Shot Peening - Residual Stresses

TANUJ DESHMUKH
Laboratoire de mécanique multi-échelles July,2019

1/Tanuj Deshmukh
 RESIDUAL STRESSES In Shot Peening

- Residual stresses are the stresses produced in a body when it undergoes non uniform
plastic deformation.

LAW OF RESIDUAL STRESSES : The sign (+ or -) of the residual stress is

opposite to the sign of the non uniform plastic deformation that caused the stress.
- Peening involves tensile plastic deformation of a surface layer - produced as the sum
of numerous indentation expansions.

- Therefore, by law of residual stresses, Compressive residual stresses are generated

at the surface.

- The thickness of this layer is largely determined by the peening parameters (shot
dia, shot velocity, hardness,etc)

2/Tanuj Deshmukh
 How are Residual stresses generated due to peening ?
Shot media is bombarded on the workpiece and causes indentation.
Let us consider a single shot indentation :

- During each indentation we have the equivalent of a

classic loading and unloading cycle - creating a
plastically-deformed region containing residual
compressive elastic strain.

- As the impacting particle strikes the component's

surface the contact stress is initially zero.

- The stress thereafter increases elastically until the

yield strength is reached - point A.

- The surface material subsequently deforms plastically

until the shot particle starts to rebound - point B.
- During rebound the surface material relaxes
elastically until it reaches zero - point C.
The difference between the original and final
strains is the residual strain - which when
multiplied by elastic modulus gives the level of
localized compressive residual stress. 3/Tanuj Deshmukh
 Variation of stress around indents

• It is generally accepted that a zone of surface

compressive residual stress surrounds each indentation
and we do know that stress must vary continuously
(rather than abruptly).

• Fig beside shows one way of representing the

surface stress fields, surrounding an isolated
indentation at A and around groups of indentations,
at B.

4/Tanuj Deshmukh
 Variation of stress around the indents

-The compressive stress at and parallel to the surface has a normal distribution about
the indentation centre - as shown in figure below.

It is assumed that the 'spread' (standard

deviation) for the residual stress is equal to
the radius of the indentation.

The equation for a normal distribution is:

where: y can correspond to residual stress,

x to distance along the peened surface, µ
to position of the indent centre and cr to
the standard deviation (spread).

5/Tanuj Deshmukh
 Variation of stress due to Neighbouring Indents

The compressive residual stress from one indentation will add significantly to that of a
neighbouring indentation, provided that they are close enough.
Figure below shows how stress addition varies for different indentation separations,
where each indentation is assumed to have the same diameter, D

- The curves are generated by

substituting two different values for µ
into equation (1) and adding the result.

- A separation of 3D is required before

there is no significant overlap of
compressive stress fields.

6/Tanuj Deshmukh
 Residual Stress Profile
The residual stress generated in process of shot peening is combined effect of :

Direct Plastic
Deformation

Hertzian
Pressure

*terms associated with the stress profile are explained in next slides 7/Tanuj Deshmukh
 Residual Stress Profile

The residual stress profile of a shot peened surface looks like follows :-

The terms associated with it are as follows

● 𝛔max : maximum compressive residual stress

● 𝛔surface : surface residual stress
● 𝛔tensile : maximum tensile residual stress
● t1 : maximum depth of compressive residual stress
● t2 : depth at which the residual stress changes its sign
(compressive to tensile)

8/Tanuj Deshmukh
 Residual Stress Profile

Direct Plastic Deformation : In this process after peening the the component is divided
into 2 sections. Section A represents plastic deformation
while section B represents the elastic region beneath. This
elasto-plastic deformation of the surface layer results in
compressive residual stress with maximum magnitude at the
surface.

Hertzian Pressure : The Hertzian pressure produces a plastic deformation beneath the
impact surface.The residual stress has a maximum value at a
distance z = 0.47a below the surface, where a is the radius of plastic
indentation. Basically Hertz pressure plastically deforms the deeper
layers also.

This very well explains why the maximum stress in shot peening is not on the surface,
rather is at a little depth.

9/Tanuj Deshmukh
 Residual Stress

The two factors of residual stress which we are most interested in are :

1. Magnitude compressive residual stress generated

2. Depth of the compressive layer

10/Tanuj Deshmukh
 Residual Stress and Peening Parameter

The residual stress profile depends on the shot peening parameters.

11/Tanuj Deshmukh
 Residual Stress and Peening Parameter
Hardness of Material (HVm) : σsur increases as HVm increases , σmax increases as HVm
increases whereas , t1 decreases with increase of HVm.

Hardness of Shot (HVs) : σsur increases as HVs increases , σmax increases as HVs
increases and t1 also increases with increase of HVs.

Velocity(v) , Pressure (p) ,Peening time (t) , Shot diameter (d) :

For all these parameters v,p,d,t it is found that σmax and t1 both increase as these
parameters increase.

Almen Intensity : Almen intensity only has effect on the depth of the compressive
residual stress t1 .With increase of Almen Intensity, t1 increases . No significant effect on
σsur and σmax

Surface Coverage : Surface coverage only has effect on the depth of the compressive
residual stress t1 .With increase in Surface Coverage, t1 increases . No significant effect
on σsur and σmax 12/Tanuj Deshmukh
Modelling Residual Stress

13/Tanuj Deshmukh
 REFERENCES

1. Residual Stress in shot peened components by Dr. David Kirk

2. S i m u l a t i o n o f Residual Stress D i s t r i b u t i o n o n S h o t P e e n i n g Yoshihiro W A T A N A B E * a n d Nori
hiko HASEGAWA **
3. A Rudimentary Analysis of
4. Improving Fatigue Life of Metals
5. by Shot-Peening
6.

7. Shot peening mechanics: experimental and theoretical analysis Y.F. AI-Obaid

Faculty
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