Analysis and Design of RE Wall and Retaining Wall

Analysis and Design of RE Wall and Retaining Wall
A
DISSERTATION
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
(Transportation Engineering)
BY
Jyoti Prakash
(Roll No. 210064)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. PRAVEEN AGGARWAL
Associate Professor
Civil Engineering Department
National Institute of Teclinology
Kurukshetra
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KURUKSHETRA -136119
Page i
2i ^
-V^?
'•îrsH
CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in this dissertation entitled
"Analysis and Design of RE Wall and Retaining Wall " in partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of Technology in Civil
Engineering (Transportation Engineering), National Institute of Technology,
Kurukshetra is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period
from Dec 2011 to May 2012 under the supervision & guidance of Dr. Praveen
Aggarwal, Associate Professor ,Civil Engineering Department, National Institute
of Technology, Kurukshetra-1.3 6119.
The matter presented in this dissertation has not been submitted by me for the
award of any other degree of this or any other institute.
•if:. ',
(Jyoti Prakash)
210064
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the
best of my knowledge.
\J M ( > M X J I / V J
Date; 3> l^*^ - 12_ (Dr. Praveen AggarwW)

Supervisor
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ACICiNOWLEDEMENTS
I take this opportunity to express my sincere & heartfelt gratitude to my guide
Dr. Praveen Aggarwal, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra for his valuable guidance,
constmctive suggestions & consistent inspiration in developing this dissertation
work. His magnanimous generosity & keen interest helped me in all my endeavors.
Wlierever I was stuck up during the research work I found him available to provide
his categorical help.
I am highly indebted to Dr. D.K. Soni, HOD, Department of Civil

Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra for his administrative
help & support to carry out the research work.
My thanks are also due to the faculty and the staff members of Civil
Engineering Department for their help throughout the dissertation work.
I could not have completed my thesis without the support of my colleague and
friends.
Thanks to my wife & children who have supported me from the beginning,
without their love, encouragement and co-operation it would not be possible for me
to complete this work on time.
(Jyoti Prakash)
Roll No. 210064
Page iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION 1
1.2 HIGHWAY SIGNIFICANCE 2
1.3 WHY THE RETAINING WALL 2
1.4 IMPORTANCE OF REASERCH TOPIC 3
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4
1.6 PRESENTATION OF THE RESEARCH WORK 4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 HISTORY OF RETAINING STRUCTURE 5
2.2 APPLICATION OF RETAINING/RE WALL 9
2.3 MATERIAL USED IN RETAINING WALLS 10
2.4 TYPES OF RETAINING STRUCTURES 11
2.5 VARIOUS FORCES THAT ACT ON THESE STRUCTURES 11
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF RCC RETAINING WALL 13
3.1 INTRODUCTION 13
3.2 TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS 13
3.3 COMPONENTS OF RCC RETAINING WALLS 15
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3.4 BATTER IN RCC RETAINING WALLS 15
3.5 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF RCC RETAINING WALL 15
3.5.1 EXCAVATION & GROUND PREPARATION 16
3.5.2 CONSTRUCTION OF BASE & RAFT FOUNDATION
WITH PANELS 17
3.5.3 DRAINAGE OF RETAINING WALL 20
3.6 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 23
3.6.1 STEPS OF DESIGN 23
3.7 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL FOR 4.5M HEIGHT FROM GL 24
CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF RE WALL 34
4.1 INTRODUCTION 34
4.2 COMPONENTS OF RE WALL 34
4.3 BATTER IN RE WALL 35
4.4. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF RE WALL 35
4.4.1 EXCAVTION & GROUND PREPARATION 36
4.4.2 CONSTRUCTION OF LEVELING PAD 37
4.4.3 PLACEMENT OF FILL UP TO THE TOP OF THE
LEVELING PAD 38
4.4.4 CASTING, CURING & HANDLING OF MODULAR
BLOCKS 38
4.4.5 ERECTION OF FIRST COURSE OF MODULAR BLOCKS 40
4.4.6 ERECTION OF SUBSEQUENT COURSES OF MODULAR
BLOCKS 40
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4.4.7 PLACEMENT OF FILTER MEDIA 41
4.4.8 PLACEMENT & COMPACTION OF FILL 42
4.4.9 INSTALLING THE GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT 46
4.4.10 PLACEMENT OF DRAINAGE BAY 48
4.4.11 CASTING OF COPING BEAM 48
4.4.12 QUALITY CONTROL 48
4.5 MANUAL DESIGN CALUCULATION GEOSYNTHETIC
REINFORCED SOILWALL 54
CHAPTER 5 COST ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION 66
5.1 COST ANALYSIS OF RCC RETAINING WALL _ 61
5.2 COST ANALYSIS OF RE WALL 75
5.3 CONCLUSION 79
REFERENCES 80
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Description Page No.
3.1 Calculation of Forces & Moments due to Vertical Forces in RCC Retaining
Wall 27
3.2 Vertical Components of Earth Pressure in RCC Retaining Wall 28
3.3 Horizontal Components ofEarth Pressure in RCC Retaining Wall 28
3.4 Calculation of Design Pressures in RCC Retaining Wall 31
3.5 Horizontal Pressure in RCC Retaining Wall 32
4.1 Type and Number of Passes 42
4.2 Tests on Reinforced and Retained fill 49
4.3 Tests on Embankment fill 49
4.4 Detail of Soil Data 55
4.5 Properties of Geogrid 56
4.6 Co-efficients of Interaction 56
4.7 Partial Factors (BS 8006: 1995) 57
4.8 Partial Load Factor for Load combination associated with Walls 58
4.9 Checking of Stability 64
4.10 Checking of Horizontal Width of Reinforcing Element 65
5.1 Cost Analysis of Retaining Wall 67
5.2 Cost Analysis for 5.0 mtr. Height of RCC Retaining Wall 70
5.3 Cost Analysis for 6.0 mtr. Heiglit of RCC Retaining Wall 71
5.5 Cost Analysis for 8.0 mtr. Heiglit of RCC Retaining Wall 73
5.7 Quantity Calculation of Different Height of RE Wall 75
5.8 Cost Analysis of 5.0 mtr. Height of RE Wall 76
5.9 Cost Analysis of Different Height of RE Wall 77
5.10 Cost Comparison 79
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LiST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Description Page No.
1.1 Needs of Retaining/RE Wall 3

2.1 First Stage Development of Retaining Wall (Stone Masonry) 6
2.2 Second Stage Development of Retaining Wall (PCC) 7
2.3 Final Stage Development of RCC Retaining Wall (RCC) 7
2.4 A typical RE Wall 8
3.1 RCC Retaining Wall Initial Stage 21
3.2 RCC Retaining Wall Intermediate Stage 22
3.3 RCC Retaining Wall Final Stage 22
3.4 Dimensions of Retaining Wall 25
3.5 . Design Pressure in the RCC Retaining Wall 29
4.1 Precast Fascia Blocks 34
4.2 Geogrid & Geotextile 35
4.3 Leveling Pad & Placing of Blocks 38
4.4 Stacking Arrangement of Blocks 39
4.5 Erection of Subsequent Blocks & Placing of Filter Media 41
4.6 Placement of Geogrid 47
4.7 Various Materials used and their specifications 50
4.8 Plan of RE Wall 50
4.9 Longitudinal Section of RE Wall 51
4.10 Plan of Precast Fascia Block used in RE Wall 51
4.11 Elevation of Precast Fascia Block used in RE Wall 52
4.12 Isometric View of Precast Fascia Block used in RE Wall 52
4.13 3D View of Arranged of Precast Fascia Block used in RE Wall 53
4. ] 4 Plan of Precast Fascia Blocks Erected 53
4.15 Connection between Precast Fascia Blocks and Geogrid 54
5.1 Section of Retaining wall for Cost Analysis 69
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Chapter 1 Introduction
i.I Importance of Traiisportation:-
A country cannot develop without a developed transportation system. Development of

roads facilitates utilisation of natural resources lying unutilized in different hills,
mountains, forests and mines. Transportation system helps to send raw materials, fuel and
machineries to different industries at right time and runs the industry.
Transportation system helps to raise the production of raw materials, fuels and
machineries etc. by providing market to it. Transportation system widens the size of the
market. Due to selling of commodities in an extensive manner in large areas, it leads to
large-scale production.
A developed transportation system reduces regional industrial disparity by facilitating

establishment of industries in backward areas, because the backward area is brought
nearer to developed area with the help of a developed transportation system by sending
raw-materials to the backward industrial centre and by selling the products of industries
in different areas.
Transportation system helps to solve the problem of unemployment in rural areas by

sending surplus labourers to the industries and it also solves the needs of industries.
Development of transportation system also leads to development of industries because
transportation system utilizes the product of industries.
Different machineries and raw materials are supplied through roads, ships, motors, buses,
trains, aeroplanes to industries. It shows that transportation system of a country affects
economic development of a countiy in different manner.
Transportation system is regarded as a strong pillar to protect the people from the
difficulties of war, natural calamities and other problems. Transfer of military equipment,
soldiers and war heads during war is possible only through a developed transportation
system. A developed transportation system is necessaiy to send necessary helps to the
affected people during the period of natural calamities.
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Along this, transportation system helps to establish relationship among people from
different parts of the countiy and strengthens the feeling of unity and brotherhood among
the people. Lastly it makes Nation one and undivided.
|1.2 Highway Significance:-
The transportation by highways has the maximum flexibility for travel with reference of
route, direction, time and speed of travel. Highway transportation is having wider
network in reference to the variance of topography of the countiy. Highway construction
is easy, economical and less time consuming activity in comparison to the railway, metro
rail and airway construction. The development of road network is very much essential for
overall growth of that area. In world around 70% people uses road network for
transportation and in India 75% people & 85% goods depends on highway transportation
system.
1.3 Why the Retaining Wall:-
All highways which were constructed in and around of any cities/towns are almost
reached their design capacity due to messy growth of Indian cities/towns and traffic their
in especially at intersections. In this scenario traveling on highways with design speed is
practically not possible and time taken by travelers from one place to another is more
than desired. To get rid of this problem highway design engineer started thinking to
reduce the time of travel. For this time consumed at intersections need to be reduced.
This gives them an idea to elevate the highway from one another i.e. introduction of
grade separated intersections.
In earlier days land was not in that scarcity & the cost of land was also less, therefore
natural slopes on approaches of structures were preferred. But this idea fails in cities and
towns due to non availability of land for natural slopes on embankments and approaches
of structures fewer lands available for grade separation from at grade. To fulfill these
requirements we develop an idea to construct a masoni^ wall. Then in further
development stages came in mind to restrain the approach with Reinforced Cement
Concrete (RCC) Retaining Wall. Construction of RCC Retaining Wall requires huge
Steel, Concrete, Form Work and Manpower. In order to economize highway construction
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concept of Reinforced Earth Wall (RE Wall) were developed. Construction of RE Wall is
time wise economical also as compared to RCC Wall.
Other application of retaining structure include safety from washed out^due to storm
water in heavy rainfall area, in water logged area, in flood prone zone, in cut or fill
section to avoid rock falling or to avoid movement of rock, development of park, gardens
in hilly area, to construct the walkway along the river or seashore, to facilitate the parking
capacity with aesthetic view in hilly area. For the construction of Dam for power
production and irrigation purpose.
p-™, . w r * ' ? « M * ^
Figure 1.1 Needs of Retaining/RE Wall
1.4 Importance of Research Topic:-
A research work was carried out to study about the material required for the construction
of reinforced earth wall and its specifications and also the construction methodology
adopted. A cost and time comparison study was also carried out between reinforced
earthen wall and conventional retaining wall, and it was found that the cost for the
construction of reinforced earthen walls was approximately 20% less than the cost of
conventional RCC Retaining Wall. From the time comparison study it was observed that
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the time required for construction of reinforced earthen walls was more when compared
to the construction of retaining walls however time can be reduced if both the activities
casting and erection runs parallel. If the wall height is more than 5.0 mtr. then Reinforced
Earth Walls are preferred in the context of their stability, and also in its capacity to
reduce the future settlement of pavement by controlling the erosion of soil fill with the
help of geotextile placed between the soil fill and drainage aggregate.
1.5 Scope of the Study:-
In this study different components of RCC and RE Wall is considered like Steel,
Concrete, Form work, Geogrids, Filter Media, Backfill material and ground Safe Bearing
Capacity. A sample design (jf both RCC and RE Wall of 6.5 mtr. and 9.0 mtr. height was
carried out. A cost comparison of the two i.e. RCC and RE Wall is also carried out for
different heights ranging frohi 5.0 to 9.0 mtr.
1.6 Presentation of the Research Work:-
The study undertaken for the research has been worked out in five chapters.
Chapter 1 "Introduction" it gives an over view about the ways and means of the work has
been executed, dissertation topic and its importance, objectives of research work and
scope of research work.
Chapter 2 "Literature Review" it gives an idea about histoiy of Retaining Structure,

types, uses, and materials used in it.
Chapter 3 "Design of RCC Retaining Wall" it gives an idea for design of RCC Retaining
Wall, the basic steps to design and procedure adopted.
Chapter 4 "Design of RE Wall" it gives an idea for design of RE wall, the basic steps to
design and procedure adopted.
Chapter 5 "Cost Analysis and Conclusion" in this chapter a cost comparisons of RCC and
RE Wall of different heights ranging from 5.0 to 9.0 mtr. has been carried out with
conclusion.
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Chapter 2 Literature Review
*2il History of Retailing Strtict
Being always at the mercy of a new discovei^, we shall never know for sure when the
first retaining wall was constructed. As soon as man became sedentaiy, in fact, which
was towards the end of the tenth millennium B.C., he set about building defences by
raising obstacles that were difficult to climb. These defensive constructions were
followed by monuments with a religious purpose inspired by the myth of the ascension
towards the heavens.
It would appear that the first examples of the idea of providing a vertical support for a
mass of materials are to be found among the megalithic monuments on the Atlantic coast
of Europe: a typical example is the New- grange Cairn in Ireland, erected in the fourth
millennium B.C.
In 27 BC, the Roman emperor Augustus supposedly took the unfathomable decision to
build in the middle of nowhere the grandest and mightiest temple of antiquity, the
Temple of Jupiter, whose platform, and big courtyard are retained by three walls
containing twenty-seven limestone blocks, unequal in size anywhere in the world, as they
all weigh in excess of 300 metric tons.
This way the concepts were develop to construct the walls for safety from enemies, land
sliding and flood. These are the great walls constructed around the world for the same
purpose:-
• Aurelian Walls of Rome

• Cairo great wall, Egypt
• The Great Wall of China, China
• Berlin Wall in Germany 1961-1989 (in concrete: 1975-1989)
• Frontier Closed Area along Hong Kong-China border
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Then started construction of earth retaining for passage of houses especially on hillock, to
keep farms earth intact on elevation, to beautify the boundaiy wall and to develop the
park, walkway along the lake. With big & heavier stones boulder (With larger base) at
the bottom to get more stability.
Figure: - 2.1 First Stage Development of Retaining Wall (Stone Masonry)
This construction methodology was time taken and costly, then we started thinking for
alternative and we use plain concrete in construction of wall.
Mass concrete construction takes place as Krishna Raja Sagar Dam in the year 1911 and
subsequently at Bhakra Nangal Dam in the year 1948. Then once again researchers are
under pressure to reduce the mass concrete by using steel to get economy and time
saving. Exactly this was the periods when development of RCC Retaining Wall started.
(Figure 2.1 to Figure 2.3)
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Figure: - 2.2 Second Stage Development of Retaining Wall (PCC)
Figure: - 2.3 Final Stage Development of Retaining Wall (RCC)
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The first RE Wali in the USA was built in the year 1971 on State Route 39 near Los
Angeles. The highest RE Wall built in the USA is of 30 mtr.
The first Reinforced Soil Wall in India was constructed using paraweb as reinforcement
by Soil Structures International Ltd. in the year 1988, at ROB on GT Road (National
Highway No. 1) in Ludhiana, Punjab with maximum height of 10 mtr.
Figure: - 2.4 A typical RE Wall
Advancement in construction of RE Wall:-
Now a day's wherever the construction for widening of highway is going on there we are
using RE Walls. (Figure 2.4)
Several highway projects are listed below where the construction of RE Wall is adopted
in approaches of structure.
(i) 4 laning of Jetpur-Somnath section of NH-8D in the State of Gujrat

(Approved length 128 KM)
(ii) 4 Laning of Chappra-Hajipur section of NH-19 in the State of Bihar
(Approved length 153 KM)
Pages
(iii)Four lanning of Ludliiyana- Talwandi section of NH-95 in the State of Punjab
(Approved Lengtli 78 KM)
(iv)Six lanning of Panipat-Jalandhar section of NH-1 in the State of Haryana &
Punjab (Approved length 291 KM)
(v) Six lanning of Kishangarh-Ajmer-Beawar section of NH-8 in the State of
Rajasthan (Approved length 93 KM)
Asia's biggest geogrid reinforced retaining wall with a length of 2156 intr. and maximum
height of 80 mtr. is coming up at Sikkim's Greenfield Airport. This construction is in
progress at Pakyong near to Gangtok by Punjloyd Ltd.
2.2 Application of Rctaining/RE Wall:-

Earth embankments/slopes are commonly required on railways, roads, earth dams etc.
The stability of these slopes must therefore be thoroughly analysed as their failure may
lead to loss of human life as well as economic loss.
A retaining wall is a stabilizing structure used to hold sloping ground in place and to
prevent the erosion and the movement of soil. A retaining wall must be substantial and
sturdy in structure in order to accommodate and redistribute lateral pressure caused by
slopes. It is normally designed with seepage holes, which allow collected ground water to
escape. This releases the additional pressure created by accumulated water and helps
keep the retaining wall stable.
Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes. They are used
to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing
undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and
engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses.
A retaining wall can be a series of "steps" or tiers, which allows for a more attractive
design as well as more efficient erosion control. The design can include different types of
plantings, flowers or materials in each tier to bring more texture, color and interest to the
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area. Aside from the aesthetic value, a tiered design also provides better erosion control
by breaking down the amount of soil, and therefore pressure, held by each division of the
retaining wall.
In another way Retaining walls are a great way to add visual interest to a garden or to
create separate levels on a sloping block in order to maximise the usable garden space.
2.3 Materials Used in Retaining WaHs:-
The most commonly used materials in retaining walls include.
• Stone retaining walls: stone can be used for both decorative and structural walls
and stone retaining walls are veiy durable and can last many years, in some cases,
as long as the home. There are two types of stone retaining walls - wet and dry.
Wet stone uses mortar or other fixatives and thus is suitable for the more
structural walls that need to hold back a large volume of earth. D17 stone walls
are where the stone is fitted together without actually using any form of fixative.
• Timber retaining walls; timber does not last as long as other materials used in
retaining walls and it generally has a lifespan of around ten to twenty years. If
using timber, ensure that it is suitable for soil contact and that it is of at least a H4
rating. If the timber is being cut at all, the ends will need to be painted with a
treatment solution.
• Brick retaining walls: brick retaining walls are strong and last for a long time, but
may turn out to be more costly than stone or concrete blocks. If using brick it is
important to get the foundations right as movement can cause a great amount of
damage to the wall.
• Concrete retaining walls: concrete is a great option for a retaining wall, as it is

durable and long-lasting, which is very important considering retaining walls are
exposed to moisture and soil. Concrete retaining walls are made in many forms
including sleepers and pre-cast slabs.
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iA Types of Retainiihg Structures:^
- Gravity walls
- Pre-cast crib walls
- Gabion walls
- Reinforced concrete walls
- Sheet pile walls
- RE walls (mechanically stabilized)
- Slurry and Secant Walls
- Soil nailing
2.5 Various Forces Acting on These Structures:-
There are a number of forces that act on the retaining wall. Some are relatively
constant while others intensity may vary due to factors such as weather.
These forces are:-

(i) Weiglit of the wall
This force acts on the gravity centroid of the section.
(ii) Pressure of the retained soil
(iii) The pressures on the foundation

They are usually considered as being linearly distributed in the form of a
trapezoidal shape.
(iv) The pressure of the soil against the front of the wall
The soil on the front of the wall exerts a passive force (resistance) against
the active force of the retained soil. This force is usually neglected due to
the uncertainty of its magnitude.
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(v) The loads on the retained soil
(vi) Forces due to water

If there's a body of water on the back of the wall, there'll be hydrostatic
pressure acting on it.
(vii)Subpressures
When the drainage under the wall is not adequate or is damaged, it can lead
to storage of water in that zone. If the foundation is impervious the water
will flow until it will emerge on the frontal part of the soil. If the foundation
is pervious, the water will generate pressure against the wall.
(viii) Vibration
They are produced by traffic, power plants, and others. Frequently,
vibrations effects on retaining walls are neglected because of their little
contribution. In some cases, engineers simply use the magnitude instead of
the normal component of the pressures of the retained soil on the wall.
(ix) Stresses due to frozen water

If the drainage is not adequate, when the water freezes it will produce
expansions of the retained soil.
(x) Expansions due to changes of humidity on the retained soil

On clayey soils the expansions produce an increase of the pressures exerted
by the retained soil on the wall. When the soil dries up, it contracts and the
pressures decrease accordingly. If this process keeps repeating, it can be
harmful for the wall. This effect is more intense on the surface, and then it
decreases with depth.
There is no safe method available to calculate the increase of pressure due

to humidity. However, they should be prevented by including coarse-
grained soils stratums.
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Chapter 3 Design of RCC Retaining Wall
3.1 Introduction:-
Retaining Walls are structures designed to restrain soil, rock or other materials to
unequal level of ground or unnatural slopes. They are used to bound soils between
two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in
areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more
specific purposes like roadway overpasses, steep slopes around homes, parks, and
walkways around river areas.
This retaining wall can be made from stone, sheet piles, wooden plank, plain cement
concrete (PCC) and Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC).
A RCC retaining wall is a stabilizing structure used to hold sloping ground in place
and to prevent the erosion and the movement of soil. A RCC retaining wall must be
substantial and sturdy structure in order to accommodate and redistribute lateral
pressure caused by sloping. It is normally designed with seepage holes, which allow
collected ground water to escape. This releases the additional pressure created by
accumulated water and helps keep the retaining wall stable.
RCC retaining walls are commonly used to level or retain slopes and give them a
more vertical character. Generally, the more restricted or congested the site, the
greater the need for retaining walls to provide usable space for landscape purposes.
|.2 Types of Retaining Walls:-
Following types of retaining walls are generally used.
(i) Gravity Walls: - Gravity walls are the earliest known retaining structures.
They are built from solid concrete or rock rubble mortared together. The
lateral force from backfill is resisted by weight of wall itself and due to
their massive nature they develop little or no tension. Therefore, they are
Page 13
usually not reinforced with steel. Gravity walls are economical for heights
up to 3 m (10 ft).
(ii) Semi-gravity Walls:- A specialized fonii of gravity walls is a semi-gravity
retaining wall. These have some tension reinforcing steel included so as to
minimize the thickness of the wall without requiring extensive
reinforcement. They are a blend of the gravity wall and the cantilever wall
designs.
(iii) Cantilever Walls: - Cantilever retaining walls are constructed of reinforced
concrete. They consist of a relatively thin stem and a base slab. The base is
also divided into two parts, the heel and toe. The heel is the part of the
base under the backfill. The toe is the other part of the base.
• Use much less concrete than monolithic gravity walls, but require
more design and careful construction.
• Generally economical up to about 25 ft. in height.
The resistance to sliding of a cantilever type of retaining wall is sometimes

increased by providing vertical projection known as key at the base. The
key may be provided near the toe, near heel or at the middle of base.
(iv) Counterfort retaining Walls: - Counterfort retaining walls are similar to

cantilever walls except they have thin vertical concrete webs at regular
intervals along the backside of the wall. These webs are known as
counterforts.
• The counterforts tie the slab and base together, and the purpose of
them is to reduce the shear forces and bending moments imposed
on the wall by the soil. A secondai7 effect is to increase the weight
of the wall from the added concrete.
• Counterfort retaining walls are more economical than cantilever
walls for heights above 25 ft.
Page 14
(v) Buttressed Wails:- A buttressed wall is similar to counterfort type of wall
but in this case counterforts are placed on the front of the wall and are
known as buttresses rather than counterforts. In this type of wall heel
projection is small and hence backfill contributes less to the stability of
wall. Also buttress reduce clearance in front of the wall. These types of
walls are rarely used.
3.3 Components of RCC Retaining Wails>
• Soil
• Stone
• Cast in situ panels frames
• Steel
• Concrete
3.4 Batter in RCC Retaining Wall:-
RCC Retaining Wall is given a batter of V". Back of the Retaining Wall is not kept
vertically straight as the pressure of soil is more at the bottom therefore it is kept inclined
to avoid overturning.
3.5 Construction Procedure of RCC JRetaining Wall:-'
Various steps involved in the construction of RCC retaining Wall include Excavation &
Ground Preparation, Construction of Base & Raft Foundation with Panels, Concreting
Foundation, Curing, Placing of Filter Media and Backfilling etc. (Figure 3.1 to 3.3).
These procedures are briefly explained as under.
Page 15
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3.5.1 Excavation & Ground Preparation:-
Construction Procedure
(i) To provide the required embedment for tlie reinforced soil wall (RSW) below
the existing/finished ground / service road level. The minimum embedment
depth measured from the bottom of the leveling pad is 1.0 m (except in the
case of a competent rock stratum being encountered at shallower depths).
(ii) To remove all kinds of unsuitable soils and other materials which could have a
deleterious impact on the constructability, stability, serviceability and
durability of the RSW and associated works - loose uncontrolled fills,
degradable materials like waste, rubbish etc., construction debris, organic soils
like peat, excessively soft and compressible soils like clays and silts, soils
prone to collapse under wetting.
(iii)To ensure that the founding stratum and the underlying strata would be able to
support the imposed loads without undergoing sliding, bearing, or deep seated
rotational failure and the resulting vertical and horizontal defonnations of the
ground will be within pennissible limits.
(iv)To ensure that the foundation soils would not undergo liquefaction during
earthquakes.
Page 16
Excavation;-Mark the lines of excavation on the ground as shown in drawings.
The required depth of excavation is generally kept at 1000 mm below the
OGL. Excavate the ground to the required width and depth.
3.5.2 Construction of Base & Raft Foundation with Panels:-
A base of 200mm thickness of M-15 grade of plain cement concrete is applied

by means of ready mix. Base is thoroughly compacted by needle vibrator,
leveled and finished to require level.
Reinforcement cutting as per bar bending schedule and transportation of same

at site is carried out.
Installation of Reinforcement:-After curing and setting of PCC,

Reinforcement is placed. Mortar spacer blocks shall be used to support the
bottom layers of reinforcement and to space reinforcement from edge forms.
The spacer blocks shall be selected to provide the correct cover to the bottom
of reinforcement. Setting out by the Sui-veyor shall be taken at the sides of the
element(s) onto the blinding, or concrete element leaving permanent
markings. Reinforcement shall then be installed. Cleanliness during fixing of
the reinforcement is a priority. Any rubbish or loose particles are not to be
dropped in the pour area. The pour area should be cleared of rubbish / loose
debris before concrete placement. Where reinforcement is used to secure
shuttering or cast-in items and the welding may be detrimental to the
reinforcement bar, a dummy reinforcement bar shall be fixed.
Installation of Shuttering:-Setting out of alignment and beam soffit leveling is

adjusted to its required lines and grades to meet the design requirement.
Shuttering is constructed to meet sizes, shapes, lines and dimensions shown
on the drawings as required. Shuttering shall be deemed to include all fonners
for openings, recesses, keyways, mouldings, chamfers, etc. All joint formers,
moldings, chamfers shall be connected and tightening with bolt and nut.
Shuttering shall be cleaned and coated with an approved release agent prior to
Page 17
installation of reinforcement. Tied od shall be supplied and used for
tightening work.
Concreting Foundation; - The interior of forms shall be cleaned thoroughly

from trash, stone pieces and wood pieces. The surface and reinforcement shall
be cleaned with air blasts from compressor prior to concrete pouring. The
concrete slump shall be comply to the re(ûirement and it can be easily placed
without segregation. The load shall be accepted if the concrete slump at the
slump station is within tolcance for the design mix ordered. If the slump is
not in the tolerance, the lc"d shall be rejected. Concrete loads older than 120
minutes from time of ba' 'ling shall be rejected for normal concrete when air
temperature is 90° F c higher. The concrete shall be thoroughly agitated but
not over vibrated. C .icrete pump or mobile crane with concrete bucket shall
be used during cc creting work. Ensure the vibrating work cany out after
eveiy casting, thi. to avoid honey comb occur. Concrete shall be deposited not
exceeding shuttf^ring height and at layers not exceeding 300mm. Concrete
shall be deposited as quickly as practicable in its final position to avoid
segregation d' ; to re-handling. Concrete that has partially hardened or been
contaminated nth foreign materials shall not be deposited in the structure.
While concreting, necessary precautions need to be taken to ensure that the
reinforcement are not punctured by needle vibrators. In the event of rain
occurring during a pour, the live faces of the layers of concrete will be kept as
close as possible to minimize the exposed horizontal concrete to the rain.
Where possible the pour rate shall be slov/ed, particularly considering the life
of the concrete should increase due to the moisture in the air. Where the pour
rate is slowed, additional retarder (which has been approved by the Client and
complied with the contract specification requirements) is to be added to the
mix to keep the concrete live longer. Generally free water in forms shall be
blown to the edge of the pours and removed.
Curing: - The entire casting shall be covered by using Hessian Cloth. In

summer, the Hessian cloth shall be dripped wet over it; also for better result
Page 18
sprinkler system can be used. The curing period slialJ be at least every three
hours, for a minimum of 7 days. In winter, the wetting may be delayed as per
requirement. Curing of the Casting of concrete shall start immediately after
the 8-10 hour of placing of concrete.
Dismantling of Shuttering: - Once the concreting of each lift wall is done, the
side fontiwork can start uninstall after 24 hours of concreting work. This shall
exclude the soffit panel of beam. Working platform shall be dismantled
initially from the side shuttering for next climb of lift wall. Turn buckles prop
shall be loosed and removed from the side shuttering. Side shuttering shall be
dismantled concurrently with the turn buckles prop and released part by part.
Shuttering shall be cleaned up after used.
Filter Media:- The filter media materials shall be coarse sand and it shall
prevent escape of the embankment material through the voids of the Filter
Media and as well as to allow free movement of water without creating any
uplift head. The material should fulfill the requirements as per MOSRTH,
Clause No: 309.3.2.
Generally Filter Media Materia! fulfills the requirements with the blending of
40mm Aggregates - 40%, 20mm Aggregates - 30%, 10mm Aggregates -
20% and stone Dust - 10%.
Acceptance Criteria: - The gradation of the Filter Media will be satisfying the
following requirements.
DlSiFiUer)
(i) DB5(Base} <5
DlS(Filter)
(ii) 4< t>15i:Baseri <20
gSOCFtiter)
(iii) DSOCBaê) <25
Page 19
Backfilling: - The backfilling material shall befi"oiTiapproved borrow materials as
per IRC: 78-2000, Appendix-6, Table-1. Suitable material shall be applied for
better embankment and well compaction shall be carried out for eveiy 200mm.
Backfilling and compaction shall be stopped at the level of 300mm below the
weep hole. Please refer to the method statement of filling embankment work. As
per above sequence since material received on site, the mix of filter media shall
be checked and confirmed the design is followed. The 1st layer of filter media
shall be spread uniformly 200mm thick and 200mm wide align with the structural
wall. To avoid mixing of 1st layer and 2nd layer of filter media, temporary
support shall be placed between the filter Medias before the similar work of
200mm thick and 200mm wide 2nd layer of filter media applied. Temporary
support shall be applied again to retain the 2nd layer of filter media and the 3rd
layer Dust shall be followed up and applied with the similar method. The backfill
material can be spread out uniformly with 200mm thickness. After spreading
work temporary support must remove before the compaction work. The same
sequence of work shall be carried on once the compaction of eveiy layer has
done. The level of backfilling shall be well controlled to ensure the compaction
work achieve the uniform level. Watering shall be done as per the requirement
considering O.M.C., to achieve relative compaction. Rolling shall be carried out
by using small vibratoiy roller, plate compactor or vibratoiy rammer to compact
every layer of above mention thickness and achieve the relative compaction
density.
3.5.3 Drainage of Retaining Walls: -
When the backfill is submerged retaining wall is to be designed to resist

hydrostatic pressure in addition to pressure exerted by the submerged soil.
Surface or underground water may seep into backfill and this shall cause
hydrostatic pressure. In such cases retaining wall should be designed for earth
pressure and hydrostatic pressure. In case retaining wall is designed only for
earth pressure, effective drainage should be provided to prevent the water
Page 20
from accumulating at the back and thus coming in contact with the face of the
wall.
The drainage system of walls consists of three steps.
• Firstly effective drainage should be provided at surface to drain off surface

water.
• Secondly, a relatively impervious blanket should be provided at the top of the
backfill to reduce the seepage of water,
• Finally weep holes or weepers are provided inside the wall to drain off the
water that accumulates at the back of the wall.
Weep holes are generally formed by embedding 10 cm diameter pipes in the wall. The
vertical distance between horizontal rows of weep holes should not exceed about 1.5 m.
The horizontal spacing between weep holes depends upon the arrangement provided at
the back of the wall for seepage. Cheapest method is to provide gravel or crushed stone at
the intake end of the weep holes. The horizontal spacing of weep holes in this case is also
about 1.5 m.
Figure: - 3.1 RCC Retaining Wall Initial Stage
Page 21
,- '<
Figure: - 3.2 RCC Retaining Wall Intermediate Stage
Figure: - 3.3 RCC Retaining Wall Final Stage
Page 22
3.6 General Design Requircmcnts:-
To avoid failure of retaining wall following general requirements should be satisfied:-

The factor of safety against sliding should be at least 1.5 if the passive resistance of the
soil in front of the wall is neglected as it is possible that soil is removed by constructional
operation, scour etc. The factor of safety against sliding should be 2 if the passive
resistance of soil is taken into consideration.
• A factor of safety of 1.5 should be maintained against overturning. The bearing

pressure at toe should be within pennissible limits.
• The thickness of stem, heel and toe should be adequate to resist the bending
moments and shear forces to which they are subjected.
• A construction joint should be provided between base slab and upper portion of wall.
The construction joint should be capable of resisting the shear force caused by the
lateral pressure above the joint.
i3.6.1 Steps of Design:--

Design of Toe: -
The toe is subjected to upward pressure from the soil and self load which acts
downwards. The maximum Shear Force (S.F.) and Bending Moment (B.M.)
will occur at the face of the stem. Adequate depth and reinforcement is
provided to resist S.F. and B.M.
Design of Heel: -
The heel is subjected to upward pressure from the soil and downward load due
to self-weight and earth above the heel. Normally B.M. and S.F. are maximum
at the junction of heel with stem. The B.M. due to earth retained and self-load
shall be more than that due to upward pressure from soil. Adequate depth and
reinforcement are provided to resist S.F. and B.M.
Check against Sliding: -
The tendency of earth pressure is to slide the base. This effect is
counterbalanced by the friction between base and the soil. If |a is co-efficient of
friction, frictional resistance to sliding shall be (.iff, where W is the total
Page 23
vertical load. For safety ^W should be at least 1.5 times the horizontal
component of the earth pressure.
In case the frictional resistance is not sufficient, key is provided preferably

below the stem.
1.7 Design of Retaining Wall for 4.5 m Height from Ground Level (Figure 3.4)
Design Data:-
Note:-Level are indicative only.
Top level of retaining wall/construction joint = 100.000 m
Level of Road Crust at edge = 100.000 m
Ground level = 95.500 m
Founding level = 93.500 m
Service road level = 95.500 m
Height from top of road crust to founding level = 6.500 m
Total Height from top of wall to founding level = 6.50 m
Density of earth == I.80t/m^
Density of concrete = l.SOt/m^
Clear cover to Reinforcement = 0.040 m
Clear cover to Reinforcement for foundations = 0.075 m
Grade of concrete = 35 MPa
Allowable Stress in steel = 24000 t/m^ (Fe500)
Allowable stress in concrete = 1167t/m^
Safe bearing capacity (Assumed for design) = 25.0 t/m^
Safety factor against overturning = 2.0
Safety factor against sliding = 1.5
Page 24
Design Constants:-
For Grade of concrete = 35MPa
Modular Ratio m = 10.0
R 20.57
K 0.33
Lever arm factor J 0.89
Moment of resistance factor Q 170.0t/i
Calculation of Earth pressure coefficients

Angle of internal friction of soil O 30deg = 0.524 rad
Angle of wall friction 8 20.000 deg = 0.349 rad
Angle of incli. of soil at baci<^ i 26.565 deg = 0.464 rad
Angle of incli. of stem at back a 1.942 deg = 0.034 rad
Coefficient of active earth pressure ka 0.540

Coefficient of iiorz. Active earth pressure kah 0.510
Vertical component of active earth pressure kav 0.185
Coefficient of passive earth pressure kp 1.852
Coefficient of passive earth pressure kph 1.740
Figure: - 3.4 Dimensions of Retaining Wall
Page 25
Over all depth D = 6.500 m
Length of Base of Retaining wall B = 5.000m
Section modulus Z = 4.167 m
Length of Toe c = 1.400 m
Length of Heel a = 3.000 m
Thickness of Stem at base b = 0.600 m
Thickness of Straight portion of stem e = 0.400m
Ht. of straight portion of stem d5 = 0.000m
Minimum thickness of Toe slab dl = 0.3 m
Thickness of toe at junction with stem d3 = 0.6m
Minimum Heel thickness d2 = 0.3m
Thickness of Heel at junction with stem d4 = 0.6m
Height of ground level at toe side d6 = 2m
Angle of inclined stem with vertical = 0.034
Ht. of inclined potion of stem to base of footing = 6.500 m
Ht. of inclined potion of stem to top of footing = 5.900 m
Ht. of Anti Crash Barrier = 0.000 m
Page 26
Forces & Moments due to Vertical Forces
Calculation of Forces & Moments due to Vertical Forces in RCC Retaining Wail are
given in Table 3.1 below
Table: - 3.1 Calculation of Forces «& Moments due to Vertical Forces in RCC
Retaining Wall
C.G
Moment
Area Width Depth Density Weight From
S.No. Description About
Factor (m) (m) (t/m^) (t) Toe
Toe(t.m)
(m)
1 1.0 0.400 5.9 2.5 5.900 1.600 9.440
Wt of stem
2 0.5 0.200 5.9 2.5 1.475 1.867 2.753
3 0.5 3.000 0.3 2.5 1.125 3.000 3.375
Wt of heel slab
4 1.0 3.000 . 0.3 2.5 2.250 3.500 7.875
5 0.5 1.400 0.3 2.5 0.525 0.933 0.490
Wt of toe slab
6 1.0 1.400 0.3 2.5 1.050 0.700 0.735
7 Wt. of intimate. Portion 1.0 0.600 0.6 2.5 0.900 1.700 1.530
8 1.0 3.200 0 1.8 0.000 3.4 0.000
9 Wt. of soil above heel 0.5 0.200 5.9 1.8 1.062 1.933 2.053
10 slab 1.0 3.000 5.9 1.8 31.860 3.500 111.510
11 0.5 3.000 0.3 1.8 0.810 4.000 3.240
12 Wt. of soil above toe 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.8 3.528 0.700 0.176
13 slab 0.5 1.4 0.3 1.8 0.378 0.467 0.000
14 Wt. of crash barrier etc. - - - - 1.550 0.000
15 L.L. Sur. On heel 0.0 3.000 0 1.8 0.000 3.500 0.000
16 Top Bracket part 1 0.5 0 0 2.5 0.000 1.800 0.000
17 Top Bracket part 2 1.0 0 0 2.5 0.000 1.800 0.000
50.863 145.65
Page 27
Vertical Components of Earth Pressure
Calculation for Vertical Components of Earth Pressure in RCC Retaining Wall are
Table: - 3.2 Vertical Components of Earth Pressure in RCC Retaining Wall
Area Pressure Height Total C.G. Moment

S.No. Description factor kavyli (m) Force (t) From Toe About Toe
(m) (t.m)
Vertical earth Press due to
1 1 0.000 6.5 0.000 5 0.00
L.L. surcharge
Vertical earth Press due to
2 0.5 2.161 6.5 7.023 5 35.11
active earth press
Vertical earth press due to
3 0.5 0.857 0.8 -0.343 0 0.00
passive earth press
Total forces = 6.680 35.11
Total Vertical Load = 57.5431 Total Restoring Moment = 180.76 t.m
Horizontal Components of Earth Pressure

Calculation for Horizontal Components of Earth Pressure in RCC Retaining Wall are
Table: - 3.3 Horizontal Components of Earth Pressure in RCC Retaining Wall
C.G Moment
Area Pressure Height Total
S.No. Description From About Toe
factor kahyli (m) Force (t)
Toe (m) (t.m)
1 Horz press due to L.L. 1 0.000 6.5 0.000 3.25 0.00
surcharge
2 Horz press due to Active 0.5 5.967 6.5 19.393 2.730 52.94
Earth pressure
3 E.P force due to surcharge -2. - - - 0.00
effect of footpath load -
4 Horz. Press due to passive 0.5 2.506 0.8 -L002 0.267 -0.27
Earth pressure
Total forces = 18.390 t, Moment 52.67 t.m
Page 28
Horizontal Crash Force
Total overturning moment Mo = 52.67 tm Total vert, load V = 57.543 t
Total restoring moment Mr = 180.76 tm Total Horz. Force = 18.3901
Factor of safety against overturning Mr/Mo = 3.43 O.K. > 2
Check for sliding;

Coefficient of friction 0.500 (tanO)
Total vertical force 57.543 t
Resisting force 28.771
Factor of safety against sliding 1.56 O.K. > 1.5
C.G. of loads from toe = Mr/V 3.141m

Eccentricity of loads w.r.t c/1 raft 0.641 m
Moment about c/1 raft 36.904 t-m
Calculation of Base Pressure:-
Base pressure due to vertical load V/A 11.51
Max. Pressure 20.366 t/m^
Base pressure due to moment Mn/Z 8.857
Min. Base Pressure 2.652 t/m^
Design Pressure (Figure 3.5)
Calculation for Design Pressures in RCC Retaining Wall are given in Table 3.4 below
Toe
16.56
Point
Point
Figure: - 3.5 Design Pressure in the RCC Retaining Wall
Page 29
Design of Toe Slab:-
Reinforcement calculation
Bending Moment at face of stem = 14.54 t-m
Effective depth required = 0.292 m
Effective deptli provided at face of stem = 0.517 > reqd
.2
Areaof Reinforcement reqd.at bottom = 13.15 cm^
Diaof bar 1 provided = 16 mm
Effective area of bars = 3.14 cm
Spacing of bars required = 239 mm
Provide spacing for each bar = 150 mm
2
Areaof Reinforcement provided = 20.94 cm
Top Reinforcement
12mm dia @ 150mmc/c 7.54 cm2
Distribution Reinforcement
12mm dia @ 150mmc/c 7.54 cm2 OK
Check for Shear
Shear force at distance d from stem = 13.181

Bending moment at sec 5-5 = 6.03 tm
Net shear force at sec 5-5=S-Ms*tanp/dl = 10.00 t
Depth of toe slab at distance d form slab = 0.49 m
Effective depth dl = 0.41m
Nominal Shear stress = 24.61 t/m2
Pentiissible shear stress is calculated as per cl.304.7.1.3 of IRC; 21-2000
Tco = 0.5 Mpa
lOOAs/bd = 0.405
k = 1.000
Therefore Pemiissible shear stress ktc = 28.52 HENCE SAFE
Page 30
Tabic: - 3.4 Calculation of Design Pressures in RCC Retaining Wall
Section 1-1 2-2 3-3 4-4 5-5

Upward
20.37 15.41 13.28 2.65 17.24
Pressure
Downward
3.81 4.02 12.12 11.91 3.94
Pressure
Net Pressure 16.56 11.39 1.16 -9.26 13.29
Note: Positive net pressure means upward pressure & negative net pressure means
downward pressure
Design of Heel Slab

Bending Moment at face of stem = 26.04 t-m
Effective depth required = 0.391 m
Effective depth of slab at face of stem = 0.515 m
Minimum Requirement of steel in heel = 7.20 cm"
B.M Reinforcement reqd.at top = 23.64 cm^
Area of Reinforcement reqd.at top = 23.64 cm^
Dia of bar 2 provided = 12 mm
Effective area of bars = 4.27 cm^
Spacing of bars required 181
Provide spacing = 150.00 mm
Area of Reinforcement provided = 28.48 cm^
Bottom Reinforcement
12mm dia @ 150mmc/c 7.54 cm2
12mm dia @ 150mmc/c 7.54 cm2 OK
Check for Shear:

Shear force at face of stem S 12.15t
Bending moment at face Ms 26.04 t.m.
Net shear force =S-Ms*tanp/dl 7.09 t
Page 31
Depth of toe slab at distance d from slab = 0.55 m
Effective depth d 1 = 0.50 m
Nominal Shear stress = 14.23 t/m^
Permissible shear stress is calculated as per cl.304.7.1.3 of IRC: 21-2000
lOOAs/bd = 0.553
k = 1.000
Therefore Pemiissible shear stress kt. = 32.92 tJml HENCE SAFE
Design of Stem Base

Height of Base of stem from top of earth fill 5.9 m
Height of Base of stem below straight portion 5.9 m
Table: - 3.5 Horizontal Pressure in the RCC Retaining Wall

C.G. Moment
Area Pressure Horz.
S.No. Description Height from about
factor Ka.y.h Force
base base
Horz. Press due to L.L.
1 1 0.000 5.9 0.000 2.95 0.000
surcharge
Horz. Press due to
2 0.5 5.416 5.9 15.98 2.48 39.59
Active Earth Pressure
Total =15.98 t,
Moment = 39.59 tm
Total Horizontal Force 15.978 t

Total Moment about base 39.59 tm
Design bending moment 39.59 t-m
Effective depth required 0.483 m
Thickness of stem at base 0.600 m
Effective depth provided 0.552 > reqd
Area of steel reqd. 33.54 cm^
Diaofbar 1 provided 25 mm
Page 32
Diaof bar2 provided
Effective area of bars = 4.91 cm^
Spacing of bars required = 146
Provide spacing /_
140.00 mm
Area of Reinforcement provided = 35.06 cm^
Other face Reinforcement
12niin dia @ 140min c/c 8.08 cm^
12inm dia @ ISOmin c/c 7.54 cm^ OK
Shear check
Shear force at base of stem = 15.98 t
Bending moment at base = 39.59 t-m
Net shear force =S-Ms*tanP/d = 13.55 t
Nominal Shear stress = 24.54 t/m2
PeiTnissible shear stress is calculated as pe 1.304.7.1.3 of IRC: 21-2001
lOOAs/bd = 0.61
k = 1.000
Pennissible shear stress TC = kl. k2. TCO
Tco = 0.5 Mpa for M35 grade of concrete
Here kl = 0.7536 k2 = 1.0
Therefore Pennissible shear stress ktc = 34.26 t/m^ HENCE SAFE
Page 33
Chapter 4 Design of RE Wall
jil IntrddUCtidh:-;
Reinforced earth is a composite material formed by the friction between the earth and the
geogrid reinforcement. By means of friction the soil transfers the forces to the
reinforcement embedded in the earth mass. The reinforcement thus develops tension and
the earth behaves as if it has cohesion. The reinforcement improves the soil strength.
Because of its technical superiority and economic advantages, Geogrid Reinforced Earth
is widely used in the construction of earth retaining structures. The design and
performance of these structures are simple but the internal mechanism of Reinforced
Earth is complex and unique.
3.2 Components of S Wall:-^

• Soil
• Precast Fascia Blocks (Figure 4.1)
• Aggregates
• Reinforcement - Geogrid (Figure 4.2)
Figure: - 4.1 Precast Fascia Blocks
Page 34
Figure: - 4.2 Geogrid & Geotextile
4.3 Batter in RE Wall:-
RE wall is given a batter of 5°. Tan 5° = 0.085 mm 8.5 cm in 1 m So, 17 mm in

0.2 m Tlierefore, 17 mm offset for every block
Back of the RE Wall is not kept vertically straight as the pressure of soil is more
at the bottom therefore it is kept inclined to avoid overturning.
4.4 Construction Procedure of Rfev^yj^
Various steps involved in the construction of RE Wail include Excavation & Ground
Preparation, Construction of Leveling Pad, Curing, Block Erection, Placing of Filter
Media, Backfilling, Placing of Geogrid and Friction Slab etc. These procedures are
briefly explained as under.
Page 35
/ •
I - • ' • ' S i r >'f. «•#.(-
.1.1 ^
* •
* *- .. _ -- ,. .-% -- _ • «
._J
v'-
• x-' ^.=.V'" • I
' • • ' •
N.
i-' • • • s i - '3.',
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w-T"—< •• w • ^
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r ••
r .:J;J,-.,, O; .;=
S.4.1 Excavation & Ground Preparation:-
Construction Procedure
• To provide the required embedment for the reinforced earth wall (RE Wall) below
the existing/finished ground / service road level. The minimum embedment depth
measured from the bottom of the leveling pad is 1.0 m (except in the case of a
competent rock stratum being encountered at shallov/er depths).
• To remove all kinds of unsuitable soils and other materials which could have a
deleterious impact on the constructability, stability, serviceability and durability
of the RE Wall and associated works - loose uncontrolled fills, degradable
materials like waste, rubbish etc., construction debris, organic soils like peat,
excessively soft and compressible soils like clays and silts, soils prone to collapse
under wetting.
Page 36
• To ensure that the foundation stratum and the underlying strata would be able to
support the imposed loads without undergoing sliding, bearing, or deep seated
rotational failure and the resulting vertical and horizontal deformations of the
ground will be within permissible limits.
• To ensure that the foundation soils would not undergo liquefaction during
earthquakes.
Excavation
Ground marking is done as per construction drawings. The required depth of excavation
is generally kept at 1000 mm below the Original Ground Level (OGL). Excavate the
ground to the required width and depth.
4.4.2 Construction of Leveling Pad:-;
Mark the centre-line of the leveling pad on the prepared ground surface. The RE Wall
facing has to be erected with a built-in inward batter of 5°. To accommodate this batter,
the bottom of the facing has to move out in plan, with respect to the top of the facing by
an offset distance, which varies with the wall facing height. The required offset distances
are shown in the corresponding longitudinal section of construction drawings. Hence the
centerline of the leveling pad has to be fixed considering this offset distance. Inspect the
ground surface along the line of the leveling pad to ensure that the soil is finn, level and
flat. Check the level so that the grade coiresponds to the Bottom of leveling pad levels.
Erect side forms and cast the leveling pad with dimensions of 600 mm width and 200 mm
thickness with concrete of grade Ml 5 (Figure 4.3). The leveling pad should be finished to
a tolerance of ± 3-5 mm and cured for 24 hours prior to commencement of placement of
facing units.
Page 37
Figure: - 4.3 Leveling Pad & Placing of Blocks
4.4.3 Placement of Fill up to the top of the Leveling Pad:-
Place and compact select fill up to the top of the leveling pad at 95% of Maximum D17
Density (MDD).
4*4.4 Casting, Curing & Handling of Modular BlockstI
Mix Design
The concrete required for casting of modular blocks shall essentially be of M-35 grade
and zero slump concrete. The mix design shall be done by using Standard Indian Codes
i.e. IS - 10262 or SP - 23. Since, the casting is being done by diy casting technique,
adequate care shall be taken to achieve a smooth fascia and clear edges. Trial modular
blocks may be produced to assure finishing of the blocks and thereafter the Mix Design
may be fine-tuned to perfection keeping the required Characteristic Strength. Laboratory
Cube Moulds (6 Nos) shall be casted for every 1000 numbers of modular blocks
produced. While casting these cubes compaction shall be done using tamping rods or
machine vibration (Casting Machine). These cubes shall be tested for their compressive
strengths for 7 and 28 days.
Casting
Casting of blocks shall be done by using Modular Block Casting Machine. The machine
shall have an efficient inbuilt vibrator to produce sufficient vibration required to achieve
desired finish. Each block produced from the machine shall be duly inspected by the
Page 38
incharge, blow holes/honey combs, if any, appearing on the block fascia shall be repaired
/ finished by using the sliiriy produced during vibration. This will ensure homogeneous
appearance of the block. The Top of Fascia shall be smoothened by using neat cement
slurry. Any unwanted projection of aggregated over the top of modular blocks shall be
removed while in green stage only.
Curing
Produced blocks shall be stacked upto a height of 600 mm or three layers. Once the
stacking is completed, the entire stacking shall be covered by using Hessian Cloth. In
summer, the Hessian cloth shall be dripped wet, for better result sprinkler system may be
used. The curing period shall be for a minimum of 7 days ensuring sprinkling of water
after every three hours. In winter, the wetting may be delayed as per requirement. Curing
of the blocks shall start immediately after the Modular blocks are taken out from the base
plates.
[ • • • • • - ' ^ • • • • • W - ~ « ^ ~ - * J - ~ S I - - j B " . - « B - ' ' ' J w - " - * i 6 - ~ ' I I I •'•••••
I Blocks Stacked in Three Layers
IJSL8t-8LJ08lJfcJ8.JgJSJB-gJS "*• Dripped Wet Hessian Cloth
i GL
_ ^ ^
Adequate Drainage
Figure: - 4.4 Stacking Arrangement of Bloclis
Transportation
Blocks shall be transfeired to respective sites by using tractor trolleys or trucks. Blocks
shall be loaded or unloaded manually, only.
Page 39
4.4.5 Erection of First Course of Modular Blocks:-
• The first course of modular blocks is directly placed on the leveling pad. Check
the top surface of the leveling pad over a width of 300 mm with a 3 m long
straight edge. Fill any minor irregularities or undulations with a thin layer of stiff
cement mortar. Check the level with a 1200 mm long spirit level.
• On the top surface of the leveling pad mark a chalk line corresponding to the rear
face of the first course of modular blocks.
• Position the first row of modular blocks on the leveling pad with their rear face
aligned along the chalk line and with ends butting with each other. Care must be
taken to ensure that the blocks are evenly bedded on the leveling pad along their
length. If required a thin layer of stiff cement mortar or rubber shims may be used
to ensure proper bedding of blocks on the leveling pad.
• Stretch a string along the rear face top edge of the modular blocks and adjust the
blocks so that they are correctly aligned. Check the level with a 1200 mm long
spirit level.
4.4.6 Erection of subsequent Couises of lilocjuIarSlockiH
• Subsequent course of blocks are erected in a repetitive sequence after filling to the
top of the previous course and positioning of the specified geogrid reinforcements
in the previous course.
• Successive courses are placed in a running bond configuration.
• Before placing each course, clean the top surface of the blocks of previous course
by removing any fill, aggregate etc. with a wire brush or stiff broom and ensure
that the top of the blocks of previous course are leveled. (Figure 4.5)
Page 40
• Geogrids of the required type and length should be positioned. The blocks should
be placed over the geogrid and adjusted so that the tongue and grooved joints
engage ensuring the required setback.
• Stretch a string along the rear face top edge of the modular blocks and adjust the
blocks so that they are correctly aligned. Check the level with a spirit level.
-*.
5csr
*,
M
M- - - ' \ '* •'-
Figure: - 4.5 Erection of Subsequent Blocks & Placing of Filter Media
4.4,7 Placement of filter medla:-
Filter Media comprising of Maximum Size of Aggregate (MSA) 20 mm is

provided between the blocks and 600 mm behind them in 200 mm thickness. Plate
Compactor is used for compaction; it allows the drainage of trapped water from
the embankment to avoid development of pore water pressure.
Soil filling is then done with the following sequence of passes as shown in Table
4.1 using a 1OT vibratoiy roller. After the 1 st pass, watering is done.
Page 41
Tabic: - 4.1 Type and Number of Passes
Sr. No. Types of Passes Numbers
1 Static 1
2 Low vibration 2
3 High vibration 2
4 Low vibration 2
5 Static pass 1
4.4.8 Placement & Compaction of Fill??

Types of Materials
The materials used in the different zones of the approach are:
• Drainage Media / Unit Fill: For the 300 mm thick drainage layer placed behind
the facing blocks and for filling of the spaces between the segmental blocks, well
graded aggregates of size 10 to 20 mm shall be used.
• Reinforced Fill: Select granular fill with peak effective angle of shearing
resistance (cp ) > 30°, Fines (Passing 75 micron sieve) < 10 %, Coefficient of
Uniformity (Cu) > 2, Maximum particle size (Dmax) < 40 mm (100 % passing 40
mm sieve), D80 < 25 mm (80 % or more passing 25 mm sieve), Plasticity index <
6 % in the geogrid reinforced soil zone.
Retained Fill: Soil behind the reinforced fill whose properties have an effect on the
maximum earth pressure exerted on the reinforced soil mass is defined as retained fill
(Figure 4.7). This zone is approximately considered as the region enclosed by the vertical
plane at the back of the reinforced soil mass and a plane inclined at 45° to this face. In
this zone a select fill with cp > 30° (as considered in the design of reinforced soil walls)
should be used. Reinforced fill could always be used as retained fill. However, when a
material other than reinforced fill is used in the retained fill zone, care should be taken to
ensure that the design value cp is achieved. Maximum particle size shall be limited to 75
mm, liquid limit and plasticity index shall not exceed 50 and 25 respectively. Material
Page 42
with maximum particle size (Dinax) < 40 mm (100 % passing 40 mm sieve), D80 < 25
mm (80 % or more passing 25 mm sieve) may be used as retained till.
Embankment Fill: Beiiind tiie retained fill zone, normal fill material conforming to the
requirements of MORTH Specifications clause 305.2 may be used. Material with
maximum particle size (Dmax) < 40 mm (100 % passing 40 mm sieve), D80 < 25 mm
(80 % or more passing 25 mm sieve) may be used as embankment fill.
Pavement Subgrade; hi this zone, materials conforming to the requirements of subgrade

should be used. However, if geogrid reinforcement has to be provided within the
subgrade, then this should satisfy the requirements for reinforced fill also.
Precautions to be taken when Different Types of Fill Materials are used
When different types of fill materials are used in different zones certain precautions
should be taken.
• The zones from which different materials have to be placed should be clearly
outlined for each lift, before the commencement of earth work
Strict control must be exercised during all stages of dumping, spreading, grading
and compaction of fill materials to ensure that there is no mixing or
contamination of a higher quality material with a lower quality material.
Natural and optimum moisture contents of different materials could be different

and hence the amount of watering needed could be different. Care must be taken
to ensure that proper control of moisture is established.
Compacfion equipment and method (operating frequency, number of passes etc.)

should be fine-tuned, depending on the requirements of the different materials.
Page 43
Placing, Spreading, Leveling and Compaction of Fill
• All construction plant and equipment with a mass more than 1500 Kg. shall be
kept at all times 1.5 m away from the rear face of the panels.
• Construction equipment shall not be permitted to move directly over the geogrid.
At any time, maintain a minimum compacted soil cover of 150 mm between the
geogrid and the wheel/track of construction equipment. Turning of construction
vehicles should be avoided on the first lift immediately above the geogrid. As far
as possible avoid sudden stoppage of the equipment.
• The deposition and compaction should be carried out so that all layers of geogrid
reinforcements are fixed at the levels as shown in Figure 4.6.
• The deposition, spreading, leveling and compaction of the fill should be carried
out generally in a direction parallel to the facing and should be executed in stages
to alternate with the placing and fixing of modular blocks and geogrid
reinforcements.
• Care must be taken to ensure that the modular blocks and geogrid reinforcements
are not damaged or displaced beyond the acceptable tolerances during deposition,
spreading, leveling and compaction of the fill.
Fill materials should not be dumped or heaped high close to the blocks. Fill
should be dumped near the rear or middle of the reinforced soil zone and bladed
towards the front face.
Fill should be placed and compacted in lifts with appropriate thickness consistent
with vertical spacing of reinforcement, nature of fill materials, type of compaction
equipment and the required relative compaction. The unifoiin loose lift thickness
of reinforced fill should not exceed 300 mm.
Page 44
• Care must be taken to ensure that the compacted surface of the Filter media / fill
near the back of the block is uniform, level and not below the top of the block (it
is advisable to keep the surface of fill slightly above the top of the block). This is
to avoid sagging of the geogrid at / near the connection with the block, when the
next lift of fill is placed, resulting in additional loads in the geogrid not considered
in design.
Placement of each lift should start only after canning out the necessary tests on the
previous finished layer and after obtaining the permission from the engineer.
Compaction Equipment
• Fill within a distance of 300 mm from the back face of the modular blocks
(typically the drainage media, except may be below the GL / service rod FRL)
may be compacted with hand-held tampers or vibratory plate compactors.
• Fill beyond 0.3 m and within 1.5 from the back face of the blocks may be
compacted with a Bob Cat vibratory roller with a mass not exceeding 1500 Kg or
a vibratory plate compactor with a mass not exceeding 1000 Kg.
• Beyond a distance of 1.5 m from the back of the blocks, the fill may be
compacted with smooth drum vibratory rollers of mass 8 to 10 MT.
Relative Compaction
The minimum required relative compaction of the fill shall be 95 % of Maximum Dry
Density determined in the laboratory. However, within a distance of 1.5 m from the
facing a relative compaction of 90 to 95 % is acceptable. For pavement sub grades, the
minimum required relative compaction shall be 97.5 % of Maximum Dry Density.
Page 45
4.4.9 Installing The Geogricf Reiiiforcement:-
• Care should be taken to ensure that geogrid reinforcement of the required type
and length are installed at the levels shown in the drawings (Figure 4.6). The
length of reinforcement (LR) marked on tlie longitudinal section drawings is the
clear length from the back face of the blocks. Therefore geogrids are cut at LR +
0.3 m (to ensure embedment between blocks) (Figure 4.7).
• Before laying the geogrid, the top surface of blocks shall be cleaned to remove
any fill materials, aggregates etc. with wire brush or stiff broom. The surface of
the drainage layer / fill adjacent to the blocks must be inspected to ensure that it is
compacted properly with a uniform flat finish level with the top of the blocks or
slightly above the top of the blocks.
• Geogrids should be laid with its principal strength direction (machine /

longitudinal direction) perpendicular to the wall face (as shown in figure below).
The front end of the geogrids should be positioned on the top surface of the
modular blocks, such that it will be just behind the bottom front edge of the
subsequent course of blocks to ensure that geogrids will not be visible from
outside . Geogrids should be placed without any folds or v/rinkles. Adjacent
geogrids should be butt-jointed (no overlap is required), ensuring that there is no
gap between them.
Machine Direction
Page 46
Place the next course of blocks over the geogrid in a running bond configuration,
taking care not to displace the geogrids. The upper course of blocks should be
adjusted so that the tongue and groove joints engage, ensuring the required
setback.
Pull the back end of the geogrid to removed any slackness (at the same time do
not apply excessive force which may misalign the blocks) and pin it in position
with removable U-pins or stakes.
• Before commencing placement of fill above the geogrid, ensure the following:
o Geogrid is free from any damage
o There are no gaps bet\veen the adjacent sheets of geogrids
o There are no pits, depressions, excessive undulations or sharp objects

below the geogrid. Take particular care to avoid any such defects
immediately behind the facing blocks.
The geogrid has been stretched to remove any folds / wrinkles / excessive
slackness and pinned / secured properly to avoid displacement during
placement, spreading, leveling and compaction of fill.
Wt--^
sm
^r:!:"%V:-Nj;j?'>;^;
Figure: - 4.6 Placement of Geogrid
Page 47
4.4.10 Placement of Drainage Bay:-
• Install the drainage system, simultaneously with the placing and compaction of
fill. The drainage fill should be brought up at the same rate as reinforced and
retained fill, taking care to prevent any mixing with other soils.
• Drainage layer should be compacted by hand-held tampers or vibratory plate

compactors.
• Particular care should be taken to ensure that for any course, the finished surface
of the drainage bay is slightly above the level of the top surface of the blocks.
This is to ensure that the geogrid reinforcement will not tend to sag at the
connection with the blocks, when the subsequent lift of drainage layer / fill is
placed.
• Install drainage outlet pipes as shown in the construction drawings supplied by the
designer.
4.4.11 Casting of Coping Beami^
After the block erection is complete, provide cast in-situ coping to achieve the required
longitudinal profile of the wall.
4.4ii2?Quailiti^C(jitroI-y
The quality control tests to be conducted on reinforced and embankment fdl and their
frequency are given in Table 4.2 and Table 4.3 respectively:-
Page 48
Tabic: - 4.2:- Tests on Reinforced and Retained fill
SI.
Test/Property Method Frequency
No.
1 test per 1500
] Sieve Analysis IS 2720 Part 4
cum of fill
1 test per 1500
2 Liquid limit and Plastic limit IS 2720 Part 5
cum of fill
Maximum D17 Density and Optimum 1 test per 1500
3 IS 2720 Part 8
Moisture Content cum of fill
IS 2720 Part 1 test per 3000
4 Angle of Shearing Resistance
13 cum of fill
Table: - 4.3:- Tests on Embankment fill

SI.
Test / Property Method Frequency
No.
1 test per 1500
I Sieve Analysis IS 2720 Part 4
cum of fill
1 test per 1500
2 Liquid limit and Plastic limit IS 2720 Part 5
cum of fill
Maximum Dry Density and Optimum ] test per 1500
3 IS 2720 Part 8
Moisture Content cum of fill
Different Views of Precast Fascia Blocks and RE Wall is shown from Figure 4.8 to
Figure 4.15.
Page 49
ReinforcodfiH (<f 130". Reinforc«clfill(ip230'.
fIrtMS10%,PlS6, flnesS10%,£IS6,
K T — — -
— Pavement
1
.„J
Retained fill with (pa 30', Aggregates
Precast t
Blocks 'I
i
I*
1
i
mm9
\t— geogrid geogrid _,j
length + length +
0.3 m 0.3 m
Figure: - 4.7 Vai-ious Materials used and their specifications
M A N MRRftGEWAYOUTER Rf.'O flOAD-2 RGHT END f E W

•LOWEflTEft flSWRESTh-G CN E I L .
~ UPPER TIER RSW RESTP.'GON SJUL.
•^ ^ A/ / / / / / / / / A^^<^./ ?u/;///////// TZ.
'ET
-^^xv^\^T^\\^^^\^^l^^v^^^ w^
xx:
\
.E n...
/ / / / / / / / / / / /i.'^;^?SI^y\'y / / / / / / / / / / / / X ^
g T O > g W ^ C W ( N G O H T ( J f f IPWSQ TOP
U f ^ t f l TI£R FEW RESTNa'ON S - U l . -

SOaTHCKKOOULAn a O O t FACIA J
t.OWER-TIERT=SW FES1NQCN 8 L 1 . -
Figure: - 4.8 Plan of RE Wall
Page 50
Crt- OF- BBfliRINd
Figure: - 4.9 Longitudinal Section of RE Wall
REAR
Figure: - 4.10 Plan of Precast Fascia Block used in RE Wall
Page 51
TOP
450
£5 g5
100 -oX 200
o
o
OJ
15V 15 " LO
100
130
H
BDTTDM
Figure: - 4.11 Elevation of Precast Fascia Block used in RE Wall
2.8-9-^-
Figure: - 4.12 Isometric View of Precast Fascia Block used in RE Wall
Page 52
,1
•ji
I'H \ - - r
Figure: - 4.13 3D View of Arranged Precast Fascia Block used in RE Wall
•>d'
] i • ; O
i ^ : ' IxJ
Li_
I : i • 2
J ' ' S
. • : • ' . • • • . - . • • \ • • . . • '''••\ ] • •!
U
,. . . •: r. I-
LJ
. ......,..t:„ . ' ' •
a
L 3 , di
•
-^- * " •
••^ • • ! I ^. •• '
u
u -tit
....•:.!:.„ . , . - • • .• J • •
1^
'*" • ^
:J..i , } • ' . • , [ •; 1 ,^j^.

u
<r _J .!--r.- M-^ <
.;.L,:- .4.-.-.- _ - . ^.X-. ^w..-. . f . .. ^ - -, _.

• : ' • . ' • \ ^ •
*
-;,L'^ - ^ ^ - ^ J •
• V ••
•:"' "•*•'' • • • • " T - - " - •'i^-;--
- :7 • ; % '•'
FRONT END DF / . - 1 ^
~^.:;^-L
''•• ..
^ r - ' " ' "N .^

V
,' •• • • ••• " ~ T ^ ^ ^ ^ - - - ^ j j - ' " ' | , ,
:• • ; / : : ,
-^ 1
i ' • '': -• J - i C I
GEOGRID TD COINCIDE ... riB J 1 • •• t- j : :,••: • • - .. L — I I L 1 • •- •'-•••
*
WITH THIS LINE 1 ;•- '•- • • •-••-j''
::f-y:~^ j.-:.;-,.,-.: -
^ i •• 1M - ^
: 4+- - u
':. •.. . . y . ;
"• i '"^ ; "* ' m.,—uj-Lj "i
^ 'I
CL / i - ^ ^yi w ^"' "l"""r ', : il !;
>i i / _ 1 1
^^.'. .jL -_..... k
yt .J „ „ . •' i „ . :— \ —
' •
T __^ Kr=:
\_ ~>a r-—.^ '
o SPACE BETWEEN B LOCKS FILLED
OJ UPPER F
WITH DRAINAGE MEDIA
_LDWER_ ,
BLOCK
Figure: - 4.14 Plan of Precast Fascia Blocks Erected
Page 53
300
UPPER BLOCK
SHEAR KEY
TECHGRID GEOGRID
REINFORCEMENT
LDVER BLOCK
BETWEEN BLOCKS LAYER

LUN d.
Figure: - 4.15 Connection bct^veen Precast Fascia Blocks and Gcogrid
^.5 iMatuî Design Calculaiion: Ge()syntlietic Reinforced Soil Wall
Section Exposed height (m) 7.80 (m)

Design Height 8.80 (m)
Type of structure Enkagrid Geogrid Reinforced Soil Wall
Design Methodology BS 8006: 1995
Seismic Analysis details
Peak Ground Acceleration 0.16 Seismic Analysis Zone III
Wall Geometry
Exposed Wall Height 9.00 m
Depth of Embedment 1.00 m
Design Wall Height 10.00 m
Leveling Pad Thickness 0.20 m
Number of Segmental Units 50.00 Nos
Wall Inclination 5.00 degrees
Page 54
Embedment Depth = 1.00 m
Slopes:
Front slope = 0 degrees
Back slope P = 0 degrees
Uniformly Distributed Surcharge
Live Load Surcharge = 24 kN/m^ as per IRC: 78-2000
Dead Load Surcharge = 12 kN/m^ For Road Crust, Crash
Bairier & Friction Slab
Table: - 4.4 Detail of Soil Data
Min. Angle of
Soil Cohesion Internal Unit Weight
Soil Data Friction
Description
(kPa) (degrees) (kN/m^)
Free Draining
Reinforced
sandy Soil or 0.00 32.0 19.0
Soil
equivalent
Free Draining
Retaining Soi sandy Soi' or 0.00 32.0 19.0
equivalent
Leveling Pad RCC 0.00 32.0 24.00
Foundation
Clayey Soil 5.00 30.0 19.00
Soil
Cohesion ranges from 0 to 5 kpa.
Segmental Unit Data:

Segmental unit name Modular Concrete Fascia Blocks
Unit height 0.20 m
Unit length 0.50 m
Unit width 0.30 m
Setback 5.00 degrees
Unit weight 24.00 kN/m^
Page 55
Tabic: - 4.5 Properties of Geogrid
Enkagrid Type : PRO 40 PRO 60 PRO 90 PRO 120 PRO 180

Index tensile
40 60 90 120 180
strength
Creep reduction
1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67
factor, F-creep
Manufacturing,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fmll
Extrapolation of
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
test data Fmi2
Installation
1.25 1.17 1.13 1.10 1.00
damage Fm2i
Durability Fm22 1.10 1.10 1.10 l.IO l.IO
Long Term
17.4 27.9 43.4 59.4 89.1
Design strength
Partial factor for
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
ramification, Fn
T-available 15.84 25.38 39.42 53.99 80.98
Table: - 4.6 Co-efficients of Interaction
c, 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
Cds 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
Length of Reinforcement, L (m) 0.7H or 3m minimum
0.7 X 10 m
Provide reinforcement, length, L 7.0 m
Page 56
Co - efficient of Earth Pressure and Failure plane Orientations
Coefficient of earth pressure and orientation of failure plane is taken from BS

8006: 1995 as shown below in Table 4.7.
Table: - 4.7 Partial Factors (BS 8006:1995)
Ultimate Limit Serviceability Limit

Description
state state
Soil dead mass, e.g. wall fill Ffs chosen from table 17 and 18
Eternal dead loads e.g. Ff to be chosen from table 17 and 18 for
Load Factor
traffic loading the particular load combinations
External live loads e.g. Fq to be chosen from table 17 and 18 for
traffic loading the particular load combinations
To be applied to tanO'p Tms" 1.0 Tms 1.0
Soil material
To be applied to C TlTlS"" 1.6 r"ins~ 1.0
factor
To be applied to Cu Tms 1.0 rms"" 1.0
The value of Fm should be consistent
To be applied to the with type of reinforcement to be use and
reinforcement base strength the design life over which the
Reinforcement reinforcement is required
material
Sliding across surface of
Factor Fs= 1.3 Fs= 1.0
reinforcement
Pull-out resistance of
Fp= 1.3 Fp= 1.0
reinforcement
Foundation Bearing capacity
ims" 1.35 N/A
to be applied to Quit
Partial factor Sliding along base of
of safety structure or any horizontal
Fs= 1.2 N/A
surface where there is soil-
to-soil contact
Page 57
External stability analysis:
Cos{^ + a))'
K..
Sin{(l> + X)xSin{$ + p)
Cos^(oxCos{(i)-A) 1 +
Cos {o}-A)x Cos {co + /])
Cos{32 + 5y
K=- =0.2184
Sm{32 + 32)xSin{32 + 0)
Cos^ 5 xCosi5-32) 1 +
Cos(5-32)xCos(5 + 0)
Table: - 4.8 Partial Load Factor for Load combination associated Avith Walls
Load Combination
Effects
A B C
Mass of the reinforcement soil
1.5 1.0 1.0
body, Ffs =
Mass of backfill on top of the

1.5 1.0 1.0
reinforced soil wall, Ffs=
Earth pressure behind the

1.5 1.5 1.0
structure, Fq=
Traffic load: on reinforcement

1.5 0 0
soil block, Fq=
Traffic load: behind

1.5 1.5 0.0
reinforced soil block, Fq=
EXTERNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS:-
Bearing and Till failure
The typical bearing pressure imposed by a reinforced soil structure on the foundation
strata described by Meyerhof distribution
Bearing Pressure, Qr=Rv/(L-2e)
Where Qr is the factored bearing pressure acting on the bases of the wall (kN/m^)
Rv is the resultant of all factored vertical load components
Page 58
L is the reinforcement length at the base of the wall m
e is the entricity of the resultant load Rv about the centerline of the bases
width L (m)
Total Vertical load
Weight of fascia unit width x unit weight x ffs, x design height
0.3x24x1.5x10
108kN/m
Lever Arm Reinf. Length - unit width 12
(7.0-0.3)/2
6.85 m
Moment Weight x Lever Arm
108 X 6.85 kN/M^
739.8
Weight of fill (Reinforcement length - unit width) x y x ffs
(7.0 - 0.3) X 19x1.5x10.0
1905.5 kN/m
Lever Arm (Reinf. Length - unit width ) / 2
(7.0-0.3)7 2
3.35 m
Moment 1909.5x3.35
6396.83 kN/m^
Surcharge loads Reinf. Length x (LL + DL) x fps
7.0 X (24+12) X 1.5
378 kN/m
Lever Ann (Reinf. Length) / 2
7.0/2
3.5 m
Moment 378x3.5
1323 kN/m^
Page 59
Total horizontal force
Due to backfill 0.5xKaXYxffsxDH2
0.5 X 0.2184 X 19 x 1.5 x 10.0 x 10.0
311.22 KN/m
Lever Arm Design Height/3 = 10/3 in
3.33 m
Moment 311.22 x 3.33 kN/m2
1036.36 KN/m2
Due to surcharge Ka X (DL + LL) X ffs X DH
0.2184 X (24+12) X 10.0x1.5
117.936 KN/m
Lever Arm Design Might / 2 =1 0/2 m
5.00 m
Moment 117.936 X 5 kN/m-
589.68 KN/m^
Total Horizontal force 311.22+117.936
429.156 KN/m^
Total Moment 739.8 + 6396.83 + 1323 + 1036.36 + 589.68
10085.67 KN/m^
Allowable Bearing capacity:
X M/Rv= 10085.67/2395.5
4.21 m
X-L/2=4.21-7/2
0.71m
Qr Rv/(L-2e) = 2395.5 / (7.0 - 2 x 0.71)
429.30 KN/m-
Bearing capacity calculation:
When the degree of internal friction is 32°
The Bearing Capacity values are calculated as below
N = tan2 (45 + O / 2) = 2.99
Page 60
Nc = (Nq-l)cot(T3 = 29.84
Nq = (e''''"*NO) = 18.22
Nr = (Nq-l)tan(1.4cD) = 15.49
Ultimate Bearing Capacity = c Nc + qNq + 0.5 y BNy

5 X 29.84 + 19 X 1 X 18.22 + 0.5 X 19 X (7.0
-2x0.78) X 15.49
= 1295.90 KN/M^
Bearing Capacity check:
Qr < (Quit/Fms) + YfDm
429.30 < (1295.90/1.35)+19* 1.0
429.30 < 978.93
SLIDING ALONG THE BASE
The stability against forward sliding of the structure at tlie interface between the
reinforced fill and the subsoil shoed he considered. The resistance to movement should be
based upon the properties of either the subsoil or the reinforced fill, wliichever is the
Weaker, and consideration shold be given to sliding on or between any reinforcement
later used at the base of tlie structure.
a' is the interaction co-efficient relating soil / reinforcement bond angle with tan O'p =
0.95
a'bc is the adhesion co-efficient relating soil cohesion to soil /reinforcement bond =
0.85
For long term stability
For Soil - to -soil contact

Fs Rh < Rv (tan O'p / F,ns) + CL/F„s
472.1x1.2 < 2395.5 X tan 32/1.0)+ x7.0 7 1.0
566.52 < 1495.932
Page 61
For Soil-to-reinforcenicnt contact
Fs Rh < Rv(a' tan Op/Fn,s) + (a%c C'L)/Fn,s
472.1x1.2 < 2395.5x(0.95xtan32/1.0) + 0.95x 5x7.0)/1.6
566.52 < 1454.385
For Short term stability

For Soil-to-Soil contact
FsRh < Cu' L/Fn,s
472.1x1.2 < (5 + 440.35 X tan 32) X 7.0/1.0
566.52 < 1959.915
For Soil - to-reinforcenient contact
FsRh < a'bcC„.L/Fn,s
472.1 X 1.2 < 0.95^^'^_t4^0.35 x tan 32) x 7.0 / 1.0
566.52 < Aip^.^/X^<
Settlement of Foundation: il^'i Ô TO a^j

Ultimate bearing
pressure corresponding to 25mni settfefli^n^ -* ^^TO<93 kN/m2
Safe Bearing pressure (FOS - 3.0) = . = ^ ^ 7 8 . 9 3 / 3.0
326.31 kN/m^
Bearing Pressure applied = 440.35 kN/M"
Settlement corresponding
to applied pressure = 440.35 x 25 / 326.31 mm
33.74 mm
Differential settlement shall be less than the total settlement for wall with uniform
gradient.
Page 62
Internal Stability Analysi.s:
Ultimate limit state A B C
0.24 0.24 0.24
Local stability of a layer of reinforcement 1.50 1.00 1.00
elements: 19.00 19.00 19.00
1.50 0.00 0.00
Ka = Co-efficent of active earth pressure 36.00 36.00 36.00
Ffs = Partial load factor applied to structure 7.00 7.00 7.00
dead loads
y = Unit weight of fill material
Fq = Partial load factor apllied to surcharge live loads
Ws = Surcharge load (kN/m^)
L = Length of base (m)
For uniform surcharge the expression for Tpi becomes
Tpj = K«(yffs hi + Ws ffs) Svj
For the first layer of grid:
Tpj=0.24x(19xl.5x0.2+36xl.5)x.0.5 = 7.161<N/m (Load Com. A)
Tpj=0.24x(19xl.0x0.2+36x0)x0.5 = 0.46 kN/m (Load Conn. B)
Tpj=0.24x(19xl.0x0.2+36x0)x0.5 = 0.46 kN/m (Load Conn. C)
Page 63
Tabic: - 4.9 Checldng of Stability
Load
A B C
combinations
Length of
Tpj Tpj Geogrid L.stability.-T
measured Geogrid in
(m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) Td/F„ in place d/F„ > Tpj
from top Place
0.20 0.50 7.17 0.46 0.46 15.84 PRO 40 OK 7.80
0.80 0.60 11.07 2.19 2.19 15.84 PRO 40 OK 7.00
1.40 0.60 13.54 3.84 3.84 25.38 PRO 40 OK 7.00
2.00 0.60 16.00 5.48 5.48 25.38 PRO 40 OK 7.00
2.60 0.60 18.47 7.12 7.12 25.38 PRO 60 OK 7.00
3.20 0.60 20.94 8.77 8.77 25.38 PRO 60 OK 7.00
3.80 0.60 23.40 10.4! 10.41 25.38 PRO 60 OK 7.00
4.40 0.60 25.87 12.05 12.05 39.42 PRO 60 OK 7.00
5.00 0.60 28.33 13.70 13.70 39.42 PRO 90 OK 7.00
5.60 0.60 30.80 15.34 15.34 39.42 PRO 90 OK 7.00
6.20 0.60 33.26 16.98 16.98 39.42 PRO 90 OK 7.00
6.80 0.60 35.73 18.63 18.63 39.42 PRO 90 OK 7.00
7.40 0.60 38.19 20.27 20.27 53.99 PRO 90 OK 7.00
8.00 0.60 40.66 21.92 21.92 53.99 PRO 120 OK 7.00
8.60 0.60 43.12 23.56 23.56 53.99 PRO 120 OK 7.00
9.20 0.60 45.59 25.20 25.20 53.99 PRO 120 OK 7.00
9.80 0.50 40.05 22.37 22.37 53.99 PRO 120 OK 7.00
Total 472.20 228.29 228.29 601.47 OK 0.00
Adherence: The perimeter Pj of jth layer of reinforcement elements needed to

satisfy local stability consideration is;
Pj ^ Tj/( [^ Lej (Ffs. T l.hj + Ff. Ws)/Fp Fn ) + ( a ' b c C . Lej) / (Fn^^. Fp. Fn)]
Pj = horizontal width of the top and bottom faces of the reinforcing element
at j " ' layer, per meter run
Tj = Maximum tensile force in geogrid as calculated above
Ffs = Partial load factor applied to soil self weight taken from the same
load combination = 1.5
Fr = martial load factor applied to surcharge dead loads from same load
combination as Tj = 1.5
Page 64
|Li = Co-efficient of friction between fill and reinforcing element = 0.37
Lcj = Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside failure wedge
Ws = Surcharge dead loads only = 12
Fp = Partial factor for reinforcement pullout resistance = 1.3
Fn = Partial factor applied to economic ramifications of failure =1.10
a' be = Adhesion co-efficient between soil and the reinforcement = 0.95
C' = Cohesion of the soil measured under effective stress conditions = 0.0
Fms = Partial factor applied to c' = 1.6
Table: - 4.10 (Checking of Horizontal Width of Reinforcing Element

Check Length
Geogrid Hj Pj(req) of
Measured Svj Tpj Lcj
Layers (required) (Available) < Geogrid
from top
Pi(avail) in place
1 0.20 0.50 7.17 3.23 1.50 2.00 OK 7.80
2 0.80 0.50 11.07 2.71 0.69 2.00 OK 7.00
3 1.40 0.50 13.54 2.99 0.44 2.00 OK 7.00
4 2.00 0.50 16.00 3.27 0.33 2.00 OK 7.00
5 2.60 0.50 18.47 3.55 0.27 2.00 OK 7.00
6 3.20 0.50 20.94 3.83 0.23 2.00 OK 7.00
7 3.80 0.50 23.40 4.11 0.20 2.00 OK 7.00
8 4.40 0.50 25.87 4.39 0.18 2.00 OK 7.00
9 5.00 0.50 28.33 4.67 0.16 2.00 OK 7.00
10 5.60 0.50 30.80 4.95 0.15 2.00 OK 7.00
11 6.20 0.50 33.26 5.23 0.14 2.00 OK 7.00
12 6.80 0.50 35.73 5.51 0.13 2.00 OK 7.00
V 13 7.40 0.50 38.19 5.79 0.12 2.00 OK 7.00
14 8.00 0.50 40.66 6.07 0.!1 2.00 OK 7.00
15 8.60 0.50 43.12 6.35 0.11 3.00 OK 7.00
16 9.20 0.50 45.59 6.63 0.10 3.00 OK 7.00
432.15
Wedge Stability Check:
2[Tdj/Fn] >
601.47 > 472.20 HENCE SAFE
Page 65
Chapter 5 Cost Analysis and Conclusion
In this chapter we have considered each and evei-y component of RCC Retaining Wall &
RE Wall to arrive the cost. First we calculate the quantity of each component and then
that quantity is multiplied with current market rate of that component shall give the cost
of each component.
We have the standard format of RCC Retaining Wall quantity calculation that is derived
from site experience and satisfies the thumb rule of structure also i.e. if the height is X
then length & width/depth of the toe & stem is Y respectively. That gives us exact idea of
cost analysis. Same process we have followed for RE Wall.
From Table 5.1 to 5.6 RCC Retaining Wall cost analysis has been done from height 5.0
to 9.0 mtr. From Table 5.7 to 5.9 RE Wall cost analysis has been done for same height as
RCC Retaining Wall.
Cost comparison has been done in Table 5.10 it shows that cost of RE Wall is almost
20% saving than RCC Retaining Wall.
Page 66
5.1 Cost Analyfis olPjRCC Rcfaining WIJII
Table: -5,1 - Cost Analysis of Retaining Wall
Height
S.No. (FRL H bl b2 b3 b4 B hi h2 h3 h4 B/H
TOGL)
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
1 1.00 2.00 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.75 1.65 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.83
2 1.50 2.50 0.50 0.3d 0.10 0.75 1.65 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.66
3 2.00 3.00 0.50 03C 0.10 0.90 1.90 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.63
4 2.50 4.00 0.80 0.30 0.10 1.20 2.40 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.25 0.60
5 3.00 5.00 1.00 0.30 0.20 1.50 3.00 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.60
6 3.50 5.50 1.10 0.3d 0.25 1.65 3.30 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.60
7 4.00 6.00 1.20 0.30 0.30 1.80 3.60 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.60
8 4.50 6.50 1.30 0.30 0.35 1.95 3.90 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.60
9 5.00 7.00 1.40 0.30 0.40 2.10 4.20 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.60
10 5.50 7.50 1.50 0.30 0.45 2.25 4.50 0.45 0.30 0.30 0.45 0.60
11 6.00 8.00 1.60 0.30 0.50 2.40 4.80 0.45 0.30 0.30 0.45 0.60
12 6.50 8.50 1.70 0.30 0.55 2.55 5.10 0.50 0.30 0.30 0.50 0.60
13 7.00 9.00 1.80 0.30 0.6C 2.70 5.40 0.55 0.30 0.30 0.55 0.60
14 7.50 9.50 1.90 0.30 0.65 2.85 5.70 0.60 0.30 0.30 0.60 0.60
15 8.00 10.00 2.00 0.30 0.70 3.00 6.00 0.65 0.30 0.30 0.65 0.60
IS 8.50 10.50 2.10 0.30 0.75 3.15 6.30 0.70 0.30 0.30 0.70 0.60
17 9.00 11.00 2.20 0.30 0.80 3.30 6.60 0.75 0.30 0.30 0.75 0.60
18 9.50 11.50 2.32 0.30 0.90 3.48 7.00 0.80 0.30 0.30 0.80 0.61
Page 67
150 mm thick RCC Reinforcement Filter
Length Excavation Weep Hole
Plain CC(iV115) (IV135) (MT) Media
(m) (cum) (cum) (cum) (MT) (cum) (Nos)
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - • - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
0 - - - - - -
. . « . « .
Rate in
Rs/- 50 2835 3784 45812 500
Normal Soil
(100%) •
Soft Rock (0%)
Hard Rock (00%) i
Page 68
300
'<^<<^^ '
• . • i
OTHER FACE EARTH FACE
TOE SIDE HEELSIDE!
G.L.
• 30 _ _
Figure:-5.1 Section of Retaining Wall for Cost Analysis
Page 69
Table: 5.2 Cost Analysis for 5.0 mtr. Height o1 RCC Retaining Wall
Height 150 mm
(FRL thick RCC Reinforcement Filter Weep
SI.No. H Length Excavation
TO Plain (M35) (MT) IVIedia Hole
GL) CC(IV!15)
1 1.00 2.00 0 - - - - - -
2 1.50 2.50 0 - - - - - -
3 2.00 3.00 0 - - - - - -
4 2.50 4.00 0 - - - - - -
5 3.00 5.00 0 - - - - - -
6 3.50 5.50 0 - - - - - -
7 4.00 6.00 0 - - - - - -
8 4.50 6.50 0 - - - - - -
9 5.00 7.00 2 14.10 1.32 9.35 0.84 6.00 4.00
10 5.50 7.50 0 - - - - - -
11 6.00 8.00 0 - - - - - -
12 6.50 8.50 0 - - - - - -
13 7.00 9.00 0 - - - - - -
14 7.50 9.50 0 - - - - - -
15 8.00 10.00 0 - - - - - -
16 8.50 10.50 0 - - - - - -
17 9.00 11.00 0 - - - - -
18 9.50 11.50 0 - - - - - -
Qty. 2 14.10 1.32 9.35 0.84 6.00 4.00
Rate in INR 50.00 2835.00 3784.00 45812.00 500.00 50.00

Amount in
INR 705.00 3,742.20 35,380.40 38,482.08 3,000.00 200,00
Normal Soli (100%) 14.10 Total Cost = 81,509.68

Soft Rock (0%) 5.0 mtr Height, Rate per Sqm 8150.96
Hard Rock (00%) Say Rs/- 8,151
Page 70
Table: 5.3 Cost Analysis for 6.0 mtr . Height of RCC Retaining Wa I
150
Heigh mm
SI.No t{FRL Excavatio thick RCC Reinforcem Filter Weep
H Length
TO n Plain {IVI35) cnt (IVIT) IVIedia Hole
GL) CC|M15
)
1 1.00 2,00 0 - - - - • -
2 1.50 2.50 0 - - - - -
3 2.00 3,00 0 - - - - - -
4 2.50 4.00 0 - - - - - -
5 3.00 5.00 0 - - - -
6 3.50 5.50 0 - - - - -
7 4.00 6.00 0 - - - -
8 4.50 6.50 0 - - - - - -
9 5.00 7.00 0 - - - - - -
10 5.50 7.50 0 - - - - - -
11 6.00 8.00 2 15.90 1.50 11.79 1.18 7.20 5.00
12 6.50 8.50 0 - - - - - -
13 7.00 9.00 0 - - - - - -
14 7.50 9.50 0 - - - - - -
15 8.00 10.00 0 - - - - - -
16 8.50 10.50 0 - - - - -
17 9.00 11.00 0 - - - - - -
18 9.50 11.50 0 - - . - - - -
Qty. 2 15.90 1.50 11.79 1.18 7.20 s.oo

Rate in INR 50.00 2835.00 3784.00 45812.00 500.00 50.00
Amount in INR 795.00 4.252.50 44,613.36 54,058.16 3,600.00 250.00
Normal Soil (100%) 15.90 Total Cost: 107,569.02
Soft Rock (0%) 6.0 mtr Height, Rate per Sqm 8,964.09
Page 71
Table: 5.4 Cost Analysis for 7.0 mtr. Height of RCC Retaining Wall
ISO mm
Height
(FRL
1 thick RCC Reinforcement Filter Weep
SI.No. H Length Excavation
TO Plain (M35) (IVIT) Media Hole
GL) CC(M15)
(m) (cufn) (cum) (cum) (MT) (cum) (Nos)
1 1.00 2.00 0 •' - - - - - -
2 1.50 2.50 0 - - - - - -
3 2.00 3.00 0 - - - - - -
4 2.50 4.00 0 - - - - -, -
5 3.00 5.00 0 - - - • - - -
6 3.50 5.50 0 - - - - - -
7 4.00 6.00 0 - - - - - -
8 4.50 6.50 0 - - - - - -
9 S.OO 7.00 0 - - - - - -
10 5.50 7.50 0 - - - - - -
11 6.00 8.00 0 - - - - - -
12 6.50 8.50 .0 - - - - - -
13 7.00 9.00 2 17.70 1.68 14.51 1.45 8.40 6.00
14 7.50 9.50 0 - - - - - -
15 8.00 10.00 0 - - - - - -
16 8.50 10.50 0 - - - - - -
17 9.00 11.00 0 . - - - - -
18 9.50 11.50 0 - - - - - -
Qty. •' ' •" 2 17.70 1.68 1A.S1 1.45 8.40 6.00 1
Rate in INR 50.00 2835.00 3784.00 45812.00 500.00 50.00
Amount in INR 885.00 4,762,80 54,905.84 66,427.40 4,200.00 300.00
Normal Soil
(100%) 17.70 Total Cost= 131,481.04
Soft Rock
(0%) 7.0 mtr Height, Rate per Sqm 9,391.50
Hard Rock
(00%) Say Rs/- 9,392
Page 72
Table: I5.5 Cos t Analysis For 8.0 mtr. Height of RCC Retaining Wall
Height 150 mm
(FRL thick RCC Reinforcement Filter Weep
SlNo. H Length Excavation
TO Plain (iVI35) (MT) Media Hole
GL) CC(IV115)
(m) (cuh) (cum) (cum) (MT) (cum) (Nos)
1 1.00 2.00 0 - - - - -
2 1.50 2.50 0 •t -• - - - . - -
3 2.00 3.00 0 - - - - - -
4 2.50 4.00 0 - - - - - -
5 3.00 5.00 0 - - - - - -
6 3.50 5.50 0 - - - - - -
7 4.00 6.00 0 - - - - - -
8 4.50 6.50 0 - - - - - -
9 5.00 7.00 0 - - - - - -
10 5.50 7.50 0 - - - - - -
11 6.00 8.00 0 - - - - - -
12 6.50 8.50 0 - - - - - -
13 7.00 9.00 0 - - - - - -
14 7.50 9.50 0 - - - - - -
15 8.00 10.00 2 19.50 1.86 17.51 1.93 . 9.60 7.00
16 8.50 10.50 0 - - - - - -
17 9.00 11.00 0 - .- - - - -
18 9.50 11.50 0 - - - - - -
Qty. 2 19.50 1.86 17.51 1.93 9.60 7.00

Rate in INR 50,00 2835.00 3784.00 45812.00 500.00 50.00
Amount in INR 975.00 5,273.10 66,238.92 88,213.30 4,800.00 350.00
Normal Soil (100%) 19.50 Total Cost = 165,850.32

Soft Rock (0%) 8.0 mfr Height, Rate per Sqm 10,365.64
Page 73
Table:5.5 Cost Analysis for 9.0 mtr. Height of RCC Retaining Wall
Height 150 mm
(FRL Lengt thicl< RCC Reinforcement Filter
SI.No. H Excavation Weep Hole
TO h Plain {iVI35) (IVIT) IVIedia
GL) CC(M15)
1 1.00 2.00 0 - - - - - -
2 1.50 2.50 0 - - - - - -
3 2.00 3.00 0 ' - - - - -
4 2.50 4.00 0 - - - - - -
5 3.00 5.00 0 - - - - - -
6 3.50 5.50 0 - - - - - -
7 4.00 6.00 0 - - - - - -
8 4.50 6.50 0 - - - - - -
9 5.00 7.00 0 - - - - - -
10 5.50 7.50 0 - - - - - -
11 6.00 8.00 0 - - - - - -
12 6.50 8.50 0 - - - - - -
13 7.00 9.00 0 - - - - - -
14 7.50 9.50 0 - - - - - -
15 8.00 10.00 0 - - - - - -
16 8.50 10.50 0 - - - - - -
17 9.00 11.00 2 21.30 ^ 2.04 20.79 2.29 10.80 8.00
18 9.50 11.50 0 - - - - - -
2 21.30 2.04 20.79,; T' :, g:;;|2.29::;i\..:„:'s ••;.';,.iJ0.80s'i,,; 8.00

50.00 2835.00 3784.00 45812.00 500.00 50.00
1,065.00 5,783.40 78,669.36 104,909.48 5,400.00 400.00
Normal Soil (100%) 21.30 Total Cost = 196,227.24

Soft Rock (0%) 9.0 mtr Height, Rate per Sqm 10,901.51
Page 74
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Tabic 5.8: - Cost Analysis of 5.0 mtr. Height of RE Wall
Height = 5.0 mtr.

rtem
Description of Item Unit Quantity Rates Amount* *
:"m.
•Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall (Reinforced
earth retaining walls have main components as
under: a) Excavation for foundation, foundation
concrete and cement concrete grooved seating in
A) the foundation for facing elements (facia
material), b) Facia material and its placement, c)
Assembling, joining with facing elements and
laying of the reinforcing elements.
(i) Earthwork in Excavation Cum 1120.00 50 56.000
(ii) PCCiV1i5 in leveling pad Cum 134.40 3,706 498,086

(iii) Facing elements of RCC Sqm 3976.00 830 3,301,432
(iv) Steel in Panels (5kg/Sqm) MT 19.88 66,061 1,313,293
Assembling, joining and laying of Reinforcing
(V)
elements.
With reinforcing elements of synthetic geogrids Sqm 3976.00 988 3,928,288
Providing and laying of Filter media with granular
materials/stone crushed aggregates satisfying the
requirements laid down in clause 2504.2.2. of
MoRTH specifications to a thickness of not less
than 600 mm with smaller size towards the soil
B) Cum 1276.80 753 961.430
and bigger size towards the wall and provided
over the entire surface behind Reinforced Earth
retaining wall to the full height compacted to a
firm condition complete as per drawing and
technical specification.
Construction of PCC/RCC cast-in-situ friction
C) slab in M40 grade including e.xpansion joints as Lm 1120.00 7,984 8,942,080
per Tenchnical Specifications and drawings
Backfill Cum 17404.80 583 10.146,998
Add 7 % extra for Loading, Unloading, fixing etc 1,330.043

Total
Amount in 30,477,650
Rs.
In crores 3.05
Rate per
Sqm 7,665
Page 76
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Tablcro.lO Cost Comparison
HtJiiMtr. Rate per Sqm hi Rs/- Rate per Sqm in Rs/-
RE Wall Rctaining Wall
For 5.0 Mtr Height. 7.665 8.151
For 6.0 Mtr Height. 7,862 8,964
For 7.0 Mtr Height. 8,014 9,392
For 8.0 Mtr Height. 8,137 10,380
For 9.0 Mtr Heigiit. 8,238 10.902
1.3 Goticlusidiii-
The worker/labour required more Tor construction of RCC Retaining Wall since it involves too
many activities bui RE Wall needs less number of manpower since half oi'the activities is pre-
casted like panel casting.
RE Wall needs less working place, no form work but RCC Retaining Wall requires more working
place and forni work.
The work of RE Wall needs more skilled labour in comparison to RCC Retaining Wall.
For construction of approaches to flyovers and Road Over Bridge's, Reinforced earth technology
has almost completely replaced conventional retaining .structures. Geogrid Reinforced earth wall
retaining structures have gained wide acceptance in India as a technically proven and cost effective
alternative to conventional RCC Retaining Wall. The ongoing and planned initiatives of Central
and State Governments for improving the road infrasiructures in the country aie likeiy to give a
major boost for the demand of Geogrid Reinforced wall systems.
The RCC Retaining Wall can't be reused in the case of further widening of Highway but old RE
Panel may be reused once again after widening.
Page 79
REFERENCES
1. Specification for Roads & Bridge Works: IV Revision, IRC 2001
2. IRC: 78-2000 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges.
Section - VII Foundation & Sub-structure (Second Revision)
3. IS 2720: Part 4: 1985 Methods of Test for Soils (Grain Size Analysis)
4. IS 2720: Part 5: 1985 Method of Test for Soils (Determination of Liquid and
Plastic Limit)
5. IS 2720: Part 8: 1983 Methods of Test for Soils (Detennination of Water
Content-Dry Density Relation Using Heavy CompacticTn)
6. IS 2720: Part 13 Direct Shear Test • ^\ * ^ ^ \3&\
7. BS 8006: 1995 | | | ^ C'?/5 f 1 ji
IS 10262 Concrete Mix Design V,|\ ./#/
9. IS SP-23 Hand Book of Concrete Mix DeSig^n^ * ^ * l ^ l | ^
10. Concrete Strctures by V. N. VAZIRANI and M.M. RATWANI, KHANNA
PUBLISHERS, DELHI.
11. vvww.wikipedia.org
12. IRC: 21-2000 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges. Section
111 Cement Concrete (Plain and Reinforced) (Third Revision)
13. R. Sathish Kumar (2012), "Construction of Segmental Block Reinforced Earhen Wall
Using Geogrids" A case study on reinforced earthen walls in outer ring road Hyderabad,
NBMCW March 2012
14. www.nhai.org Official web site of NHAI for ongoing Project related information.
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Analysis and Design of RE Wall and Retaining Wall

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Analysis and Design of RE Wall and Retaining Wall

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Analysis and Design of RE Wall and Retaining Wall

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Date; 3> l^*^ - 12_ (Dr. Praveen AggarwW)

I am highly indebted to Dr. D.K. Soni, HOD, Department of Civil

1.1 IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION 1

1.2 HIGHWAY SIGNIFICANCE 2

1.3 WHY THE RETAINING WALL 2

1.4 IMPORTANCE OF REASERCH TOPIC 3

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4

1.6 PRESENTATION OF THE RESEARCH WORK 4

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 HISTORY OF RETAINING STRUCTURE 5

2.2 APPLICATION OF RETAINING/RE WALL 9

2.3 MATERIAL USED IN RETAINING WALLS 10

2.4 TYPES OF RETAINING STRUCTURES 11

2.5 VARIOUS FORCES THAT ACT ON THESE STRUCTURES 11

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF RCC RETAINING WALL 13

3.2 TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS 13

3.3 COMPONENTS OF RCC RETAINING WALLS 15

3.5 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF RCC RETAINING WALL 15

3.5.1 EXCAVATION & GROUND PREPARATION 16

3.5.2 CONSTRUCTION OF BASE & RAFT FOUNDATION

3.5.3 DRAINAGE OF RETAINING WALL 20

3.6 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 23

3.6.1 STEPS OF DESIGN 23

3.7 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL FOR 4.5M HEIGHT FROM GL 24

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF RE WALL 34

4.2 COMPONENTS OF RE WALL 34

4.3 BATTER IN RE WALL 35

4.4. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF RE WALL 35

4.4.1 EXCAVTION & GROUND PREPARATION 36

4.4.2 CONSTRUCTION OF LEVELING PAD 37

4.4.3 PLACEMENT OF FILL UP TO THE TOP OF THE

4.4.4 CASTING, CURING & HANDLING OF MODULAR

4.4.5 ERECTION OF FIRST COURSE OF MODULAR BLOCKS 40

4.4.6 ERECTION OF SUBSEQUENT COURSES OF MODULAR

4.4.8 PLACEMENT & COMPACTION OF FILL 42

4.4.9 INSTALLING THE GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT 46

4.4.10 PLACEMENT OF DRAINAGE BAY 48

4.4.11 CASTING OF COPING BEAM 48

4.4.12 QUALITY CONTROL 48

4.5 MANUAL DESIGN CALUCULATION GEOSYNTHETIC

CHAPTER 5 COST ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION 66

5.1 COST ANALYSIS OF RCC RETAINING WALL _ 61

5.2 COST ANALYSIS OF RE WALL 75

Table No. Description Page No.

Figure No. Description Page No.

1.1 Needs of Retaining/RE Wall 3

i.I Importance of Traiisportation:-

A country cannot develop without a developed transportation system. Development of

A developed transportation system reduces regional industrial disparity by facilitating

Transportation system helps to solve the problem of unemployment in rural areas by

|1.2 Highway Significance:-

1.3 Why the Retaining Wall:-

Figure 1.1 Needs of Retaining/RE Wall

1.4 Importance of Research Topic:-

1.5 Scope of the Study:-

1.6 Presentation of the Research Work:-

Chapter 2 "Literature Review" it gives an idea about histoiy of Retaining Structure,

*2il History of Retailing Strtict

• Aurelian Walls of Rome

Figure: - 2.1 First Stage Development of Retaining Wall (Stone Masonry)

Figure: - 2.3 Final Stage Development of Retaining Wall (RCC)