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Hydrodynamics
Version: 4.00.33026
8 December 2014
Introductory course
Hydrodynamics,
Contents
Functional specifications
Modelling aspects
Grid generation
Bathymetry schematisation
Online visualisation
Temperature modelling
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List of Figures
List of Figures
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List of Figures
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List of Figures
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Delft3D Hydrodynamic
Functional Specifications
Version: 2.20
Revision: 33337
8 December 2014
Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Areas of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Delft3D framework overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Hydrodynamic module 3
2.1 Module description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Applications areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Coupling with other modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 Hardware configuration 15
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Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications
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List of Figures
List of Figures
1.1 System architecture of Delft3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
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Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications
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1 Introduction
Deltares has developed a unique, fully integrated modelling framework for a multi-disciplinary
approach and 3D computations for coastal, river, lake and estuarine areas. It can carry out
numerical modelling of flows, sediment transport, waves, water quality, morphological devel-
opments and ecology. It has been designed for experts and non-experts alike. The Delft3D
framework is composed of several modules, grouped around a mutual interface, while being
capable to interact with one another.
Delft3D can switch between the 2D vertically averaged and 3D mode simply by changing the
number of layers. This feature enables to set up and investigate the model behaviour in 2D
mode before going into full 3D simulations.
flows due to tide, wind, density gradients and wave induced currents;
propagation of directionally spreaded short waves over uneven bathymetries, including
wave-current interaction;
advection and dispersion of effluents;
online morphodynamic computations (local scour, short time and length scales);
sediment transport of cohesive and non-cohesive sediment;
water quality phenomena including ecological modelling, the prediction of heavy metal
concentrations, interaction with organic and inorganic suspended sediment, interaction
between the water and bottom phase (such as sediment oxygen demand), algae blooms;
particle tracking, including oil spill and dredging plume modelling;
initial and/or dynamic (time varying) 2D-morphological changes, including the effects of
waves on sediment stirring and bed-load transport.
Overall Menu
Tools
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Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications
All features are embedded in Graphical User Interface suitable for Linux or the MS Windows.
An application (model) can be completely defined, inspected and analysed through a menu-
driven, user-friendly, graphical interface.
Delft3D-FLOW and MOR 2D and 3D hydrodynamic, salinity, temperature, transport and online
sediment transport and morphology
Delft3D-WAVE short wave propagation (using SWAN)
D-Water Quality general water quality
Delft3D-SED cohesive and non-cohesive sediment transport
Delft3D-ECO complex eutrophication and ecological modelling
D-Waq PART particle tracking, oil spill modelling
1.3 Utilities
The following utility programs are available for pre-processing and post-processing:
e-mail: delft3d.info@deltares.nl
www: www.deltares.nl
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2 Hydrodynamic module
The hydrodynamic module, Delft3D-FLOW, is a multi-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation
program that calculates non-steady flow and transport phenomena resulting from tidal and
meteorological forcing on a curvilinear, boundary-fitted grid. In 3D simulations, the hydrody-
namic module applies the so-called sigma co-ordinate transformation in the vertical, which
results in a smooth representation of the bottom topography. It also results in a high comput-
ing efficiency because of the constant number of vertical layers over the whole computational
domain.
two co-ordinate systems, i.e. Cartesian and spherical, in the horizontal directions
two grid systems in the vertical direction; the boundary fitted sigma grid and the horizontal
layer Z-grid
domain decomposition both in the horizontal and vertical direction
tide generating forces (only in combination with spherical grids);
simulation of drying and flooding of inter-tidal flats (moving boundaries);
density gradients due to a non-uniform temperature and salinity concentration distribution
(density driven flows);
for 2D horizontal large eddy simulations the horizontal exchange coefficients due to circu-
lations on a sub-grid scale (Smagorinsky concept);
turbulence model to account for the vertical turbulent viscosity and diffusivity based on the
eddy viscosity concept;
selection from four turbulence closure models: k-ε, k-L, algebraic and constant coefficient;
shear stresses exerted by the turbulent flow on the bottom based on a Chézy, Manning or
White-Colebrook formulation;
enhancement of the bottom stresses due to waves;
automatic conversion of the 2D bottom-stress coefficient into a 3D coefficient;
wind stresses on the water surface modelled by a quadratic friction law;
space varying wind and barometric pressure (specified on the flow grid or on a coarser
meteo grid), including the hydrostatic pressure correction at open boundaries (optional);
simulation of the thermal discharge, effluent discharge and the intake of cooling water at
any location and any depth in the computational field (advection-diffusion module);
the effect of the heat flux through the free surface;
online analysis of model parameters in terms of Fourier amplitudes and phases enabling
the generation of co-tidal maps;
drogue tracks;
advection-diffusion of substances with a first order decay rate;
online simulation of the transport of sediment (silt or sand) including formulations for ero-
sion and deposition and feedback to the flow by the baroclinic pressure term, the turbu-
lence closure model and the bed changes;
the influence of spiral motion in the flow (i.e. in river bends). This phenomenon is espe-
cially important when sedimentation and erosion studies are performed;
modelling of obstacles like 2D spillways, weirs, 3D gates, porous plates and floating struc-
tures;
wave-current interaction, taking into account the distribution over the vertical;
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Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications
many options for boundary conditions, such as water level, velocity, discharge and weakly
reflective conditions;
several options to define boundary conditions, such as time series, harmonic and astro-
nomical constituents;
option for linear decay of conservative substances
online visualisation of model parameters enabling the production of animations.
To simulate a model defined on a curvilinear grid system, an orthogonal grid must be provided.
To generate such a grid the program RGFGRID is provided, though the grid can be generated
by any grid generator program as long as the grid is delivered in the prescribed (ASCII) file
format. The generation of a curvilinear grid is an important and somewhat complex task.
Along with the main model parameters, the grid will ultimately determine the accuracy of the
final model results.
To prepare the bottom topography or other grid-related data, such as a non-constant initial
condition file, the program QUICKIN is provided. This program interpolates the scattered,
digitised chart data to depth-values at the grid points in the model. Many powerful interactive
processing options to further adjust the topography are supported, e.g. manual adjustment
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Hydrodynamic module
of the values at individual points, selection of the domain of influence, group adjustments,
and smoothing. The output of this program (ASCII-file) can be imported into other Delft3D
modules.
In case the open boundaries of a (detailed) Delft3D-FLOW model are located within the model
domain of a coarser Delft3D-FLOW model, the coarse model can generate the boundary
conditions of the detailed, nested model. The offline generation of boundary conditions is
done by Delft3D-NESTHD.
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3 Pre-processing and post-processing
In this chapter several pre-processing and post-processing programs available in Delft3D are
described in some details. These programs concern visualisation, grid generation, manipula-
tion of grid related data and data analysis and manipulation.
3.1 Visualisation
3.1.1 GPP
The general post-processor (GPP) module of Delft3D allows uniform access to all kinds of
data files to select and visualise simulation results and measurement data. More specifically
the program allows to:
vector plots for flow velocities, bottom shear stress and other vector quantities, with auto-
matic or user-defined scaling of s-axis, y -axis and vector scale;
time history plots, from a single run, from various runs in the same plot or simulation
results in combination with measurement data. Depending on the data files, these can be
typical hydrodynamic quantities, such as water levels, velocity magnitude and direction,
but also water quality parameters like salinity, temperature and E.coli concentration. The
scaling can be determined automatically or set by you;
contour and isoline plots of scalar quantities like the depth, water levels or algae growth
rates. Again you can choose automatic scaling or set the contour classes manually;
vertical profiles for quantities defined on a three-dimensional grid;
geometric plots of the grid itself, tidal flats, land boundaries;
mass balances and limiting factors for displaying the details of water quality models.
Data sets can be plotted in any (sensible) combination, as long as there is a common co-
ordinate system. Layouts may contain more than one viewport, allowing several independent
plots on one page. It is noted that the overview above is by no means complete but it gives a
general idea about the possibilities.
The program has been designed to be general enough to handle different kinds of underlying
geometries and data files of widely varying formats.
The program is capable of producing high quality colour plots. It is also able to produce a plot
file in various standard formats. At the same time a print-out of the results in ASCII format can
be made, enabling the data to be imported in other post-processing programs.
For the use of ArcView and Matlab to visualise and further process Delft3D results, see Sec-
tion 3.9.
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Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications
3.1.2 QUICKPLOT
The post-processing program Delft3D-QUICKPLOT allows you to easily plot and animate data
from most output files and some input files of Delft3D and several other software packages of
WL | Delft Hydraulics (such as SOBEK and PHAROS). Furthermore, it supports some simple
ASCII formats such that you can combine model output and measurement data in one plot,
and it is possible to load bitmap data as a backdrop for your 1D or 2D plots.
Typical plots created using Delft3D-QUICKPLOT are 2DH or 2DV plots and time-series plots,
although it also has basic support for 3D plots. Scalar results may be presented using con-
tour lines, contour patches, grid cell based patches, interpolated continuous shades, coloured
marker or value fields. Vector results may be presented as vectors, coloured vectors or nor-
malised vectors or as scalar quantities by selecting a single component (e.g. x-component,
y -component, magnitude, direction) of the vector.
Data sets can be linked to animate single or multiple data sets in a figure. Animation frames
can be stored in various bitmap formats. Data sets can be exported to various in-house or 3rd
party formats.
.
Figure 3.1: Example QUICKPLOT figure: 3D view of bed level
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Pre-processing and post-processing
.
Figure 3.2: Example QUICKPLOT figure: Depth-averaged velocity vectors and drying
and flooding
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Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications
zoom in locally;
separate a working area from the remainder of the schematisation;
aggregate regularly (e.g. every 2 segments in the one and 3 in the other direction);
aggregate irregularly (by rubber band lines comparable to the bulls hide);
fine tune by point and click on single elements;
select a subset of the hydrodynamic area for water quality modelling;
display information of a selected segment;
save intermediate results on the fly;
resume unfinished work from saved files;
save the final result for water quality simulation.
The final result of DIDO will be used as input to the coupling program between the hydro-
dynamic module Delft3D-FLOW and the water quality module D-Water Quality enabling the
latter to run on a coarser grid using the fine grid hydrodynamic database. Water quality simu-
lations are converted back to the fine grid in post-processing software. This gives spatial plots
with the fine resolution (although aggregated areas will still show equal concentration values).
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Pre-processing and post-processing
The main module TIDE/ANALYSIS performs tidal analysis on time-series of water levels or
currents. A variety of features is included, such as:
In a tidal analysis of a time-series of one year with a 10 minutes interval, 100 or more tidal
constituents can be prescribed simultaneously. The constituents are selected from the internal
database that contains 234 constituents that may be important at locations world-wide.
The module TIDE/FOURIER performs Fourier-analyses on any type of time-series. This fea-
ture can be used to investigate the series of residual levels or velocities which has been
identified during the tidal analysis on remaining tidal components.
Using a set of tidal constants, such as computed in the analysis module, the TIDE/PREDICT
module predicts water levels or tidal currents as a function of time.
The module TIDE/HILOW may provide the production of tide tables with the dates, times and
heights of the High and Low Waters. Using a word-processor or desktop publishing software
package, the basic tide tables can be processed further and combined with other relevant
information like tidal stream data.
Whereas in the regular analysis part of the package you pre-define the constituents that will be
considered, the program also features an option (TIDE/ASCON) to compute the astronomic
arguments and node amplitude factors for all 234 internally defined constituents.
The package is accompanied with a comprehensive User Manual, exemplifying the use of the
program and its scientific backgrounds. A number of examples is added in the form of input
and data files.
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1 Using the program Delft3D-NESTHD 1 a list of monitoring stations in the overall model,
needed for the interpolation, will be generated. In addition to this, the program generates
the nest administration, i.e. the link between the boundary support points in the detailed
(or nested) model and the monitoring stations in the overall model.
2 Run the overall model with the list of monitoring stations generated by Delft3D-NESTHD
1.
3 The actual boundary conditions for the nested model are generated by Delft3D-NESTHD
2 using the history file of the overall model and the nest administration.
The procedure of nesting through concentrations between D-Water Quality (or D-Waq PART)
models is performed by the system D-Waq NESTWQ. In this procedure two steps can be
distinguished which are handled by separate subsystems:
1 D-Waq NESTWQ 1, for the determination of nest segments and nest weights in the overall
model. The concentrations at these segments are used by the next subsystem.
2 D-Waq NESTWQ 2, for the generation of boundary conditions for the boundary segments
in the nested model from the results at the nest segments in the overall model.
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Pre-processing and post-processing
exporting a GIS line coverage as land boundary outline and depth data as contained in
ArcInfo/ArcView map layers to a format suitable for RGFGRID and QUICKIN;
importing the model grid and the corresponding depth field as generated by RGFGRID
and QUICKIN, so that they can be presented in a geographical context;
importing the grid-based model results (scalar and vector quantities) with a user interface
quite similar to that of GPP in the ArcView environment for presentation or further analysis
All data files are read directly by this ArcView extension and stored as shape files. There is
no need to convert or process the model result files.
The Delft3D-MATLAB interface allows you to seamlessly integrate the simplicity of simulation
data access by Delft3D-QUICKPLOT with the flexibility of the MATLAB environment developed
by The MathWorks Inc. The combination of these two tools allows you to use the full power of
MATLAB for analysing, processing and visualising the simulation results.
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.
Figure 3.3: Example QUICKPLOT figure: Depth-averaged velocity vectors and tidal ellips
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4 Hardware configuration
Delft3D and its accompanying programs is supported on the following platforms:
Remark:
Delft3D will run on a Windows 64-bit platform but it will not benefit the 64-bit architecture,
because Delft3D is not yet compiled for a 64-bit platform.
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List of Figures
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List of Figures
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Delft3D, a 3D integrated modelling
environment for integral solutions
General overview
2
Our software: Delft3D system overview
Overall menu
Fresh water bell - River Rhine Sand transport during storm
mouth, Rotterdam, The event, Columbia River Estuary
Netherlands and Coast, USA
4
Areas of application
FLOW_Functional_Specs_0 5
4
6
Functionality - details (2)
8
Assumptions
Curvi-linear grid
10
Illustration of stair cases
11
Western Scheldt
12
Delft3D-FLOW, 2D and 3D
13
14
Shallow water equations (3D, hydrostatic)
15
16
Numerical implementation
17
Grid staggering
18
Time step limitations
19
20
Delft3D-RGFGRID, curvi-linear grid generator
21
22
Postprocessing
23
Postprocessing (2)
24
Domain decomposition (1)
25
Open Sea
Outfall - intake
26
Dredge and dump
27
Nesting
28
Spiderweb wind forcing
29
30
31
32
... on topics of common interest
visit http://oss.delft3d.nl
33
List of Figures
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-FLOW
2
Background and objectives of the study
General orientation
4
(Field) data collection and analysis
6
Set-up of the FLOW model-2
open boundaries
• water level, velocity, discharge?
• number of boundary sections (variability parameter)
• forcing; time-series, Harmonic, tidal constants
physical and numerical parameters
• roughness, wind, heat, drying & flooding parameters
monitoring stations, cross-sections
• calibration data at inside locations
sensitivity time-step
• accurate results?
8
Calibration and verification
10
List of Figures
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-RGFGRID
• Requirements:
> smooth w.r.t. consecutive grid cells (10 - 20 %)
> orthogonal (< 0.02)
2
General strategy
4
First rough grid
6
RGFGRID - File
8
RGFGRID - Operations
Better to use
Edit – Block Orthogonalise
RGFGRID - View
10
RGFGRID - Edit
2
1
11
* keep pressed
12
RGFGRID - Operations
13
RGFGRID - Settings
14
RGFGRID - Settings
15
16
In detail
17
Hands-on Delft3D-RGFGRID
18
List of Figures
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RGFGRID: Exercise 1
Curved Bend
In this example we will practise the generation of a curvilinear grid for a curved bend. We will
start drawing the splines with the objective to have a higher resolution near the shore.
adjusting the spline grid by adding more splines, moving spline points, etc.
refining the grid by different factors in both directions
orthogonalising the grid, both in total and in blocks
deleting part of the grid using Block Delete
moving the outer grid lines towards the land boundary
adjusting the grid point by point
adjusting the grid using attraction and repulsion
viewing some grid properties as smoothness and orthogonality
Define splines
Start the Delft3D-MENU from the desktop. Change to the following directory:
Select Grid in the main Delft3D-MENU; next press in the Grid and bathymetry window RGF-
GRID.
Select File →Attributes Files →Open Land Boundary. . . and load <curvbend.ldb>
Select Edit →Spline →New. Draw two splines alongshore at both sides of the river bend.
Click with the left mouse to insert at least five points to have a smooth curved spline. Next,
finalise a spline by clicking on the right mouse button.
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Draw four or five splines in cross shore direction, see the figure above. Be aware that the
spline grid should cover the curved bend area.
Define another 2 splines in the river but close to the shore. In doing so we will introduce a
higher resolution in these areas when we refine the grid. You can do the same to get a higher
resolution in the middle of the river stretch.
Save the splines via select File →Export →Splines only fixed points
When you are not satisfied with this initial grid you can go back to the splines.
Press to replace spline points. Select a spline by clicking with the left mouse on a dotted
point. Then, all dots on this spline get a black circle. Next, click with the left mouse on the dot
that has to be replaced, so that this dot becomes a square. Click again with the left mouse on
the new location in order to replace this dot. Click with the right mouse to deselect this spline.
To extend (or insert points in) an existing spline press , select a spline and insert the
desired point.
To add new splines just press the right mouse button and start defining a new spline.
Look at the changes due to this operation. Press to zoom in. Press to zoom out. Press
to reset the zoom area. You can also use the mouse wheel to zoom in and zoom out. To
define a zoom box, press and drag a box.
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Select Edit →Grid →Block Delete Exterior to operate in blocks of grid points and delete grid
points outside the river bend.
Select 2 points of the block to delete. Click the right mouse button to activate the removal.
By pressing on ESC you can undo the last action. Noted that this is only possible for the last
action and not for previous ones.
Select Edit →Grid →Line to Land Boundary. With the left mouse button indicate points on
the outer grid line; click right to execute the action. If the result is not desired, press ESC.
To make the impact of the attraction or repulsion action less or bigger, select Settings →General. . .
and adjust the attraction/repulsion parameter.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-QUICKIN
General strategy
2
QUICKIN - File
QUICKIN - Operations
Dependent on resolution of
sample points versus grid
cell size
4
Example of detailed coverage
6
QUICKIN – View (1)
8
QUICKIN – Settings (1)
10
QUICKIN – Edit – Shortcut keys
* keep pressed
11
QUICKIN - Operations
12
QUICKIN – Settings (2)
13
Example (overall)
14
Example (detail)
15
• roughness file
• dry points, thin dams, observation points,
dredge and dump areas
Also with
Visualisation Area
FLOW-GUI
16
Hands-on Delft3D-QUICKIN
17
List of Figures
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QUICKIN: Exercise 2
From the main Menu select Grid and bathymetry and next QUICKIN.
Select File → Attribute Files → Open Land Boundary. . . and open the Western Scheldt land
boundary, see file <zeeland.ldb>.
1 <westernscheldt sea mixedbad.xyz>, for the sea part, in which some erroneous values
are present, which have to be removed in the first part of this exercise;
2 <westernscheldt.xyz> for the inner part; and
3 <westernscheldt belgium.xyz> for the upstream part of this model that is located in Bel-
gium.
Start with the first two datasets. If there is any time left, use the third dataset as well.
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At first this data set looks okay. But have a closer look a few outliers can be seen. There is
a large difference in maximum and minimum sample values. This might indicate that a few
single sample points are dominating the colour classes. Zoom in and try to find the erroneous
(blue and yellow) sample points.
Press to zoom in. Press to zoom out. Press to reset the zoom area. You can also
use the mouse wheel to zoom in and zoom out. To define a zoom box, press and drag a
box.
Once located select Edit → Polygon. Drawn a polygon around the ‘bad’ sample point(s).
Select Operations → Delete → Samples to delete the enclosed samples.
Zoom out and see if there is now more variation in the colours (and thus sample points).
Continue inspecting the sample points till you have removed clearly erroneous data points.
When ready save the samples to file via File → Attribute Files → Save Samples. Use a
different name, for example <westerscheldt sea improved.xyz>.
Changing individual sample points is also possible via select Edit → Samples. Next, by
pressing key c sample points can be changed. After clicking on a sample point, a window
pops up with the value of this sample point. This value can be overwritten. Similarly, after
pressing d, sample points can be deleted. With pressing i, sample points can be added.
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For the average procedure the number of sample points in a rectangle around a grid point are
used. This rectangle extends from the grid point half a grid cell size to each direction, i.e. to
the grid centres surrounding this grid point.
With this in mind draw a polygon to assign depth points to grid points through the average
procedure.
There are different average options. See Settings → Averaging Options. In Settings →
General. . . you can set the extent of the search area (default 1.1 grid cell) and the minimum
number of sample points required to average (default 4).
Continue generating the model bathymetry by defining a polygon, grid cell averaging, new
polygon etc.
If you are unhappy with the result you can press ESC.
Next load the second best data set (i.e. file <westerscheldt sea improved.xyz>) and continue
with the interpolation.
Next, load the <westernscheldt belgium.xyz> and continue with the interpolation. Now you
have used all available data sets. Select View → Depth → Yet to be Found in order to detect
missing depth points.
If you have still sample points loaded, the screen might be too full with information. By se-
lecting View → Samples → No Sample Points a clear overview of the missing depth points is
shown.
Now you have to decide how to finalise the model bathymetry. Either you collect more sample
data or you can use the internal diffusion option. Often the latter will be the case.
With Operations → Check Interpolation one obtains statistics about the interpolation exercise.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D
Postprocessor Delft3D-QUICKPLOT
Working strategy
2
Working strategy
4
2
or select the desired file from the file list (once opened)
4
Select a data field
or range 1:16
range with step 1:3:16
6
Subset of M,N
8
Creating a plot
10
Export or print figure
11
Animate figure
12
Plotting options
• Unit conversion
• Vector / magnitude /
component selection
• Automatic or manual
vector scaling
• Vector colouring
• Resampling of vectors,
markers or numbers
13
Plotting options
14
Combining multiple data sets in one plot (1/2)
15
16
Change preferences
17
18
Combine data sets (2/3)
19
20
Export data sets
21
Macros
22
List of Figures
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Delft3D-QUICKPLOT: Exercise 3a
Double click the Delft3D-MENU icon. Either select Utilities →QUICKPLOT or FLOW →QUICKPLOT.
The Delft3D-QUICKPLOT window will appear.
Click File and Open file. . . to open the required data file. Select in Files of type ‘Delft3D
Output File’. All available Delft3D output files will appear. Select the hydrodynamic history file
with the name <trih-vcm-2d-r-typh.dat>.
First create an empty figure with three plot areas within a frame, which will be filled in later,
which is done with the Plot Manager. Press Show/hide Plot Manager .
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Select ‘3 plots, vertical – portrait’. Select in the Plot Manager the ‘upper plot’, which will then
be the active plot. Go back to the main menu, select the water level at station VTSSMS-TG03
Donghi.
Change the Colour in black and press Add to plot to add the water level time-series to the
upper plot.
Select the ‘middle plot’ in the Plot manager. For the same station select the parameter ‘depth
averaged velocity’ in the main menu. Specify for Component, ‘magnitude’ and Add to plot will
plot the current magnitude time-series in the middle plot. Repeat this action for plotting the
‘depth averaged velocity’ and Component, ‘angle (radians)’ in the lower plot.
In the Figure window, select File →Save as, and save the figure to <VCM 2DH 1.fig>.
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Select water level →station, and link with previous objects. Do the same with the magnitude
and direction.
Next press to go to the next station for all parameters. Do this until you are at VTSSMS-
TG12 Vunghtau. Save the figure to <VCM 2DH 2.fig>.
Select in the main menu the parameter ‘Morphologic grid’. The default colour is blue, change
the colour in black and select Quick View.
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Open another file with type ‘Shape and Land Boundary File’ and select ‘Vcm-000.ldb’, add
the land boundary to the existing plot as a green line by pressing Add to Plot.
Fill the upper plot with the water level at 24 July 1996 00:00 and specify:
Fill the lower plot with for the same date and time for salinity:
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View the plot and zoom in for the water level near Donghi in the north and for the salinity near
Vung Tau in the south.
Go to the plot and Edit, Edit Border and specify a description for the plot.
In both areas add from the < trim-vcm-2d-r-typh.dat> file the depth averaged velocity at 24
July 1996 00:00 as Vectors. Add also the land boundary as a green line.
zoom in at the area with high density vectors (near the island in the north-east of Vietnam)
For the lower plot area, delete the depth averaged velocity by first selecting the lower plotarea
in the Plot Manager. Next select the depth averaged velocity and press .
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Go to the figure and select ‘Start animation’ by pressing . Select as Output ‘’avi file for
creating the animation, Steps 1:5 and Options the default codec and specify an output name
*.avi.
The same for salinity. Set the Max to 30, min to 1. Specify as Colour map: reversed bluemap.
The same for depth averaged velocity, first plot the magnitude (as patches) with Max 1.2 m/s
and min 0 m/s. Followed by the vector (as white) , with vector scaling 0.2 and field thinning
distance 0.1.
When there is more than 1 time varying parameter present in the plot, the time of the param-
eters can be coupled by selecting these two parameters in the Plot Manager and pressing the
link function for animation purposes.
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Delft3D-QUICKPLOT: Exercise 3b
FLOW 3D figures
by clicking the Delft3D-MENU icon on the desktop once with the left mouse button, and next
the right mouse button. Select properties →shortcut and change, if necessary the start in
directory. Apply and ok to activate.
Double click the Delft3D-MENU icon. Either select Utilities →QUICKPLOT or FLOW →QUICKPLOT.
The Delft3D-QUICKPLOT window will appear.
Click File and Open file. . . to open the required file. Select in Files of type ‘Delft3D Output
File’. All available Delft3D output files will appear. Select the hydrodynamic history file with
the name <trih-d3d.dat>.
First create an empty figure with 3 plot areas within a frame, which will be filled in later. Go
to the Plot Manager and select ‘create a new figure’, ‘three plots, vertical – portrait’. Select in
the Plot Manager the ‘upper plot’, which will then be the active plot. In the main menu, select
the observation station PW3 and ‘all’ to plot all time steps.
Select the parameter ‘water level’, change the ‘Colour’ in black and press ‘Add to plot’ to add
the water level time series to the upper plot.
In the middle plot area plot the horizontal velocity as magnitude in layer 1 in black and layer
10 in red.
In the lower plot area plot the angle of the horizontal velocity in layer 1 (either in radians or
degrees) in black and layer 10 in red.
Fill the upper plot with the water level at 20 July 1996 00:00 and specify:
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Fill the lower plot with (for the same date and time) the salinity for layer 1:
Select the upper plot area and next the velocity vector at 20 July 1996 00:00.
Select the lower plot area and next the Salinity, Presentation Type as continuous shades.
When selecting the option grid view , a new window appears that visualises the select grid
lines (in this case M = 30). These lines can be selected in this window manually. Select an
arbitrarily line, return to the main menu and produce for this cross-section the same plot as
Figure 3.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-FLOW
2
Main window
4
Visualisation Area
6
Data Group Processes
salinity
temperature
passive tracers (constituents)
sediments (cohesive and non-
cohesive)
wind
tide generating forces
include effects of (short) waves
on flow
include spiral motion (rivers,
2DH)
dredge and dump
uniform
attribute file (*.ini)
from previous computation (restart file tri-rst.<runid>.<date>,<time>)
map-file
8
Data Group Boundaries - Flow BC
Astronomical Tides
k
H (t ) = A0 + å Ai f i cos (w i t + (V0 + u ) - Gi )
i =1
10
Data Group Boundaries - Transport BC
11
DG Boundaries Transport BC
Thatcher Harleman time lag
12
Data Group Physical Parameters
13
14
Wind drag coefficients
Cd_A at W_A
Cd_B at W_B
Cd_C at W_C
15
16
Data Group Operations
17
18
Data Group Additions
19
20
Data Group Output Options (2)
21
Demonstration FLOW-GUI
22
Hands-on FLOW-GUI
23
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Hydrodynamic: Exercise 4
Summary
In this exercise you will learn the following:
how to model structures like islands and jetties using dry points and thin dams
QUICKIN
Visualisation Area window in the FLOW-GUI
In this exercise we will apply QUICKIN to define dry points and thin dams. We remark that
dry points and thin dams can also be defined via the Visualisation Area window of the FLOW
GUI. In the next exercise (Exerc. 5) this will be done.
Start exercise
Start the Delft3D-MENU and change to the working directory:
In File → Attribute Files → Open Land Boundary open the land boundary file <siulam-1.ldb>.
Via File → Import → Grid (RGFGRID) open the Siu Lam grid file <siulam-2.grd>. Next, select
Edit → Dry Points to start with editing dry points. Via Delft3D-FLOW Attributes → Save Dry
Points the dry points are saved in a file that has to be specified by the user.
In a similar way, thin dams can be edited. Select Edit → Thin Dams to start with editing thin
dams. Via Delft3D-FLOW Attributes → Save Thin Dams the thin dams are saved.
In a structured way we will ‘walk’ along the coast and specify dry points and thin dams to
exclude grid cells from the computation or to block the flow when necessary.
Often the grid will not entirely align with all structures. Thus, you will have to decide whether
dry points and/or thin dams are required to model the obstacles. And how many.
Note that dry points and thin dams can be defined along grid lines, not only as separate points.
The general rule to set a dry point is when more than half of the cell is covered by land.
When using thin dams keep in mind that flow passages should have more or less the same
width as in nature.
In the process of defining dry points and thin dams save intermediate results to file.
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Hydrodynamic: Exercise 5
Curved bend
In this exercise you will learn the following:
how to set up a simple FLOW model for a curved bend using the FLOW Graphical User
Interface
going through the data groups
hands-on for Good Modelling Practice
From the Main Menu select Flow and next Flow input.
We will set up the Curved Bend Model (CBM) using a grid made by Delft3D-RGFGRID.
For the moment you will only enter the text: “Curved Bend Model”.
In Domain → Grid parameters open both the grid and grid enclosure files. Select in the menu-
bar View → Visualisation Area to open the Visualisation Area (VA) window. In the VA window
select File → Open Landboundary file and open the land boundary. Exercise with the Zoom
options and then close the window for the moment.
We will start with a 2DH model so we have only one layer (kmax = 1).
Suppose the modelled area is somewhere in The Netherlands, so enter “52” degrees for the
latitude.
Next you will split the river bend in two fairways. Open the Visualisation Area window and
define the intersection wall using dry points or thin dams. When finished save them to <cbm-
01.dry> and <cbm-01.thd>.
Remark:
Do not use the Add button in the Dry point window of the FLOW-GUI in combination
with clicking in the Visualisation Area window.
Notes:
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The use of a ‘version’ number is encouraged since later on you may update the thin dams
or dry points. The same holds for other attribute files.
Time frame
Our model will have cyclic boundary conditions with a period of 12 hours. We will start with 3
cycles to see how long the so-called spin-up time can be for this model.
Set the stop time at 1 day and 12 hours passed the start time.
For the time step we have to fulfill the Courant criterion. If we do not want to look it up in the
manual, we can use QUICKIN to see what time step is reasonable for this grid and depth. It
turns out that Courant ranges from 30 – 35 for a time step of 2 minutes. This is acceptable for
this example.
In general the spin-up time depends on the initial conditions and the dynamics of the model.
For a homogeneous model the spin-up time is about several days (not in this simple curved
bend model). When e.g. salinity or temperature are involved, and parts of the model have
low dynamics (harbours: long residence times) then a poorly specified initial condition may
cause long spin-up times. In such cases it is worthwhile to put some effort in improved (space-
varying) initial conditions.
Processes
We will include temperature but we specify uniform initial and boundary conditions. A uniform
wind from the southwest with a speed of 5 m/s will be applied. See Physical parameters →
Wind.
Initial conditions
Use uniform initial conditions: 0 m for the water level and 15 ◦ C for the temperature.
Preferably we want to start at High Water since then the velocities are zero and these fit best
with the initial conditions for currents which are zero for a cold start. Low Water seems also
okay but in case of drying and flooding this is not recommended.
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Boundaries
We will define 2 boundary sections for the outer fairway and 2 sections for the inner fairway.
Use the Visualisation Area window to specify these open boundaries.
When specified change the names of the sections. E.g. ‘Outer-south’, ‘Outer-east’, etc.
The outer fairway will have water level forcing. The inner, water level in the south and current
in the east. All boundary conditions will be harmonic with a period of 12 hours i.e. a frequency
of 30 ◦ /h.
Select one after the other each boundary section in the list and set the Type of open boundary
for each boundary section as specified above. Set for each boundary the Forcing type to
Harmonic.
To specify the boundary conditions, first select a boundary in the list and next select Edit flow
conditions.
The 0 ◦ /h frequency component represents the mean water level (or residual velocity). All
boundaries will have 0 mean values for the water level and velocities: keep the default value
0 for the amplitudes and phases.
Remarks:
The 0 frequency row should always be present.
In case of a negative mean value, a negative amplitude should be entered; the 0 phase
value in the 0 frequency row may never be changed.
Next we will define the amplitudes and phases for the 30 ◦ /h frequency.
For the outer fairway set the amplitude in the south to 1 m (at both ends (Begin and End of
this section) and in the east to 0.8 m (also at both ends); both at frequency 30 ◦ /h. No phase
differences will be used; keep the default 0 value. For the outer-east boundary the boundary
conditions then are:
For the inner fairway the 30 ◦ /h component of the water level will be 1 m in the south (at both
ends) and the 30 ◦ /h component of the current in the east will be 1 m/s.
Remark:
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If you have more than 1 boundary with harmonic boundary conditions, then ALL har-
monic boundaries should have the same frequencies.
Select Edit transport conditions to define the temperature boundary conditions. For the trans-
port boundary conditions specify 15 ◦ C everywhere. To switch between boundaries, keep the
Edit transport conditions window open and select another boundary from the list.
The definition of the boundaries (location, type of open boundary, reflection parameter
and forcing type
The actual flow boundary conditions
The actual transport boundary conditions
Save the files with meaningful names. Think of version numbers and or reflection of the kind
of bounday conditions used. For instance:
Physical parameters
Open the sub-data group Constants and have a look at the parameters. Since Temperature is
included in the simulation you will not find this parameter here. Only the background Salinity
is required.
The friction due to wind is modelled using the drag coefficients specified at two wind speeds.
The default settings refer to the Smith-Banke formulation.
Select the tab Roughness: the bottom roughness will be modelled with Manning; specify
0.026 for both directions.
Select the tab Viscosity : since this is a 2DH model only horizontal viscosity and diffusion are
required. We will use the default settings.
Select the tab Heat flux model: in this example we will not take the exchange of heat through
the water surface into account (heat flux model: No flux).
To avoid numerical oscillations introduced by the wind we build up the wind gradually. Specify
zero wind at the start time and 5 metre/s from the southwest (225 ◦ ) at the stop time. Use the
Table menu options to either copy or insert an additional row. Set the wind at 6 hours after the
start to the final values. This allows for a 6 hour period to smoothly build up the wind. Save
the wind data to e.g. <5-225.wnd>.
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Numerical parameters
In general the boundary conditions at the start of the simulation are not equal to the initial
conditions. This may cause disturbances. With a transitional period you can build up the
boundary conditions from the initial conditions to the actual boundary conditions.
In this exercise we will set this Smoothing time to “0” minutes. In practical situations you will
use a transitional period of about 3 hours.
Operations
Yet no discharges will be included.
Monitoring
Use the Visualisation Area to define Observation Points and Cross-sections.
Specify 3 Observation points in the outer fairway: 2 close to the boundary and 1 in the middle.
The same for the inner fairway. Save to file, <cbm-01.obs>.
Define a cross-section in each fairway roughly at the mid. Save to file, <cbm-01.crs>. Note
that it is common to define a cross-section between two closed boundaries.
Additional parameters
In this data group additional keywords can be entered for which not yet a proper place in the
GUI has been defined. Often these keywords relate to new developments.
Output
Since the hydrodynamics are semi-diurnal it is sufficient to have map output over 1 tidal cycle.
Specify the last cycle. An interval of 3 hours is adequate to have the most important phases
of the tide.
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Now you can start the simulation. In the main Hydrodynamics window select Start and
browse to the MDF-file you want to run.
Because the Online Visualisation has been activated, the simulation waits for the Remo-
teOLV to start. Select RemoteOLV in order to start the online visualization. Select File →
Connect and connect cb2.url.
Via Operations → Select Parameter you can select an output parameter. Via Simulation
Control a simulation can be started. You can choose either Next Step, Several Steps or
Continue Simulation. Also the buttons in the tool bar can be used.
View results
Start Delft3D in the folder:
Before editing anything, write in your log the name of the new simulation, from which simula-
tion you started, what the changes will be, what the expected result will be.
Do not forget to increase version numbers of attribute files, or give different names when they
are changed.
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QUICKIN Exercise 6
Non-uniform roughness
In this exercise you will learn the following:
From the main Menu select Grid and bathymetry and next QUICKIN.
Select File →Attributes Files →Open Land Boundary and load the VCM land boundary.
Finally, the passage between the big island (Hainan) in the north and the mainland of China
we want to apply a roughness value of 0.035.
As this grid is set up in spherical co-ordinates we have to know how many degrees is 200 km.
1 Degree equals about 110 km, so 200 km equals about 1.8 degrees.
Let’s start in the west on the Thailand coast. Zoom in on the Vietnamese coast and select edit
polygon from the menubar (Edit →Polygon →Edit) than click on the anchor icon ( ) and put
the cursor on the coast; next press key-a to launch the anchor. Look at the statusbar of the
screen and move the mouse perpendicular to the coast over 200 km (i.e. 1.8 degrees). Now
you press the left mouse to start defining the polygon. Repeat this procedure while you move
along the Vietnamese coast (move mouse and press key-a, press left mouse button to add a
point to the polygon). When you are finished at Hainan finalise the polygon over the Vietnam
main land.
Select Operations →Combine Depth and Uniform Value and Fill Missing Depths with Uniform
Value. . . : specify 0.015 and click OK.
Over a distance of say 50 km we will have a smooth transition between the 0.015 strip and the
0.026 outer region. Define a new polygon encompassing the outer region and at a distance
of 50 km to the 0.015 strip. Use the anchor to measure the distance. Close the polygon to
encompass the entire outer region. Assign the 0.026 value to this area.
Delete the polygon and select Operations →Internal Diffusion to fill in the transitional strip.
For the narrow passage between Hainan and China, define a rectangular polygon that covers
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an area of 50 by 100 km. Select Operations →Delete →Depths to delete the roughness
values in this area.
Next define a smaller rectangle of about 50 by 80 km and assign 0.035 to the grid points.
Finalise the transitional zone with internal diffusion.
Save the non-uniform roughness values to the file <015026-u.rgh>. Exit QUICKIN.
Hence open the <015026-u.rgh> file into an editor and append the block for the U-coefficient
to the file. Save the file to <015-026.rgh>. Delete the intermediate file <015026-u.rgh>.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-FLOW
Main purposes
2
Data Group - Output - Storage
Model parameters
water level
currents
salinity, temperature, constituents
4
Main menu - Start
a) start simulation
b) start RemoteOLV.
6
Select parameter
8
View of different parameters
Set colours
10
Summary
11
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Hydrodynamics, Exercise 7
The starting point of this exercise is the Curved Bend Model. All input files have been copied
from:
From the Main Menu select Flow and next Flow input. Open <cb2.mdf>.
7.1 Description
Add the description: “Salinity added”
7.2 Processes
Activate the Salinity process.
Let the initial condition for salinity be the default value 31 ppt.
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7.4 Boundaries
In DG Boundaries select the first (Outer-south) boundary, and select Edit transport conditions.
Set the boundary conditions for each time-step at both ends to “31” ppt.
Note:
Because the Online Visualisation is switched on, select RemoteOLV to start the online vi-
sualization. Select File → Connect and connect cb2.url.
Via Operations → Select Parameter select Salinity. Via Simulation Control start the simulation
and check the results.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-FLOW
2
Boundary Conditions
Profiles for velocity, salinity
Physical Parameters
Vertical viscosity and diffusivity
4
Numerical Parameters and Discharge layer
K = 0: uniform
over vertical,
proportional with
layer thickness
5
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Hydrodynamics, Exercise 8
The starting point of this exercise is the Curved Bend Model in which we have added salinity.
Copy the following files:
From the Main Menu select Flow and next Flow input. Open <cb2-sal-added.mdf>.
We will continue with the 2D Curved Bend Model (CBM) containing salinity and temperature.
8.1 Description
Add the description: “3D model with 10 equidistant layers”
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Remark:
Though our (2D) boundary conditions are also valid for the 3D model, this message
seems strange. Ignore it, and re-open the boundary conditions in the data group Bound-
aries.
Look at the canvas with the number of layers. The layer thickness can now be specified.
Default is an equidistant distribution. For sedimentation/erosion studies it is advised to have
thinner layers near the bottom. If your problem is highly wind dominated, you should consider
thinner layers near the surface.
If you need non-uniform initial conditions you have the following options:
The map and restart files are created by FLOW itself. These files are typically used when you
want to resume a simulation. A so-called hot start.
In our situation we have a cold start, then the initial conditions file can be used. This file
contains for each relevant parameter a block with the initial values. A block can be made by
QUICKIN. See the manual for details.
8.4 Boundaries
In DG Boundaries, select the Inner-east boundary. The velocity is prescribed at this boundary.
Change the Vertical profile for hydrodynamics to Logarithmic. The boundary condition itself
stays the same.
Click Edit transport conditions. Define the transport boundary conditions as follows:
Set the salinity at both ends at the surface to: “20” ppt
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Set the Thatcher-Harleman time lag at the surface to: “60” min.
For the other boundaries the conditions for the salinity and temperature stay the same.
In Open/Save save the definition file to <cbm-zc-h-3d.bnd>, and the transport conditions to
<cbm-01-sal-added-3d.bcc>.
<cb2-sal-added.mdf>
<cbm-01-sal-added.bcc>
<cbm-zc-h.bnd>
Remark:
It is a Good Modelling Practice to have only 1 mdf-file in a folder. And not to have more
than 1 attribute file of the same type.
From the menu Select Parameter select Temperature and check the profile jump at the Outer-
south boundary. The jump was set at 3 m below the water surface. With a depth of 10 m you
should see the jump at layer “4”.
Next select from menu Create Cross Section Window and set M to “6”. NB. The value of N
remains 0, indicating that the N-value varies. Select the temperature for this cross section as
well.
Use Create Cross Section Line to go through the various cross-section with a fixed M index.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-FLOW
2
Example MD-file, continued
4
Attribute files
Output files
6
Other output files
7
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Hydrodynamics, Exercise 9
The starting point of this exercise is the 3D Curved Bend Model with salinity and temperature.
Copy the following files:
From the Main Menu select Flow and next Flow input. Open <cb2-sal-added-3d.mdf>.
We will continue with the 3D Curved Bend Model (CBM) containing salinity and temperature.
9.1 Description
Add the text: “inlet-outlet added”.
9.2 Boundaries
Select Edit transport conditions. Set the salinity at all boundaries to uniform with a value of
“31” ppt. Set the temperature at all boundaries to uniform with a value of “15” ◦ C.
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To get the water surface area, go to the main Delft3D menu and start QUICKIN. Open
<bendcurv.grd>. Select Operations → Combine Depth and Uniform Value → Fill Missing
Depths with Unifor Value, and set the uniform depth to “10” m.
Select Operations → Volumes and Area. Scroll down and read the area: 5.49704 · 106 m2 .
9.4 Operations
Go to DG Operations and select from the main menu View → Visualisation Area. In VA set
the EditMode to Add. Since we opened VA while we are in DG Operations, the Edit function
in VA is set already to Discharges.
Define in VA a discharge at (M,N) = (4,27). Go to the GUI and change the name to “inlet-
outer”.
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Set the Type to in-out. The water will be taken in uniform over the vertical: k = 0.
The outlet can not be defined by clicking in VA. Go to VA and move the cursor to the cell
covered by the dot in the figure above. Read in the upper-right part of the VA window the grid
indices (M,N) = (9,27).
Fill these values in, in the GUI. Set the layer to 10 (bottom layer).
To specify the discharge details select Edit data. Set the discharge to 20 m3 /s, the salinity
decrease of 6 ppt by specifying “-6” in the FLOW GUI, and the temperature increase to 5 ◦ C.
Note:
For an in-out discharge the specified constituents are added to the concentration taken in
at the inlet, and put back in the model at the outlet.
Save the discharge definition to <cbm-inlet-outlet.src> and the discharge data to <cbm-inlet-
outlet.dis>.
<cb2-sal-added-3d.mdf>
<cbm-01-sal-added-3d.bcc>
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From the menu Select Parameter select Temperature. Next select from menu Create Cross
Section Window and set M to 9, which corresponds to the location of the outlet.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-FLOW
Temperature modelling
Why?
2
Density differences originating from salinity differences
generally much larger than that resulting of
temperature differences:
Deep basins
Low flow velocities; tidal flows (1 m/s) tend to mix and
break thermal stratification
4
Delft3D-FLOW:
In addition:
6
Heat Balance (absolute temperature model)
latitude
reflection
solar radiation
cloudiness
absorption
8
Excess temperature model
9
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Hydrodynamics, Exercise 10
The intake of the plant is sheltered from the outfall by means of an old dam. Unfortunately, the
dam needs expensive repairs and therefore it is considered to remove the dam. The owner
of the plant will only allow for removal of the dam if this does not result in an increase of
recirculation, or if he is compensated for the increase in recirculation. You are asked to give
an estimate of the impact of removal of the dam on the amount of recirculation of the cooling
water.
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We do not use a complete Western Scheldt model, but take a subsection. In the figure below
this is illustrated. In this exercise we will use the grid in blue, while in previous exercises (for
RGFGRID and for QUICKIN) the grid in grey was used. A boundary outline of the estuary, a
computational grid and raw bathymetry samples are available. Use this data as a base to:
Generate the bathymetry of the model. Make sure that intake and outfall of the plant do
not dry during a computation.
Generate (harmonic) boundary conditions for the model. Use a velocity boundary on the
sea side of the model and a water level boundary on the river side of the model.
Set-up a depth-averaged (2DH) hydrodynamic model of the estuary.
Examine whether the hydrodynamic characteristics of the estuary are reproduced by the
model.
Add temperature to the model schematization. The only concern is the temperature in-
crease resulting from the cooling water discharge. Therefore, an excess temperature
model can be applied. Use a background temperature of 20 ◦ C. Use an area affected by
the temperature discharge of 1.0 · 106 m2 . Use a horizontal diffusivity of 1 m2 /s.
Add the intake and outfall to the model schematization. In addition, add several monitoring
points in the vicinity of intake and outfall.
Perform computations with and without the dam to examine the impact on recirculation.
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Both the computed hydrodynamics and the temperature distribution should be calibrated. Es-
pecially the applied horizontal diffusion coefficient can have a large impact on the computed
excess temperatures. A value of 1 m2 /s is considered small for depth-averaged computations.
Please be aware that this is an exercise meant to demonstrate the operation of the simulation
program.
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