CHOI

CEOFLAW I
SSUES.

Name:
DikshaMor
e

Cl
ass:
B.B.
A-LL.
B(Sem X)

Rol
lno.
:L15017

Subj
ect
:Pr
ivat
eInt
ernat
ional
Law.
I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Thechoi ceoflawquesti
ononlyar i
sesifacourtintheforum hasjuri
sdicti
ontodeterminea
case,anddoesnotconsi dert
hatitshoulddecli
net oexer
cisethatjuri
sdict
ion.Theresul
tina
choiceoflawcasedoesnotonl ydependont hechoi ceoflawr ul
erelevanttothecase.I
tis
oft
enj ustasimport
anttoidenti
fythepointatwhichacour tmustdeci dewhethertherei
sa
needtoi nvokeachoiceoflawrule,andhowt hatrul
eistobei nvoked.

REGI
ENATI
ONALDESUSI
NESRENAULTSAVZHANG

 Mat
terbef
oret
hecour
twasr
eal
l
yaboutj
uri
sdi
cti
on

-
Doesn’
tmeanNSW cour
twast
heonl
ycour
t–Fr
ance,
NewCal
andNSW mayhav
ehad
j
uri
sdi
cti
on

 Fr
enchcour
thasj
uri
sdi
cti
on

Ter
ri
tor
ial
i
tyaccor
dingt
oFr
enchl
aw?

 NewCal
edoni
anCour
thasj
uri
sdi
cti
on

Noter
ri
tor
ial
it
y(def
endantnotwi
thi
njur
isdi
cti
on)butt
ortwi
thi
nfor
um accor
dingt
oNew
Cal
edoni
anlaw

 NewSout
hWal
eshasj
uri
sdi
cti
on

 Not
err
it
ori
ali
ty(
def
endantnotwi
thi
njur
isdi
cti
on)

 Rel
yongr
oundofj
uri
sdi
cti
oncl
aimedi
nNSW UCPRSch6(
e)–damages

suf
fer
edi
nfor
um
  NSW f
oundt
hati
twasnotacl
ear
lyi
nappr
opr
iat
efor
um t
oheart
hemat
ter

oWhi
chev
ercour
thear
sthemat
terhast
odeci
dehowt
hemat
terwi
l
lbedeal
twi
th

 Hast
odeci
dewhatl
awt
oappl
ytor
esol
vet
hedi
sput
e

 I
ndi
cat
iver
ulesi
ndi
cat
etot
hecour
twhatbodyofr
ulest
oresol
vet
hedi
sput
e

 Di
sposi
ti
ver
ulesar
erul
est
hatdi
sposeoft
hemat
ter(
lexcausae)

Theprocessbywhicht hecourtdet
ermineswhatt hei ndicati
ve/dispositi
veruleiscal
l
edt he
choi
ceoflawmet hod.Thus, t
hechoiceoflawr ul
eisaj uri
sdict
ion-selecti
ngrule.I
nit
ssi mplest
for
m,achoiceoflawr ulewill
ther
eforespeci
fyaj ur
idical cat
egory( suchast heformalvali
dity
ofmarri
ageortor
t)andi tsassoci
atedconnectingfact or(suchast hepl aceofsolemnizati
onor
thepl
acewherethetor toccurr
ed)thatef
fect
ivelyselect salegalsystem.

CHOI
CEOFLAW METHOD

Thechoiceoflawmet hodisthemethodbywhi
chcour
tdet
ermi
neswhetherachoiceoflawrule
i
sinvokedinapar t
icul
arcase.Theappr
oacht
akeni
snotpr
escr
ibedbyl
aw, andnotnecessar
il
y
al
ways( orhabi
tual
lyappl
ied):

 Requi
resoneoft
hepar
ti
esbef
oret
hecaset
orai
set
hei
ssuebef
oret
hecour
t.

 Quit
eoft
eni
tisthedefendant
,becausepl
aint
if
fini
ti
atesact
ioni
nfor
um assumi
ng
for
um l
awwouldapply
Therei
sanelementofcir
cul
ari
tyi
nthechoiceoflawmet
hod–maycomeintot
hepr ocessat
anyofthest
ages.Oftent
hemethodisdeter
minedbyar
eaofl
aw(
multi
-st
atemarr
iageand
proper
tybet
teradapt
edtomethodthancontr
act)
:

 I
fthedi
sput
eisabouttor
t,fai
rl
yobvi
oustot
hosedeal
i
ngwi
thmat
ter
sthati
tisobv
ious
t
herei
sapriv
atei
nternat
ionall
awissue

 I
not
herar
easi
tisnotqui
tesocl
ear

FI
VESTEPPROCESS

1.I
dent
if
icat
ionofaconf
li
ctofl
aws

-I
dent
if
icat
ionoft
hepossi
bil
i
tyt
hataf
orei
gnbodyofl
awmi
ghtappl
y

2.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionoft
hesubj
ectmat
ter

-Needt
oconcept
uall
ycl
assi
fyt
hematt
erasoneofcont
ract
/tor
t/pr
opert
y/mar
ri
agebef
orey
ou
candet
ermi
nethechoi
ceofl
awrul
es,
andthendi
sposi
ti
verul
esthatappl
y

3.Thecl
assi
fi
cat
ionofsubst
ant
iveorpr
ocedur
all
aw

-Pr
ocedur
all
awsar
elexf
ori

-Subst
ant
ivel
awsmaybef
orei
gnl
aws

4.I
dent
if
icat
ionofchoi
ceofl
awr
ule

-Whati
stheAust
ral
i
anr
ulet
hatt
ell
syouwhet
hert
oacceptt
hef
orei
gnl
aw

5.Appl
i
cat
ionoft
hel
awoft
hecause

-Att
heendoft
hepr
ocesswor
koutwhet
hert
hepl
aint
if
fwi
l
lsucceedont
hemat
ter
LawI
ssues:
I
fapersoni
sdomicil
edinAust
ral
iaorusuallyr
esidenti
nAustral
i
a,Austr
ali
awil
lhave
j
uri
sdi
cti
oneveni
fthecauseofacti
onarisessomewhereelse.Aust
ral
iancour
tswil
lalway
s
hav
ejuri
sdi
cti
onoveryouasanAustral
i
anr esi
dent.

1.CONTRACT

i
.Cont
ractmadei
nthef
orum

 Notnecessar
il
ycl
earwhat‘
madei
nthef
orum’
means

-Mostcommonwayi
swher
eaccept
anceofcont
racti
sinAust
ral
i
a

 Wher
elastactnecessar
ytocr
eat
eabi
ndi
ngcont
ract
ual
obl
i
gat
ionoccur
red:
DeerPar
k

Engi
neer
ingvTownsv
il
leHar
bourBoar
d

-Placewheret
heof
fer
orr
ecei
vedof
fi
cial
communi
cat
ionofaccept
anceoft
het
ermsof
theagreement

 Clauseinagreementst
ati
ngwherecont
racti
smadeisnotconcl
usi
veoftheplacethe
contractwasmadeast hi
sconcl
usi
onisascr
ibedbyl
aw,nott
heagreementofthe
parti
es:

Shel
donPal
l
etManuf
act
uri
ngCoPt
yLt
dvNZFor
estPr
oduct
sLt
d.

i
i
.Br
eachofcont
ractwi
thi
nthef
orum

 Doesn’
tmeanthateverypar
toft
hebr
eachoccur
sinAust
ral
i
a,butt
hebr
eachal
l
eged
mustoccuri
nAustral
ia

 Thi
scanoccurev
eni
fthecont
racti
smadesomewher
eel
se
  Mostcommoni
sfai
l
uret
opay

 Toj
ust
if
yser
viceont
hisgr
ound,
thepl
aint
if
fmustshowt
hat

 Theact
ioni
s‘i
nrespectof
’or‘
foundedon’
aval
i
dcont
ract

 Ther
ewasabr
eachoft
hatcont
ract

 Thebr
eacht
ookpl
acei
nthef
orum

-Obl
igat
ionwhi
chpl
aint
if
fal
l
egeshasbeenbr
eachedmustbeonewhi
chhadt
obe
per
formedint
hefor
um

-I
fplai
nti
ffal
l
egest hati
tistheperf
ormanceofanactthatconst
it
utesabr
eachof
cont
ract
,thebreachistakentooccurwheret
heacttookplace:

Saf
ranvChani

i
i
i.Cont
racti
sgov
ernedbyt
hel
awsoft
hef
orum (
properl
awoft
hecont
ract–f
orum cl
ause)

 Whendecidingwhetherservi
ceout sideAust
ral
iacanbej ust
ifi
edonthisgr
ound, the
courtonl
yhastobesat i
sfi
edt hattherei
sagoodar guablecasethatthepr
operl awis
thelawofthefor
um, andthereforethecourt
’si
nvesti
gationneednotbeast horoughat
thi
spointasitmustbeatthel aterti
mewhent hecourtisdetermi
ningtheproperlawof
thecontr
actattr
ial

Theuseof‘cont
ract’
doesn’tmeancont
ractstr
ict
ly–itcouldbeanassignmentofaright(al
so
fal
l
swithi
nthisheadofjur
isdi
cti
on),
act
ionsbroughtbyat hi
rdpar
tyinrespectofacontract
madebyothers,andact
ionsrel
ati
ngtootherobli
gat
ionstopayafixedsum ofmoneyt hatare
i
mposedbyl aw.
2.TORT

i
.Causeofact
ionar
osei
njur
isdi
cti
on(
FCA,
HCA,
NSW,
QLD,
Tas)–wi
dert
hansi
mpl
ytor
ts

 Costofhospit
alt
reat
menti
nNSW wassuf
fi
cientf
orNSWSCt
ofi
ndt
hati
thad
j
uri
sdict
ion:

Renaul
tvZhang

i
i
.Tor
tcommi
tt
edi
nfor
um

 I
nallj
urisdi
cti
ons,ser
viceoutsi
deAust
ral
i
aisper
missi
blei
nanact
ion‘
founded’
or
‘
based’onat or
tcommi tt
edinthef
orum

 Thet
ortwasf
ail
uret
oinf
orm aboutt
her
iskoft
hal
i
domi
de:
Dist
il
ler
sCovThompson

 AgarvHy
de(
2000)201CLR552

 DowJones&CompanyvGut
nick(
2002)194ALR433

i
i
i.Damagessuf
fer
edi
nthef
orum

 I
njur
ysust
ained,
inwhol
eorpar
t,i
nthef
orum,
from at
ort
,wher
everoccur
ri
ng

 I
nordertodeter
minewhetherdamageswhol
l
yorpar
tl
ysuf
fer
edi
njur
isdi
cti
on,
hav
eto
becar
efulofwhatthet
ortactual
l
yis

-AssoonasAustr
ali
ancourt
ssayall
theyneedi
spar
tofdamageswi
thi
nfor
um,
the
cour
twil
lreadi
l
yacceptj
uri
sdi
cti
on
 -Notj
ustt
ermsofdamagesi
nter
msofpay
ingoutmoney
,al
sopur
eeconomi
closs

 Pinjur
edinaccidenti
nQl dincur
reddamageafterr
etur
ningt
oNSW becausesheneeded
fur
thertr
eatmentinSydneyandsuf f
eredeconomicl
ossasar esul
tofr
educedear
ning
capaci
ty:Fl
aher
t yvGi
rgis(1985)4NSWLR248

 Regi
eNat
ional
desUsi
nesRenaul
tSAvZhang(
2002)210CLR491

 DowJones&CoI
ncvGut
nick(
200210CLR575at622

 Theseleadt
othepossi
bil
i
tyt
hatj
uri
sdi
cti
onexer
cisedonl
yont
hebasi
soft
hepl
aint
if
f’
s
resi
dence

DI
STI
LLERSCOVTHOMPSON(
1971)

 Cour
trequi
redt
odet
ermi
ne

-Whet
heral
l
egedwr
ongconst
it
utesa‘
tor
t’
;and

-Whet
heroccur
redt
oasuf
fi
cientdegr
eei
nthef
orum

 Thet
ortwasf
ail
uret
oinf
orm aboutt
her
iskoft
hal
i
domi
de

-I
fitwasnegli
gentl
ymanuf
act
uredout
sideAust
ral
i
a,don’
thav
ejur
isdi
cti
onabout
negl
igentmanufact
ure

-Tor
twasf
ail
uret
owar
ninNSW wher
etheysubmi
tt
edt
hedr
ug

DOW JONES&COMPANYVGUTNI
CK(
2002)210CLR575

Gl
eesonCJ,
McHugh,
GummowandHay
neJJ(
at607)
:

I
tisonl
ywhent
hemat
eri
ali
sincompr
ehensi
blef
ormt
hatt
hedamaget
oreput
ati
oni
sdoneand
i
tisdamaget oreputat
ionwhi chisthepri
nci
pal focusofdefamation,notanyquali
tyoft
he
defendant’
sconduct.Inthecaseofmat er
ialontheWor ldWideWeb, i
tisnotavai
labl
ein
compr ehensi
bleform unti
ldownloadedont othecomput erofaper sonwhohasusedaweb
browsertopullthemat eri
al f
rom thewebserver.Iti
swher ethatpersondownloadsthemateri
al
thatthedamaget oreputationmaybedone.Or di
nar i
l
ythen,thatwil
lbetheplacewherethetor
t
ofdef amati
oniscommi t
ted.