ANCIENT ROME

3rd BC (BCE) – 340 AD (CE)

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REPUBLICAN ROME 2nd BC - 3rd BC
• Conquering and expanding
• Came to an end with the Civil Wars – accession of Emperor Augustus in 27BC
• New form of architecture: Greek Classical style + roman building methods(Etruscan)

JULIUS CAESER: 101-44 BC

• End of glorious age, beginning of Imperial Age for Ancient Rome
• Introduced a new town planning scheme
• Deviation of the course of the Tiber to enlarge the city.
• Built new Forum - to meet needs of population of 1million

AUGUSTAN BUILDING: 27 BC – 69AD

• Augustus (27BC - 14 AD), Marcus Agrippa (Augustus’s son-in law)
• “I found a city of bricks and I left a city of marble”.
• Pax Romana: 200 years
• Rebuilding the infrastructure of Rome, roads, bridges,, aqueducts (Pont Du Gard).
• Advances in the use of cement
• Secular buildings, temples(opulent marble).
• Fire in 64AD under Nero. Destroyed most of Rome. Reconstruction started – Robust
buildings, , porticoes along street etc.
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THE FLAVIANS
• Emperor Vespian (69-79 AD , Titus (79-81 AD), Domitian (81-96 AD)
• Legacy of extravagance
• Reconstruction of city
• Domestic and palatial architecture
• Experimental new room and vault architecture. Esp. Bath complexes, The Colosseum.
• Arch of Titus

TRAJAN: 98 – 117 AD
• Built Trajans forum (imitates the Forum of Augustus) – markets, shops, libraries and the
towering, Trajan’s Basilica and Column.

HADRIAN: 117 – 138 AD

• Mausoleum (todays Castel Sant’ Angelo), Temple of Venus and Rome
• Pantheon

THE SEVERAN AGE: 193 – 305AD

• Emperors Caracalla, Diocletian
• Baths of Caracalla, Arch of Septimus Severus, Diocletians palace.

THE LATE EMPIRE 305 – 340 AD

• Emperor Constantine recognized Chirstianity in AD 313 and made Constantinople capital
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• The Late Empire was a point of transition between Imperial and Byzantine world.
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 ROMAN AQUEDUCTS
Derived from the Latin aqua ("water") and ducere ("to lead").

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APPIA ANTICA & AQUA APPIA
Censor Appius Claudius Caecus commissioned 2
publicly funded projects; An aqueduct and the a
strategic road between Rome and Capua.

Both projects had probably high strategic value,

as Rome's third Samnite War had been under
way for some thirty years.
The road allowed rapid troop movements; and
by design or fortunate coincidence, most of the
Aqua Appia ran within a buried conduit,
relatively secure from attack.

APPIA ANTICA, ROME

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Aqua Appia: Rome's first aqueduct (312 BC)

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An aqueduct is a water supply or navigable channel constructed to convey water.

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An aqueduct is a water supply or navigable channel constructed to convey water.

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• Constant flow of water from distant sources into cities and towns, supplying public
baths, latrines, fountains and private households.

• Waste water was removed by the sewage systems and released into nearby bodies of
water, keeping the towns clean.

• Some aqueducts also served water for mining, processing, manufacturing, and
agriculture.

• Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone, along a slight downward gradient
within conduits of stone, brick or concrete.

• Most were buried beneath the ground, and followed its contours; obstructing peaks
were circumvented or less often, tunneled through.

• Where valleys or lowlands intervened, the conduit was carried on bridgework, or its
contents fed into high-pressure lead, ceramic or stone pipes and siphoned across.

• Most aqueduct systems included sedimentation tanks, sluices and distribution tanks to
regulate the supply at need.

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PONT DU GARD (1 AD )

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 AQUEDUCT IN SEGOVIA

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 AQUEDUCT IN ISTANBUL

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ROMAN TRIUMPHAL ARCH

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• A triumphal arch is a monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more
arched passageways, often designed to span a road.

• Built to commemorate victorious generals or significant public events such as the founding
of new colonies, the construction of a road or bridge, the death of a member of the imperial
family or the accession of a new emperor.

• The simplest form of a triumphal arch consists of two massive piers connected by an arch,
crowned with a flat entablature or attic on which a statue might be mounted or which bears
commemorative inscriptions. The main structure is often decorated with carvings, sculpted
reliefs and dedications. More elaborate triumphal arches may have multiple archways.

• The two key elements of the triumphal arch - a round-topped arch and a square
entablature

• The Greeks made comparatively little use of the arch. Entablatures were an essential part of
the structural fabric of such buildings, as they were used to hold up the roofs. The great
innovation of the Romans was to combine a round arch and a square entablature in a
single free-standing structure. The columns became purely decorative elements on the
outer face of arch, while the entablature, liberated from its role as a building support,
became the frame for the civic and religious messages that the arch builders wished to
convey.

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THE ARCH OF TITUS (81 AD )

THE TRIUMPH OF TITUS

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 SENATVS
POPVLVSQVE·ROMANVS
DIVO·TITO·DIVI·VESPASIANI·F(ILIO)
VESPASIANO·AVGVSTO
The Senate and the Roman people (dedicate this) to the deified
Titus Vespasian Augustus, son of the deified Vespasian

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SOFFIT: DEEPLY COFFERED WITH RELIEF

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 PANEL RELIEF THAT LINE THE
PASSAGEWAY

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