| — = phasor S, 1s called the ope ity. The amplitude com Tf [S| > [Sel the else restrain Static Comparators as Relays Figure 10.1 Amplitude comparator 10.1 Comparison vs Computation 1a where the amphtude comparator gives the trip which emphasize the fact that the ampiitud je and is blind to the phase ans ‘output, Both the inputs] Sian Comparators as Relays 39 wor weaned | 49,3. Phase Comparator ut responds only to wpes. the cosine type and the sine type 90" < Arg Sy, ‘This ts shown in Figure 103. — conne ype grasa step Reston + 5, eerance 18a<81 Resa ee REA moose Piss ig > Trane ey B54) 90 Tow mg (iB) > Te Figure 10216) Inputs to anil or casing t 4 be on the threshold Figure 10.4tn) Inputs to cosine type phase comparator remulting m tip output itiesSy w sw Wie eo Resren No (8/8,)* 189" Resin a (S/S) > 90° - Reka iy (508) > 90" Figure 10.406) Inputs to caine spe p Figure 10.5 Sine-type phase comparator trp, restrain and threshold conditions a9 (848, 10.4 Duality Between Amplitude and Phase Comparators Figure 10.41e) tn between the amplitude and phas imparator are modified according to the thoorem hase comparator and 10.3.2. The Sine-type Phase Comparotor iPundamerals of Power § Figure 10.8 Duality between amplitude and phase comparators for |8,) « | and S, be. n S.and 8, such id subtracting the inputs to a If such signals are fod to the help of graphical Resta 9 (80/89 > 90" &- Ti Se] comparator sway fy eon of cuahty Bq" 8. +5; Figure 10.9 Dua eg (883) > 9" a Figure 10.10 Duality between phuse comparator and amplitude comparator for ‘aE (SWS, > y between amplitude and phiave comparators for 8, > S, By teen of dusty $= 8+ Se 85 -oy > essa gy,By Traore ot a pore S=8,-5, ator and amphtude: comparato duay Su >is ale | (10.5 Synthesis of Various Distance Relays Using Static Comparators cosine. wwe convert these two phasors 4 practical electromic eiteuit le for driving a phas 'o two voltages suitable for feeding VV. 5.1 Synthesis of Mho Relay Using Static Phase Comparator ,, Phe characteristic to be synthesized is thus se comparator. The mho relay 18 always greater than 9 (for example CAP = 90 Thetho oP > or Reston Tho tw tong 22! og earn Se Figure 10.12 Synthesio of mho relay using caine ype phase comparator \s shows that even i pedonce seen by the: side of Z, as shown in Figure 10.13, as long as it is in the trip region, the an (2, - 2,)'and Z, as always greater than -90° The angle hits 90° for boundary co B ano ne restraining region, angle‘ ZI ee Figure 10.13 Synthesis of mho relay using phase comparator > 97 nent ‘Thus, we find that (1,2, — V,) and V, are the two voltage signals which can be fod to a cosine-type comparator for synthesis of a mbo relay with a setting of Z, Figure 10.15 Mho relay synthene using comne-type phase comparator/JO52 Synthesis of Reaet oe fenctance Reloy Using cadfnestip Phase equal becomes greater than 90° j of | cares m= By + trp BP = pe Za) 08 = By) + Trosnoa, Cara OC Ry + Reston Pm Z4 > w DP teweie a ip tow 6g EE cor, peep Figure 10.16 Dervving inputs for synthesis of eactance relay. Resron Figure 10.17 Deriving inputs for synthesis of reactance relay Thus ong the reactance relay tronic circuit, which are used to implement

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2g a | = 028 He fue = 97 WE SIH, the ADC can handle the sume ADC can now hand® low frequencies mich higher frequencies 2 ‘The proof of the sampling theorem can be seen from Figure 113.| i a Me Numerical Transfor Numerical Proveevion 35 of Power Sistem ‘mer Differential Protection two | sigan Figure 11.17 Block diagram of m: LANG Numerical Distance Protection of Transmission Line [ee 11.9.1. Mann and Morrison Method Let voltage at the relay location be described by b= Vy sintat + 8) cas)26 F uals of Power Sy and the eurrent by. b= ty sinwr + 0) It may be noted that voltae and current are assum 7 J-Yorner sa nen bo Mewar + 6 ‘Combining expressions for v and (wen, we get Similaely 150) ot nse @ = tn " Phe phase angle between the relay voltage and relay current will be ven by ena 8 risa sis refers to continuous signals However, the same can be adapted al relaying by substituting sample values instea ‘computed derivatives instead of continuous denivauves, denwatives at the nth samphng anstant, v ands, can be weitten as the numerical risa Similasly a.s5) «se wmercal Protectan 247 us, the Pree neessing othe eto employ hat stray noise signals do not eause false tripping One (a counter every time the estimated val depends upon the expected lev lon and ha: to be determined empirically Uns 9.2. Differential Equation Method imped series RL eireust. The ds nce are neglected can relate the vollage and current at : | eg258 Fundamentals of Pome From Figure 11.19, we ean easily see that the numerical derivative of the current at instants n and n + 2 is diy inst a fe at «a.65) c1.63) (64) 1.68) ye sampling interval the simultancous algebraic Eqs we unknowns R and L, we get and (11.64) in matrix notation qusr a6250 Fandomentls of Power Sistem Pretecrom Numerical Protection 281 ‘The voltage drop across the infinitesimal length de, of phase a can be written as KR - (1189) a &s 2} tag = (Rind) + Ubgdan 22» (Tyas) 2 + gta i l | tog = (Ryige) + (byl) 82 = aye) + Let) 11.72) where = or dus 4); + (1, 24) (oS) : T= (Rr beGle (™ at} *(M ) «L73y From which we get Sanilcty tv wllage and current relationships for phaoes 5 andc ex be written as (m+ tai} + (toe Me} )- (it) -(a ens If the line is assumed to be ideally transposed, we have — Day = La * Lig = De * big = bis = bm wwnere Re, Ls are the series resistance and duictance per unit length of each phase inductance por unit length between any two phases og een (mata ao( tm ose oT a why és A a ee (mG) “(Rtas aa Now, the self: and mutual-parameters are related to the zero and positive sequence parameters as follows: Iy= Ls + Oy «tsa Ry= Rs unas) y= Ls - Ly aise, and inte he «ang, Figure 11.20 Model of three-phase line . 5