TURBOCHARGING OF IC ENGINES TO INCREASE OVERALL

EFFICIENCY AND RECOVER WASTE HEAT

Shikhar Sharma / Patel Harsh

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, UD - Dayton, OH, USA.

E-mail: sharmas23@udayton.edu / patelh27@udayton.edu

INTRODUCTION:

From the past few decades there has been a trend of making the most ideal
engine by the engineers. Every time there is a difficulty to obtain highest
efficiency without compromising performance. However, it is important to
understand the parameters on which the engine’s efficiency is dependent
and how these parameters can be altered to achieve maximum efficiency.
Parameters like thermodynamic processes, internal friction, expansion ratio,
air-fuel-ratio, load, tribological boundaries and various losses accounts for
engine performance [1]. Majority of the energy lost is in the form of heat.
Continuous attempts are being made by engineers to overcome losses and
recover energy to get the maximum output. Technically, Efficiency of an
engine can be deduced as the ratio of power obtained after the combustion
of fuel to the amount of fuel required to produce the output. 

One of the methods to enhance engine’s efficiency is to improve air-fuel-

ratio inside the combustion chamber. Turbocharging is one approach to
improve the combustion of fuel and increase engine efficiency [2],.

Turbocharger is a single axial turbine which is driven by the exhaust gas

coming out of the combustion chamber, it draws the fresh air from the
atmosphere and delivers it to the combustion chamber yet increasing the
air-fuel-ratio [3]. Thus, a turbocharger helps in increasing the thermal
efficiency and volumetric efficiency of the engine and delivers more power at
the output shaft [4]. With the recent advancement in the automobile
industry the turbochargers have become more diverse and provide us with a
wide range of working conditions.

--------------- 1 b------------------------
Previous studies have shown that using Hybrid Turbochargers can be

effective in improving engine performance.

Figure 1 Cross- section of a turbocharger [6]

Cross- section of HEV turbocharger is shown in figure 1. Hybrid Turbo

charging is when a turbocharger is coupled with an electric generator such
that the axis of the turbocharger rotates the shaft and armature of the
generator, therefore the mechanical energy of the turbine is converted into
electrical energy which was in turn converted to from the exhaust gas [6].
The still hot gas leaving TC is passed through a heat exchanger to further
extract the heat energy from it. This extracted heat is reused to heat cabin
and intake air. This reduces the engine load significantly resulting in
improved overall efficiency and lesser brake specific fuel consumption [7].

VNT Turbocharger is another type of TC used in Spark Ignition Engine. A

study on the VNT TC’s suggest that they have an influence on the operating
parameters of the SI engine when the exhaust gas is additionally expanded.
It is found that VNT TC improves efficiency of lower RPM engines and
increases fuel efficiency in lower RPM region [8]. A recent study conducted
by the Department of Energy and Volvo group suggest that a 10% efficiency
is sought by coupling CVT and turbocharger in heavy duty vehicles [9]. All
these previous studies indicate that the parameters such as volumetric
efficiency, thermal efficiency and fuel economy are significantly affected by
using turbocharged engines. Hence it can be inferred that turbocharged
engines perform better and have higher efficiency.
 Even though there are numerous studies going on to improve engine
efficiency and turbo charging, the higher performance comes with high price.
The turbo charging is an expensive means of achieving higher efficiency.
This limits the use of turbochargers in small and economical engines.
Economy of turbo charging is another research space. One of the notable
hurdles in using turbochargers is that on running continuously the turbine
becomes hot and to extract this heat energy, additional intercooler is
required [10]. Therefore, most researchers are leaving the further research
space about reusing the heat generated in turbochargers.

In this paper, the effects of turbo charging on various engine parameters are
simulated and results are analyzed to advocate the use of turbocharger as a
method to increase overall efficiency of engine. It’s not clear how this fills the
gap you just mentioned in Move 2. Make the connection clear. It is found
that the integration of various components of drive train affects the
performance parameters, so an attempt will be made to predict the
variations in performance by using different combinations of compressor,
gearbox, and pumps in relation to the turbine [4] [11]. Why are there
citations in Move 3? Move 3 should be focused on the experiment/test/study
that you “did.” Furthermore, the use of organic rankine cycle will be
validated as it also improves engine efficiency and enhances CHP [7] [12].
Same here. If you are going to use some of the methods from previous
research, then that is what you should be talking about in the literature
review (move 1b). To achieve maximum efficiency various waste heat
recovery methods will be tested in conjunction with the use of turbochargers.
To aid the experimentation results and statistical data, software’s like CFD to
simulate working of fluids, MATLAB to compute the raw data, ANSYS to
perform thermal analysis will be used currently, the IC engine runs on 40%
efficiency and in this paper we will try to use above mentioned methods to
increase the efficiency by 5% to 10%. Thus, the ultimate aim of this paper is
to discuss the optimum solutions to achieve maximum engine efficiency
under dynamic working conditions. You’ve got way too much going on for
Move 3. Just keep it simple. State what your paper is presenting (your
methods and hypothesis) is just a couple sentences.

So generally, you need to clean up your literature review (1b) so that you’re
actually discussing the previous literature and not how stuff works. This is
not a teaching article. You are trying to argue that your research is relevant
but showing what others have done and how your study fills a certain gap in
that research.

REFERENCES:
Nothing in a reference list should be ALL CAPS.
[1]p. Bera, "development of engine efficiency characteristic in dynamic
working states", energies, vol. 12, no. 15, p. 2906, 2019. Available:
10.3390/en12152906
[2]a. Kasztelan, y. Yao, d. Marchant and y. Wang, "a review of novel
turbocharger concepts for enhancements in energy efficiency", international
journal of thermal and environmental engineering, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 75-82,
2010. Available: 10.5383/ijtee.02.02.003

[3]m. Reyes belmonte, "contribution to the experimental characterization

and 1-d modelling of turbochargers for ic

Engines", doctoral thesis, universitat politècnica de valència, 2013

[4]"performance analysis of ic engine using supercharger and turbocharger-a

review", international journal of research in engineering and technology, vol.
04, no. 02, pp. 17-22, 2015. Available: 10.15623/ijret.2015.0402003

[5]"analysis of hybrid turbocharger in motor vehicle ic engine", in

international congress motor vehicle & motors 2018, kragujevac, serbia,
2018, p. 8.

[6]m. Altosole, g. Benvenuto, u. Campora, f. Silvestro and g. Terlizzi,

"efficiency improvement of a natural gas marine engine using a hybrid
turbocharger", energies, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 1924, 2018. Available:
10.3390/en11081924

[7]z. Dimitrova and f. Maréchal, "energy integration on a gasoline engine for

efficiency improvement", international journal of thermodynamics, vol. 20,
no. 2, pp. 70-70, 2017. Available: 10.5541/eoguijt.324158

[8]"application of vnt turbocharger in spark ignition engine with additional

expansion of exhaust gases", tehnicki vjesnik - technical gazette, vol. 25, no.
6, 2018. Available: 10.17559/tv-20160211230747

[9]very high fuel economy, heavy duty, constant speed, truck engine
optimized via unique energy recovery turbines and facilitated high efficiency
continuously variable drivetrain. Washington, d.c: united states. Dept. Of
energy, 2010  

[10]f. Justin dhiraviam, v. Naveen prabhu, t. Suresh and c. Selva senthil

prabhu, "improved efficiency in engine cooling system by repositioning of
turbo inter cooler", applied mechanics and materials, vol. 787, pp. 792-796,
2015. Available: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.792
[11]s. Osman, "different methods of gas turbine engine efficiency", european
journal of engineering and formal sciences, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 61-62, 2018.
Available: 10.2478/ejef-2018-0018

[12]i. Ion and f. Popescu, "efficiency improvement of a biogas engine-driven

chp plant", scientific works of university of food technologies, vol. 63, no. 1,
2016
 [5]

“The primary objective of a turbocharger is to use the waste gas from the
exhaust and produce more power without additional fuel. With the recent
advancement in the automobile industry the turbochargers have become
more diverse and provide us with a wide range of working conditions.
Previous [5] studies have shown that using Hybrid Turbochargers can be
effective in improving engine performance.”
“Turbocharger is a single axial turbine which is run by the exhaust gas
coming out of the combustion chamber [5]” The underlined idea is not
stated in the original source quote below. This is plagiarism.

“A turbocharged engine is widely used today in modern motor vehicle. One

of the reasons for massive production of such engines is better efficiency
and higher specific output power. Turbocharger or colloquially turbo is a
turbine driven forced induction device that increases an internal combustion
engines efficiency and power output by forcing extra compressed air into the
combustion chamber.”

[4]

“…so an attempt will be made to predict the variations in performance by

using different combinations of compressor, gearbox, and pumps in relation
to the turbine [4] [11].” This idea is not in the quoted text below, so this is
plagiarism.
“It draws the fresh air from the atmosphere and delivers it to the combustion
chamber yet increasing the air-fuel-ratio. Thus a turbocharger helps in
increasing the thermal efficiency and volumetric efficiency of the engine and
delivers more power at the output shaft [4].” You’ve put some evaluative
words in here that slightly change the meaning “increasing efficicency...more
power”

“A turbocharger consists of a single-stage radial- flow (―centrifugal‖)

compressor (air pump), which is driven by a single-stage radial-flow turbine,
instead of being driven directly by the crankshaft. The turbine extracts
wasted kinetic and thermal energy from the high-temperature exhaust gas
flow and produces the power to drive the compressor, at the cost of a slight
increase in pumping losses:[1] HIGH THERMAL EFFICIENCY, [2] BETTER
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY”

[7]

“[…] producing electrical energy via generator and reusing heat energy for
cabin heating reduces the load on engine significantly [7].” None of the
quotes below say this.
“Furthermore, the use of organic rankine cycle will be validated as it also
improves engine efficiency […] [7] [12].”

“[…] This process of collecting exhaust gas and reusing it to produce extra
power through turbines by increasing volume of air inside the combustion
chamber […] [7]” I don’t see this information below in the quotes either.
This is a problem for all of the above examples. You’re adding ideas and
interpretations to your paraphrases, and you can’t do this. A paraphrase has
to match in meaning. After you cite the information, then you can
interpretation and add your own meaning to it, but you cannot combine
them because that’s plagiarism.

Your grade for the draft does not take these paraphrasing issues into
account, so just know that if you still have issues like this, your grade will
likely be lower.

“[…] the engine can be used to heat the cabin, or to be converted in

electricity or cooling.”

“The conclusion is that the Rankine cycle presents the best heat recovery
potential and the largest application range.” Your paraphrase says
something different from this.

“The heat exchangers and the pump already exist and the ORC components
are considered to have similar weight. Economic model of the energy
integration technology: heat exchanger, evaporator, turbine, pump, and
condenser.”