l 1-2 w atters! - Fo r ma ny
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T he transm itt er fea tu res " C risp y-Cle a r" Modulation, w it h
exceuem f ide lity 8< ' pu nch'. Wit h Spec Com m, lntermodsandrc vr.
overload are vi rtually efimina ted - th an ks to our re llO lu t lo na ry and
exclusive Ho t Carrier Diode Mixer l Selectivity is excellent : -80 to 90
dB II ±30 k Hz, ·55 dB @I ±15 k Hz. Se ns. = a.aov ty p .l20 dB Qt.
Ohen compar ed to commercial Or mi li tary eq uipme n t. notice
t here a re n o f rills - no me ters . . . (You don' t see them on Mo torola
o r G.E. ei ther, do y ou? ... Alter a ll , 0 0 F M, you're eithe r no isy or
F .e.!' A lso, m ost F Me rs f eel 1 2 cha nne ls is more tha n e nough to
COV1! r a ll o f their fa vor it e frequenc ies.
Th iok a bo ut it ... The good so lid Performance, the Qualit y, the
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cust omers say - pg. 126 Nov/Dec 19 7 5 73 Magaz ine .
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DEALER INOUIRIES INVITED

'09
by
Robert E. Bloom W6Y UY
8622 Rubio Ave.
Sep ulveda CA 91343
Your Counter- Really?
B u t I can't be off
frequency by two kHz. I
just calibrated my transceiver
with my counter which was
just set wit h WWV! This is a
comment most ofte n heard
among hams operating 2
meter repea ter FM. The
resulting d ialo gue indicates
t here is muc h m is-
u nderstand ing among t he
ranks as to co unter freque ncy
accuracy, how a counter
shou ld be ca librated and the
re lat io nship w it h o ne's
t ran sm itter output freque ncy.
This ar t icle's intention is to
shed light upon the multiple
r am ifi c at io ns involved in
frequency counte r
cal ibratio n.
A most li kely starting
po i nt, t he re fo re, is the
counte r time base oscillator.
Thi s usually is comprised of a
100 kHz, 1.0 MHz, 5.0 MHz
o r 10.0 MHz crystal oscillator
wh ich may or may not be
tem peratu re stab ilize d wit h
an oven. Typical t ime base
accu racy may be as good as
11 0
How Accurate's
one part In 10,000,000
(1/10 7) or less per 24-hou r
period. If measurements with
erally goes not reach its
stab ilized aging ra te until a
minimum " ON time" of 3
bill ion (1/ 10 11), with 1/ 10 10
being t ypical in a metrology
labo rato ry.
reaso nable r ep e a t a b le mon th s. Th is ty pe of stan-
accuracy are expected, t he The t ransm itte d acc uracy
dar d h a s its co mplete
counter will req uire a mini- of th e N.B.s . (Na tio nal
osc illator c ircuit e ncased in a
mum warm-up t ime of o ne Bureau o f Sta ndards) WWV
heavil y cons tructed do u ble
ho ur wi th 24 hours' time transmission fro m Bo ulder,
o ven (an ove n wi thi n an
being recommended. If the Colo rado is 1/1 0 10 , o ne part
oven). The typical size of
counter is be ing calibrated to in te n billio n. Becau se of
suc h an ove n may be as small
fac t o ry specifications, a s ig na l p a th di st or tions,
as 8" long and 3" in dia me te r
24-hour period becomes mini- however, the acc uracy is
and o vens twice th is size are
mum and 3 months is not degrad ed by about two orders
quite common. Such oscill a-
unheard of. of magnitu de o r possibl y
tors, whe n ca li brated against
A laboratory-type crystal more. Thi s is kno wn as "T he
WWVB or WWVL , 60 kHz
refe ren ce osci llator used to Do ppler Shift." The received
and 20 kHz, respective ly,
ca lib rate the basic time base have accuracies as great as accuracy is now 1/10 8 or less.
osc illator in a cou nter gen- Under th e most o ptimum of
o ne part in one hundred
rece iving conditio ns and using
t he best cal i b ra tio n
tec h niques, includ ing an
A comment quite often heard by lab tech- overall time pe riod of 6
nician s and radio a mate urs contains the
w ee k s fo r th e d ai ly
following subs tance: " I have the audible co rrec t ions o f t he c rystal
capa bilit y to zero beat a signal emanating
osci llato r frequen cy, o ne
from the speaker of my receiver." If this is could achieve a counter t ime
so, then these individuals have indeed been
base accuracy of one part in
endowed with a very special human 107 o r .0 000 1%.
ability .. .
Reference labo ratori es on
th e o the r hand do not use the
WW V t r an smi s sion
 frequencies of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0
or 15.0 MHz because of the
limited accuracies available.
The low frequency
transmissions of WWYB and
WWYl are used as they are
not subject to the same types
of transmission freque ncy
disto rtions. In add ition they
can be and a re t ra nsmitted
with mu ch higher acc uracies.
The transmi tter o scillato rs of
WWVB and WWY L do not
use crysta ls. T hey are
contro lle d by atomic
references.
The Cesium Beam
standard is an atomic
resonant device which
provides access to one of
Earth's invariant frequencies
in accord with the principles
of quantu m mech anics. It is a
true pri mary refe rence and
requires no o ther refe rence
for calibration. A cesium
atom ic bea m re so n ator
controlled oscillator is used
and is the nation 's primary
frequency reference. The
accuracy of transmission is
1/10 13, one part in ten
trillion.
Time and freque ncy are
intangible quanti t ies whic h
ca n be measu red only with
respec t to some ph ysical
quantity. Th e basic unit of
time, t he second, is defin ed as
t he d u rat io n of
9, 192,63 1,770 periods of
transition within the cesium
atom.
The transmissions of
WWYB on 60 kHz are
intercepted on receiving
equipment of very narrow
bandwidth, usual ly a few Hz
wid e. Th e time interval
betwee n a local refere nce
oscillator and the frequency
of WWYB a re compared
minu te by min ute on a st rip
chart recorder wh ic h records
the phase differences. Th e
resolu tion of this comparison
is typically 1 us. One part in
1010 takes 104 sec. to
achieve a 1 usee. error
(somewhat less than 3 hours) .
The transmission of
WWYB is coded in the binary
coded decimal system. The
charac ters are forme d by
varia tions of the carrier in ±
10 dB levels. This presents
time-of-year information each
minute: the minute, hour,
day of the year and the milli-
second difference between
the broadcast signal and UT2
t ime.
Uni ve rsal time , de fi ned as
UT t ime, is the ti me o f day
on ea rt h. UT ti me varies with
the varia tions of the earth 's
rotation. UT2 t ime is one of a
num be r of offset t imes used
to correct for seasonal
variations in the earth's
rotation. These variations are
caused by displacement of
matter in and over the earth's
surface.
O ther devices of interest as
freque ncy stan dards are the
Thallium bea m, the A mmon ia
maser, the Hydrogen maser
and th e Rubidium gas maser.
Th e R u b i diu m vapo r
reference s ta ndard uses a
passive resonator to stabilize
a quartz oscillator. It is
considered a secondary
standard because it must be
initially calibrated against a
primary standard such as a
Cesium Beam. Once adjusted
and sealed, the frequency
remains superfinely stab le
and th e f requ ency accuracy is
within parts in 12 12 .
Th e crystal oscillator,
although not th e most stab le,
is still the most econom ically
available to the ham. It is also
compact in size and fits easily
into the geometry of a
compact frequency counter.
The frequency counter does
have a number of inaccuracies
and the crystal reference
frequency oscillator is the
malar one.
Th e crystal IS the t ime
refe rence base for a divider
chain wh ich basically se ts up
start a nd stop t rigger pulses in
the coun ter. The counte r has
a number of these, 1 Hz, 10
Hz and 1 kl-lz being typical.
Besides the time base
inaccuracy there is also an
inherent trigger error which
causes a ± 1 count in the
readou t. The crystal when
fi rst t urned o n has a large
drift e rror. Th is is overcome
One does not e xpec t the average ham either
to possess the accurate equipme nt usually
found in a metrology la bora tory or to a pply
the techn iques necessar y for such accuracy.
Th e awareness that such equipment does
exist, however, sheds light upon what is
required to make accurate calibra t ions ...
by use of an oven and a hum an a bility, especia lly
war m-up pe riod. Thereafter when one considers that the
the crystal has an aging ra te. h um an ear can no t hear
This is a constant periodic frequencies below 30 Hz
upward change in freque ncy regardless of their amplitude.
with time. All crystals have it. This also bri ngs into view the
After about 90 days of ON necessary unusual hi-f
time t his rate becomes qu ite c harac teristics required of the
predictable and can be recei ver's ou tpu t transformer
co m pe nsated for if the whic h probably does not
oscillator is eq uipped with a respond below 100 Hi - to
dial capable of a 1,000 to 1 say nothing of t he speaker
or better resolution. O n the response. What one ac tually is
fi ne r lab orato ry oscillators hearing is a difference in the
this vernier readout ca n be amp litude in the noise
relate d t o t i me In f reque ncies accompa nyi ng
mic roseconds. the signal.
The average ham is most One does not expect the
apt to set up the cou nter's average ha m either to possess
reference oscillator by zero the accurate equipment
beating the counter's t ime usually fou nd in a metrology
base refere nce osci llator labo ra tory or to apply the
aga i ns t WWY ' s hi g h tec hniq ues necessa ry for such
frequency tra nsmissio ns. Th is acc uracy. The aware ness that
is gene rally per formed aurally suc h equi pme nt does exist,
afte r a warm-up peri od of 1-5 however, shed s light up on
hour s. Mo st ofte n, the what is required to make
ine xperienced ha m may wind accur a te c alibrations. It,
up by bea t ing against the therefo re, foll o ws th at if it is
aud io of the tran sm itted not prac t ica l for the am ateur
signal in which case the to make t im e inte-val :
crystal will be set to the measureme nts on the time
wrong frequency. WWV base generator of a counter
usually uses 440 Hz for a and the follo w-up corrections
period during the hour, then in time and frequency , t hen it
shifts to 600 Hz. If the also is no t reasonable that the
oscillator has bee n zero beat amateur ex pect to have time
to one of these, the error will base freque ncy accuracy to
become appare nt when the wit hi n 1/10 7 • A more
m odul ation frequency is reasonable accuracy level ca n
changed as the appa re nt zero be expected by fo llo wing ccr -
beat will have disappeared. t aln grou nd ru les. Allow a 5
A comment quite often hour minim um warm-up time
heard by lab technicians and if the equipment uses an
radio amateurs contains the oven, 1 hour if not; the time
follow ing substance: " I have base generator (crystal)
the audible capability to zero should be calibrated by use of
beat a signal emanati ng from a null detector against one of
the speaker of my rece iver." WWY's higher frequency
If this is so, then these signals, and the intended
indi viduals have indeed been measure me n ts with t he
end owed with a very special cou nte r be execu ted as soon
111
th er e a fter as practicabl e.
Expected ac curacy will be in
parts per mil lion or sligh t ly
be tter of th e WWV refer e nced
freq ue ncy.
A re co mme n de d
procedure t hat affo rds qu ite
good ze ro beat capab ilit y a nd
is read ily avai lable to mo st
rad io amateurs is as fo llows:
1. Tu nc in the WWV
fre qu ency to be used. The
rece p tion o f th e signal shou ld
be free of fad ing.
2. The oscillator signal to
be ca l ibrated should be
cou pled so that its a mp litude
closely equals that of the
incoming WWV ca rrie r level.
3. Zero beat aurally as
c lose ly as possible, then
c ontin u e r efi ni ng t he
adjustmen t while o bserving
th e r e cei ver " 5" meter
ind ica tion. As zero be at is
achieved the " S" meter w ill
re ach e ithe r a ma ximum Of
m i n i m u m s t a b ilize d
ind icat ion. This reading will
be ma ximum if both signals
a re of the sa me phase
rela tionsh ip o r min im um if
the phase is o u t by 180
d egre es. It is o f little conce rn
which is obtained jus t so t he
meter needl e has stabilized its
position .
If t he c rystal is o f hi gh
stabil ity quality and is in an
ove n, o ne might want fu rth er
refinement in the long-term
sta bility capabili ty. In such
case it wi lt be required that
the cry stal osci lla to r be le ft
o n co nt in uo usly. Further
re fin eme nts in th e ze ro beat
O' ~
y·
.
' t-
, n s ;, S
,.I. th" t you
from~ /4
10 lhe 13+ ta pe, aod I ll)Und l)Ut that
l he hard way i$ll't so hltd after all. I
simply Silt down with ue laster tape
aod copied as much 01 II as I could.
At f"st t his wasn 't much, and I got
very frust ra led. be t in time went on. I
112
sett ing will be re q uire d ea ch
24 ho urs, first to correct fo r
t he init ial p hase e rro r sett ing
and the n to correct fo r the
c rystal aging ra te . T he se
fur t her refineme nts could
r e sult in parts In 107
•
accuracy.
No t e : For l on g -te rm
stab ilit y a 1.0 MHz or higher
crystal is recom mended . Zero
beat be comes mo re d iffic ult
t he highe r t he WWV
referenced frequenc y. T his
fo llows becau s e th e
resolutio n o f adjustment is
re duced a nd yo u arc working
to a fi ne r tolera nce .
Assume that the recei ved
signal is accu rate to 1 part in
a million (± 10-6 ) a nd th at
the adju stme n t you have just
made was set to zero beat
wit h ± 10-6 of the received
signal. T his will produce a
short-term accurac y o f ±
2/ 10 6 Hz. Therefore o ne can
se t a 147.00 MHz tra nsceiver
fre qu ency to a n accurac y o f ±
294 Hz depending o n whic h
side of the WWV carrier
frequency yo u are ze roed in
o n. This accuracy will decay
with time e lapse be t wee n the
act of ca libra tio n and usc of
the counter.
The above happens to be
t he hard core tru th and
shoul d start spi nning the
mental wheel s of those who
wonder why th ey are 2.0 k Hz
o ff the center o f the re peater
ba nd pass.
For the ham fo rt u nate
e nough to have the me an s to
pe r fo r m m or e acc u rate
rri~.t t'!
fouod I was copying s.evefal code
groups In a row .. _ t hen a solid
minute ,_, and f ina lly copVing it
almost solid.
I would like to ta ke t his opper
tuni tv t o publicly thank . nm
WB 2EOW, who provided an enormous
amount of help for me in getting lhe
measu remen ts, the follo wing
is su pplie d.
\. Cou nte r minimu m O N
ti me : 90 days.
2. Compute oscillator d rift
rate fo r single measure ment
spans. The average fractional
e rror of freq ue ncy is equal to
the fractional t ime error
which is give n b y:
6f _ t2 lJ
f T
Where
llr =
Average freq ue ncy
f error.
t I = Init ial time com pa rison
reading.
t 2 = Final t ime compariso n
reading.
T = Elapsed time be tw een
read ings.
Ex ampl e (Ti me com-
par ison readi ng a t 9 am May
I = 4,64 ms. A rea d ing o n 9
am May 4 = 1.70 ms.]:
llf 4.64 ms - 1.70 ms
x continuous co rrections and
f 3 d ays
1 da y 2.94
::-
8.-=- IO"'7 = 3 x9/74x 10 7
64'-X=
I. 19
29.4
= =
25.92 X 106 106
1.1 9 /1 0 6
theorv together for the Advanced test _
There reall y are hams around who are
willing to help o ther people w,t h code
and IheorV. aod J im is one 0 1 t hem.
t He aod hIS wife, Kathv. also gave me
a verv good Thanksgiving dinner '! I'd
also like 10 thank O~ WA2CLS fo r
his help.
Finallv. I'd like to asi( for some
help. In t958 Jim lev K6 0 GX
administered the Tech nic ian test 10
me tetter t\tvlng shepherded me
t hrough the Novice ucensel. I've tried
to wri te to him. but apparently he is
no Iono;,er at hIS callbook a TH. Wilt
VOU please print mv address with this.
so that if Jim reads it he can con tact
me. or it anyone else who knows Jim
T ha t is, t he average osc illa to r
error during this period (or
ass u m i ng a co n s ta n t
f re q ue ncy d rift, t he
instantan eou s error at 9:00
am o n May 2) is 1.19 parts
per million h igh. The average
freq ue ncy of th e osc illator
du rin g th is measureme nt
in terval is given by :
f av = f nom . (1 + ~)
f
Whe re
f av = Average freque ncy.
f nom. = No rmal Oscillat or
frequen cy .
llf
T - Average freq ue ncy
erro r.
Thus, conti nuing wit h t he
above exa mple and a n
osc illator wit h a nominal
freq ue ncy of 1.0 MHz,
1,000,000 .1 19 Hz
Usin g thi s meth od of
reco rd ing co n tin uo us d ata
one is able to iron out the
p rop agation a no malies of
WWV a nd a p p r oac h a
pre cision be t ter th an 1 p art in
1 0 8 . N ow wi th thi s
backgro und behind you - do
I hear so meo ne q uest io ning
the accu rac y o f the lo cal
repe ate r freq ue ncy ?? ? _
reads it t hev can eit her tell him abo ut
it or wr ite 10 me wit h J im's O TH'
Thanks_
Pau l BusbV el!·KSOJ L, K9ZE M
Bo ~ 61 3
Grand Central Sta tIon
New York N Y 10017
1 KH-1B
1
I am looking for a schematic fo r a
KH-1B kever or inform ation on how
to hook it to a Viking Vali., l.
Joe Robidou~ WN 1UDU
829 l ebanon H ill
Southbridge MA 01550
 TOWSON MO 25th of April, 1976. Rain or shine, CAO I LLAC M I
A PR 4 same place as always. MA Y 1
The Grea ter Ba ltimore Ha mbor ee AMBOY I L The Wexa ukee Ama teur Rad io
w ill be held April 4, 19 76 at 8 am at A PR I L 25 Associat io n annou nces the ir 16 t h
the Calvert Hall College, Gou cher Th e Ro ck River Ham fest will be An nua l Swap-Shop and Eyeball that
Blvd. and laSa lle Road, Towson MD he ld April 25, 1976 , Amboy, Ill ino is wil l be held May 1st in the Nat ional
2 1204. (One m ile sout h o f exi t 28, Lee Co. 4-H Center Jet. 30 & 52. Guard Armory in Cadillac, Michigan,
Beltway-Inte rstate 6951. Food service, Same place as last year. $1 advance, sta rti ng at 9 am. T his Swap-Shop is
pnzes, contests and a giant flea gate S2, write Carl Karlson W9ECF, open to all radio amateurs, citizens
market. 250 tables inside gym. PO Box 99, Nachusa, Illinois 61057. banders, and anyone interested in
Registration S2. Over 1000 attended Rain or shine - indoor or out, radio communications. Lunches will
las t year. Information: Contact camping, large swap shop, food , and be available at noon and there is lots
Brother Gerald Malseed at school many Prizes. Short trip west of of free parking. Tic kets available at
address or call 301-825-4266. Chicago. Talk-in 146.94. the door.
OAYT ON OH
APRIL 23
The 7th Annua l F.M. BASH w ill be
held o n t he Frid ay night o f Dayton
Hamvent ion Apr il 23, 1976 at t he
Dayton Bilt more T ow ers (hotel) In
Oscar
the downtown area . Th is new loca tion
will accommodate the ever-increasing
crowd and will allow a leisurely social
evening and a live floo r show,
Orbits
featuring television personality Rob Oscar 6 Orbital Information Oscar 1 Orbital Information
Reider (WA8G FF) and his group. Orb it Ilate Time longitude Orbit Date Time longitude
Admission is free to all ha ms and the ir (Apr) (GMT) of Eq . (Apr) (GMT) of Eq.
ladies, a nd includ es free snack s a nd a Crossing oW Mode Crossing O
w
C.O. D. bar. A fabulous prize d rawing 15820 1 0043:08 65.4 a 6293 1 0008,55 52.0
158 33 2 0 138:04 79. 1 A 6 306 2 0103: 12 65.6
at 11 pm includes a Clegg FM-DX 15845 3 0038:00 64. 1 B 631 8 0002: 32
3 50.4
transceiver . Ho urs are from 9 pm t il 158 58 4 0 132:56 77.8 A 6331 4 0056: 49 64.0
m id night . Miami Valley F.M. Ass'n ., 15870 5 0032 :52 62.8 B 6344 5 0151:06 77.6
Milt Koh l W8S LY. 158 83 6 0 127:47 76.6 A 6356 6 0050:26 62.4
15895 7 0027 :43 6 1.6 8X 6369 7 0 144:43 76.0
GR AN O RAPI OS M I 15908 B 0122 :39 75.3 A 6381 8 0044:04 60.8
APR I L 24 15920 9 0022 :35 60.3 a 6394 9 0138:21 74.4
15933 10 0117 :31 74.1 A 6406 10 0037 :41 59.2
The 2nd Annual Swap and Shop
15945 11 0017:27 59 .1 B 6419 11 0131 :58 72.8
will be held Saturday, April 24, 1976 , 15958 12 0112 :22 72.8 A 6431 12 0031: 18 57 .6
9 am to 5 p m in t he auditorium at 15970 13 0012:18 57 .8 8 6444 13 0125 :35 71.2
Wood land Mall o n East 28th Street in 159 83 14 0 107:1 4 71.6 AX 6456 14 0024:55 56.0
Grand Ra pids, Mich igan {corner of 159 9 5 15 0007 : 10 56.6 B 6469 15 0119:12 69.6
160 08 16 0 102:06 70.3 A 6 48 1 16 0018:33 54 .4
M1 1 and M441. Featured will be ham
16020 17 0002:02 55.3 B 6494 17 0 112,50 68.0
equ ip ment, e lectron ic parts, monito rs 160 33 18 0056 :57 69 .1 A 6506 18 00 12: 10 52.8
a nd ce. Adm ission $ 1.50. Fo r fu rther 16046 19 0 15 1:53 82.8 a 6 51 9 19 0 106: 27 66.4
info rma t ion write : Gr and Rapid s 16058 20 005 1:49 6 7.8 A 6 531 20 0005:47 5 1.2
RE ACT lnc. . PO Bo x 2402, Grand 16071 21 0 146:45 81.6 ax 6544 21 0100:04 64.8
160 83 22 0046:4 1 66.5 A 6557 22 0154 :21 78.4
Rapid s, Michiga n 49 501 .
16096 23 014 1:3 7 80.3 B 6569 23 0053:41 63.2
SUL LIVAN IL 16108 24 004 1:33 65.3 A 6582 24 0147:58 76 .8
16121 25 0136:28 79.0 8 6594 25 0047: 19 61.6
APR I L 25 16133 26 0036:24 64.0 A 6607 26 0141:36 75.2
The Moultrie Amateur Rad io Klub 16146 27 0131 :20 77 .8 B 6619 27 0040,56 60.0
announces its 15th Annual Hamfest at 16158 28 0031 :16 62.8 AX 663 2 28 0135:13 73.6
the America n Legio n Pavilion In 16 171 29 0 126:12 76. 5 8 6644 29 0034 ,33 58.4
16 183 30 0026 :08 6 1.5 A 66 57 30 0 128:50 72.0
Wyman Pa rk, Sullivan, Il li no is on t he

'"
1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
fOR YOUR CJ.\R, VJ.\t't ~rRUC\<\H
101'1 01 ~ (HIAP (lO(K
• •i_e b~.e kit 0000 $ 2 3 .5 0 1 A l ot o f you a re a lre ady famil iar with the "Son o f a Cheap Clock" a n d wha t
i t ha s to offer --- like the .3 " digit s , choice o f 12 / 24 hr a nd 50/60 Hz op -
» era tion. segmen t and d r i ve r tran si s t ors f or brighter di g i ts. socke t s f or

I::l ~-..
I e an d all readouts, and so on. Al s o. a l o t o f you have bought our t i me
b ase kit s that provide a source of 60 Hz timing puls es . thUB free ing you r
clock fr om t he AC l i ne . Now, we o f f e r them togethe r a t a s pec i a l pri ce .
The clock is t he same 85 our re gu lar clock kit , but it o f course doe sn't.
m come wi t h a transforme r. The t i me ba se 1s extremel y a c curate, s t ab l e, an d
L...-..J a miser with power consumpt ion . Our data s hows yo u ho w t o h ook t hem t o-
CUT .now RUI>OUTI
. Of' RUIOTl PtS'c ..
gether 1n your veh icl e, a s we l l a s how t o r emote t he re adou ts ( so you c an
ha ve your re a dou t s on t h e fr on t pa ne l and stu ff t he electron i c s be hind your
..................................................................................
dash) , how to blank t he digits f or minimum s tandby current dra i n, and mo r e .

i [}:{]&~[Q) lJ(Q)[pO~[Q) , i n~ V (0) IL'if ~ A IM\ [j?> i

•
I
I_ AKERICAN MADE---TW IS T LOCK TYPE- - - .- This s"pply is Ide;ll for powe ring mobile r1gs;lnd othe r euto- ,"
I 850C rating. Top quality. • ...otive equipnoent due to Its high cur r ent c;lp,I,lty •.. yet It h;l;s •
I- 150 uf • 350V 75t; ea, 2/$1.35 • •• eno"gh precision ;lnd st;lbillty , <!IS _ I I u p rotection, to Mil"e I.
• 150 uf @ 350V and I ;I dandy l ab or test ben,h supply. It offe rs bette r than .05 I
I 200 uf@ 175V . .•... 95t;ea,2/$1. 75 .volt regulation . current limiting at 13 III11pS. ;ldJusUble out · -
-. 200 uf • 175V 75t; ea, 2/$1.35 I put 11 · 11< wlU , 12 ou tpu t fo r Inte l t t ent (SOt; duty cycle) I
i
10 uf • 4 0 0 V , 4 uf • 350V, and 1 0 0
!
• use . Rr bypassing. ;lnd full sho r t c i rcuit protec tion. "'It does i•
..................................................................................
-o
uf • 350V . . . . . . . . • . 65t; ea, 2/$1.20 not Include ch;l;nls or h;lrdware. $22.50 and postage fo r 7 Ibs .

l1J •••••••• •• •• ••••••••• $$=~~~L m m . . . m m m ~

~ "E LEC TRO MIC PROJECTS FOR HUS ItI AM S Is a ne w boo k, written by my f riend Craig Ande r t o n , which I he a r t ily endo rse fo r all
elect ronic .."d musica l t ypes . The f i r s t f o ur chapte rs te l l how t o id ent ify a nd obtain parts, s elec t a nd c a r e for tools ,
1;,
~
ll:: r-
a nd a ppl y basic const ruct ion t ecbnlq ue s ; in shor t , a n Introduction to basic electron ics II Rad io Ama teLlr 's Handboo k,
Chap ter 5 contains 19 p roj ects f or muslcalZeudlo app lications , a nd th e book concludes with s ections on tr ou b l es hoot i ng

Iii:J and "'he re t o fi nd mo re InformHlon.

- - -Bi ll Go dbo u t , BI LL C;OOBOU T ELECTRONICS
" In t he f irst part o f t he boo k , Cra ig g ives t he bul cs •.• and a l ot of ve ry p ra ct i c a l I n fo r ma t io n on bLlll dl ng p rojec ts.
r
C
Th i s info r mat ion ",I I I be L1sef,, 1 to th e be ginne r wll e t he r or no t he i nte nd s to bui ld from Crai'J's boo k , •• or from Just a -
U
..J
..J
-
bout any th ing el se . Thls so rt of wr i t i ng is very dl ff lcLl lt , and Cra ig ha s done it very "'el l a nd ",it h a f e eli ng t hat
leaves t he r eader ",I t h a n I mp re ss ion of personal at t e n t io n ." -
·- - 8. A. Hut c h i n s, ELE CTRONO TES magaz ine A
~ OK, HAMS, JUDGING FROM OUR ORDERS MUS IC IANS AREN' T TH E ONLY ONES BUY ING TH IS BOOK" ,MANY BEGINNERS ):
-n
..J IN ELECTRONI CS CONS IDER THE FI RST 4 CHAPTERS ALONE W ORTH THE PRICE OF ADIII SSION, THI S MOIHH, WE
:J ARE GIV ING YOU A L1TILE i'iJRE INCENTIVE TO GET A BOOK NOW, WE 'VE GOT A LIM ITED QUANTITY AUTO-
u. C
GRAPHED BY THE AUTHOR, AVAILABLE ON A FIRST COME - FI RST SERVED BAS IS , ENJOY!!
-
s :N_ 'E ~C ~ysr 'ALS
TO-5 CAH ... ACC URACY .O,t; OR BEnER. These a re designed for f il.e d -
RECULATORS
f requency oscillators and for binary division in o rde r t o gen e rate 1 Ar,P, " TO-220 PACKAGE
othe r f requencies (e xamp le: 16 . 381< divide d by 2 11,_, Hz; 15. 360
div ides dooon to 60 Hz ; 28.160 can become "A" 1<110 , et'.) All r re- -
qllencies SI<.95 each. l Ot; discoun t on o rde rs of 10, 20t; d iscoun t
on o rde rs o f 100 . FREQU EMCI ES AV AI LABlE ( lOlz):

10.000 12.800 15 . 360 16.000 16. 384 17 . 71<6 18 . 61<\ 19 . 200

61.75 0.\'1 1
"~~.a
20. 1,80 21<.576 28 .160 30 . 720 32.768 36.8511 38. 1+00 1<0 . 96 0 SPEC IFY 6. 8, 12 . 15. OR 24 VOLTS
60.000 76.800 100 . 00 153 . 60 240.00 POS ITI VE ONLY

TERMS: A.dd po.&.tagl'. whtAl'. i.ml.iea.tl'.d; a.dd 50~ to oltdl'./U undu $1 0. /oJo COD
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....... 8Q( 2355. Oo\KLA/'o() ARPORT. CA ~IA

CONTESTS
from page 32
BARe CONT EST
Phone: St arts ; 0001 GMT, Satu rda y.
Apr il 24; Ends: 0 200 GMT; Sunday.
April 25 ; CW: Starts: 000 1 GMT ,
Saturday , May 8; End s: 0200 GMT,
Su nda y. May 9
Any number of tran$ffiitters/reoceiverll
will be allowed. However. all sunions
participat ing must be single operator
only. All contestants mUSI operate
from lheir own private residence or
property. North America and Uniled
Kingdom winners are ineligIble tor a
peo-iod of two years. regardless of
section won. Use all amateur bands
from 80 to 10 meters. No uossband
or crossmode contilCts will be per .
mitted.
US and Canadian stations may contact
UK and VP9 stations only. UK
stations may contact US, Canadian,
and Bermuda statior'lS only.
UK
stations ere requeued to use the
official RSGB counties list and abbre-
viations to iIYOid confusion.
EXCHANGE:
RSlTl and Slate, proVince, UK county
or Bermuda parish .
SCORING:
Each completed cco tect counts J
points. The multiplier lor all stations
outside Bermuda is the total number
of different VP9 callsigns worked on
each band. For Bermuda stations the
multiplier is the total number of
states. provinces, and UK coun ties
wo rked on each band. The final score
is the sum o f all OSO points times t he
total multiplier.
LOGS:
All dates and times mus t be in GMT
and all contesta nts must co mpute
the ir ow n scores and chec k logs f or
du plicate co ntacts. Include a signed
sta temen t t hat all contest rules a nd
license terms have been complied
wit h. Please print your name, ca ll and
address on each pa9l! of you r log. All
logs mus t be rece ived by t he Con test
Committee, Radio Society o f aer-
rnuda, PO Bo ~ 275. Ham ilton 5,
Bermuda - not later Ihan June 30,
1976.
AWARDS:
A Irophy will be awarded 10 t be
phone and ON winners in North
America and United Kingdom. Round
trip ai r t ransportation plus one week 's
accommodation at the Sanesta Beach
Hotel will be provided to QVer$eas
winnen to enab le them to receive
their awatds at the Radio Soc::iety of
Bermuda's Anoual Banquel to be held
on October 21 , 1916.
HELVET IA 22 CO NTEST
StarU: 1500 G MT, Sat urday, May 1;
Ends : 1100 GMT , Su r.:lay , May 2
Use all band$, 160 to 10 meters, CW
to CW o r phone to phone; no cross-
mode con tacts.
EXCHANGE:
RSlT j and 3 figure $erial number from
001. Swiss stations will also $end lhe
abbreviat ion of the ir canton. Abbre-
viations of t he 22 ca ntons are: AG,
AR, BE, BS, FR , GE, G L, G R, LU,
NE, NW, 5G, $ H, SO, S2, TG. T1. UR.
VD, VS, 2G, 2 H.
SCO RING:
Each contact with a HB stati on counts
3 poi nts. Each sta tion can be wo rked
once per band, either on ON or
phone. The mult Iplier is the sum of
Swiss cantons worked on each band,
making a possible multiplier of 22 per
band. You r final score will be t he sum
of OSO points multiplied by t he su m
of cantons wor ked on each ban(t
AWARDS:
Lab Science's
Certificates will be given to the
highest scorer in each country. USA
and Canad ian cau areas are considered
as separate countnes,
LOGS:
ECONOTRACE
Logs must be postmarked not later
than 30 days after the contest and
sent to : TM USKA, Rene Oehninger If you're lhe kind of person who S1.00 for postage & handling) , itbout
HB9AHA, 5101 $eengen/AG , SWluer- has to see something to believe it , this a t hird of t he nearest competitor. And
land. Send aSLs for each of the 22 it comes completely assembled , read y
new product might be r ight down
cantons worked on ON o r phone for 'lour alley. That is, if you test many to operate, One di sadvantage: Since
the Helvetia 22 Award to : Blattner it's battery o perated, it only tests up
transistors fand what ham doesn't?).
Waller HB9AL F, President U$KA, via Imag ine going th rough t hat bo x of to e 9 vol ts and t 90 milliamperes, so
B. Varenna 85, 6604 lacarno, "unknowns" on you r bench, and it is no good for test ing high voltage
Swiuerland. f indi ng out all about t he m, in iust a cha racteristics. What it is good for is
~ew minotes. Just plug the device IntO mak ing transistor test ing simple and
the " EcaNOT RACE ," connect ttyee exact fall d r ives and outputs are cali·
MASSAC HUSE TTS BICENTEN N IAL leads to your oscilloscope, and you're brated l. You can also compar e or
esc PARTY ready , One ca lch: You provide t he match devices, just like o n t he b ig
t racers, with just a flick of a switch.
Sta tts: 0000 GMT, Satu rda y, May 1; 'scope. Displ ay leakage (ICBOl. DC &
It's also sma ll, 2 ·718 x 4 ~ 1·7/8
Ends: 2400 GMT, Sunday , May 2 AC beta, low voltage breakdown,
inches, lightweight (10 o z.) and comes
a lmost anyt hing t he b ig e~pe nsive
The contest is sponsored by the Sout h com ple te wit h its own battery , wh ich
t racers display, 8CCOf di ng to the ma n-
S hore R epea ter A sso ci a tio n , lasts for a year. Furthermore, Lab
ufact urer, Lab Science, PO Box 19 12,
WR1ACT, of Scituate MA and is Scienc e ot ters it o n a 30 day, no
Bou lder CO 80302.
endorsed by t he Mass. Bicente nni al
The b ig advan lage is price : t he str ings, rnonev-bac k gua ra ntee , so you
Commission. Any station may be
ECONOT RACE sells fo r $39,50 (plus too can see it to believe it ,
worked once pe r ba nd; CW and phone
-
are consi der ed separa te bands. No
crossband o r repeater contacts are TYPE 4 22 OSCILLOSCOPE
permitted. MA stations may work.
o ther MA stations.
FR EOUENCIES.
Pho ne : 18 20 , 39 60, 7260, 14 290,
2 1390, 28590, 50. 110, 146.5 2. CN:
18 10. 3560, 706 0, 140 60, 2 1060,
2B06O. No vice : 372 0, 7120, 2 1 120,
2B120.
•
EXCHANGE..
RSrT) and county for MA or ARRL
section/cou ntry for others.
-. ·-r - "
J." ~
SCORING: "
Each completed aso counts 2 points. •
Outside stations mu lti ply tota l aSO
points by to t a l number of different
MA coun ties (ma ~ 14) worked. MA
stations multiply total aso poi nts by
• •
the number of MA coun ties plus
ARRL sections fno l EMASS o r
• eco n ot race
WMASSI and DXCC countries
worked.
AWARDS:
Distinctive awards will be given alo ng
@) c
with a certificate for working all MA
counties. Separate awa rds will be @
gio«'n for VHF bands.
ENTRIES:
Mai ling deadline is J uly 15, 1916 and
should be sent 10: R. J. Doherty
W1GDB, RFD "'1, 14 Pine Street,
Sandwich MA 0 2563. Include an
8 -.- 4
SAS E for results and awards.
Decisions o f the contest committee
are final and logs will become the
property of WR l ACT.
'15
 6 Digit LED Clock Kit-12/24hr. DIODES
1 N4002 . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . • • . • 2 5 /$1.95
2 5 /$2 .25
$9.50 ea. $8.50 ea. $6.95 ea. 1 N4004 . . . . . . • . • • • • • • . . . • . •
1 N4007 . • . • • • . . • • . • . . . . . . . •
lN5400 •.•••... . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 /$2 .45
10 /$1.50
Cly of 6 Or mO re
QTY OF QTY OF .....n.n eacn kit is 1 N4 148 . • • . . . . . . . . . . ...••.• 25 /$1.50
purch"'ect with .. 1 N914 . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . • 25 /$1.75
1 to 5 6 or MORE tr an sformer , PC
bO<lrd, and cabinet .
TRANSISTORS
KIT INCLUDES; 6 LED R u d o ... tl ( FNO- 10 .25 in, RE OI (l o m e unmarked - all guarant ..ed)
_INSTRUCTIONS 1 MM 5 314 Clod C ~ iP 12 4 pin )
13 n on ,i 't OIl 2N2369 ( M a r k ed l .. •. . •. . •.. . 10 / $ 1.9 0
• QUALITV COMPONENTS 3 Switc h ... 2N2222 (Equill.) ••••• . • . . • . . . 1 0 / $1. 5 0
• M.ONEY BACK GUARANTEE 3 Capacit o ,"
2N3394 (Marked) . .. • . . . • . • • • 10 /$1 .90
e so or 60 Hz OPERATION 5 D iod'"
9 RI . ioto n 2N3646 ( Equ;II.) ... .. • • . . • • . • 10/$ 1.25
.12 o r 24 HR OPERATION 24 Mo l. . pi n. '0' Ie .ock et 2N390 4 (Equill.) .... •. • • . . . . . 10 / $1 .2 5
Primed Circui t Board for above (etched 8< drilled Fibe r glass) ...•. .••• .• .••••• $ 2.95 2N4249 (Marked ) ••.•...•.•.. 10 / $1. 9 0
Standard T ransf o r mer 11 5 V A C / 8 VAC •.•..••.•• .•••.. .•.•.. .•••... . .• . . 1 .50 2N4 403 (Equ ill.l •. . . . . . .. .•.• 10 / $1 .2 5
Molded Co rd T r 'lln sf o r m er 11 5 VAC/8 VAC ••• .•. .. . ... . .. . . .• . . .. ... . .. . . 2 .50
Pl. .. ig ln Cabin et 11 Red Chen;l, W hi te Caw , IC SOCKETS SOLDER TAIL
2 l', 'H x 4 YO W " 5 y,,"g~DE :'kIT);:850 an incredible ',;a;ue" 5 .95 14 0 r 1 6 p i n ••. 4 /$ 1 ••••.•••••• 25/$5.
24 o r 28 pin ••• 754 .••..•.••.••• 8 1$5.
Tranliltor Sockets .. .......••••• 12/$1 .
6 Digit LED Clock-Calendar-Alarm Kit Power Transistor Sockets
wi t h "$01;. hardwar e . . . . . . . . . • . . . 4 /$1 .
_ 12/24 HR TIME _ JUMBO DIGITS (MAN.fi4J _ 28-3IJ.31 DAY Mo lelC p i ns ••.••••• 1000/$7 .50
CALENDAR _ AC FAILURE/BATTERY BACK-UP _ 24 HR ALARM-
10 MIN. SNOOZE _ ALTERNATES TIME (8 SEC) AND DATE (2SECJ PUSH -BUTTON SWIT CH
OR DISPLA YS TIME ONL Y AND DATE ON DEMAND _ THIS KIT Sub· M in iature SPST Y,A. C80K ::a631
N .D . 120VAC soq 10 /$4 .
USES THE FANTASTIC CT·7001 CHIP. FOR THE PERSON THAT
WANTS A SUPER CLOCK KIT (TOO MANY FEATURES TO UST)!
COMPLETE KIT.. ifdueling 39 -S O RDER KIT
ROCKER SWITCH
so,&) Hr OP Power SupplY. Lone Cord.
Drilled PC Bo..-dl. etc.
.~, #1OO1B
leASE NOT IMCLUDEDI
K it #7001 -C same as #70 0 1· 8 but has dlff....ent L EOs. Uses 4 Ol·747 . 6 3" $42.95
SPO T
ij} 4 1$1.
100 /$20

4A 1 2 5 V ac l.5A 125 Vdc/ l.5A 250 Vac

digilS & 2 MAN-7 . 3" d igilS lor second • . Complete kit. les. case .
Sli d e Sw itc h es DPDT 12 / $ 1. 9 5
CABINET~I GREAT FOR CABINET II GREAT FOR
3 " HIGH •
/
CLOCK KITS .
INhil.. Pl nigl. . C.... 2 %" HIG H SMALLER
6 %" W IDE E1' 5pfCily RED or GRAY 4 %" W IDE CLOCK KITS IC SPECIALS
5 %" DEE P - ~ Pl ui gial ChillIls 5\1,, ' D E E P TCA 430 Tone G en $1 .95
NEW / oe
Chassis Serves As Bezel To I n crea.e Co n t rast (I d e a l for Kit #850 ebcve.l
of Digital DiSplays . Use G ray With Any All Plexiglas Red Chassis. W hite Case.
,.,
4 250 P.
Op Amp
A mp .95
3 / 1.00
Colo r - Red With Red Display. Only ( R ed Red Chassi s Se rlles A s Beze l T o Increase 1458 Du a l 74 1 .9 5
lEo' s with Red Chassis Brightest) $6.95 ea.
COntrast o f LED DilplaY I.
S5.95 ea. 65 5 Timer .65
656 Dual 555 1.25
56 5 Ph a se locked l oop .9 5
PLEXIGLAS FOR OIGITAL BEZELS XTAL TIME BASE KIT for Clock- 566 F un ct ion G e n 1.50
75<' ea. Calendar-Alarm Kit S9.95 M' Tone Deco der 1 .75
r t t s V A C or 12 V DC o perat ion ) Reg ulato rs
or 6/S3.50 U ses 100.800 KHz ICt a l. F or ::t7001 K itson lv . 723 ±4ov . .75
LM 309 ' V. 1 .25
Common Anode lM340K ·12 12V . 1 .7 5

fiJ MAN~A L
M AN-5
MAN.a
GREEN
RED

Y ELLOW
.4·'
a-
,..
.3"
sr.ss ee.
1.25
1.25
10 151 5.00
11.00
11.00
MM 5314
CT·7001
Clock only
ClK -CA L ·AlM
3 .95
7.95

MAN·] RED .95 8." FACTORY PRIME .3" RED 7 -5EG. LEO
7-SEG DL·l01
DL·147
RED
RED
.3"
.63"
1.25
2.50
12.00
"'.00
MAN -7
.95 ea.• 10/S8.50. 100/$79
11.50
LED FNO-51 0 RED
Common Cilthodl!
HP5082·1102 RED
.5"

.3"
1.8 5

$1, 2Sea, 101S11. 50

In Sea led Fac tory Pkg..
C OMMON ANODE 1 4 PIN DIP

READ FN D--70
fN D-503
D L-750
RED
REO
REO
.25"
.5"
.63"
.65
1.85
'.50
'.95
17.50
20.00
SUPER BRIGHT 7-5EG . LEO
MAN-64AL
15MA/SEG .
OUTS DL·704
OL·3 3MM B
RE O
RED
.3"
3x.l ··
1.25
95
12 .00
8."
COMMON ANODE 1 4P lN DIP .4 " CHAR . HT.
$ 1.55e8. . 10 / $1 5 ,1 0 0 / $1 2 5

116
 ~III

.I 111.1

THREE YEAR S OF 73.. ..ONL Y S17 .76 (while they last)

This offer is good only through July 4th 1976 [unless we change our mindsl.

Here' s a cha nce to get a fa ntastic buy . , . S5 4 worth o f 73 magazines fo r only (only")
$ 17.76. You do n't get mu ch be tt er buys than tha t!
You may not have noti ced how grea t 73 is th ese days ... in case you haven't .just tak e
our word for it. Wh en have we ever lied to you?
Hey ! That co mes out to under 50¢ a co py ... that's rid iculous! Co nside ring the new
postal rates it won't be long be fore the price will be S17.76 for two yea rs . .. then one . ..
and. within the forseeab le future ... 5 17.76 for eac h issue. How abou t those fellows wh o
bo ught LIF E subscriptions?
Oh. you m ay enjoy 73 n ow .. _ perhaps you weren' t o ne of those dragged kick ing and
screaming into FM a few years back when Wayne foun d ou t how much fun that was and
decided to push the hell out of it for a whil e. Yo u ma y get fed up with Wayn e's en thus iasms
... like when he decid ed that SSB would replace AM back in the 50's and he pushed that
hard . Despite what you may hear from unme nt ion able sources, Wayne is not alw ays wro ng
.. . no one is perfect , even at being wro ng.

r--------------------------------,I
I
I
I
IUY t f l f f l l ~ , I '~I I SI,I'~lIIf I
I
I
THREE YE ARS OF 73 MAGAZ IN E. . . .$ 17.7 6! WOW!
I I
I Name Call I
I I
Address
I I
I !Jl~ ""'_"'__
State Zip.
_"_! '---- _

I I
I O New Sub
0 $ 17.76 Enclo sed
D Sta rt with April Issue
DR e newa l or Extension
DB ankAmericard
D Maste r Charge
I
I O Bili Me I
I Card Number I
I ~nature I
I BUY CENTENNIAL BUY - 73 MAGAZINE - PETERBOROUGH NH 0345B I
L J
 .rELEOTRONIO.r

FRIDE N ASCII CO MMUNICATIONS TERMINAL KEYBOARD·PRINTER

Simila r 10 Series 2300 ... Available at a fraction of the o rigi nal cost , these units
are used , but in e xcelle nt operating condition . Ideal fo r mini-co mp ut e rs,
experime nta l a pplications, schoo ls, colleges o r co mmercial uses.
Prin t Rat e: 12.2 chara cters pe r second ; 135 print posit ions; 16 inc h carriage wit h
14 inch pa per capa city ; pica Gothic type sty le, u pper and lower case.
lI orizo nt al: 10 characters pe r inch ; Ve rtical: 3 o r 6 line s pe r inch ; manually set
t abs . Key bo ard : Standard ke ybo ar d layo ut , lock ed wh en off line or on line
message printing. 9 1 characters , plus space ta b , line feed and shi ft . Five
add itio na l key s o n left fo r contro l fun ct ion s - Tran smi t , Reset , Cont rol Case,
ETX , ETB. Two switch co ntrols o n right line co nt rol an d power Off/On.
-
Key bo ard Print er can be used with rnini-comput ors with 24 Volt supply a nd
pro per t ermina tions, or it can be used stand-alone as an electric typewrit er by
mech anically unlo ck ing th e key board locking so lenoid. Po wer Input : 115/ 120
VAC, 60 Hz ., 60 Watts. Size : 2 1 x 17 x 9". Shipping Weight , 1251bs. $225.00

CONTROL UNIT
Whe n used with T M :!O K714 Keyboard Print er , it will pro vide a full ASCII 128
charact er 1/0 and can be used with most central processing units via d ial-up ,
private li ne or d irect co nnected. A modem can be atta che d fo r d ial o peration .
Interfa ce is sta ndard FI A RS23 28 or MIL 188 B, 2 o r 4 wire half du plex. Line
Speed ; 150 Baud . Sta ndard ASCII x 3.2/384-66 I.E., start bit , 7 data bits, even
parity, sto p bi t code. Lo ngit ud inal red unda ncy check chara cter , mod ulo 2 is
generat ed for e ach block . Buffer allows data checki ng prio r to prin ting. Co ntains
all electronics a nd power su pplies fo r printer. Plugs ar e prov ided for co nne ctio n
t o pri nter and card reader o pt ion TM 20 K7 16. Obtain s its AC pow er input from
co nne cto r o n print er (TM20 K7 14 ); 115/1 20 VAC, 60 Hz., 120 Watts. Meta l case
with d ual utility AC out let. Size: 21 high x 17 wide x 9" de ep . Shipping We igh t ,
60 lbs. $45.00

AU prices FOB Philadelphia

DESK STAND
Designed to provide a conve nient operating po sit ion , it has a cut-out to hold the Keyboard Print er with de sk
space o n each side . Tab le top desk portion finished in whit e , mar-resistan t plast ic. Sturdy st eel I beam t ype legs.
Can also be used as a table for ham station, test apparatus , et c. Size: 28 ~ h igh x 50 wide x 28" deep. Shipped
knocked down ; easily asse mbled . Shipping Weight . 90 lbs , $ 29.50
The Friden TM20K 7 14 Key board Printer a nd TM 20K 715 co ntrol unit co mbinat io n are an excellent te rminal
system . Originally used wit h a Burro ughs Reservat ion computor , they are attract ive in appearance and in
excellent o pe ra ting co nditi on ... all un its fully guaranteed.

FREE One desk stand with purchase of Keyboard Printer and Control Unit.
A ll price s are F .O.B. our w arehou se , Phi ta d el p h ia , P A . A ll m e rc h a ndise desc ri be d ac cura t e ly t o t he
bes t o f o u r kno w te d ge . You r p u r chase mo ney r ef unded if n or sa t isfied . T e r ms are cas h .

~ELE(}TRa '10~ 1206 So ut h Napa St reet

Philadel ph ia , PA 19146
215·468·789 1 2 15·468 464 5

118
 MC 144 12 UNIV E RS A L M O D EM C HIP
MC 1 44 1 2 co n ta ins a c:om p la t" F S K mod u-
la t or a nd d a ·mo dul a t o r co m p a t ible wi t h
for "ig n and USA co m mu nic:at ion s. W _ 600
BPS)
FEATU RE S :
e O n c hi p c r yst a l oscil la to r
e e enc s upprassor d isa ble re ne generator
e O r igi na ta a nd a ns wer modes
e Simple " . ha lf-<;l upl e " , a nd fu ll dupl e "
ope rat io n
• O n c hip Si ne Wave
• Mod e m ..It te st m od e
• Selecta b le da ta rates : 0 _ 200
0 - 300
0 _6 0 0
e S in g le sup p ly
VO O " 4 .7 5 t o 1 5 V DC ·F L su ff i"
V O D" 4 .7 5 t o 6 V DC · V L su ff i"
TYP ICA L A P P L IC A TIO NS :
• Sta n d " Io n" - low speed m o dems
• 8ui lt -in low speed modems
• Ramot" t.,minals. ac(';Qunic,,1 coup lars
MC 1 441 2 FL
MC 1441 2 V L . . . . . . . . .. . • . . . ... . 2 1.74
6 p a ges o f da ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MC1 4411 Bit R at e Gen erat o r . Si n gle c h ip fo r
I ge ne re t in g sel ec ta b le freq u en c ies for e qu ip -
ment In data co m mu n icat io ns su c h as TTY ,
M C 1 44 10 C M O S To .... Ge ....a to. produces M IN IATU R E DIP SW ITC H ES
S ta "dard Du,,1 FrlOQuency Talephone Dial;"g Mi"i"tu r " ro ck ar typa D IP switCh a tr ayS f o r
S ignal . ( D ir ec t ly Compa tible w it h o u r 1 2 Ka y PC mou ot i" g. F it _ta "da rd D IP soc kotl.
Chome r ic Pad . ) Co m es i" c o"tac t a rra " gem e "tI 4 to 1 0 p er
M Cl 44 10 $9,28 p ac k . Th e last 2 di g;ts o f t he p a rt " u m b e r
4 Pages o f Data 40ot i"d ica to " umber o f swi t ches pe r pac k.
0 IS -76 B04 .. $3. 1 0 0 IS-7 6B 08 . . $ 3. 9 5
L M J 909 . M o" o li th ic IC desig "ed speci f icall y 0 IS -76 B06 .. $ 3 .50 DI S ·76B09 .. $4. 1 5
1 0 fl ash L EOs fr o m 1 . 5 V ba ttery supplias.
0I S -7 6 B0 7 .. $3.75 015· 7681 0 .. $4.3 5
R eq u ires o " ly ba ttery a nd 1 e" tar "al cap.
LM ·3909 $ 1. 17 . specs 5 00t Min iatur a " .. T ogg la Sw itch . S POT 5 A , 1 2 5 V .
C & K type 7 10 1 wit h bush iog mOu ... t or
LM391 1 T e m per lt lll'a Controll. C h ip . H ig h l y
horlzo"tel ri g ht angla PC mo u"li n g.
accurate temp.,atu ra m easurement Or co "tro l MT S ·710 1H 9 5 i'
syst"m. Si" gla monoli t h ;c c hi p co ot"i ,,_
se"sor, stabla vol tag e refere"ca end o p am p . 7V, 1 Amp mid get t ra "sto rmer. O pe " fra m a
8pi n D IP . LM 3 911N $ 1 .5 9 t r a nsf or m e r wi t h so ld or lug t e rm i...a ls. Id ea l
8 p a ges o f spec s a " d a pp s 8 0ot sour ce f or 5V sup ply
LV T -0701 $1 ,4 9
5V, 5A T O · J R llQ u lat Ol' . F " irc h ild 78 101 05
hyb r id reg u la t o r i" TO-3 power p ackaga . Usa R eed Re la y . 3PST N .D . reed ral ay . Q ua lity
it with the sama ease o f i...stall"t io" as the mad" by W h eelock . 1 2 V O C c oil. PC m o u nt .
famous 309K (se me pin arra"gem ertt ). Teke Only 1.4" .. .6 ·' " . 4"
AA Y ·030 1 _T $1 .50
c"ra o f t hose hea vy curre"t requ iremen n
28.99
wit hou t sepa rate r egulator /pan tr""s lSlOr 1 2 V DC , 1 6 AMP Rela y . For mobile , " ir craft
comb i""tio"s. a n d ba"c h systo m l usin g 1 2 V DC . S P, NO
.6 0
7 81010 5 .. 5V. 5 A $ 10.95 conteets. Best relay bu y ;n t h" cou otr y tor
3 pa g es of speci 3 0 ot m ob ile r a d io a p p licat io ns .
1 A M P A djust a b le R egula t ors . 7 8 GK C (posi .
A Y H · 12 16 $ 1 .00

1 MH Z C R Y S TA L . Espec ia llY ma de f o r " a w

pri n t ers. CRT s o r m icropr o ce ssors. G enera t a s
14 di ff er e nt sta nda r d b it ra t8$ wh ich a r a
I mu ltipli ed u "der " " t ..." al co " n ol t o 1 X , 8 X,
1 6 X o r 64X i"i ti,,1 v"lua . Bu il t ·, ... c rystal
owcillato r circuit . O p era tlll f r om si"gla -+5V
suppl y.
MC l44 1 1 P w ith sp ecs $ 12.38
tive) a ...d 79G KC ("egat ive ) e ra 1 amp adjus t ·
eble vo lta g e r agul e t o rs, programmed b y o " ly
2 a" ter nal r es ist o rs. Ca" be implime" ted i"to
± uack iog ragul e tor. wi th o ... ly 3 a" t.,nal
resistors.. T h er m e ll Y p rO tected , shor t c irc u it
cur r a"t pr otected . Use the sarna reg u lat o r fa.
all you r f ,,,ad voltage requ iram e ms. O o,, 't
t o u ch to" e a c oder c h ip . I" HC ·6 c ase
XT L .0106 $4.9 5
L ED MOUNT ING H A RDW AR E
Mo ld ed sock et b lock acc epts standa rd 7 leg '
me" t LE D read o u ts wi t h 3 " row spaci n g.
P i,, _ a ra .65" lo ng wira _ap ty pe . 8 e zel " "d

I ,..
Outpul Rita_ IMd
X 16 X8 .. s toc k assorted r egu la to r s - s toc k a sso rted
r esistors I
7 8G KC . . (-+ 5 t o +30 V) .:
7 9 GK C . . (· 2 .25to -3 0 V)
$2.7 5
$ 3 .50
soc k a t bloc k ar" blac k molded p lastic wi th
viewi ng scr ee n evei la bl e in r ed , am b e r or
smo ky "eu tral . c ircu la r ly p o la riza d for g lar a

....
6 14,4 k 153.6 . 16,8 k "'00
I 460.8. 115.2k 51,6 k >2"" 8 pe gas o f specs . . 8 O<t
r ed uctio "s. U" iqu e mou ...t ing Syst em is sel f
f aste"i "g t o p a ne l c u t o u t. Two li 28S a va ila b la .
3 01, 2 k 16,8 . 38 4 • 1 7 5 0 sa r ies f o r usa w it h up 1 0 4 " h igh
230. 4 k 51.6 . 28.8 . J600 T G-9 2 VO LTAGE RE G UL AT OR S . If y our read o u u .
153_6 k 38,4k 19.2. 20r0 p roject nee os o " l y 1 00 mA o. less, usa t hese 1750 -0 4 (4 rea d o u t ) $ 7 .00
115,2k 28.8 It 14 ,4 k t iny pl aslic reg ule lors r ight 0 " your P C b o . d. 1 7 51 ·04 (4 raado ut ) $ 7 .2 7
' BOO
Last 2 dig its d a oo t e vol t age Iposit ive). 1750·06 (6 r eadout) $ 9 .00
16. 8 k
38 4 k
19. 2 k
19,2 .
seoc
4800
9600
....
2400
"""
600
coo
LM7 8 L0 5 , L M78L12 , L M 7 8 L 1 5 85 i' 17 5 ' -0 6 (6 re adout)
1 7 50-0 8 (8 re ado ut)
$ 9 .31
$ 11.00
12.8 k 3 200 1600 zoo 8220 MEMOR Y . 8 b it (4 )( 2) co nte"t 1 7 51 ·0 8 (8 rea d o u t ) $ 1 1 .34
24 00 1200 ' SO a ddrell eble mem o r y, T T L a nd DTL co m - (S p eci f y r od . am b or o r neu tr al sc re e n c o lo r)
"'00
86 13. 2 2 153.3 1016 ,6 130',5 p a tib le , Fo r u se in o aca-t o -memc r v com pe r -
iso ... , p at ter" r ec:o g... it io ... . cac ha m e mo r y. au to TOU CH TONE PADS
1035,5 1158 8 8 19 4 109.9
1 2 k ay pads f o r inlarfac e t o T . T . gonerators.
eeco tzoc c or re latio " , v ir tu al memory , 18IIr"i " g
921,6 It
1 843M
9216 .
1.84 3M
600
9216 .
1.843M
"
9 21.6 .
' .843M
mamory . N ew, house " u m ber ed . Wi th d "la .
1 6 p i" DIP .
8 1ac k b eze l with da r k g rey IIKutc heo ". w hita
lett.,."..,. H as n a nda rd 2 ci rcu it to c o mmo "
CA M 82 20 SOIl'. 1 0 / $ 3 .5 0 ma u i" . I" addi t io " t o ...um..a ls , 't h a.
sta ndard p hQ " e alphebet ic c ha r" et .,s p lu s
1 2 B IT CMOS M IC RO CPU . IM 6 1 00 is a F95H90. 250 M Hz EC L presc:elar dividas b y " o p ar a t o r." 2 .25 " .. 3.0". 8 pi " st agger a d
l il;c on gilte CMO S , f u lly It a tic:. si n gle a d dr ess, 10 o r 11 . Upg rada your p res t (';Qu n t a • . co n tect co lu m "s. Made by CHO ME A ICS .
fi "ed wor d lan g t h, parallel tra n sf er m tcrc - w /spec $ 10.50 TT P .0 1 l 2 $ 4.9 5
p ro ceoso r usin g 1 2 ·b it 2 's co mp le m e n t arit h- MC 1441 0 T o ne Gen"ra to r 9.28
metic. Th i s pro c:es sor re co g niz ed the Fl1C9 0. 650 M Hz E CL prosc e lo r d ivides bv t MH z C6 Xtal fo r T . T 4 .9 5
inuructio n se t of D E C PD P8/ E. The in t e rnal 10 or 11 . T T L compa ti b lo.
COPPER C LA D PHENOLI C BOARD .
c: ircuitry is comple t el y It a tic a n d w il l op e rat e l 1C90 .. w / s p ec: $19.9 5
Bea ut if ul 5-112" .. 8·' " 1 / 16 " si" gle side
fro m DC t o 4 M Hz eree e rat e. Has on c: hi p c oppar c la d. A ll ,, _ . rag ba se.
oscillator and c:lock o r ca n be dri\IiJn e" ter · 3 AMP, 100V DI ODE . Bra... d "ew epo .. y
ca ..d w ith heavy IMds. Type NS300 1. CCB -5508 7511'. 101$ 5
nally .
Dpetates fr o m single +5V supply at less than T A A -3 OO1 . . . 1 5 11',10/ $1 , 100 / $8
MK ·20 T O -3 Moum i"", Kit, A " o d ized 1Ilum ·

l 1OmW. T T L compa tible. Desi gn is optim ized

to minimize the n u m b er Of e " t erna l c:om-
p o nenn req uir ed fo r in terfaci ng wi t h su n d ar d
Super Sma ll Slida Switch. About as sm,,11 as
we' ve s ee ... , it's o"ly .2·· X .4 " lo "g. Ma unu
;"um i"su la t or.
MK -20 10 /$ 2 .9 9

: m e mor y and pariph er al dev ices .

• E" ec:ut es PDP 8 /E instr u ct ions
• Dir ec t , in d ira ct , a u t o in d e " mamor y
a ddress
o n P C b oa r d. S PO T . Loads speced . 1 5 ··.
S SS 0 1021"

C OS/ M a S DI VIDE · B Y " N" COUNTER. RC A

1 0 11 .7 5 RCA Ph oto e lect ric sy st e m . CA 3062 c o nt a ins
p ho to d et octo r. a m p a nd p o w er d river. Ca ...
dr ive rela ys and tr iac i d irec t ly. Ad justab la
g a i" . V ilib le o r i" f ra ·red o p e rll t io n. T O ·5 ca " .
C 0 4 059 is a sy "c h ro oous pr ogramm a b le
e 1 2 bit add " 5 microseconds May ba used i" l in_ r mo de.
d iv ida b y ··N·· c o u " t er wi t h " N" a " y " u m b a r
e I/O ins tr uc ti o ns" 8.5 mic:roseconds C A -3 06 2 . . . $ 4 .9 5 . Specs 4 O<t
3 to 1 5 ,999. TTL d r;\IiJ ca p a b ili ty. 2 4 p i...
• Singl e clock . singl a instruc tions capability
package.
e DMA 6 V , 100 mw glass zener d iode s. Spedllil
CA 4059 . . • . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . • . . $6.50
e Interrupt
6 pages o f specs 60" 10/$1.00
Has all C M O SCO
• Dedic:ated suppor t f ne
n trol PlI or l low power. E ntire I~~::::~~=~=~~':":-::~-::~;~:':'~~~':":~--;;;;;:;;;:~;;:;-;;:::-------l
s yst em co uld b a batt e ry op erat ed I
\ ~ / t R I - t € k, I nco ~C:N':;:~: ~;' 85301
L
I M61 0 0
Manual
$ 52.5 0
4 .00..J.__ 7';
\_.~I'· A ll Or ders Pos rage Paid. $5 .00 M in im um U.S. - $1 5.00 F oreign in U .S. F un ds.

119
 SIX DIGIT LED VERNIER C'A L
From a close out 01 metal detector manufacturer 'h
ALARM CLOCK KIT
Tho usands 01 hobbyists have bought aod built our
Turn , 8 10 1 ratio . Internal stops eas ily removed to make
un it mUlti'llurn .
original clock kit and were completely satisfied . But we TEO IIJANTITY - 5.99 EACH
nave received many requ ests lor an alarm clock kit with DO YOU NEED A LARGE COMMON ANODE
the same value and quality that you have come to READOUT AT A FANTASTIC PRiCe ?
expect from S.D. So , here it Is!
~ S. O. presents the MAN-54 by Monseotc . .40
inc h c haract er. All LED construct ion ' not reo
THE KIT IN CL UDES:
uecnve bar type, tu s 14 pin DIP , Brand new
l -National MM 5375 Alarm Clock Chip
and factory prime . left D.P.
6 -Hewlett-Packard .30i n. com mon c athode reado uts
$ 1.50 ea. 6 10r $7.50
1 5 - N P N & PNP Dri ver Tran s ist o rs
1 -Etc hed and d ri ll ed P .C. board DRIVER
1 -Step- Down Transfo rm e r 1000 MFD FILTER CAPS TRAN SISTORS
2 - Push Bullo n Switches fo r time set Rated ss 'r/"{'o/OC.. ~11rt style with P,C. ~s. 2N39(M . NPN
Most popular value or hOObylsts. ~. l4) 2N3906 · PNP
2 - S l id e Switches fo r A larm set and En a b le 8 lor $1
to $1 .19 e.:l'l rrom Inn::hise type eIec1ronlc plIf1:s
1 - F i lt e r Caps stOflllll.S. D. $D«i1l4 'or $1
6 - IN 4002 Rectifiers
1 - IN9 14 Diode $19.95 12 DIGIT READOUTS - Sl.75
3 - .01 Disc Caps ( C omplete K it. PPD. ) Mfg. ~ NlllIonII Electronics. Big .40 In. <:tw. size. Gas clisct.~~ b
28 - Resistors use in l)IIlIk top ...._..<0. ~CItUlI~, docks, etc. fIN 1 12-
1 - Speaker for Alarm OrginallY OO8ta C8b ~llIor ·mtg . $16. . . in ~ity.S.D. PrJot" .75_
1 -LEO lamp f o r Pm indicator H V. 10" iItlove ...oout~!,,"nwy 117V. l'<IIIO MCOlldlrles:
~ 'lAC, 50) lolA 175 'lAC 100 MA. '1 ,25 • .
SUPER DEAL: Two 12 Digit Readouts w/lranslormer - $5.00
Please take note that we use only f i rs t ru n parts in o ur
k it s a nd Include A L L t he necessary parts. Not l ike FET'S BY TEXAS INSTRUMENTS - SPECIAL 5 tor $1
some o f ou r competitors w ho u se re te sted read out s mS-75but wlth WI internal tcc ee number. To-92 plastic case. N. Channel,
an d c hips o r wh o may no t eve n Incl ude s w itches In Junction type FET.
t h e ir k it s . FAIRCHILD BIG LED READOUTS
Abig ,50 Inch _y 10 readchafacter. Nowavallable In eilher oommon anode
INTEL 1702A 2 K ERASEABLE PROM ' S $6.95 orwmmonOillhode. Take yClJf pd. Super low current drain, only 5 MA per
We tell it like it is. We could have said t nese were 9llQ'TIlIl ,I Iyplcal,
YOUR
factory new , but h er e is t he straight scoop. We bought FNO - 510 Common Anode CHOICE
a load of new computer gear that contained a quant ity
of 1702A 's in sockets. We carefully removed the parts ,
FNO - 503 Common Cathode

verified their quality, and are offer ing them on one heck H.P.ISBACKI
of a deal . F irst come, tnst served . satisfact ion No ~" or Relftfl ".,. - You Want
guaranteed . Quality'? You hrfe It w,tn thos PDPU'- 0.3"
L.E.D. by 11e "lett~. Fita Standard I.C.
PROFESSIONAL QUALITY STEREO HEADPHONES Socket. R"iIn11\lnd OP.
H ere is the kind of super deal that S. D . is famous for . 5082·n MJ- Commonc.tl'lOde ....... " .25
Treat y our ears to a super sound at a super price . Soft 5082·7130 _ Common ....nooe . ....... ,".25
padded doe c ush io ns, lightweight , fully adjustable I lor $6.00
headband . long coiled cord , wide response. S. Posl 5YDC 1 AMP POWER SUPPLY KIT
Paid - NEW IN ORIGINAL FACTORY BO XES be supply ki t lor TTL. Inchnes tl'WlSlormer. LM 324 • QUAD 74 1 DP
recnnere. IHler caps, YOltage regulation IC, and AMP . We
SALE O N CUT LEAD SEMICONDUCTOR5 schematic OnIY$3,96(KI& Add 50c postage. NE555 • Timers - 49c
Well RsgulatfJdand Short 'f'CUi1 ProI«:I«/!
Leads were cut for PCB insertion . Still very useable , 709CH • OP AMPS -
IN 4148 Diode - 40 l S1 2N3904 (House #Tr an sisto r ) - Signelics, TRI -Stale Hex Buller . t:A_O_S 4 For"
25 1S1 and TTL rme-tece to TRI-State Log,c.
Special: " 8T978 GE SCR C1068 1
INSTRUMENT KNOB S 4 AMP 2ooPIV. seoe-
Black with brushed aluminum insert . Med ium size , very B " trve Gale. 59c
Pnme. house ~~m ~~ , He_ Inverl er
attractive style . SPECIAL 5 FOR $1 , For 1
SIGNETICS 1K P.ROM SUBMI NIATURE TRI MM ER CAPS
8251 29 ase X< BIPOlar. much laster Ultra stable. IW1ga 3.5 to 18 PF 3 b $1 3 DIGIT LED ARRAY - 7SC
than MO' eevcee 50 N' Tn -stille
oulpulS. TTL COtnpailDle FIeld progrilm. D..aal sectjon , r~I:~ FD ilnd 1500 MFD byUTRON IX
aDle. '.d leatufe! ~
'""
aecoo,ng Perlect lor mICroprogrammIng
addfess at 30 WVDC Twist Lock. 79c ... 3 For $.2
DL.33MMB , 3 M....N-3 Size ~lI l n one
paclo-oe. Tneee 8I'l!l ractory pnme. not
applicatIons 16 pIn DIP Wl\n specs NATIONAL VOLTAGE RE GULATOR retested rejectsas sold by OIhet'!.
S2 95 ea Like 7805. 5VDC· 1 AMP output. HM compare tnis price! 7Sc 310r$.2.
TO-220 plastic power tee • 99c
MY-50 TYPE LED's IN4148 COM PUTER DIODES
byLiTRONIX
Same ilS IN914. FactOfy prtme. 20 lor "
10 for $1 M OTOROLA NEGATIVE
FULL WAVE BRIDGE VOLTAGE REG
FacloryPrlme,1 By G, I. 1.5 AMP 800PIV - 7Sc MC1463R . Like our 1469R . except for
lAMP 1000 PlY ~ I LlCuN RECTIFIERS 2N706A 400MH Z. TRANSI STORS negative voltage, Reg . calalog S5 0 "
IN4007 Facl0ry pru ne oev.ces 10 lor S i l,~~n NPN. 1 W ATT. TO-18 Case. S price" 95
" 00 741C OP AMPS
For 1
LARG E SIZE LEO LA MPS
We do not "II junk. Money back gUill1lnlee
on every Item. WE PAY POSTAGE. No
Pro me. laclory test ed and marked Full Similar to MV5024 . Prime lactory lelted C.O.D. TexM Flea . add 5% t.... Postage
spec on all paramelers Not re-tested, units. We include plastic mount,ng CIoPI rates wenl up 30%! Please Idd 5% 01 your
!uncloonal only. unIts as sold bV 01ners wh ich afe ~:;i hard to ~m. b, total order to help cover shipping. (Exclud-
741 CH -TO·5 8 lead Melill can 31$1 S ,a; 5 10f S1 ino Power Supply Kit)
741CV - 8 Lead M,n, DIp 4 1$ t MOTOROLA VOLTAGE REG
SLIDE SWITCH ASSORTMENT MC1469A T0-66 9 Lead package Fo. 3
TO 30'1 Oulputs Provides 600 MA C1or/!Ct
S. D. SALES CO.
0.. best sell«. Includes mini8lure lWld . . . - 0 P.O. BOX 28Bl0
Iizell, single lWld If'UItl-position units. .....1 ..-w. outpul or more by uSIng an e.lernal
f irst qual'ty. _ brrd S'WitCh8s. Try ore psd<- power "anSlstOf . R"9 calalog '4 ea DALLAS, TEXAS 75228

, """',
~ 'f'OU'1i " ...." . more. Special - 12 101' $' W'ln specs " 95 ea
 HAVE I GOT A
NUMBER FOR YOU!
toll free
800-325-3636
call
HAM RADIO CENTER
ST. LOUIS
FOR NEW AND USED
AMATEUR RADIO EQUIPMENT
We Trade on New or Used
Charge it on Master-Charge or BankAmericard

THE HAM-KEY
HK-l
Now 4 Models
MODEL HK-1 $29.95 DELIVERED
' DUA L LEVER SOUEEZE PADDLE
' FOR USE WITH ALL ELECTRON IC
K EY EAS
' HEA V Y BASE WI TH NON-SUP RUBBER HK-4
FEET
' PA DD L ES REVERSIBLE FOR WIDE OR
CLOSE FINGER SPACING

MODEL HK-4 $44 .95 DELIVERED

HK-2
" CO MBINATI O N DUA L LE VE R PADD LE
A ND ST RA IGHT KEY ON SAM E BA SE
· ST RA IG HT K EY MAY BE USED CONV EN·
T I GNA LL Y OR AS A $lNITCH TO
MODEL HK-2 $19.95 DELIVERED TRIGGER A M EMORY
"SAME AS HK·l . BUT LESS BASE FOR
THOSE WHO WISH TO INCORPORATE IN . ALL KEYS AR E COMP LETELY ADJ USTABLE
THEIRQWN KEVER
. ALL PLASTI CPARTS HI·IMPACT STYRENE
. ALL HAVE COLOR COOED BINDING PO STS
HK·3

HAM RADIO CENTER INC.

8342 Olive BL.
MODEL HK-3 $16.95 DELIVERED
ODE LUXE STRA IGHT KEY P.O. Box 28271
' V ELV ET SMOOTH ACTION
' HEAV Y BASE WI TH NO N-SUP RUBBER
FEET
St. Louis, MO 63132
"N O NEED TO ATT ACH TO DESK

121
by
David J. Brown W9CGl
RR5 Box 39
Noblesvill e IN 46060
Gray Matters
f any of you SSTV enthu~id~h have ever
I been through selling up a monitor or
even a camera, then I'm sure you can
appreciate the need foe a good accura te and
stabtc tone source. Such a soerce was
described as a construction article in the
July 1975, 73 Magazine on page 98. The
item was by Or. Robert Sudi ng WGLMD, and
was juvt too good to pass up. The ICs
totalled up to $7.60 in a recent magazine ad,
including the power supp ly regulator Ie -
t ypical of t he low cost of TTL·ICs t hese
days.
After I buil t this amazing little lone
source that gives all the tones required for
SSTV, and RTI V to boot, I was th en
te mpte d La make it even more useful to m y
needs in building my first monitor. I started
building the monitor JUS! for copying the
weather satellites, but I have included .III the
normal SSTV parts in order to set it up and
maybe even tune in on all the SSTV these
ddys (o n Oscar even t). The following is .I
smau adapter to allow you to use the
W0LMD tone source to produce an auto-
matic gray scale for setting up your SSTV
projects very accurately {see Fig. I I.
Circuit Changes
The adapter requires you to acqui re 5
more ICs .lt first glance, which fro m a source
like tha i used a bove (ty pical) runs a total of
$1.03. Also, you will have to incr ea se t he
curre nt ra t ing on t he t ransformer used in t he
ortgina! article to I Amp. That Is the only
change to the original power supply. T he
only change to the rest of the original lone
source is to change the control switch
marked" Frequency Selector."
122
Dr. Suding was kind enough to do his
frequency changing by only switching
around a +5 V source, and therefore I was
able to change to automatic switching very
easily (sec Fig. 2). If you will check the
schematic of the ada pter in t he area of 0 1,
you will sec t his is o nly a simple "electronic
switch" with discrete di ode o r gating. This
replaces the origi nal manual switc hi ng when
t he "gray scale pattern " mo de o f o pera tion
is chosen. The origi nal switc h called fo r a
single po le (usu,l l1y a single deck rotary)
eleven posit ion swi tc h. Since these are
usually t welve position swi tc hes any way, t he
posit ion 12 can be used fo r t he new man ual
cont rol switch by getti ng o ne with two
dec ks. One deck switches grou nd aroun d,
and the o ther switches the +5 V, and the
two levels control all switc hing while main-
Fig. 1.
taining the original eleven discrete fre-
quencies.
Fig. 3 is shown as a slide type switch only
for clarity. Obviously, double pole or single
pole individual switches could ha ve been
use d for eac h position, bu t t his allows t he
possibility o f two on at once which can
p ro d uce really weird results in th is type o f
device. A twelve position, two dec k ro tary
switc h was use d in my adap te r. If you are
b uilding the or igina l and t he adapte r as an
SSTV only ge ne rato r, so me ICs mav be
de le ted as po in ted out.
In order to e xplai n my adapter an d t he
o riginal circuit as it applies to my adapter,
let me explai n the terminology I have used.
Since t he lCs were not numbered in the
o riginal article , I will refer to t hem as
follows:
I. Counters, ;-1, ::2, .::3 are the 74193
ICs left to righ t in the original article Fig. 1.
2. IC " 1200," IC "1500," etc. . are the
gates identified by those numbers near their
outputs. (Caution: The frequency foond at
these points is actually 2X that marked
there.]
3. IC "SSTV" is the left 7430 with SSTV
frequencies enteri ng it, and IC "RTIY" is
the righ t 7430 with RTIV freque ncies
entering.
4 . The remain ing ICs if men tioned are
"final gate" fo r t he 740 2, an d "output
di vider " for the last 7473.
Circ uit Description
First let us d ec ide wha t Ie , ca n be
removed from the original ar ticle should you
dec ide to want an SSTV u nit on ly. All 7430
ICs used 00 RTTY freq uenc ies can go, i.e.,
IC " 1445," rc "2295," IC "2975," and IC
 "RTTY." Tie pin 5 to pin 6 on the I ( " final
gate " 7402. The 7402 has four gates, leaving
two not used. I( "1 275 " and IC " 2125"
cannot be eliminated as they are pan of I(
" 1500" used in SSTV , bUI just do no t wire
them up . This frees up tw o 3·i npu t NAND
gates, to be used d iffe re ntly .
With the e xt ra I C~ now el iminated, those
re tained in pa rt can be wi red as fo llows.
First, use part of the 7410 a~ 1( · 20 in the
adapter u~ing the pins shown in my Fig. 2.
Next, the gates I have sho wn as 1( ·19 (used
as inverters ) can be wired up using the extra
two gates in the "final gate" 7402. Use the
pins shown in Fig. 2 under "OPTION
7402." This bas already elimina ted tw o of
the I (~ I said you would have to buy . One
more trick occurs. You can elimi nate buyi ng
IC 21, a 7473, as well ! This and the use of
the 7402 unused gates are true whe th er you
go SSTVonly o r keep the RTTY. This is due
to the fact t hat only half of the 7473 i~ used
in the or iginal a rt icle as wen. The pin
numbers I have given for 1(,2 1 in Fig. 2
allow you to use the other half. That drives
the cos t of the SSTV onl y unit down to
bu ying a 7493 a nd a 7445, and o nly an
additio nal 7410 for the SSTV! RTTY version
($1.53 or $1.7 1 rcspcctivelv]. It almost
doe sn't pay to leave off the adapter!
Now, follow ing the signal t hro ugh the
un it , a 15 Hz square wave or pulse at TT L
levels i~ fed from the monitor , ca me ra or
umcbase yo u a re using to the 15 Hz input
point to IC 17, a 7493 pin 14. A word Is
required here, as you are probably used to
seeing a decade encoder (7490) type IC
driving a decade decoder (744 5). The 7493
and some gating is used instead to allow very
accura te wid th cont rol to sync width o n the
gray scale pattern . Th e normal scan used in
SSTV is a 5 rn s scan a nd 1.6 ms sync and
ret race pe riod for the 15 Hz sta nda rd. Thi s
long sync allows for noise "masking" part of
sync, ctc., a nd is used muc h like the auto--
matic line return on RTTY to insure a new
line is in step with ne w information and not
s ke wed. The 15 Hl standard yields a 120
lines times a 6.66 . .. ms per line, or 8
second vertical period. With a ten line
decode r it Is convenie nt to use a nine o r ten
vertical stripe pattern , a nd I chose nine for
two reasons. Fi r~t it allows th e genera tion of
a 23 0 0· 21oo-1900·17oo·1 500- 1700· 19QO.
2100-2300 format, nine str ipe white to
blac k to white pattern per Fig. 1. Since sy nc
is "blacker-than-black ," you can check you r
white to black transition response of filters,
amps, etc ., using the last bar. The use of the
white and black bars for setting th ose levels
i~ o bvious and the same as a black or wh ite
o nly generator. Posit ion " 0 " is left blank,
a nd going to bar # 1, wh ite , will show both
your overall response to noise in the filters,
a mps, ctc. . and a no the r " rather" black to
white t ransiti on. This is the snea ky reason
for using a mo re than te n po sition enc oder.
A~ the 15 Hz en ters the encoder
(counter), the encoder advances the decoder
from "0" to the " 1" to "9" positions
producing the gray scale by gat ing o n the
proper to nes via the electronic switches. The
e ncode r then goes to position " 10." As it
leaves " 9: ' that line going high again drives
the out pu t of 1(.1 9 pin 6 low . That fall sets
the I·K , 1(,2 1, 10 a high on the Q ou tput,
a nd a low on the not Q pin 8 out pu t that I
used. Tha t lo w turns on Q6 and the 1200 li z
sync lo ne. The encoder proceeds to cost-
nons " 11" and "12. " The decoder does
not recognize any of the 10, 11 a nd 12 BCD
inputs , so all the lines 0-9 sta y high. A~ the
encoder tries to go to " 13," the BCD (binary
reall y) output of the encoder 7493 Is a~
follows: A '= high, B '= low, C '= high , D =
high . The A, C an d D lines of the encoder
are tied to inp uts of a gate, 1( ·20, a nd when
all are high as in position 13, the output of
IC·20 pin 6 goes low . This low is used to pin
6 of 1(, 21 , reselling it and t urnin g off the
sync to ne after th ree posit io ns of sy nc
(10- 11·1 2). The same low is sent to 1(,19
used as an inverter. The high out from this
inve rte r resets IC 17 encoder, and the entire
c yc le begins all over.
Usi ng this arrangemen t, the width control
o n the monitor is used to set up the " 0 "
noise pos itio n o n the left edge of the screen,
an d the "bl ack" o f sync on the right edge.
Si nce the mini mu m hardware was my idea
fro m the sta rt , you may see where as much
as one line can be ou t of sync wit h the
monito r, a nd this is qui te true. The fir~t svnc
tone puts everything in order, however , an d
this was not thought to be much of a

se
,..--- - ----------,
: IlIIPS 9 .~V I
ACe I A LL A70 I
• • 00
I 4 70
0'
I
: ,... I
H-++H+-Hf----:,c-;ot-.J L JI
IC 'Z 300 'F

I. 02 s~
o IC Z' AS AB OVE
704 73
t LR t K
03 S04 r.
r-
• • 004
AS A BOVE
S3
f - - " " 19 00" D

AS A80VE - ' C " 70 0 " C

" OPTION " O~ SZ
7040 2
AS AB OVE r.
~I_~ / ' C' 15 OO" S

~ 1I 10 976~ 4 3
,
9 B76~ 04 3Z

1 0 ' C IB
7 04 04~
1 2
ce i.r'~'~~~'=1-1-
AS ABOVE " 'I ZOO' I\

.
•" • " •" •c , ,
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'm
, • " '0 •
IC 20 74 10
rc 19 7400 AS SHO..,O . OR

I ~ Hz CLOC K
" , .,. • •
IC I 7
704 02 USI NG ' OPT ION '
704 02

TTL LEVELS
SQUA R E WAVE OR NORMA L >- ---"i r,..;,;.::.,"")70493

~mS PULSE
I' :5 ,),6 , 7, 10 "O PTION '
, 7040Z

'- ~
:5.c(I9 l.?J

Fig. 2.
 horizontal grav scale of sorts results. These For those of you who have not already
0' 5' 12 0 0 - latter patterns may not be in sync at first thought of it, by running three more 7 4193s
2
0 52 ISOO- either, of course, for the same reaso n as the from the same crystal source, using another
0 3 53 17 0 0 - one line problem, but after one sync period 7410 to decode" 1500" just as IC "1500" is
4 all straightens out. Remember to feed the wired, and using a divide by 2 (7473) to get
0 54 1900 - internal horizontal sync to t h e monitor a very accurate 1500 Hz jusl as the article
05 55 2 10 0 - when doing the vertical tricks, or very did, but independent from it, you can add
6 2 3 00- strange things happen. Think about it! two simple divide by ten (7490) ICs and
~7
56 come up with a very accurate IS He source.
As to add pting the adapter, several cute
NC tricks have been tried. I highly recommend Another divide by 12 (7492) and divide by
8 ten (7490) IC, just as in th e K4EEU article,
0 NC you read also the article "Slow Scan TV Test
09 NC Generator" by Bert Kelley K4E EU in Ham followe d by 5 ms an d 30 ms one shots
10 Radio (you know - t he other mag - hil, (74 121), and you get a very accura te one per
0 NC Ju ly 1973, page 6. Th is was a TTL d evice eight second vertical sync source. Wi th this
0" NC also, an d by fee ding 2300, 1500 and 1200 you become the neigh bo rh o od SSTV
12 HI in proper timing in to t he circles lettered "standard." Fo r th ose of you who like
0 NC accuracy or as a clu b project for me mbershi p
E, C an d H, and t he n doing away with all of
U1 an d the ha lf o f U2 use d as th e sync u sc, t his is only $6.52 more in ICs!! I trie d it
oscillator, an d no t usin g ICs U9, Ul 0 an d a nd like it so I' ll pass it along, stncc it d ocs
0' NC U1 1 , you can produce vertical, horizontal not affec t t he rest of t he operation at all.
I 2 I'm buil di ng all o f t his in to a del u xe monitor
I 0 NC and checkerboard. T he article will provide
3 you with an H an d V sy nc source if you are with built-in chec ks, so it comes out pretty
I 0 NC cheap (com mon su pply, cabinet, etc.l. Use
bui ldi ng a mon itor or ca n 'I get 10 yours in a
I 4 t he th ird lead of t he 7410 in the added
I 0 NC commercial version, and the filter at the end
05 produces a pretty good sine wave in place of divider chai n to control onloff o f t his
I NC umebase. A +5 V applied to the original
6 the square wave out of the Wl,}lMD de vice .
NC W0lMD mentions the filtering required, but terminal " S" turns on and off both hori-
7 zoenal and vertical outputs from this time-
+5V I 0 rc -1 2 7 5 -- G did not include any, so I have shown the
I base.
08 IC I4 4 S - - H K4EEU filter as my Fig. 4. The 88 mH coils
I 9 are the familiar telephone to roids and I An SASE gets all the answers I can
I 0 rc -2 125--1 included Bert's source hoping it is still valid. provide. Please try 10 be specific as to what
I 0 10 rc -229S"-J Several sources ellist as I'm sure you arc you haveldon't have, and where. Please
I
I
I
0"12 rc "297S"-K
aware. Don't run to a transmitter without
some filter or you may just regre t it. Square
address all questions about Ihe original tone
generator to the author. I almost became a
0 +5 TO ICS waves contain rich hormones FAR out in to K20AW frequency counter expert
NO.17, 18,19, 20 ,2 J the beyond audio range, and TT L square (unknown drip under prcswrel] over my
PATTERN GEN. waves seem to strive to get all of the m - h i. follow-up "Garnishing a Counter" article,
A word to the wise? an d it is nol fair to t he original author if I
Fig. 3. have to quiz him t o gel a n answer, t hen re lay
Co nst ru ction it to you . Co m mcnts or furt her ideas regard -
problem. In fa ct, I noticed it following the ing the origina l or my ada pter Me, h owever ,
Const ruc t io n will vary wi th the bu ilder as
d iagram through, an d not in practice to vcrv wel come if you sen d t he aut hor a co py
al ways, and the amoun t of parts hardly
begin wit h. for hls use, too. We all ca n learn from t hese
warran ted a separate circ uit board . I wired
adventures ~ me, loa! II 'S just not fair for
Using the adapter as shown, other varia- mi ne right lnto t he origiml ar ticle usi ng a
me to gel the credit, an d sometimes be
tions arc possible. The most obvious is particular ty pe o f perfboard t hat has t he
forced to give ad vice that may n ot agree
perhaps to fee d the one-per-eight second patter ns for ICs and strips out from each pin
with t he author's o riginal intent, such as
vertical sync to the 15 Hz input poin t and and then hard wired the interconnects. II
known limitations, etc.
you have a white to black 10 white scan really doesn't take long if you use some logic
occurring at a one level per field rate, to wire the logic (no pun intended). Wire Have fun using your "gray matter"
including one of no input. This works if the +V, grounds, all 2048 leads, etc., and use a [source of infini te wisdom located I'm
vertical sync provides your monitor with a yellow pencil to mark out what you have told - somewhere between the ears] and
return to start and follow new field done on a copy of the schematic. Construc- your "Gray Matter " (scale) source. It sure is
capability (automatic retrace). Another caw tion is not critical, jusl time-consuming. handy. -
U~ occurs if you want black/while striPes
illile-ad of gray scale. fn stcad of hooking the
88mH 88mH
diodes up as shown, or by switching them
around with a switch, the diodes can be
Ie
15 0 0 -
...... - .0 22

hooked up as all decoder positions odd

" F IN AL" , 1.5 VP P
(I-3·5-7-9) go to electronic sw itch Q1 (2300 12 .15 SINE WAVE
HI ), and all decoder even positions except OUTPUT
"0" (2·4-6-S) go to electronic switch Q5 7473 .0 8 2 .0 8 2 IK OU~ UT
(1500 Hz]. l eavin g all else the same will give
you a w h-bl k-wh -blk·wh·blk·wh-blk-wh 10K

1 1
pattern or alte rna t ing wh ite and blac k
/
stripes. With a b it more tricky ga ting you
/ / . /
can even get a checke rboard out of t hat o ne ,
bu t mo re on it la ter. Sy feedi ng the 15 HI
source to a simple divide by ten (7490) and Fig. 4. Toroid source: M. weinscnentser, Box 353, Irwin PA '5642; 5 toroids for $2.00,
the resul ting 1.5 Hz to the 15 HI input, a postpaid.

'"
 seo ... (OIJ~"IR
FULLY ASSEMBLED WITH CASE !

D(;j!!l!!ll!

FD~
CJ
SE/'Il$.

~
~
INPu T

FREQUENCY DISPLAY COMPANY'S MODEL 160A FREQUENCY

COUNTER:
• 10Hz to 160 MHz capabi Iities
• LSI large scale integration circuit design
• .3 inch LED display
• Fully assembled in modern styled attractive case
• Convenient si ze - g%w x 3'1.h x 6%d
Applications:
· Direct readout of all ham frequencies through 2 meters
· Audio tone adjustments, i.e., repeater access, RTTY
· Simply adapted to display " rece ived" frequencies
ALSO FOe's DMM-l, Auto Ranging, 0. 1% ace. (DC volts). Not just a voltmeter!
Current, Ohms, ACIDC Volts and Auto Ranging! 599.95 including case.
Impossible? NOT FOR FOC!

*•*• •• • •• • • •• • • • •• • • • •*••••*• • • *• • • *• • • • *• •* • ***• • • • *

1'.0 . Box 130 Model 160A Frequency Counter 129.9 5

Liverpool, N. Y. Model DMM -l Multi-Meter 99.95
Add $3.00 shipping per instrument
13088 NY State residents add sales tax

Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Stree t .

City/ St at e Zip .

125
D.lVId F , Miller K9PQX As implied by the title , these tips has been tried The first tip ha s to do
74b2 W l awler Ave. thi s article concerns t ips and tested by the author wi th knowing when your
Niles IL bOb48 TR-22 is on or off . Maybe
directly applicable to the and is workable ; furth er-
Drake TR-22 2-meter FM more , none will detract thi s ha s never been a
from the appe aran ce , problem for you... yet. It
TR-22 tran sce iver . but m an y
ham s (bei ng the innova-
tors that they are) will see
operations , or r e - sal e
val ue o f the " st ock"
was for me one day when I
accidently left mi ne on
TR-22 . Sound too good to wit h no antenna connect-
Tips va lue in applying these
tips toward other rigs of
similar design . Each of
be true ? Please read on
and judge for yourse lf .
e d an d squelch fai rly
ti gh t. The squelc h on
these rad ios is excellent ,
so good in fact , that it is
impossible to tell if the rig
2 METER CRYSTALS IN STOCK
We can ship C.O.D . first class mail. Orders can be p aid by: check. money order,
is o n or not un less a .. ignal
of sufficient st re ngt h is
pre sent t o break th e
Master Charge, or BankAmericard. Orders prepaid are shipped postage paid. Phone sq ue lc h. The only way you
orders accepted. Cry stals are guaranteed for life. Crystals are all $5 .00 each (Mass. wi ll know that is when the
residents add 25t tax per crystal) . U.S. Funds Only battery pack has run down
We are authorized distributors for: Icom and Standard Commu nications Equip- e no u g h to bre ak the
ment. (2 meted squelch by itself a nd at
Note: If you do not know type of radio, or if your radio is not listed, give fun-
that point the batter ies a re
damental freq uency , form ula and loadi ng capacitance. dang e rou sl y low . Re -
LIST OF TWO METER CRYSTA LS CURR ENTLY STOCK EO FOR member what Peter Sta rk
RADIOS L1STEO BELOW: K20AW sai d about ni
1_. Drake TR ·22 ~. Regency HR ·28 cads in his excelle nt
2- . Genave 7_. S. B.E. article in December 74, 73
3-. IcomNHF Eng. a_. Sta nd ard 146/826 Magazine ? My TR·22 on-
4_. KenIWilson !Tempo FMH ge. Standard Horizon
!)e. Regency HR ·2 A1HR212/H eath kit HW-202 lQe. Clegg HT-146
off indicator is a jumbo
diffused red LED (light
The li... t f w o numbe,. 01 th e fre quency Q.T"e deleted lo~ t he lOire 01 bei~ em itt ing diode) with a n
"o,, ·npelitive. EX/l mple : 146. 67 -eceue would be luted "" - 6 . 6 7R.
appropriate series current
1. 6. 0 t T 9.6.13T 17. 6. I 9'T 25. ~.3IT 33.6.SZf 4 1. 7.03R 49.7.15R 57. 7.27R limiting re sistor. The LED
2. 6.6 tR 10.6.73R 18. 6 .79R 26.6.9IR 34.6.52R 4 2.7.66T 50. 7.78T 58.7.9OT can be run at fairl y low
3.6.04T II. 6.145T 19.6.2Zf 27. 6.34T 35.6.55T 43. 7.06R 51. 7.18R 59.7.30R light output (which is a lso
4.6.64R 12.6.745R 20. 6. 8 2R 28. 6.94R 36.6.55R 44.7.69T 52.7.8lT 60.7.93T low current drain ) and st ill
5. 6. 07T 13.6.16T 21. 6.25T 29.6.37f 37.6.94T 45.7.09R 53.7.2IR 6 1. 7.33R be effective in its purpose .
6 .6.67R 14. 6.76R 22.6.85R 30.6.97R 38.7.6OT 46.7.72T 54.7.84T 62. 7.96T I am using a 390 Ohm , %
7.6. IOT 15.6.175T 23. 6.28T 31. 6.40T 39.7.00R 47.7.12R 55. 7.24R 63. 7.36R watt resistor in series with
8. 6.70R 16.6.77SR 24.6.88R 326.46T 40.7.63T 48. 7.75T 56.7.87T 64.7.9CJT' the LED and end up with
CR YSTALS FOH THE IC·230 SPLITS IN STOCK : 13.8511 11 MHz; 65 .7.39R W 1
BACK IN
13.884 444 M Hz; 13.917778 MHz. S6.50 e~ ,
._.
... . ....
STOCK! IlIJIjCOM 1C:-22 A . -...
Special! O nly $249 .9 5. Get 8 crystals of your
c hoice for o nly $2.50 mo re with pu rc hase of
IC·22A.
Ligh t Emitting Diode on
READY TO GO ON :
front panel.
1 94/94 3 22/B2 5 52/52
2 34/94 4 28/BB about 25 rnA addi t iona l
VHF FM current d ra in from the
RECEIVER :
batteries . Normal TR·22
RKeption Fr~ueneies 22cha"...ls 10.144 MHz band . 144.00 to 148.00 MHz using Z2
Built';n crystal u nits lor 5 channels. channels re cei ve c u r re n t drai n
Reeeplion System Dou ble Superheter o dyne T....ist...." .....•.••••••••.23 un der sq ue lc he d co nd i-
Intermediate freque ncies 1st inter mediate : 10.7 Mtu FE T •••• .• .• . .••••.•.•••••3
2 nd inte .mediate: 45 5 k Hz IC 3 tion s is abou t 45 rnA a nd
Sensitivity a. Bener than 0.4 u v 20db q uiel;ng Diod'" 16 will peak to 100 mA or so
STORE HOURS: MON ·FR I : 9 A .M.· 9 P.M . SA T. 9 A .M. - 6 P.M.
depending upon the set-

K. 80.469 = t ing of the volume control

whe n audio is present.
Since the "stock" batter-
ies are 450 M AH unit s, I
felt that the add it iona l 25
rnA d rawn by the LE D wa s
12.
 12 VDC ; I ran a red w ire 10
point " B" on the receive
boa rd wh ich is located a t
the- ce-n te r re-a r of t ha t
board a nd IS cle arly mark-
ed , Jus t w rap the tin ed
end of you r w ire right
arou nd poin t " B" a nd
solder (no need to remo ve
boa rds , etc.I. Tha t' s all
Broom holder for use as mike
clip.
there is to it. Go into the
neare st closet , rai se so me-
one o n the local repeater ,
a nd tell him a t le ng th how
g reat it is to be a b le to fill
o ut you r log by the lig ht of
an LED . Yo u w ill now be
a b le to tell at a glance if
your T R~22 is on o r off a nd
even if the batteries a re

well wor-th the added * UP YOUR FRONT-END *

protect ion . By the way , it
has been my experience
SENSITIVITY
that not all su rplus LEOs
give out the same amount
of light output per cu rrent WITH A
input . You may very well
find that you can increase
the series re s istor (lower
t h e battery d ra in ) by
Helical Resonator
pick ing a nd choos ing thru
severa l LEO s w hich I did
in the first place .
I loca ted my on -off LE O
in the upper r igh t-h and
open a rea of the front
pa ne l just to the left of the
earphone jack, and it look s o
o
like " it co me ou ta da box •
th at way ." See photo . One >
"C
3/ 1b" d ia . hole is a ll that
is needed for mount ing ,
but first drill a s maller .0
"C
pil o t hole and lo o se ly o
pf ace rn a sking t ap e ~

a ro und wh ere the drill will

come t hru th e re ar of th e
pa nel to catc h the filin gs .
O nce th e LE D fits nicel y
an d the hole ha s been
de-bur red bot h s ides , a
couple of drops of e poxy 1 MHz pet d ivisio n
wil l hold it in pla ce forever
(tha nk goodness LEO s last Typical 5 Element 2 Meter
t hai lo ng ).
Helical Resonator
The wi ring is easy , o nly
two connections to the
TR-22 are needed and one ***
is r igh t next 10 the LED . Available for 2 Met er, 1.5 Metet and 70 CM
The easiest p lace to p ick Call or write for our complete catalog· it's free
up g round is from the All ow 3 weeks for shi pping
" -; Ie e ve" or o ute r connec-
non of the earphone jack
The negative (ca t hode Qr *****
flatted side of the LEO) IS
connected to this ground
thru the J90 Ohm , '/1 watt
resistor . The positive
(a node ) of the LED IS
105 No. Amphlett Blvd . San Mateo, CA 94401 (4151 348·3858
connected to switched hot
starting to drop off (with
experience of course).
Ti p n umber two has to
do with adapt ing a heli-
fle x (rubber ducky) a nten-
na to the T R-22 so that the
ducky comes out the top
i n s t e a d of t he bot tom
(ever t ry to set your
TR-22 down on a table
w ith the PL-2 59 type
ducky comi ng o u t t h e
bottom?). The first problem
here is to not , repea t NOT
dest roy or in a ny way
mo di fy the exist ing te le -
scoping w hip an ten na.
Im pos sib le ? No, just a
litt le ham ing e n uity . I cut
the PL-2S9 connector off
o f my ducky le a v in g
eno ugh metal at the base
to d e ftly solder on a meta l
plate cap from a n old colo r
TV set wh ich just ha p pen s
to fit over t he conica l ti p of
the exis t i ng TR-22
"stock" whi p a nte n na. A
piece of heat-shrink tu b-
ing over the exposed
metal sea led t he job from
accide n ta l co n tac t w it h
anything else metal. It works
like a charm, well, like any
rubber ducky works like a
charm . Don't fret about the
length of telescoped whip
insi de the metal TR-22 case
which now just acts like a
piece of transmission li ne,
because it now just acts like a
piece of transmission line (at
least it's terminated which is
more than you can say when
using the ducky on the rear
connector).

The third tip invo lves

t he mic ro p ho ne ho ld e r
supp lied w ith t he T R-22 .
M y TR-22 is the ea rlie r
mode l with t he s lim pencil
mic (w hich I really li ke bu t
it ca n no longer be
purc hased fro m Drak e ).
The o r ig in al mic hol d e r
was a plast ic cab le har-
ness clip w hic h b ro ke
Instan tly (o r almost so) . I
p u rchased some "C"
shaped me ta l broom hold-
ers from the hardware
store (you know the type
that faste n to the wall a nd
a broom ha ndle can be
snapped in), gave one a
coat of polyurethane var-
nish, d ri lled a nd tapped a
s ingle 10-24 ho le in the
TR-22 case on the rig ht
S-700A s ide m id w a y in bot h
dimensions, a nd fastened
the broom-hand le -holder
I t so lves all of t hese problems and 600 KHz lo r repeater operation _ _reve rses,
l ots more. And best of a ll .. . the too with a mi nim um len g th
TS· 700A ref lects the ty pe of quality • Outstanding frequency stability provided screw. See photo. This
t h ro ug h the use of FET-VFO holds t h e pe nci l m ic
t hat has p laced the Kenwo od name
• Zero center discrjrninator meter proudly and i nd e s t r u ct -
out front. ibly.
• Transmit /Receive capability on 44 channels
o Operates all modes: SSB (upper & lower), with 11 crystals
FM , AM , and CW
• Complete with microphone and built-in
The fourth a nd fina l t ip
o Completely solid state circuurv provides speaker will keep yo ur T R-2 2
stable, long lasting, trouble-free operation batteries up-to-par at a ll
• The TS- 700A has been thoroughly field -
• AC and DC capability . Can operate from tested Thousands of Units are in operation times without ove rcharg-
your car, boat, or as a base station through throughout Japan and Europe ing, overheat ing (remem -
us built-in power supply ber Pete Stark's art icle) or
·4 MHz band coverage (144 to 14B MHz) The TS -700A is available at select Kenwood shortened life. The key
instead of the usual 2 dealers throughout the U,S, For the name of phrase I S a "tr ickle -
• Automatically switches transmll frequency your nearest dealer, please write, charge opt ion," o n ce
again without destroyi ng

.lAlJi RADiO
8400 N. Pioneer Parkway, Peoria IL 61614, Phone 309-691-4840
Inc.
re -sa le value or digging
too deeply into t he origi-
nal well -designed u n it .
Cliff Morris W9GAO - Jim Plack W89BGS This modi ficatio n merely
involves insta lli ng a 15 K
128
 In conclus ion, it is my evening ki t" a s the Ham s
hope tha t these re lati ve ly at Heath wou ld say, a nd
easy modif icati on s w ill you will also have the
b ring yo u eve n more sa t isf a cti on of horn e -
e njoyment fro m a n a l- brewing something while
ready well -designed , well- proving t hat Wayne was
co nstructed an d very pop- righ t when he sa id that
u lar transceiver as they Ham s are not a ppliance
have for th is writer. Each opera tors b ut bu il d what
of the tips is a " one they ca nnot buy . •
Trickle-eharge switch on line
cord.
Ohm , % watt resistor in
series with the AC charg-
ing cord and an in-line
switch to short out said
resistor when full charg-
ing is desired . Full charg-
..........
~
ing for the TR-22 mea- en
su res 30 rnA on my unit
which is safe (less than
1/1 0 capacity ) for 450
MAH batteries , for 14 to
-
..
16 hou rs , but the 15K
series re sisto r in the line
cord cuts th is to 7 rnA
.....
C>

.......
C
which is a good " keep-
alive" current to cornpen-
sate for the na st y self-
d ischarge tendency of ni-
ca ds o n s tan d-by . The
..
en
C

in-l ine sw itch I used (local

hardware store aga in) is a ....
...
SNA PIT 10A at 125V un it
in wh ich I was ab le to
co mfo r t ab ly mount th e
'"
'" >C
re sistor ri ght ac ross th e C>
switc h screws a nd st ill
pa ss the line co rd (one •
.. '"•
cond ucto r a lso attached to
the two sc re ws) . See
•"
•~ •
photograph . In act ion, of
cou rse , the switch ei t her ••"
allows the re sistor to be in •o
series with the AC in put z•
(switc h off) or it shorts out
the resistor for full AC ~~ ~
O!O!O!
~
,•
o
-
in put (switch on) . Dymo
ta pes take care of remem-
~~M

~~""
••
berin g that rather back- o•
ward type logic (for me ••
o
anyway) . If you are ad- •o
verse to even mod ifyi ng o
the " stock" AC line cord "
for the TR-22 , a standard
TV " cheate r" cord with
the ears slightly trimmed
will work in the radio as a
charging cord which
would be modified in the
same manner . Now things
don 't get much cleaner
t han t hat!
129
 A New fashion in Hats for the fun Mode?

Jerry Copeland W8FJA

-G ATE WA y---... 32540 Stricker Drive

Warren M l 48093

ELECTRONICS
8 1 23 Pal" Blvd . 2~ 39 W. 44t h Avf'.
St. Loui l MO 63 1 3 0 O'n ....' C O 8 02 1 J
(3 14)427·6 1 16 (303)458.5 444

CO MPUTERS
GATEWAY is iiIn authorized MI TS ALTA IR
dealer . We stock ki ts and accessori es in both
Denver and St . lo uis. Come jn a nd see t hem
run .
MITS ALTAIR 8800 KIT $439.00
MITSALTAIR 680 KIT ..•....... $ 345 .00

TERMINALS and KEYBOARDS

INFO·TECH 668 Vid eo T... milWll .... $425 .00
callbook
Oon'l we il until 191 6 is he If
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A 16 line 32 character video terminal with nOw end hillve e full yea r a l t h e
keyboard in o ne case. Requires only iii video mosl up-Io-d al e QSL informill'
mo n itor o r modified TV set fo r ersctav. Data in l ion aVillilillble illny .... he re. Safety he lmets o r hard
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INFO·TECH G6A .. .. . .•.. . . . .... $160.00 l ist in g s . I t will h ave ca lls. h·
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KEYBOARD ONL Y NO Vide o Ser ial o ut p ut. d re ss es plu s the many va l u ill b le ind ust ry, but it is very
b ack·up ch arts an d ref erenc es
I NFO TECH #66 K EyBO A RD $ 135 .00 yo u neve come 10 e .pecl from obvio us th at our pretty
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WRI TE F OR FURTHER INFO RMA TION ON looking fo r t he ne ..... larger t h illn does not need any work in
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Over 225.000 cerrs. nam.,. end th at de pa rt me nt. How -
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ot th e hat that Mary is
On dea ler s he lves Dec . 1. 1975 wea ring , you will notice
F"oreign Rad io that she ha s an a ntenna
Amateur Callbook
DX Lisl i"llS up there . If you are at a ll
$12.95 fam iliar wi t h 2 Mete r FM ,
.;t~
MINIATURE c~lIb'* 3 StRiu
[ dit iools
yo u will recogni ze th e
common rubber fl ex a n-
- ...·~fl .· .'
$18.95
THUMBWHEEL SWITCHES ~ tenna , helica l whip , rub-
~=-. £ ~ ber duck ie, ba nana , or one
BCD ONl y S2.50 of the other names that it
COMPLI ME NT ONl y 2.75 "_..c -- t --"b'--L.l
Ca ~ is fondly (and somet imes ,
-:-==:= '-- _. • r. ~ ,.
BCD & COM PLI MEN T •.. ...... 4.00 :::= . z- :- :Jl<;.J"'""'; ... not so fond ly ) ca lled .
;,.:.:::- ... , Wh il e t his idea of an
DECi MAL 2.50
END PLATE S(PAIR) . .. •.....• .50
-- ante nna o n a hat is not
HALF BLANK BOD y . .. . . . . . . . .40 -- orig inal , we d id do some
FU l l BLANK BOD y ... . .. . .. . .40 - --
-.
experiment ing a nd have
DIVIDER Pl ATE . . . . .. . ... . . . .40
MINIATURE SIZE 0.315 X 1.3 X
• come up with a pretty
efficie nt performer and we
ca n g ive yo u a few
1.78 e xamples where you wi ll
have to a gree t hat the
All switches are black with white whole idea is very practi -
Figures and snap-in front mounting.
D ept. B
RAD IO AMATEUR
ca
116 DO
k IHC,
ca l.
Everybody like s a hand -
$ 5 . fll) m 'nim .. m o r d " r 925 Sh erwood Drive held transceiver . Even if
PI('a~(' <.,{(".".", ,,,,, 'a l('·. Le b Bluff IL 6 00 4 4
,,,,.,.. <1..
1/151 T US WHEN IN ST. LOUIS OR DENVER
Ord.. fro", yo " . !o"".He elk'ronic<
d ...,u 0 ' dj"'~f fro", fhe p"MifII." A ll
you have a good mobile
dj,.. ~' ord 4dd 11.00 .Mppin, .. lid
M"dlln , p Coli!>",, ".
and ba se station, there is
nothing like a com pact rig
130

An upsid e down view
o f the Clegg HT-146
sho 'WS how it look s on
the operator's belt.
that yo u can carry wit h
you around the yard ,
ga rage or ba sement to
keep up with what th e re st
of the ga ng is doing . If you
are going to a swap-a nd-
shop o r h am fe st , t he y
come in very handy. For
Civ il De fen se , RAC E S,
AREC work , or serving
your own co mmun ity by
providin g communication s
for a parade, boat race , or
an e merge ncy, they are a n
inva luabl e tool .
The be st way to car ry
your rig is on your be lt in
it s own leath er cas e ,
becau se it can get quite
aw kwa rd after a while if
you tote it in your hand .
This of cou rse make s a n
e xterna l mike the handie st
accessory for it that you
can have , a s you ca n then
operate it while it is st ill
on your belt. Either the
bu ilt-in s pe ake r wi ll suf-
fi ce , or you can imitate
Walter Cronkite o r John
Cha nce llo r , and put a
button in your ear for
pri vate listening . Or, per-
ha p s yo u r ri g h a s a
separate s pea ke r -mi ke
combination.
But there is st ill one big
han g up . That rubber
duckie antenna working in
the vicinity of your navel
has little or no effi ci ency ,
and your cha nce s of being
heard are very poor . The
best remedy for the sit ua -
tion is to get it up in the
air a litt le higher a s an y
ham knows from ex per-
ience . You could car ry a
six foot step ladder a round
with you , a nd if you get
one of the new alum inum
ones , the y are fa irly light .
But there is an ea sier way:
Mount your antenna on
the top of a hard hat. Therefore , we can buy
/ Safety helm et s like thi s
h a ve become a fairl y
commo n th ing in today' s
them very readily in most
a ny commun ity . We went
to a local safety equip-
society, as the govern - ment dealer and found a
ment agency OS HA is selec t io n o f about five
requiring them to be worn grade s, prices and colors
a ny p la ce where head rangi ng from about $2 .50
injuries are at all possib le . to $& .25 each . The one
NEW CODE SYSTEM
Now ) 'OU can learn the code in a fractio n of the time it
used 10 lake!
-, four speeds
mCODEeCIlRSEg;;j available
.-:;. Plays on any cassette player 50 you can
practic e anywhere anytime!
6 WPM Th is ts the practice tape for the
e- -e o
Novice a nd Techn ician licenses. It is made up of
Or'le so lid hour o f code, sent at the o fficial FCC
standard lno o th er tllPe we'lle hear d use s these
sta ndards, so many people flunk the code ....... en
o 5 WPM Th is ts th e beginning tape for
they are suddenly - under pressure - faced with
people who do not know the c ode a t a ll. It tak"
c har ac ters sent a t 13 "'"Pm a nd spaced for 5 ""Pm!.
them through th e 26 le tters, 10 numbe rs a nd
This tape is not memorizable , unlike the za ny 5
necessary punctuation, complete with practice
""Pm tape, since the cod e groups are en tirely
ellery step o f the way u sing the newest blitz random characters sent in gro ups of fille . Practice
teach in g tech niq ue s. It is alm ost m iraculo us! In thi s o ne d u ring lunc h, wh ile in th e car, a ny iMlere
one h o ur many peop le - including kids o f te n -
are able to ma ster the c ode. The ease o f learning
and yo u'U be mo re Ihan prepared f o r the easy FCC
ex am ,
gilles c onfidence to beginners who might o th e rwise
drop ou t.
o 21 WPM Code is what gelS y ou when you
go for th e Extra Class license. It is so e m bar rassing
o 14 WPM Code groups aga in, a t a brisk 14 to panic ou t ju st because you didn ' t c reoere
per so y ou w ill be at ease wh en you sit down in y ou rself with th is taPe . Though this ts only Or'le
fro nt o f the s teel y eyed gover nmenl insp ec lo r a nd word faster, the c ode grou ps are so d iff icull Ihat
he starts se nding y ou p lai n language a t onl y 13 p er . you 'll a lmost fall asleep cop yi ng the FCC Sluff by
You need Ih ts utra margi n 10 overcome the p an ic compa riso n. Users rePOrl that they can 't beli_
iMlich is u niversal in the les t situa lions. Wh en now easy 20 per really is with this fantast ic Or'le
you 'lIe spe n t y our m oney and l ime 10 ta ke th e test hou r tape . No o ne who ca n c opy these tap" can
you 'll tha n k heavens y ou had thi s b ack breaking possi bly fail the FCC test. Remove all fear of the
tape . code forever wilh these tapes .
ONLY $J.95! 73 is i n t h~ pubhs hi n l bu",; nus. n o t
lap e!., 110 t hese are p rked m u~ h lower Ihan a nyo nf'
else could l e U t hem. Ib ve y o u ever seen o ne h o ur
CU lie U n f o r under $67
OR D ER NOW !
-
I Na me c." _
I A ddre....
I C,ty SU le Zi p
I 0 S WPM 1 hr soe tU $3.9S 0 1 <lI WPM 1 hr c..... tl.e '3.9S
0 6 WPM 1 hr _tle $3.9S 0 21 WPM 1 hr ..a _ t l.e $3.9S
o all four ........ U n $ 13.9S
I 73 Magazine - Peterborough NH - 03458
131
•
that we chose is the more
ex pensive va riety and is
m a d e of Lexan . w hich is
pretty tough p lasti c. The
better ones have eas ily
ad justable headba nd s that
ca n be re moved and
replaced very simply . One
of these made the logical
o p ti on fo r u s be cau se
comfo rt is the number one
cons iderat ion for our ap-
plicat ion, and we have ( The zigzag pattern of
some good ies to add to the • the four radials gets lots
insid e . of wire inside.
The hand-held rig that
we a re usi ng is a Clegg
Hf-146, and it has several

fea tu res t ha t make it well

s uited to work with the
ha rd hat set -up . The
externa l mike p lugs into
the to p of the unit with a
telephone-type plug and is
large enough to use eas-
ily, but not bulky and
cumbersome . When you
are not t ra nsmitting , it
clips to the hanger on t he
le at h er case a nd t he
coil-cord keeps everythi ng
neat and out of the way .
1976 And Your The an tenna output is to a
Bicentennial Gal/signs 1176 '016 BNC, and it takes but a
are Here!
secon d to take off the
ONLY BICENTENNIAL PREFIXES WILL BE USED. ru bber duckie and connect
the coax to the hat , or
Be the fi rst in your area wi t h a special BICENTENN IAL OSL card. even to the S/8t hs on the
These cards are gorgeous - red , white and blue (You were expect ing fu scia and car.
mauvezj. And t hey are 100% custom made wit h the except ion o f the bicentennial In add it ion to im proving
design and con tact re port form on the back yo u can have your o wn ca ll letters th e an tenn a he ight for
(unless yo u'd rather be AC2NSD/1 for a year (whic h is no bargain, believe it). better tran smi ssion , we
Yo u also get your own name and address on th e card (unless you happen to be
a not her Wayne Green , whi ch happens]. added radi als to the ins ide
Th ese cards are ganged up int o large batches and run off the 73 presses in between of the hat to get a good
other wo rk, so you don't get real fast delivery , but you do end up with a fantasti c aSL ground plan e . After d rill -
at a ridiculo usly low price (and there ar e a lot of fan s for that so rt o f service these ing a hole in th e top
days). center , we mounted a
Suggestion: order toda y, right now , not later, not next wee k. Send cash, c hec k. BN C chas sis connector.
money o rder, IRe s, Master Charge or BankAmericard numbers ... send so met hing On th e insid e , a large thin
nego tiabl e. washer wit h holes drilled
A llow 4 weeks for delillery.
- - - - - - ----- - - --- - -
----------- -Domestic in its edges was placed
Orders On l y under th e connecto r be -
Callsi(ln fore tighten ing it. This is
Conversions
for the solder connections
ORDER - AND PAY D 250 c ards _ $ 7.50 of the rad ials a nd coax
D 500cards $12.50 b raid
D 1000 cards .. _ $20.00 We made several at-
tem pt s at a pattern for
Amount Enclosed $
placement of the rad ia ls ,
but finally used the zig-
zag pattern as s hown in
Name Call the photo . This method
provides maximum spac-
Addreu
ing in keeping the rad ials
City State Z ip away from each other , but
still gets the most wire
BankAmer icard
possible inside. We have
Maller Charge
about 23 inches on each of
Expiration date: Signature
the fou r legs , or enough to
accommodate a 14 wave
OSL CARDS, 73 MAGAZINE, Peterborough NH 03458 wh ip on the top of the hat ,
if you wish .

132
 The radia ls are perma - tion - if your clu b or use your HT' s pract ically wi th out ca rrying a step
ne n tly a tt a ch e d w it h repea ter group is ca lled hand s free , and g ive you lad der a rou nd with you. If
epoxy, after hold ing th em upon very ofte n in you r a ll a uniform type image . e nough ha ms start using
in place tem poraril y wit h town for traff ic cont rol for Pretty good PR for ham somet hing li ke thi s, they
mas king tape . We used parades a nd civic eve nts , rad io. could catch on u nti l some -
epo xy on the ed ges only you could have all the In the beginning , we o ne co mes up with a
and used t he five mi nute members make up th ese on ly promi sed you a way better idea . But at lea st
setti ng type . The longer hats a ll in the sa me color. of operati ng you r hand - you have to admit it 's
t imed st uff had a tendency They wo uld a llow you to held ri g fro m you r belt practical l!l! •
to run down to the bottom
of t he hat before hard en -
in g, beca use ups ide down ,
it is iust a big dis h.
You KNOW you need QSLs!
Aft e r so lde ri n g th e
braid an d wires together
at th e base of the connec-
Get some you can be proud of...
tor , we so ld e re d th e
cent er co nd uc to r, a nd
d rilled a hole in the back
edge of the hel met for a
st ra in reli e f c la mp t o Style W _ Bl
ac/c type, blue World.
protect th e coax line . Then
we repl aced the liner a nd
t he e nt ire proj e ct was
finished.
It does its job we ll,
though admittedly it is
kind of a funn y looki ng
thin g . You can help thi s
somewhat by add ing a
little art work if you are
handy with a pa int b rus h.
Your ca ll letter s, handle , and-save money'
a nd even ho me QT H
would be ap propria te to ONL Y $6 for 250, $10 for 500, $15 for 1,000, and $20 for 2,000.
put on the fro nt or side . If
yo u ca n't pai nt it, you ca n How can 73 make such beautiful cards, p rinte d on the best coated
buy st ick-on letters in a ny stock, available for about half the regular cost? Our business is 73
stat iona ry store in dozen s Magazine and QSLs just help keep things going during slack days of the
of sizes. month. We do this at cost just to keep busy - yo u get the benefit. How
Here' s another applica- many shacks have your QSL card proudl y on display?
The world and sate llite are printed in blu e, your name, address and
call are in black. The QSO information is a standard form on the back.

--------------------- DOM ESTI C OR DERS ON LY

QSL Dept.• 73 MAGAZINE. Peterborough NH 03458

Name Call _

Add ress _

City State' Zi p , -_ _
•
Award s to be listed: == _
o Cash
Sty le
0 Chec k
--
i...~.....I.,CAlIo l O BankAm ericard ~
~
O Maste rCh arge

Ow 0 S6 - 250
Card No . _
World 0 $10 - 500
Exp irat io n Date _
O x 0 $ 15 -1 000
Sa te llite 0 $ 20 - 2000 Signatu re

133
 Copper Clad
W ,R . lingen brink W6HGX
1809 Hill Ave

· ~~2" Hayward CA 94541

H orlzon mtr.,
- - - 1 2 channelsj25 watts from---

andard

How often have you

considered building a new
unit to add to the shack
and wondered -
Is the cost o f the
material s worth the ef-
fort?
Will it fit on a chassis
have on hand?
How about a cab inet?
What layout will be
best?
Well don 't think you are
a lone with these thoughts .
Many builders in th is day
ASTROPOINTS and age consider these
(144·148 Mhz for Ham, CAP, & MARS ( 25 watts output (nom.) factors before start ing on
V 12 channels, 3 included v .4 p.V sensitivity a project. This I believe is
one of the prime reasons
v' Glass Epoxy Circuit Board V 70 db selectivity
v TX and RX Trimmers v 3 watts Audio
responsible for the " Black
Box " routine so readily
(PL optio n ,I Built in speaker followed now .
vTone burst option Y Small size, 6" x 2" x 9 '" But I ha ve found a use
for copper clad board
around the shack that puts
All this Horizon "2"mtr., under "3" the challenge ba ck in
home building and is a
Get all the specs and complete Amateur Brochure, source of never ending
wr ite today: delight when new ways
are found to use this

I~~~~~~ b le s sin g to the home

builders.
The use 0 1 copper clad
P.O, Box 9215 1 Los Angeles, California 90009 Telephone 213/532-5300
board may not be new to
many of the homebrew
134
 generation , what with a ll
of the solid state const rue-
tion that is going on in the
industries throughout the
world, and of course the
use by the home building
g ro u p in co ns t ruct ing
their projects , but most
have been the e tc he d
variety of construct ion.
Have you tried using
this same material as you
would aluminum , brass or
copper sheet when build-
ing converters or other
type s of bread -board con-
struction? I have been
truly amazed at the var-
ious uses that thi s type of
material can be put to .
It is by far the simplest
material to work, a s a pair
of tin snips can be used
quite succes sfull y to cut
the materia l to the desired
size without injury to the
material. It readily ac-
cepts solde r and ca n be
cut to form boxes , shie lds
and what not.
One of the prin cipal joys
of using this material is
the one of short lead s and
direct ground connections
(t he one s that generall y
get us into troubl e), along
with easy access to the
parts .
It is easy to fasten parts
to the board . For in stance,
with a tube socket simply
punch the hole in the right
location , position the sock-
et for the shortest lead
length , then solder the
socket ta bs to the copper
clad. There a re no screw
hol e s to position and drill ,
and no lookin g for the
right size nut a nd bolt to
hold the socket in place .
As for standoffs, tie
points or feed thru point s,
well, the surplus market is
still loaded with board s
that have tho se fine teflon
bushin gs by the score .
Simply un solder the con-
nection s to them and push
them out of the board . As
you find a need for them ,
simply drill the right size
hole and in sert the type
you require In t hat loca- up material th at already bit of thi s material goe s
tion . ha s lots of holes in it to into the sa leable scrap,
The use of thi s material start with . most of the se outfits are
around . my s hac k ha s A supply of thi s materi - q uite willing to part with
given me a new lift on al can be had for those thi s material .
home brewing . Secu ring fort unate e nough to live I hope you have a s
the right size chas sis for a near a n electronic manu- m uch e n joyme nt using
new idea that I wanted to fact uring plant for scrap thi s method of building as
try wa s becoming quite a copper pnce s . Since not I have , for we ca n sure use
bit of work . It is much a ll t he units are perfect in more const ructors in our
ea sier to use a bit of beat manufacturing and quite a rank s . •
GET FAMILIAR WITH
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The~KA~MI~Z~RC ROCOST • ~?,?,Oj.
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No expensive terminal is
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board , including a hexr-
decimal keyboard and display
Easy-to-understand Hard-
ware and Programming Manu-
als g uide you every step of the
way. You will ga in a practical
knowledge of microprocessing.
plus invaluable "hands-on" experi-
ence, AU at mi c rocost.
The heart of the EBKA FAMILlAR-
IZOR is a MOS TECH NOLOGY 6502
Microprocessor. an eight bit processor
that can address up to 65K bytes of
memory. On-board memory consists of
1K bytes of RAM fo r user programs and
two eight bit ports (one input and one
output). A 256 byte monito r program . supplied in one 1702A
erasable PROM, enables you to load . examine, run , debug and
modify your own programs. Each function can be implemen ted
at any address in memory. Breakpoints can be entered at any
location in you r program to display internal
....-
IIIH
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You may also expand the capabilities of you r
FAMILIAR/ZOR in easy, inexpensive stages. To store
--
.=..
- •
~ ... you r own programs in PROM , the PC board is designed to
accept th ree additional 1702A PROMS \768 bytes) . A lo w COs\
PROM programmer is also available. The system bus allows easy
~
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Whether you' re a beginner or an experienced engineer, EBKA
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Order you r EB KA FAMILIAR/ZOR today.
• __ ORDER FORM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
1 Pl ease send me: 0 Enclosed is my Check or money order 1
1 0 Comple te 6502 . for $ I
I OFAMILIARIZOR «n $229 0 Charge my D BankAmericard o r 1
Assembl ed , ,.$285
1 0 IC Socket Kit... $14.50 0 Maste r Cha rge I
1 0 Power Supply $58 expodate 1
I 0 Check here if you wish to rece ive I
1 literature On tne complete EB KA line. Accoun t No. 1
1 Oklahoma reside nts. add sales tax. M .C. Bank No . 1
I Make payabl e and ma il to: I
Signature
l = ~OU~TR~ I~
1 6920 Melrose Lane 4051787·3671
: : : ,: "
Cit State Zi i,
l
I
1------.---------------------------1
Okla homa crtv. Oklahoma 73127 y, . p
135
 Sicentennial Seconds
Steve R Ich WA1DFL
31 Arlington Ave .
Revere MA 021 51

ATT ENTION M ETR UM I I

YOUR HAM TUIE
OWNERS HEADQUARTERS!
......
VANGUARD has a high quality
TUBES BOUGHT, SO LOAND TR ADED
S.4 n: SSS H/(iH SSS FUR rut'R n"Hf:S
MONTHLV SPECIALS Everyone must have
synthesizer made for your rig. 3 C X 10 00A 7/8 2 83 $ 22 5.0 0 8 1 1 A $ 7. 00 seen those " Bice ntennia l
You get 2,000 thumbwheel 3CX1500A7/8877 205 .00 8 1 3 18 .00 Minutes " that follow their
3 -500Z 4 8 .00 614 6B 4 .25
selected channels from 140.000 3- 1 0 OO Z 120.00 6360 3.7 5 favorite programs in the
4 -1 2 5 A 4 2 .00 6 883 B 4 .50
to 149.995 MHz in 5 k Hz steps 4-400A 4 5.00 8 122 39.00 evening . We ll , after view-
at .0 005% accuracy over t he 4 ·1000A 1 65.00 8 236 22. 00 ing these for quite some
4CX250B 24.00 8908 5.25
temperature range of -10 to +60 5728 22.00 8950 4 .75 time it has become ob-
C and your cost is only S159.95. Eimac Tubes & Acuuories In Srock vious that ham rad io ' s
Write or phone for types nor listed part in history has not
Wit h the Met rum, o ne Vanguard
BRAND NEW"···FACTORV GUARANTEED
syn thesizer covers both tran smit been shown a nd has been
and rece ive frequencies. TOP BRAND Popular Receiving Tube Types. we ll hidde n.
BRAN D NEW 75%+ 011 List " Factory Boxed. Afte r so me extensive
For complete details and photo FREE LI ST Available - Mi nim um Order $25. and exh aust ive re sea rch,
see ou r half-paqe ad in this maga- we have uncovere d some
zine. COMMUNI CATlONS,lnc. of ha m radi o ' s unheral ded
21 16 A•• n ... X
Brookl y n. NY 11 235 facts about the birt h of our
Pho ... 12121646-6300 nati on .
VANGUARD LABS In ho no r of our lOOth
SER VING 71I ElNDUS TRY SINCE 1922 birt hday, 73 is proud to be
t he fi rst to pub li sh these
litt le known a nd soo n
WHILE forgotten " Bice ntennial
GLOW_IN_THE
DARK "TT" PADS
CSdc THEY Seconds";
Cont rary to popula r b e ~
GU AR A N TEED R F P R OO F LAST lief , t he revolution ary wa r
W Il-L MODU L A TE ANY T R A N S M IT T E R
d id not sta rt ove r " Taxa-
LED TONE & BATTE RY INDICATOR .. .
ADJ. L EVE L CONT ROL '·l l V OC . I~ rnA m.x . POWER SeR's & TRIAeS t ion witho ut representa-
I'(TA L CONTROL LE D DIG IT At.. CMOS BY LEADING U.S. MAN UFA CTURER ti o n ," b u t rath er t he
TE l( S ERIES reaso n be ing t hat th e
(All 40" TH ICK I •• co lo n is ts bel ieve d t hat
T EI( · I 2'5 Ame rica s hou ld re cei ve
1 ~ ' ''x l JU ''
se pa rate cou nt ry sta t us
$57. SO
because it lies more t han
TE I(- 165 200 miles off the coast of
2.0'" • 1 .0' "
SEND NOW FOR YOUR POWER PACKAGE Eng land .
65 .00 History tells us it was
KIT WHICH INCLUDES:
CLU B DISCOUN T
ON 10 OR MORE • AU 200 VOlT OR HIG HER SCR·. & TRIACS
Paul Revere that devised
the la n t e rn sc heme to
IFA~7:~~ 1 • 2 TRIA CS IN TH E CURRENT RANG E OF
6 10 15 A_ wa rn which way the
SI NGLE UP'llt A BS CASE - FAlSE TO... £ P ROO F
• 1 TRIA C OR SCR WITH 2S A_ RATING British we re coming . The
SCHEMAt.CS FOR J WIRE HOOI<;UP 01'1 RE QUEST
• 1 GATE PRO TECTION DIOOE truth is that it was a lad
sPEC IFY POS OR NEG GROV ND
• RATING /DEVICE DESCRIPTION INFO named Mo rris who , at a
, - lQUlnl,ty" OEM .,."'... on .",,'tc.honl - - -
_ _ _': :.
1 1.) 621.78J 111.1627115 _ UNO CHICK OR MONfY O RDElI fOR $6.2.5 10, Sons of Liberty Repeater
0'
- MONEY BACK GUARANTEE - POWER "A CKAGI Association meeting ,
5END CHECK'" M.D. ICA RESIDE NTS ADD n, TA X)
thought up the " one if by
WITH MA KE" MODEL. OF T RAN SMITT E R T O ,

.... ElECTROGRAFIX '",,:O~ ,~o : , ::: "'"

Post Offi•• 10" .,6
Way... . N . J. 07470
land , two if by sea" that
quickly became known
136
among the patriots a s the
Mo rris Code .
Pau l Revere al leged ly
rode hi s horse around the
coun t rvside to warn of the
a pp roach ing Briti sh . Ac-
tually , he never left the
com fort of his shack , a nd
used his Ha ndy-ta lkie o n
the .'v1 mute ma n repea ter
to warn each town and
hamlet
Thomas Jefferson d id
not on ly w r tte the Declara -
tion of Independen ce and
the Bill of Rights He also
was largely responsible
for the Communications
Act of 1774 whic h estab-
lish ed incentive licen s ing
in ea rly America . It called
for only two classes of
amateur licen se . The Pa-
triot class included a ll
amateur p ri vi leges. The
Tory class pe r mitted o nly
five watts inp ut on 27
MHz _
After this didn 't work
out too well , Thomas
Paine was asked by the
F .C.C. (F irst Conti nental
Co ngress) to wri te a
Docket of Proposed Rule-
making which he entitled ,
" Common Sense ."
Bened ict Arnold , in ad-
dition to trea so n aga inst
Ameri ca , also was the first
to be convicted of cheati ng
on Field Day . He used ac
power rather than port-
able power .
The Uberty Bell, sy m-
bo l of Freedom , almost
didn 't have a home unt il
the Philadelphia Tinker -
belle Repeater Associa-
tion re li nqui s hed thei r site
atop Indepen de nce Hall
for the Be ll.
The Boston Tea Party
wa s suppo sed t o have
started over the high
ta xa t ion of tea . Th e trut h
is tha t the Party sta rted a s
a friendly ha m fest, but
when the R.S .G .B . a n-
nounced a dues increase
and a 10 pound charge for
their awards prog ram , the
Colonists decided to form
their own leag ue and a
melee ensued .
Patrick Henry's origi na l vention s . One stormy day wa s refused r e ci pro ca l
q uote in front of the VA afte r Fra nk li n had been op er ati n g pri v i l e g e s .
Le g is la t ur e was , " G ive flyi ng hi s kite he informed H o w e v e r , L a f a y e tt e
me separate co u n t r y his fell ow OM 's that he changed hi s mind and
status or give me death !" had inve nted the elec- decided to come after he
Benjamin Franklin tron ic key . wa s promi sed he cou ld
made many cont rib utio ns General Lafayette al- open a rad io sto re in New
to the wa r effort a nd in most d idn 't come to ai d Yor k at the co nclu s ion of
addi t ion made many in- the Amer ica ns beca use he the war. -
VIDEO CRT KIT
Kit of parts to build CRT d isplay all brand
new parts. Contai ns 9 inch C RT Sy lvania
9ST4716AP39 tube shield, yoke, flyback
t ransformer, socket, grid cap, 20KV door
kno b capacitor.
Complete kit, all brand new - $20.00
COMPUTER TAPE DECK $25.00
Cassette computer deck, w/ 2 servo motor dr ives, heads
(no electronics). Hi spee d search, 3x206 bits, less th an 1
minute. Records 1,000 characters per seco nd. One
cassette 300,000 cha racters. An unusua l otter. Slightly
used, OK, with some data .
525.00 ea. 5/$110.00
POWER 5UPPL Y MODULE
New, plug-in module. Plugs into AC outlet provides 12
volts AC at % amp by two screw terrrunats. Great for
various clocks. cha rgers, addi ng mac hines, etc. New
$2.50 ea. 5/S10.00
LASER DISCHARGE CAP
Sangamo, new, 40 mfd 3,000 volts, 180 Joules. May
--- -
be used for f iltering, linea rs, etc.. by derat ing to
2,000 volts. Sh ipp ing wgt. 10 lbs. Measures 30/.. x 4% .", ..,.
:::.;-;:
--:- :::
-'-
-"
x 9 % inches. $25.00 eac h 5/$110.00
..•, ...• -•
"". TElEPHONE TOUCH PADS
New, by Chromerics, stand ard telephone fo rmat.
..., • ...•
' 0'
Measure 2'4 x 3 inch es. Great fo r repeaters, phones,
co mputers. etc. $4 .50 each 6/$25.00
• ""'0"· •
NIXIE BOARD
Unused PC board wit h 2 nixies 8 ·57505 mou nt ed and p ins
t erminating on PC board edge. Usef ul for co unters, cloc ks,
etc. Numerals Y2 inch high , 180 vo lt neon.
#SP·206 S2.50
PleitSe iJdd shipping COJt on sbove.
FREE CA TA L OG
P.O. Box 62
E. Lynn, Massachusetts 01904
137
 . _--_... _--------------------_... ---------
Shortwave listening THE ORIGINAL
'BRIDGE'!
--= 1976 World All"'" TV t-111n<!boot - $10 9 5

cY~
BlIclo.... Wedlev I> R.l Dra.e Rece'ver s

-. ...
19 76 "Conf1dentlll( Fre quency Logt · $ 5 .4 5

,. GIHER, BOI 239 , Park Ridge. NJ 01&56

._- ----------------------------------------
.... '

Computer Hobbyists!
Bargain hunt and sell vi a ON _LIN E
$21.95
-
Digital Multimeter Kit 18 issues/year - $3.75
Free sample issue /ABO Sl.50 fOR POSllGEl
Model 75 AK
ON_LI NE, 2 4695 Sa n t a CrUl Hw y.
SiliconilC dua l chip AD converter, Lo s Gatos CA 950 30 Reads forward power
Basic DC accuracy is .OS'lb of rdg. ± 1 digit. a n d SWR
FET Input for Zin of more than 1000 Meg.
s i m u ltan eo u s ly.
on 200 mV and 2 V DC.
Automatic Zero KAUFMAN BALUN Handles full legal limit.
Automatic polarity n_ and improved
Solid Slate reference voltage. molded plnlic Usable 3 thru 150 Mhz.
Large 'I." Litronix LED readouts.
Measures DeV. ACV . K·Ohms, Mego hms, Small enough for
and DC Ma. mobile use.
$99.95
SEND FOR FREE FL YER
1:1 i mp••b nc.
match
Pale nt No.
D2 19106
f or dipoles.
booa"". il\ftrted "V". a"" quack
with or
without
BALU N
.l?J
RO'O-KI'~
lV\UI'
o:.AUF
~Fty---_
e:..- _ _ ~
e:..- _ _ -.....

POsrpoid U SA
. $13.50
$ 8 .50
- "II
$ 2 .00
Quement Electronics
1000 So. Bascom Ave,
J II", PEP KAUFMAN INDUSTRIE S
BOX 301 , 415 KAY AV E. 40unen 80XB1 7
San Jose, Ca 95128
QI F.rril. REEDS FERRY. NH 03054
ADD ISON IL 60101 CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 100 sun nr

Phase Locked Loops ~EU H,'"

.._
14SUI
c._
'1"Il, ~
1~
1_ _
,... S_ .. -. ~ SUPER svnTHESIZED
,, ~

SII '.WO
S ~ ' .I I~
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• i"?;tc"
1 _ Il: TRn'Il: ~
lM30IHA 1(1 00'C

It:---..
~
TRIAC
ASSEMBLY
• 11 ... $H.
1 0 Cha nn.l, LO VHF 3D-50 1,410< •.
10< , VH F " . -' 74 I,4 H • . U ... F
440-61 2 1,4.... _ Mlll_ pric. 53N_ OIl

1,452 1 6 chen_' . 31 ,18-50.

146'''8.151 .18 -170. 451.2-470.
....$1''-_ 4 9 0 -508 .8 2 5 1,410<0_ MIU_ "ric.
$339.95
lJO,lIO
W1RQ1T 101
rid. ~~!;H;~ED BRIDGES f-"..:....:-::"':O'----~.:. i nUG
Co_r. 16 000 Pyblic service Fr. _
I
. , f Ul l WAvt UIOOE RECll f't RS "'am
incly(hnG 2 ..nd 'lI\ ..... t•
Q ... ncl. .
BandlL MlliI_ l>';,;,o $349 .95
O" ... _ .. _ ...... IIo&J . . . 2!l A. . D _
"W .. _,"W .. _W WANLASS 30-50 MH-l; 146- 174 MH.
lito Ito ' .. _ C_T ....... '-_1 __ ~ ...... 450-512 M H-l
_1l5_ ''''U ~ '.'I1I._
Write f o r i" f o on Porte Clip - C..rry your
Hendie T .. lkie the easy wey . Prices $6.50 up
RECTIFIERTRANSFDRMERS Regency ACT-R 10 H /LJU wi th len lreecrystell $ 169.00. *
S 'G ~ Al:J&-~ PI ,. 11 5 wsec,
Soc . • 1 11 WeT ~ A R e ge n c y Or 8earce, high accurecy mon itor c rystals $3.75.
Soc, . 2 1! vct e A Ce ll o r wri te fo r comple, e 1 9 7 6 fly e r . "I- S PECIAL
$.h,.., ,,, '" 1 10, ~. ko~' "'""<ok.,• •• n' A",.. ,o.,o 0' 0.. .. ;Mo ';"'" 8 '8"'1 0I!l8',

.. ....,o "";.... c..-", ooo <k... 0' <h., .. <....0 on .... 11 0' ,,"" to<

~~~~~:~:D~~~~:F~~ER T
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T~L A O f 11U PI, us V &II C,

~ . "' ,...
Soc 1~2nO-lnliVI ~
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,.........., _ .... Do", .. ; M~"_ ,,, ....... M .. h ... n , " ,_ " ......

TVI'( f y _
So<
SIoflooof",11II
ll~

.YCl ~ A
2:l1Y. C,

... So< . . D_ $P(Cl...l

IO $l ~ _
Q .. ...
COMMUNICATIONS
ENGINEERING
P.O. 80,,415.
--:~=====~~~==~~~==
....
C;' W
c.....
S.... z'"
[] ....... Ct....
Hanifin 106 W . 7th AVENUE,
TRAPPE, PA 19426
Cadillac. Mocl'illl'ln 49601
Pl'iOI'>e 616·775-0881
f]

c...d No.
Check Bo"'" ............d
£"I' " ."on dil '. _
Electronics Corp. (2 151 63 1· 1050 CABLE CQMENG
s;gno' Yrl
TOil' oncloftd $

138
 ECONOMY LINE
HIGHEST PERFORMANCE I
LOWEST PRICESI
VHF FM

••
• •••
The ~ for 2 Met ers
15 WATTS
The mm JO WATTS
for 2 22 MH z
you ca n!
The all new ETK (Electronic Touch
Keyerl stores your instructions, then
sends perfect code from memory cir-
cuits ... 7 to 55 words per minute ...
These two new Oegg FM Transceivers offer the high est QS O mode controls (tune, spacing o ff, auto l
per dollar value for the Fjf 'er. Both are 12 cha nnel. .3 5 uv .. . spea ker w I level control ... dot-
dash l.£D lights ... all new clock circuits
sensitivity units with such ex tras as individual trimmers for
minimizing long first cycle ... 17 in-
ne tting bot h t ransmit & receive xtals. tegrated circuits.
Ei ther un it on ly S 189.50 wit h micro ph on e and I set xtals .

~
for only 145.00

~e~f.~~=
Order direct from:
. p.o. Box 1125
208 Centerville Road, Lancaster, PA 17603
Co.. Kent, Washington 98031
Toll free sales & services - Pho ne (BOO) 233-0250
In Pa. call (7171 299-722 1 (collect)

6-METER'" ,."... "'''lIIS

wi t " our c _ t and < " ~ 6_ tec , • • Ity fll~..
' .. t .... j09 .... . y copper c ~ " st r '"' tto" , _ M o t
. U blHty and . "1 '.., I ...." u t ton , Fac t ory bunt
I nd "ad)' to hOO k-up. Cal l or wrlt. f or ~.t .i1 •.

Varden Electronlu Company

erll! ... ". 1.J_k...... M••h-,.-;'.... 200t_ 151 7 17 . 7 .22..,

6-DIGI T COUN TERS!

6-D igl t Kit 6-Digit Ki t
LOGIC PROBE KIT
5S S S5 21085'"

(30 m Hl) .•, •

.
•
••
(250m Hz)
$14.95
( pl u ~ s hi p p i n g)
Now! A Dillital LOllie Pro be kit a l a re a lis t ic
• p rice . Red. Green. and Yellow lig ht emitting
d io d e s s ign a l t h e p rese n c e o f JOlli<; l.,,,els
We have a whole wonderful li ne o f u n believa ble cou nters encountered in d illit.. 1 circui try . Ulih2ation
o l t r ll n s' s l o r ..nd ,ntegrllted c ir <; Ult s w ,t <; h in g
star ting at $ 45.951 All co u n t ers are also available facto ry techn iques permit the OIG APEAKE ·A t o
wired and tested. Drop us a line or give us a call today. In dic at e logic I . logic O. and p ul SIng c ircuit
<;o nd itio n s . Co mplet e k it in du d in ll e llSY
Hufco ... P.O. Box E. Dlpt. 20, Ptl>lO.lJt. ll4ID1 ..·(OO1) 375-8566 i n structions ,s lI v..il llbl e now f rom .• .
Chesape ake Dig ita l Devicn Inc.
P.O. B OX 3 4 1
H.. vre d e Grll<;e. Md. 2 1078

Surplus Ie st Eq uipment
Fr•• Informotion
AMERICAN CALIBRATION SERVICES
P.O. Box 8104 Athe ns, Georgia 30601
1""- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 139
1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.,.

AM-FM STEREO TUNE R AN D AM P

Fit this new receiver with slim line design into your next project.
Thousands of these unit s were sold in stereos from $79.95 compacts to
$275.00 consoles.
This is a compl ete, tested , new and guaranteed syste m, at a closeout price.
Includes FM antenna, power transformer, ac cord, schematic & instructions,
wiring harness and jack plate. Shipping weight 5% lbs. 12"x3"x4" deep. •

WHY RUN WIRES-GET ONE FOR EACH ROOM

Order # R845 AM -FM Stereo Receiver $28.50
Order # 2 R845 Get two now and save $9.00 . _ 2/$48.00

SAME AS # R845 except this is an AM- FM tu ner and stereo amp only (no
power transform er), runs on 12 volts dc . Use this tune r in your van camper
or auto. Has extra input terminal s, schemat ic and instructions. Sh. wt . 3 Ibs.
Order # R840 AM -FM tuner and stereo amp $18.50
Order # 2 R840 Buy two and save 2/$32.00

AM-FM STEREO RECEIVER

Can be built into a wall, a bar, your own custom cabinet, or
be used as a replacement un it in a n exist ing installation.
Features - separate bass a nd treble contro ls, sensitive front
end , phono, tape and auxiliary inputs. With this system you
get an FM antenna , wiring harness, jack plate, ac cord,
faceplate, knobs and inst ruct ions.
NEW· TESTED·GUARANTEED
Order # R8 17 AM-FM Stereo Tuner & Amp .. $3B.50
Order # 2 R8 17 Buy two a nd save more . ...2/$68.00
Shipping wt. B ibs. 12"xS"x7" deep.

vtetron communications adaptor with EfA -RS-232C connector output for S leve l
serial ASCII. Includes wired and tes ted circuit boards. face plate, cable and manuel.
PRICE: $ 165.0a With purchase of Viatron 2111 System. onl y $65.00.

V erada 214. 3B French si., Box 438. Lowell Ma. 01 B52 T el. 617-458 -3077

140
AU part. 0'" "'mo~d (rom f un ct ioninl/ t" Q..ipmll!nt . Guoruntt"t"d
fun ctiofllli. I f )' 0 1' e....! buildi11l/ 0 CRT m onitor (o r o n)' p ..rpou th ll!w
pcub ort" Idt"Q l. PIt"Q'1I! in ctu d ll! '2. 0 0 to COI'll! r handlinl/ (lnd i", uronc<>
o n (Ill order•. Min imum order $5.00. NO COD. S.. nd c h ..ch Or
m o nll! )' o rdll!r p i... e.tlmated . h i p p i ng. Exce.. will be re funded.
CRT for VOT
12 ' P3 1 p hosp h o r, extreme ly sm a ll
' POt si ze , aPP ro.. .002" when
p roper Iv foc used . Rem oved from
f .....c tjc ... ing V OT _ guar " n t-..;l wr.
10 1b s. $ 1 4.99
Socket (no t . hown }
F iuabo... CRT (w ith leack ) we, ~ lb. $.9 9
Yo,,"
For "bO Wl CRT - len t h a n . 1 o hm de
r...istance , verv low induc tan ca per·
fect f o r high dallection r at e s .m d
_ite speeds. Used in moder n VOT
for stroka ·tvpe grep hi CI end alp ha nu ·
m eri cs. Perfect f or a nv VO T , SSTV
o r s im ila r mo nitor . With four long
lea ds and con n ect ors. Wt . 4 lbs.
H igh V o lt a ge Power Supply NEW!
Th is is • u n it designed ill man ufactured by
$ UNTR ONIX us ing co m p o n e n t parts from t h e
(S a n de rs) 708 o ispl av . Ge nerates 1 5 k ve e, 950
Vd c ill · 1 5 0 Vdc for t he a b o ve CRT . lndu d ...
sock et for CRT, co n na c t o r fo r Input I/Olta g..,.,
high vo lta ge lead and c o n n ec tor for th a C R T
a no de and req u ires no in pu t drlve s ig na l - self
st arti ng. Needs + a n d · 1 5 vee and + 5 Vdc.
Idea l for the monitor o r V o T vo u 're b u ild ing.
Th is is N OT the Sa n de rs HVPS , but a br.nd
new design utiliz ing compo n a n t p a rts fr om tM
Sanders HV PS. Wt . 6 lbs . $29.99
HVPS XFMR
Th is is a fly -back tvpe tra...sformer . nd II used
in the S U NT RO N I X HVPS deo.eribed .bo....
We'll s upply sch a m a t ic i...fo.matlon for c o n -
s t ruc t ing y our own H VPS . WI. 3 Ibs. $6 .99
HVPS R eetifi" Assy .,
...;;;..
T h il linle gem w ill take 1 5 k V ec a nd tu r n it
Into 1 5 k Vd c , f iltflred and re a d v for the
CRT . Sm. l l size a nd SO Ll 0 STAT E. we. Y;
.. \
lb. $3.99 onJ
I~ '.c.'
Low V oltl98 Power X FM R
Pr o videS . 11 low voltages n eeda d by the h o m .
br.w VOT or mo nit or. Dual 1 1 5 V.c p r im .ry ,
30 v ec , 22 Vac a nd 1 2 Vac,. ll C .T. an d lO A ,
5A a nd 2A output cu rre nts respe ct ivel y . Wt. 8
Filtet" Caps
lbl .
, $8 .99
Two va lues - 36.000 . 30 Vd e a nd 47.000 0
2 5 Vdc . S houl d u se two o f each f or. + and · 1 5
Vdc a n d + 5 V dc supply . Wt . 2 lbs. ea. $1 .99 • .
Heat S i nks
Fo u r of these were used in th e d ef lec t io n
. mplifier s. Ea ch l in k w ill handle appro x .
1 50 w ett l drilled f or TO-3 tr.nslstor . Wt . 2
lbs. ea. $ 1 .99
T rans isto rs
LVPSp•• u anslstors MJ2267 ill MJ2255: . .c h good f or 150 w.ttS 0
40 veee. Def lection ou t put tr.nslltors 2 N 5301 ill 2N4 398 also 150
wettun its. $1 .99 ...
o tDJJJPllJJY
Mu ·Meta l Bo x w /cover
Thi l is • m Ult if you p la n to mou nt your
powe r supply ,,1mr on the sa m e c h . ss ;s as t he
CRT. XFM R above f iu t h is b o x per fec tlv . n d
will prevent problems wit h m.gnetic int.r ·
fere nce b etween t he CAT and XFMR . Wt. 2
Ibs. $2.99
Power S o p ply Case
Thi s is the Cadm ium ·plated power supply
e nclosure use d o n the 708. M.da of Iteel ,
cadmium p lated for co rr Ol io n resistance a nd
magneticallv shielded. Su p p l ia d wilh front . nd
r. .r cover s . All h oles dr illad to inst .1I the abo ...
LVPS com p o n ents.. A vailab la wi t h th ree br idge
rect if iers, t h ree p. n trans ist ors . n d inp u t/
out p ut plugs o r stri pped . wt. w /covers 10 Ibs. -
without co......s a n d rec ti f ier pans. Wt . 8lbs
$8 .99
Moffin Fan
4 " ROTRON muff in fa n fo r c o o l ing t ho...
warm tra ns iltors. Wt . 3 l bs. $3.99
$12 .99
X FM R IC ps NEW!
Completelv e ne lo sed with long lead s. 1 1 5 Vac
primary, 1 2 Vac @ 3 .0A and 13 5 Va c @ 50 mAo
Good for gener.l purpose ben ch supply and f or
h igh \/O ltage requirements for n l .. ie o r gas ·disc ha rge
dilp la vs. w e. 3 lbs . $ 3 .99
CRT C hass is
-- This is t he basic e nc losur e for a 12' CRT .
lno;:l udes fr on t m ou nt ing pla t e to h o ld t he
CAT Iwi t h met al mou nti ng r ing) . p last ic
d ecorati... be ze l that cl ips in t o fron t p lat. a nd
provision f or mount ing the yok e la bo vd l. Has
plenty of .dditlonal space fo r su p p o rt erec-
tro n ics a nd provis ion f o r mounting the LVPS
e nclos ure descr ibad a bove. Will IIIve you day s
of s hellt met.l work . Avai lable with o r with -
out bottom moun t-w /o baM!, 10 Ibs . _ $1 5 .99
Ing base and p la t e. w/ba_ , 15 1bs. _ $ 1 9.99
Co_
....
This is the wr.p ·around c o ver f or the above co m p one nts. Pa inted.
has h inged re.r cove ' p late for easy e ccess t o intern. l com p o n en ts.
wr . 15 lbs. $7 .99
I Sanders Keyboard
T h il is t h e S. n d ers 72 0 ASCII
k ey b oard 10 muc h i... demand . nd
i no w .va ila b le . t t h is low price
on lv fr om SU N T R O N I X. The.
u n its ar e o f va,lou s con fi gu ra-
t ion s; some h a ve n u met"ic pads
separ.te fr o m the m ai n k. vbo.rd , others h..... the n umbers as p.rt
of tha key b oa rd w ith co n trol f u nc t io n s as . separate gro up ing . SOrry
- no c ho ice .v. ilabl e. A ll un its sold 8$·1. and priced for a quick
sell -o ut . A I b al ore, w hen Ihese .ra gone, there w ill not likely be
mo re . .. orde r ea rlv to avoid miss ing ou t . W t. 9 Ibl. $39.99
Suntronix Ka yboard KBO IV
Thi l is a b rand new S UNTRONIX
d es igned and ma n.. factu red unit
desc r ibed in the l.st ........a l iS$ ues • • • •
• •
,
o f 73. Th ese u ni ts ar e rapidly
becomi ng Ihe standar d ke y boa rd c
•
-
•
• •
• •
•
•
•
• • • • .-
••
f or man y o f the Mup u n its being
o ff e r ed bv o t he... Natur.llv . t h e ir
pric e in c lu de s Ihei r mark u p o n
the KBo ·l V. S ave II f ew dollarl . nd o rde r f rom th e d esig n er di r e ct.
S o rr y . due to I.ck o f interest kits a re no longer ava ilab le . F act or v
aue mblad un it s will be se n t p ostp.id f o r $ 74.95. N.tur.llv, the
unco nd iti o na l 9 0 dav w. r ra n ty a ppli.. a long with f ull d ocu m e n ta·
t lo n en d f.c to r y b ac k ·up. $74 .99
Alt price. o n! ... bjl!'" to chang.. witho .. t »e tree. A lJ(l il.t> b ilit y on 10m ..
i tl! m. is lim it..d _ A ll iI.....s an! lu bj.. ct to prio r *lIe. ""'0 backordl!r. -
i f wt" re o .. t of stoc k for o ny n'Own you r mO n llY will bl! i n stantly
re / u n de d. M oster Ch arge a nd Ba nkAm.. ricard occl!p ted. A ll price.
are F.O.B. Lo w ren ce , M llI/Ul chusett. (yo u po y sh ip p i n /t}. SA SE lor
info.
360 Merrimack St ., Lawren ce , Mass. 01843
Fact ory Talephon e 617·688-0751 r:liii-- ~ - I
_..._ .-
-""'9' "
•
1.B.tN MAM ERICAR DI
141
 .g,t1utdJL·tMen1.wlRA rmoiL
'tR.{Jell1RJt&
(Kit 0'1, WiJ,RJL &lPAIP.JL)
13 ~eJtieA.

7~

~_:DyltlJ.nti.o ntiJlp,
i.n.c1wietL oiL m.od£1A)
MOJUI--
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n.ot dn.ntoge itl. mo OWL voftttge p>t.t>t.e.eti1m (a, AW in, fkp, A"flrtJ wilt~1wt it dJlWl1,M 1tPjletl1a i.A n.ot
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o NEWSSTAND 0 SUBSCRIPTION
f-- - - - - -- - -
READER SERVICE - - - - - - - - - - - Open = Good o - Fair 0= Poor
73 ln c.. Peterborough NH 03458
A PR I L 1976 1-'1976 APRIL 1976
I-- SUN WED
-- MO . T UE
-- SAT

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Explore
the 'tATorld o£ V:H:F
VHF Mobile/Base Station
- ------------
----------------
- - FT-620B
6 Meter Transceiver

Our all new 6 meter solid state. 10

wa tt SSB, CW and AM tran sceiver
features in one co mpact un it co mplete
band cove rage in eight 500 KHz seg-
ment s with 1 KHz VFO read out across
the entire band. Provision for up to
four crysta l controll ed channels in
each o f the eight band segments, a

• recei ver offset clarifier, and an effec-

tive noi se blanker - all add up to total
ope rati ng flexib ility. A built-in AC and
DC power suppl y adds to the porta-
bi lit y of the FT-620B transceiver.
Add up all these features and you
have another total pe rformance t rans-
ceiver from the radio company.

1 FTV-650B
6 Meter Transverter

FTV-250
, :2 Meter Transverter

• •
Join the VHF action with the FTV· 650B
and FTV-250. These matching economical
additions offer VHF transmitt ing and receiv-
ing when coupled to your HF transceiver.

All Yaesu products are backed by a st ro ng

warranty and a nationwide sales and service •
dealer network .
See your Yaesu dealer or write for our
catalog. Yaesu Muse" USA, Inc., 7625 E.
Rosec rans, No. 29, Paramount, California 90723 '\1&~§(!JJ

The radio.
 •

""""""""""
\ \"""""""""
, \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\ \ ' "
I

KLM Multl·2000 ••• already locked In

as the greatest feature-per dollar VHF transceiver .••

Now•••both USB & LSB

for even greater value •••lower.
beat-inflation pricing!
The great response to the KLM, Multi-2000 VHF
transceiver by amateurs world-wide has now
made il possible to manufacture this tine set in
quantities substantially larger than the original
production runs. Result . .. new, value-added fea-
tures, lowered manufacturing costs.
KlM wi ll now have more sets 10 se ll so, with the
MUlti-2000A, encourages the buyer by passing
along a substantial portion of the production sav-
ings. Example : For mer price , 795.00 . Your
innation-fighting price today is 679.00 ... 8 eev-
Ing of 116.001 But w ithout ext ra cost you now get
Lower Sideband, making the KLM Multi-2000A
four mode equipment with NBFM , W BFM, SS B
(w ith both USB and LSB) plus CWO Power output
remains at 10 watts.
Here truly is the complete full feature VHF station
for base or mobile. It has both 12VDC and
115VAC suppl ies bui lt-in, is actually ready to op-
erate right out of the shipping carton. It offers
highest versatility and c rystal stability. Any of 200
channels can be selected instantly in 10kHz
steps by three dials controlling the phase lock
loop frequency synthesizer setup. Continuous in-
terpolation within the 10 kHz segments (144-1 48
MHz) is afforded by VXO for trans. / rec . and RIT
for receive . T here are also three FM crysta l posi-
tions for frequently used channels.
Check the Multi-2000A panel in the photo. Note
the convenient, " peo ple engineered" co ntrol ar-
rangements , the simple, positive channel setup
and the many refinements that contribute to re-
laxed, enjoyable conversat ions in any of four dif-
lerent modes.
At your favorite deafer or write direct.

• 144 ·148Mtu. PtwM lock loop • No'" blIon", . SqUltlch . Af

-.....
Iynl lln!uf. i lill control.
• $epl ' _ IIlO Ind ArT tor ful~ • ~"1 1 1OWpow ...
I)eholln-chlonllel l uning.
• Slmp • • III'lCl IorlOOkl'b! • Hlih Mtla/tlwlly 10.30.1 11 tor Economically priced 160W
l2db SINAD).
.."... UJNlbll lty.
• NBfM IWBFM ISSB (USBl • ~ lmmunitylo f;n;I"
solid-state Linear Amplifier
•
_.
LSBj I CW.
BuIll AC' DC ~
mod. l ..... mod.
• Bulh-lrl IMt (caoIl) I.,... Incl
I~"'" P'O"IIIorl..

KLM electronics
17025 Laurel Road, Morgan HiDCA 95037
111QW ~ OUI from 1lultj,2OOQA
(or 0'1"" mo_ll ibo-indl) with
a ·l$W Input, sse. cw, ......fM..
out tuning. Autorn-tlf; Af _1I r:h-
In ll. 13.$ VDC. Allo 144, 220.
(408) 226- 1780. (408) n9-7363 BtOeCl blind ... 144·148MHI..m.- ~MHz modit... 12tll 12OW0Ul..