P ro o f

(+ ) L e t A Ç B a iıd z A n B S in c e A Ç B ,
B =
(B \ A ) u A

N o w z Å n B = A n [(B \ A ) u A ] =
[A n (B \ A )]u [A n A ] Ou
= A = A

H en ce ￡ A m d so A n B Ç A (1 )

If z A ,
th e n z A n A = A th e n z A m d z A

S in ce A Ç B (b y h y p o t h e s is ), = A an d = E B m d so = A n B

H en ce A Ç A n B . . . . . (2 )

T hu s ,
by (1 ) a n d (2 ) w e ha v e A = A n B

2 E
( )L et A n B = A If z A ,
th e n T A n B (b y h y p o t h e s is ) a n d so z A
a n d ￡ E B H e n ce T E B m d 8o A C B

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 D O R C T Ľ Ą 0 5 0 *

且
エ ・ 图 國 國 ・ エ Å 八 x ￠B n C

z A A (Æ ￠B V z ￠C )
￠> (Æ E A A ￠B ) V (Æ A A z ￠C )
x A \B V z A \C
》 エ 国 回 回国 \ C )

S in ce w e hav e e q u iv a le n t s t a 七e m e n te e v e ry w he ľ e ,
w e hav e sho w n th e e qu a lity
o f se te (t h e y co n t a in t h e sa m e e le m e n ts )

R E S U LT

S e e th e ex p la n a t io n .

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'

H E M A N T 0 3 3 *

a T o s how A n (B u C ) =
(A n B ) u (A n c )

Æ A n (B U ? ) if a n d o n ly if z A a n d Æ B U C if a n d o n ly if T
A a n d B O R ￡ A a n d ￡ c C if a ıd o n
ı ly if a (A n B ) u (A n C )

2 三至
」
bT o sho w A u (B n C ) = (A u B ) n (A u C )

z A U (B n c ) if a n d o n ly if a A o r Æ E B n C if m d o n ly if ac A o r =

B A N D Æ Å o r x C if an d o n ly if z (A U B ) n (A u ? )

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 H E M A N T 0 3 2 * .

且
G iv en t h a t Å .. - {(n + 1 )k k E N } So A ..
Is t h e se t o fa】
1 th e m u lt ip le e o f
(n + 1 ) in N

2 @
a N o te th a t A 1 i8 t h e se t o f a l th e m u lt ip le s o f 2 t h a t is t h e se t o f ev e n

n a tu ra ln u m be rs A 2 is t h e se t o f a ll t h e m u lt ip le 8 o f 3 T he r e fo r e l l n A 2
is t h e se t o f a ll e v e n n ıu lt ip le s o f 3 In o th e r w o rd s A 1 n l 2 -
{ó k : k N }
,

b N o te th a t n + 1 A n m d n o A n c o n t a in B 1 So U .
A .
= N {1 } A ]ßo ,

F o r a n y n N ,
n ￠A .
m d he n ce n .
A .
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泌 钿 捃冬
洏 \，
耐 触 目
łt ・3
,
e Į< ł ĺ {qšł

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 H F M A N T 0 4 ? *

C is N O T a fu n c t io n Fo r , (0 1) (D
, , ,
1) C H e n cE O h a s tw o d is t in c t
im a ge s ,
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'
t be a fu n c t io n

R E S U LT

E x p lo re th e s o lu t io n

A d d yo u r c o m m e n t

S u b m it

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T h e r e fo re ,

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 2
ıe t g (z )
ı = ￡ a n d f (￡ ) = ￡ + 2 fo r z E R ,
a n d le t h b e t h e co m p o s it e

tu n c t h n h =
9 o l

O b se rv e th a t h (z ) =
(g o f )(z ) =
g (f (￡ )) =
g (￡ + 2) =
(￡ + 2 )2 fo r a ll Æ R

(a ) L e t E - : {z R : O ś z ś 1}

G iv e n T E w e ha v e th a t O < z < 1 w h ic h g iv es u s th a t 2 < ￡ + 2 ś 3 a n d

2
th e n 4 ś (z + 2) ś 9
T h 1 ıs ,
4 < fı(ヱ ) < 9 fo r a ll z E a iı d t h e r e fo re ,
h (E ) c [4 ,
9]

G iv e n y [4 9 ] w e h a v e t h a t
,
0 ś Ñ 2 ś 1 a n d h (V 2 ) =
(g ・

2
门 西 2) g (ゴ 西 一 2 1ì 一
g 以西 2) 十 2 ) 一
g 西) 一
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강
w h ic h g iv es u s th a t y h (E )

[4 9 ] c,
h (E )m d t h e r e fo re ,
h (E ) =
[4 ,
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(b ) L e t G - : {・ R : O < z < 4}

2
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(G ) a n d
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t h e r e fo re ,
h (G ) + 0
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G iv e n Æ h (G ) w e hav e t h a t lı(z ) G a n d th e n O ś (￡ + 2) ś 4 w h ic h
g iv es u 8 th a t 2 < z + 2 < 2 a iıd th e r e fo r e ,
4 < ￡ < 0

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B o o k : In t r o d u c t io n to R e a lA n a ly s is , 3 r d E d it io n

A u th o rs D o n a ld R S h e r b e r t , R Jo b e r t G B a r tle

C h a p te r 1 ,

S e c t io n 1 ,

2
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E =
{z E IR : 1 < z < 0 }, F =
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(i) T o sho w th a t E n F =
{0 }

F ir s t , n o te t h a t {0 } Ç E (W d e fin it io n o fE )

{o } ç F (b y definition o fF )

O E n F (If m e le m en t b e lo n g s to A ,
B ,
th e n it b e lo n g s to Å n B )

T hu s O ś ◆ 5 0

r - o l

a {0 }

T hu e E n F =
{아 (F r o m (1 ) (2 ) e n ,
d , if A Ç B , B Ç A ,
th e n A - B )

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3

(ii) N e x t, I h av e to s ho w th a t f (E n F ) =
{0 }

N o te , f (E n F ) =
{f (T ) : a E n F }

4 E
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f (E ) =
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{f (z ) : 1 ś z ś 0}

2
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n o te t h a t f (z ) = ￡ iß m ev en f\ın c t io n

B u t 八F ) =
{f (z ) O ś Æ ś 1} (c h m g in g a v a r ia b le d o e B n
'
t a ñ e c t th e
se t)

Ţ hu a f (E ) = f (F )

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 T hu s ,
h o m O ) (2 ) , ,
w e ha v e = f (F ) =
{g R : O < m j

(iv ) It i8 ea s h t
y t o notice t a f (E n F ) = {0 } c f (E ) n f (F )

th e r eı ts )
(f (E n F )ha s o n ly O , b u t f (E ) n f (F ) h a s m a n y o em e n

f (E ) n f (F ) f (E ) b e c a iı
se t h e y b o th a re th e sa m e )
(B U e e =
,

If 0 i8 d e le t e d fr o ts E F,
(v ) m se , ,

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+ h °- . . ：ļ 只 r lv ー
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T h ııs , ħo n ı (1 ) (2 )
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(iv ) It i8 ea sy to n o t ic e t h a t f (E n F ) =
{0 } c f (E ) n f (F )

(f (E n F )has o n ly 0 , b u t f (E ) n f (F ) h a s m a n y o th e r e le m e n ts )

(B eca u se f (E ) n f (F ) =
f (E ) ,
b ec a u ee th e y b o th a re th e B? E )

(v ) If 0 is d e le t e d fr o m se ts ,
E ,
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th e n c le ma ,r ly 如
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T hu s {Đ } C f (E ) n f (F
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(e as do n e b e fo re )

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a n d
￡ ￠F z ￠[0 1] ,
z < 0 o r ￡ > l (2 )
ħo m th e co n d it io n s (1 ) a n d (2 ) ,
w e get

1 < ￡ < O

T hu s ,
z S
E \F Ç S L・)
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ta k e a n y 8 S ,

[ 1 , 0 〉Ç 【1 0 ] ,
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s ￠F beca u ee s < O

本 吕 E W

T h e r e fo re ,

S Ç E \P Ļ* * )

T hu s ,
co m b in in g (* ) a n d (* * ) w e ge t

= S =
{Æ E R : 1 < z < O

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T h e r e fo re ,

S Ç E \F (* * )

T hu s ,
co m b in in g (* ) a n d (* * ) w e ge t

= S =
{z IR : 1 < T < O}

{f (￡ ) : 1 ś z < O}

二
徊 1]，

T h e r e fo re ,

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 l A > B ,
E ,
F c A

For ￡ E U F ,
b y d e fin it io n f (z ) f (E ) o r f (T ) f (F ) ? d he n ce

Ĵ (z ) I ĻE ) U ï ĻF )

N o w ,
fo r th e o th e r e id e ,
fo r y f (E ) U f (F ) y , f (E ) o r y f (F ) So ,

y = 1 (a ) o r = 1 (b ) w here a E ,
b F ln a n y c as e, y l iE u F )

F o r Æ E n F ,
￡ E a n d ￡ F a n d he n ce b y d e fin it io n , f (E ) f (E ) a n d
1 (T ) I (F ) T h e re fo re I (E n F ) c ï (E ) n 1 (F )

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 J A B ,
G ,
H C B

A n a lo g o u s ly t h e o th e r e q u iv a Je n ce i8 p ro v e n

'
y 1 W n H ) 1 (y r) G R H

f (y ) G m d ï (y r) H
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y I ĻG ) n ı LH )
T h e r e fo re ,

□ (G . H ) = f
'
(G ) n f
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 Z

F ir s t , le t s s ho w f is a n ijection

(ı + P )
2 2 2
z =
y (1 z )
(S q u a r e the e q u a t io n a bov e a n d u se Ë =
â a d _ bc )

촉 ず キ 山 严 ナキ 甘与严 ー

' °
a _
?

lz l =
ı
u ı (A p p ly s qu m e ro o t o n th e e qu a t io n a bo v e )
x = u

Im p lic a t io n lz l =
lv l z =
y i8 t r u e b ec a u se (・ ) im p lie s th e ￡ a n d y ha v e

the sm e s ig n ( is p o s it iv e fo r a ll z > O)

It rem a in s to sho w th a t f is su r ec j t iv e , t h a t is ,
fo r eac h y < 1, 1> w e

r n n B o iv e th e e qu a t io n f (z ) -
3/ fo r z R

2
(S q u m e the e q u a t io n a n d m u lt ip ly b y (1 + z ))

- Z lu ı
v ıtıe o y ? Įr ) Ť u uul ı/)
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匕ラ ニ ・ 。

V L U
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8K«ł t ; t h is fo llo w s lr o n ı (* * ) b e c a u s e z a n d y mn \
ı u s t ha v e the sa m e e ig n )

T he r e fo r e ,

f (Z ) =
f
y' -
y

R E S U LT

S e e th e ex p la n a t io n .

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Define f : (a ,
b) > (0 ,
1) b y

岁阁
b a

S ıır je c t iv it y

Fo r y 10 ,
1) w e m u st ñn d = <a ,
b) s u c h th a t

写 住
y = 仁 추
b a

(b a )y 一 名 a ヰニ 争

び(b a )+ a 一 名

It re m a in s to s ho w th a t a =
y (b a )+ a b e lo n g s t o <a ,
b)

y <0 ,
1) (b a )y <O b ,
a 》
» =
(b a )y + a (a b ) ,

T h e r e fo re ,

罗昀 一
八ゆ 间강 十 司 一
겋

H e n ce ,
w e hav e pro v e d th a t f is s ıır e c j t iv e

In je c t iv it y

Su pp o se

エ a y 住

々二 年 エ a =
y 岛

T =
y

T h e r e fo re , f i8 a ls o in je c t iv e

f i8 b o t h in je c t io n d su r ec j t io n so it is a b ije c t io n

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D e fin e f : (a ,
b) > (0 1 > b y
,

罗(E 1
b a

Su r ecj t iv it y

Fo r y (0 1 ) w ,
e m u st lin d = (a ,
b) e u c h th a t

写 a

b a

(b a )y 一 写 a ヰニ 争

y (b a )+ a 一 名

It rem n in R
,
to s ho w th a t » -
y (b a )+ a b e lo n g s t o <a ,
b>

y 10 ,
11 (b a )y <O b ,
a 》
Æ =
(b a )y + a e <a b )
,

T h e r e fo re ,

1圍 一
八b 间갛 十 a ) 一
렇

H en ce ,
w e hav e p ro v e d th a t f is su r ec j tiv e

T =
y

T h e r e fo re , f is a ls o in je c t iv e

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Def in e f , 9 : R + R by

g (写 ) 一 名 十 1 & f (z ) 一 名 1

N o w w e ha v e

(f g )(写 )
o 一
f (9 (写 )) 一 f (エ 十 1) 一 (写 十 1 ) 1) 一 名

(g o f )(写 ) 一
g jf (ヱ )) 一
g j写 1) 一
(写 1 ) + 1) 一 名

T h e r e fo re ,
f o g =
9 o f ,
ev en th o u gh f ł9

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 且
(b ) L e t f A + B be j
B u r e c t iv e ,
H Ē B

T o s ho w ţh a t l (l' ĻH N = H

P ro o f 八!' (H 节 一
切 강 一
八写) fo r 8o m e 3 rH 节

{y y ー f (写 ) fo r b o r n e 写 A s t f (写 ) H } (i)

切 겋一 八昀 八키 ,
H

=
{g : y H }c H

H en ce m I(H D A
N o w ,
ta ke a n y lı H

S in ce f i8 su r ec j t iv e ,

ヨエ A s 上 了闾 一 h H

T hu s f tÆ H )

f (￡ ) E f (f ' (H )) (B y definition n (i))

: h l (l ln n '

P c f (f '

H 一
f (尸 圃园
H e n c e
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EXPle o f f (n o t j
s ıır e c t iv e )s t th e a bov e do e sn
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t h o ld

r引 1 A r i飞 回 飞 门 ( 哩 イ飞 飞 歹r r n 飞

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EXPle o f f (n o t j
su r ec t iv e )s t th e a bov e do esn
'
t h o ld

I A > B s ţ l(0 ) = $ tı) - 1

W e ha v e t o fin d 八八 H ))

N o te l' tH ) -
ţa A l(z ) H \

f ' (H ) = Đ j

E x

@ f : A B in je c t iv e ,
E C A

T o s how th a t : f ' (f (E )) = E

Let Æ I' ll (E ))

R 7 + e n n o ( ie n n n T ı n

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E x ©
f :A B in je c t iv e E Ç A
,

T o s ho w th a t : f ' (f (E )) = E

Let T J' lI LE N

B u t s in c e f is o n » o n e

Æ =
y E

x E

ı
A {E ))
N o w ,
L et Æ E E ,

C la im z 罗
ı
tl ļ E ))

S in ce Æ E ,

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E x

@ f : A B in je c t iv e E ,
C A

T o s ho w th a t: f ' (f (E )) - E

B u t s in c e f is o n » o n e

æ =
y E

x E

( E D
N o w ,
L et Æ E ,

C \a in ı z J' lL ĻE N

S in ce = E ,

f tz ) J ĻE )

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tł D R J E A O b U *

a ) S in f is in je c t iv e
ce ,
th e n r e a c h y E R (f ) t h e r e e x is te u n iq u e = E A
eu ch t h a t f (= ) y = .

リ ー
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本 y 一
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b )f is b ü e c t iv e 4 f is in je c t iv e

L et h , 92 R TÏ ) ųi =
1 (l l ) , 92 -
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to r 8o n【
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8 2 A
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N o te th a t f is a w e ll d e fin e d fu n c t io n o n R (f ) s in c e f is in je c t iv e

Su ppo 8e

ı ı ' '
1 (y ı) =
1 (o 2 ) 本 厂 ll レ1 l) 一
歹 ll レ21 (リ主 罗江i) i と 马
一
，
ー
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￡l = ￡2 (P r o p e r t y fr o m a ) Æ f ' (f (z ))) =

1 1
T h e r e fo re , f i8 m in je c t io n S in ce f i8 eu r ec j t iv e ,
th e n f is d e fin e d o n

R (八 一 B

It r e n ıa in s to sho w e tır e cj t iv it y

歹 リゴ 昀)
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ı
T h e r e fo re ,
fo r eac h z A th e re ex is t s y E B su ch th a t f (y ) = z

R E S U LT

S e e th e explation .

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◆ f A + B & g : B > C ? e b ije c t iv e

T o s ho w 9 o f : A + C i8 b ije c t iv e

O n 》 to o n e : For T A , y A

Ł
g 0 $)lz ) =
(9 0 l)(y )

本 g? ļ 幼) 一
g ? 切11

f( ) = f (y ) (g is in je c t iv e )

Æ =
y (f i8 in je c t iv e )
So , 9 o f is in je c t iv e (ie o n æ to o n e )
O n to

ł' o r a n y z C ,
by o n to n ess o fg ,
3y B 8 t g (y ) = z N o w ,
fo r y ,
by
o n to n es s o f f ,
Ĵ ￡ A 8 t f (￡ ) =
y So ,
w e ha v e
,

9 o 11Ļエ) 一
夕 l エ11 一
夕切) 一 名

H e n c e , g o f i8 su r e c j t iv e (ie a n to )

So , 9 o f ie a ls o b ije c t iv e

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 P a r t a )

Su pp ose g o f is iq je c t iv e L e t z , y A eu c h th a t

z =
y (9 o f i8 in je c t iv e )

T h e r e fo re ,
f is in je c t iv e

P a r t b )

Su pp o se 9 o f i8 B lı j
r ec t iv e T hen ,
fo r a n y z E C th e re ex is t e Æ A e u ch

th a t

z =
(g o l)(T ) z =
g jl (Æn

T h e r e fo re ,
if w e d e fin e y = f (￡ ) ,
fo r a n y z C th e re ex is t s y B su c h th a t
g (y ) = z ,
t h a t is , 9 is j
su r ec t iv e

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 P ro o f

' ' '

f (g (H )) =
{a A : f (a ) g (H )} (c )

T h e r e fo re ,
s in c e z w as bitrary ,

' ' '

L9 o ı) LH ) ç 1 (g Ł
H N

' '
T a ke a n y T E f (g (H )) T h e n b y definition c )
,
w e ha v e

A g a in ,
b y d e fin it io n (b ) ,
w e ha v e

g lĵ lz D e H tg o ï ìlz ) H

A g a jn ,
b y definition ° ) w e ha v e

'
a Ls o !1 W 1

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 H W Ų 11 L

'
g (H ) =
{b ĉ B : g (b ) H } (b )
'
go (a D H J (ac) g (H )

' '
C la im (ii): f (g (H )) c (g o f ) ' (H )

' '
T a ke a n y ￡ f (g (H )) T h e n b y definition c ),
w e hav e

'
1 (T ) g LH )

A g a in ,
b y d e fin it io n (b ) ,
w e hav e

g jl (z n H Ļg o l)(T ) H

A g a in ,
b y d e fin it io n (a ) w e hav e

'
T (9 o 1) (H )
T h e r e fo re ,
s in c e z w as a r b it r a r y ,

' ' '

Ĵ Ł
g w n Ç Ĺ9 0 $) W )

B y s ho w in g t h e t w o in c h ıs io n s in re d, w e hav e p ro v e n e qu a lit y o f s e ts

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R E S U LT

S e e th e ex p la n a t io n .

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