Construction and Building Materials 190 (2018) 287–293

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Influence of mineral nano-fibers on the physical properties of road

cement concrete material
⇑
Jingyi Liu , Huaxin Chen, Bowen Guan, Kaiping Liu, Jiuran Wen, Zhihua Sun
School of Material Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaan Xi 710054, PR China

highlights

● Waste brucite short fibers processed to nano diameter level with a simple way.
● The physical properties of brucite nano-fiber reinforced concrete have been improved.
● Nano-fiber concrete superior to ordinary concrete in cost performance.
● 8 years traffic practice proves the practicability of nano-fiber concrete.

articleinfo
abstract
Article history:
Received 30 April 2018 In this paper, brucite nano-fiber is processed and used as reinforcement to improve the toughness of
Received in revised form 4 September 2018 road cement concrete material. The brucite nano-fiber is obtained by soaking the natural low-coat
Accepted 7 September 2018 brucite short fibers in the superplasticizer solution and then agitating in a forced mixer to refine it to the
Available online 25 September 2018 nano meter level. The mechanical properties as elastic modulus, dry shrinkage, anti-frost, thermal
expansion, and flexural fatigue performance of the nano-fiber concrete are investigated. The nano-fiber
Keywords: reinforced cement concrete was also put into practice in highway. Results show that nano-fiber concrete
Mineral nano-fibers has better toughness. Its flexural strength is 7.4% and 17.7% higher than that of the ordinary fiber
Brucite concrete and the plain concrete, respectively. Its ratio of compression to flexural strengths is 6.4% and
Cement concrete
16.1% lower than that of the rest two. Nano-fiber concrete has lower static modulus and higher dynamic
Road
modulus. Compared with ordinary fiber concrete and plain concrete, nano-fiber concrete is 41.0% and
Physical properties
61.3% lower in flexural elastic modulus, and is 1.12 and 1.24 times higher in dynamic modulus of
elasticity. Nano-fiber concrete has stronger capability to resist dry shrinkage, freeze-thaw damage,
thermal expansion and bending fatigue stresses. Compared with ordinary fiber concrete and plain
concrete, nano-fiber concrete is 35.7% and 55.9% lower in dry linear shrinkage; 3.2% and 7.9% less loss
rate in compression strength, and 1.9% and 4.5% less loss rate in flexural strength after 50 cycles
freezing-thawing; 13.9% and 28.7% lower in coefficient of thermal expansion; and 15% and 50% more
longer in bending fatigue service life. Nano-fiber concrete is comprehensively superior to ordinary fiber
concrete and plain concrete in cost performance. After more than 8 years traffic practice, the nano-fiber
concrete test road is still in good condition.
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
a premature failure [3,4]. It is significant to strengthen the tensile
strength and toughness of cement concrete for prolonging its ser-
Cement concrete pavement has good qualities of high strength
vice life.
and stiffness, strong water-resistance and stable high-temperature
In general, the effective approach to enhance the anti-bending
property, and exhibits obvious advantage in the heavy load and
performance of the road concrete is to employ fibers as the rein-
weak roadbed areas [1,2]. However, cement concrete is a brittle
forcement to strengthen it [5,6]. Brucite fiber, or fibrous brucite
material due to its feature of heterogeneous, multiple defects,
(FB), is a kind of natural mineral fiber rich in China. It is mainly
low tensile strength, and low deformation capacity, it is ease to
composed of Mg(OH)2 and has strong alkali resistance, good com-
fracture under tension, bending and impact load, which leads to
patibility and strong binding force with cement concrete. It is also
harmless to the human health [7,8].
⇑ Corresponding author.
The aim of this paper is trying to use a simple way to process
E-mail address: 306190545@qq.com (J. Liu).
the low-cost ordinary brucite fibers into nano-diameter fibers,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.025
0950-0618/© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
288 J. Liu et al. / Construction and Building Materials 190 (2018) 287–293
and then using them as reinforcements in the road concrete to
improve the properties of the cement concrete.
2. Experimental
2.1. Raw materials and properties
2.1.1. Mineral fibers
Grade 7-X brucite fibers [9] from Shaanxi province were used.
They are short fibers from the dust collector and mill tailings in
the mine. The optical photo is shown in Fig. 1. The fiber parameters
are shown in Table 1.
The fibers are usually used as fillers simply instead of reinforc-
ing phase due to their very short length.
2.1.2. Superplasticizer
Based on the results of our previous work [9–11], compound
admixture of different chemicals was used as the superplasticizer
in the test, so as to both improve the properties of concrete and
split brucite fiber bundles as well as disperse fibers in concrete.
The superplasticizer admixture is prepared by mixing the
mate- rials with the mass ratio of naphthalene water reducer:
aliphatic water reducer: Amino sulfonate reducer: sodium
gluconate: methanol: water = 1: 1.5: 3: 0.05: 0.15: 2. The
measured solid con- tent of the result admixture is 29%, and its
performance index meets the requirement of quality standards
of Concrete Admixture(- GB8076-2008).
2.1.3. Coarse aggregate
The coarse aggregate is the 4.75–26.5 mm fabricated continu-
ous grading limestone gravel, which is prepared by the mass
pro- portion of gravel 1#(size 26.5 mm-19 mm): gravel 2# (size
19– 9.5 mm): gravel 3#(size 9.5–4.75 mm) =0.5: 0.4: 0.1. The
screen analyst result is shown in Fig. 2 and meets the 4.75–26.5
mm nom- inal diameter of the Technical Specification for
Construction of High- way Cement Concrete Pavements(JTG F30-
2003).
Fig. 1. Brucite fibers.
Table 1
Parameters of brucite fibers.
Aspect ratio Specific surface Sieve analysis, wt%
area, cm2/g
Range Average +1.4 mm +0.4 mm Sieve bottom
14–143 53 239 12 35
Fig. 2. Screen analysis result of the coarse aggregate.
2.1.4. Other raw materials
Other raw materials include P.O.42.5# Portland cement, fine-
ness modulus 2.9 river sand and water. They all meet the Technical
Specification for Construction of Highway Cement Concrete Pavements
(JTG F30-2003).
2.2. Processes of mineral nano-fibers
The brucite fibers were processed as follows: mixed the brucite
fiber, superplasticizer and water at the mass ratio of 1: 0.96: 0.54
homogeneously, and stood for 24 h in order that the fibers could
be soaked by the superplasticizer solution, then mechanically agi-
tated inside a forced mixer for 10 min, aging the paste for 0.5 h,
then collected and packed up the fiber paste for future use.
Fig. 3 shows the comparative SEM(Scanning Electron Micro-
scope) photos of fibers before and after processing. Fig. 3-A shows
the original fibers, while Fig. 3-B presents the processed ones. The
original fibers are in the state of closely combined fiber bundles
with the diameters of about 1.5–46.3 lm. The diameters of
pro- cessed fibers are about 45–110 nm, mostly are around 60
nm. The aspect ratio becomes march larger than the original
fibers.
Fig. 3 reveals that the original micro-diameter fibers become
nano-diameter fibers after processed by the simple way of soaking
with superplasticizer solution and agitating in forced mixers.
To understand the mechanism of the naturally produced ordi-
nary brucite fiber changing to the nano-fibers, further tests were
conducted.
Fig. 4-A and B show SEM photos of the enlarged original brucite
fiber and the fibers soaked by superplasticizer solution for 24 h.
Table 2 is the surface Zeta Potentials of original and processed bru-
cite fibers in deionized water measured with JS94G + type elec-
trophoresis apparatus under condition of 25D°C, 1.4A, 30 V, PH7
and voltage switching period 1000 ms.
Fig. 4-A indicates that brucite fiber, as a natural fibrous mineral,
is produced in the forms of closely bonded bundles. In fact, a single
macro fiber is actually composed of much more finer fibers. It is an
aggregation of many thinner fibers. After soaked in superplaticizer
solution, the brucite fiber bundles are loosened (Fig. 4-B). Under
the action of mechanical force of the mixer, the loosened fiber bun-
dles are split into single fine fibers (Fig. 3-B).
From Table2, it shows that the surface of the original brucite
fibers brings positive charges, while the processed brucite fiber
presents negative charges. This phenomenon should be related
with the chemical adsorption of surfactant [12,13].
We all know that, water reducers are indispensable chemical
agents in the modern concrete industry. They play some important
parts in the concrete, such as, reducing the water content, enhanc-
ing the workability, improving the mechanical properties, etc.
Since different water reducers have different functions, usually
admixtures of water reducers were used for a better performance
53
of the concrete. While in this paper, water reducers have the addi-
tional function of splitting the fiber bundles, as shown in Fig. 5.
 J. Liu et al. / Construction and Building Materials 190 (2018) 287–293 289

Fig. 3. SEM photos of brucite fibers (A-original, B-processed).

Fig. 4. SEM photo of original brucite fiber (A) and fibers in splitting (B).

Table 2 to the positive surface of the minerals due to the action of electro-
Zeta potentials of the brucite fibers. static attraction, and the hydrophobic tails would stretch into
State of brucite fibers Original Processed water, forming an absorption layer of the water reducers on the
mineral surface. For stability, the hydrophobic tails of the mole-
Zeta potential, mV +8.2 —44.1
cules of water reducers in the solution would absorb towards the
hydrophobic tails of the first absorbed layers, leaving their hydro-
In the test, the water reducers in the superplasticizer were all philic ends towards the outer. Second absorption layer of surfac-
anionic type surfactants. In the solution, the negative hydrophilic tants thus formed on the mineral surface. At the edge or head of
heads of the water reducer molecules would be absorbed toward the fiber bundle, the adjacent single fibers would also have two

Fig. 5. Diagrammatic sketch of chemical splitting of fiber bundles.

290 J. Liu et al. / Construction and Building Materials 190 (2018) 287–293
layers of surfactant molecules on their surfaces. Since the hydro-
philic ends of water reducers presented electronegative, so the
adjacent single fibers in fiber bundle would have the same charges
on their surface and would repel each other. Moreover, since sur-
factants have the strong ability to penetrate into the fiber bundle,
the bond between the thin fibers in the bundle would be weak-
ened, and the bundle were loosened after soaking. At the action
of penetration of surfactants and the repulsive force of adjacent
fibers, in addition to the auxiliary mechanical blending force of
the mixer, the fiber bundles were split to single fibers, and negative
charge would display on the surface of each single fibers.
2.3. Concrete specimen preparation and evaluation
In order to get the designing target of flexural strength 5.5
MPa, slumps 30 mm, and according to Specifications of Cement
and Con- crete Pavement Design for Highway (JTG D40-2002) and
Technical Specification for Construction of Highway Cement Concrete
Pavement (JTG F30-2003), as well as the preliminary trial, 367
kg/m3 cement dosage was used. The raw material mix
proportion for fiber con- crete was: cement: water: sand: course
aggregate: fiber: super- plasticizer = 1: 0.38: 2.02: 3.30: 0.04: 0.011,
and that for reference concrete (plain concrete) was cement:
water: sand: course aggregates: superplasticizer = 1: 0.35: 2.02:
3.30: 0.008. The proportion of fiber concrete samples have a
slight higher water/cement ratio and superplasticizer dosage,
for the fibers have a larger specific surface area and will absorb
more water.
Fresh nano-fiber concrete was made by putting the sand, course
aggregate and fiber paste to the concrete mixer first, agitating for
30 s, then adding the cement and rest water, blending for 1 min.
Fresh ordinary-diameter fiber concrete and plain concrete were
made by putting all the raw materials (including dry fibers for fiber
concrete) to the mixer simultaneously, then blending them for
1.5 min.
After fresh concrete was made, the mold casting, vibrating,
and curing, as well as the detecting of physical properties
(compression strength, flexural strength, splitting-tensile
strength, static and dynamic modulus of elasticity, dry
shrinkage, anti-frost) of concrete samples were conducted as per
the Test Methods of Cement and Con- crete for Highway Engineering
(JTG E30-2005). The thermal expan- sion coefficient test of
concrete was done × as follows:×putting the 28d aged 100 mm 100
mm 515 mm samples in oven for 4 h at different
temperatures, then measuring the lengths according to the dry
shrinkage test method with the mechanical comparator,
calculating the expansion rate, then determining the thermal
expansion coefficient through the relationship between
expansion rate and temperature. The fatigue bending test was
conducted by 4-poit bending and stress control sine wave
loading method with the 90d aged 100 mm × 100 mm × 400 mm
beam specimen.
3. Test result and analysis
3.1. Strengths of concrete
Table 3 shows the comparison of strengths for nano-fiber
con- crete, ordinary fiber concrete and plain concrete, therein
the
Table 3
Strengths of concrete.
Samples Nano-fiber Ordinary
concrete fiber concrete
28 d flexural strength, MPa 7.3 6.8
28 d splitting tensile strength, MPa 5.6 5.1
28 d compressive strength, MPa 53.5 53.3
28 d strengths ratio of 7.3 7.8
compression/flexural
strengths ratio of compression to flexural generally presents the
ductility of the concrete. The lower the ratio of compression to
flexural, the more ductile the concrete.
From Table 3, at the condition of almost the same compressive
strengths, the fiber concrete samples have the higher flexural
strengths and splitting tensile strengths, and lower ratios of com-
press to flexual strength than the plain concrete sample. This is
accordance with the general rule of fiber-reinforcing materials [1–
3].
Meanwhile, the nano-fiber concrete sample is higher than the
ordinary fiber concrete in both the flexural strength and splitting
tensile strength, and is lower in the ratio of compress to flexural
strengths. Compared with ordinary fiber concrete and plain con-
crete from Table 3, the nano-fiber concrete is 7.4% and 17.7% higher
in flexural strengths, 6.4% and 16.1% lower in the ratio of compress
to flexural strengths. This indicates that the nano-fiber concrete
has better toughness.
The increase of the toughness in nano-fiber concrete is probably
due to the strengthening role and the homogeneous distribution of
the fibers in concrete.
From Fig. 6, ordinary fibers are existed in concrete in the forms
of micro-diameter, while nano-fibers are distributed in concrete in
the forms of nano-diameter. Since the ratio of length to diameter of
nano-fibers is much larger than that of the ordinary fibers in the
same fiber length, nano-fibers have better enhancement function
in concrete. Furthermore, at the condition of same weight quantity
dosage, there are much more numbers of single fiber in the
concrete for nano-fibers than for ordinary fibers. Consequently,
nano-fibers form a uniformly combined fiber-binding material
network struc- ture, which has stronger toughening effect to the
concrete than the sporadic scattered fiber structure formed by
ordinary fibers. Therefore, nano-fiber concrete displays a higher
toughness.
3.2. Modulus of elasticity
Table 4 lists the elastic modulus of fiber concrete and plain
con- crete after aged 28d.
The static modulus values of elasticity of fiber concrete are
obviously lower than that of the plain concrete from Table 4, espe-
cially the flexural modulus values. Among them the nano-fiber
concrete has the lowest flexural modulus value of elasticity. The
flexural elastic modulus of nano-fiber concrete is 41.0% and
61.3% lower than that of the ordinary fiber concrete and the plain
concrete. This also means that the nano-fiber concrete has greater
strain and deformability than the ordinary fiber concrete and the
plain concrete under the same bending stress.
Fig. 7 is the cross section SEM photo of nano-fiber concrete
bending sample.
From Fig. 7, the phenomenon of fiber pull-out and bridge can be
clearly observed. So we have reasons to believe that toughening
mechanism of fiber dominates the load-deformation for nano-
fiber concrete. This is apparently different from the plain concrete.
As we know, generally in plain concrete, cracks produce and brittle
fracture occurs quickly under load because of its weak ability to
prevent crack propagation. While in nano-fiber concrete, the
debond, pull-out and break of the fibers would need larger force
and consume more energy. Therefore, the nano-fiber concrete
has higher bending and tensile strength, larger deformation capac-
ity and lower static modulus of elasticity.
Plain The dynamic modulus of elasticity of nano-fiber concrete is
concrete higher than not only the static compression modulus of elasticity
6.2 of itself (this is consistent with the general rule), but also the
4.8
dynamic modulus of elasticity of the ordinary fiber concrete and
54.2
the plain concrete. From Table 4, the dynamic modulus of elasticity
8.7
of nano-fiber concrete is 1.12 and 1.24 times that of the ordinary
fiber concrete and the plain concrete. Since the dynamic modulus
 J. Liu et al. / Construction and Building Materials 190 (2018) 287–293 291

Fig. 6. SEM photos of ordinary fiber concrete (A) and nano-fiber concrete (B).

Table 4
Elastic modulus of concrete, GPa.

Concrete samples Nano-fiber Ordinary fiber Plain

concrete concrete concrete
Compressive modulus of elasticity 34.5 36.9 41.1
Flexural modulus of elasticity 7.2 12.2 18.6
Dynamic modulus of elasticity 48.1 43.1 38.8

Fig. 8. Line shrinkage rate of concrete samples over time.

Fig. 8 shows that, the dry shrinkage of concrete samples takes

place mainly in the early ages. The nano-fiber concrete sample
has the lowest dry shrinkage rate in the three. The dry line shrink-
age rate of nano-fiber concrete is approximately 35.7% and 55.9%
lower than that of the ordinary fiber concrete and the plain
concrete after 7 day ages. The cause of this behavior should also be
derived from the restriction of fibers to the contractions of
concrete.

3.4. Freezing resistance

Table 5 is the strength decrease percentage of concrete

Fig. 7. Cross section SEM photo of nano-fiber concrete bending sample.
of elasticity represents the Young’s modulus under very low stress
and approximately equals to the initial tangent slope on the stress-
strain curve, this demonstrates that the initial deformation of nano-
fiber concrete is very small and the initial tangent modulus of
nano-fiber concrete is large under load.
The reason for this should also be related to the role of fiber in
concrete. As we have seen in Fig. 6-B and Fig. 7, nano-fiber and
cement slurry in the concrete forms a network structure in cement
stone after hardening. In the early stage of concrete stress, cement
stone and aggregates are tightly combined together as a whole due
to the bond and load transfer of fibers, it is not easy to be
deformed. So the early strain of the nano-fiber concrete is smaller
and the dynamic modulus of elasticity is higher than that of the
ordinary fiber concrete and the plain concrete.
samples after 50 cycles freezing and thawing.
It is clear that the nano-fiber concrete has less strength loss
after 50 cycles freezing and thawing than the ordinary fiber con-
crete and the plain concrete. The loss rate of compression strength
is 3.2% and 7.9% less, and the loss rate of flexural strength is 1.9%
and 4.5% less, respectively. This tells us that nano-fiber concrete
has better freezing resistance, on approximately account of the
confinement of the nano-fibers.
3.5. Thermal expansivity
Fig. 9 is the variation of linear expansion rate of nano-fiber
con- crete, ordinary fiber concrete and plain concrete with the
rising of temperature based on the specimen size of 10 °C.
Table 5
Strength reduction after freezing-thawing test.

Concrete samples Nano-fiber Ordinary Plain

3.3. Dry shrinkage concrete fiber concrete concrete

Reduction of Compression 3.9 7.1 11.8

Fig. 8 is the change of line shrinkage rate of nano-fiber concrete, strength, %
Reduction of splitting tensile 2.6 4.5 7.1
ordinary fiber concrete and plain concrete samples over time dried
strength, %
at room temperature.
292 J. Liu et al. / Construction and Building Materials 190 (2018) 287–293

Fig. 9. The linear expansion rate varies with temperature.

From Fig. 9, the linear expansion rate of nano-fiber concrete is
notably lower than that of the ordinary fiber concrete and the plain
concrete. The regression equations of linear expansion rate versus
the temperature are respectively as follows:
2
Ynano—fiber
¼ 0:0087t — 0:1006; R ¼ 0:9654
Yplain ¼ 0:0122t — 0:149; R2 ¼ 0:9944
Yordinary ¼ 0:0105t — 0:1248; R2 ¼ 0:99
Herein, t is the temperature, °C; Ynano-fiber, Yordinary and Yplain are the
linear expansion rates of the nano-fiber concrete, the ordinary fiber
concrete, and the plain concrete, respectively.
From the correlation coefficient R 2, we know that the equations
are linear highly significant. So the coefficient of thermal expan-
sion a of each is:
Plain concrete : aplain = 12:2E — 6 =○ C
Nano — fiber concrete : anano—fiber = 8:7E — 6 =○ C
Ordinary fiber concrete : aordinary = 10:5E — 6 =○ C
The coefficient of thermal expansion of nano-fiber concrete is
approximately 13.9% and 28.7% lower than that of the ordinary
fiber concrete and the plain concrete, that is to say, nano-fiber con-
crete has stronger capacity to resist heat deformation, which is also
probably due to the restraining action of the fiber network
structure.
3.6. Flexural fatigue performance
Fig. 10 is the relationship between the bending fatigue life of
the concrete and the stress level after the statistics.
The Fig. 10 makes it clear that, the fiber concrete samples have
ð1Þ longer bending fatigue life than the plain concrete, especially in the
lower bending fatigue stress level (<0.80) (this is the common
ð2Þ application situation), showing that the reinforcing effect of the
fibers. Therein the bending fatigue life cycle of nano-fiber concrete
ð3Þ is 15% and 50% more higher than that of the ordinary fiber concrete
and the plain concrete, displaying that the nano-fiber concrete has
more longer service life.
4. Engineering application of nano-fiber concrete in
highway pavement
Nano-fiber concrete has been applied in several highway test
ð4Þ
pavement engineering projects. Fig. 11 shows the road photos of
brucite nano-fiber concrete in An-Kang Highway section, Shaan
ð5Þ
Xi province. The road section is located in the middle of BaoTou -
MaoMing expressway, one of the south-north key highways of
ð6Þ China. After more than 8 years traffic practice, the road is still in
good condition. There is no visible cracks or damage.
Economically, although the addition of brucite nano-fiber into
concrete raised the cost of the concrete by about 3.8%, the whole
cost performance of brucite nano-fiber concrete road was 1.21
times that of the plain concrete road, owing to the dramatic
increase of concrete properties and lifespan, which shows the

Fig. 10. Relationship between bending fatigue life and stress level.
 J. Liu et al. / Construction and Building Materials 190 (2018) 287–293
2009.8.1
Fig. 11. Highway road photos of brucite nano-fiber concrete.
cost-income ratio superiority of brucite nano-fiber concrete over
the plain concrete.
5. Conclusions
(1) The low-cost naturally produced ordinary micro-diameter
brucite short fibers were split into 45–110 nm diameter
fibers by the simple way of soaking with superplasticizer
solution and agitating in forced mixers;
(2) Nano-fiber concrete has better toughness. Its flexural
strength is 7.4% and 17.7% higher than that of the ordinary
fiber concrete and the plain concrete, respectively. Its ratio
of compression to flexural strengths is 6.4% and 16.1% lower
than that of the latter two.
(3) Nano-fiber concrete has lower static modulus and higher
dynamic modulus. Compared with ordinary fiber concrete
and plain concrete, nano-fiber concrete is 41.0% and 61.3%
lower in flexural elastic modulus, and is 1.12 and 1.24 times
higher in dynamic modulus of elasticity.
(4) Nano-fiber concrete has stronger capability to resist dry
shrinkage, freeze-thaw damage, thermal expansion and
bending fatigue stresses. Compared with ordinary fiber con-
crete and plain concrete, nano-fiber concrete is 35.7% and
55.9% lower in dry linear shrinkage; 3.2% and 7.9% less in
compression strength loss rate, and 1.9% and 4.5% less in
flexural strength loss rate after 50 cycles freezing-thawing;
13.9% and 28.7% lower in coefficient of thermal expansion,
and 15% and 50% more longer in bending fatigue service life.
(5) Nano-fiber concrete is comprehensively superior to ordinary
fiber concrete and plain concrete in cost performance.
6. Conflict of interest
We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships
with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influ-
293
2017.5.30
ence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest
of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that
could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the
review of, the manuscript entitled ‘‘Influence of Mineral
Nanofibers on the Performance of Highway Cement Concrete”.
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