1- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and write its scientific term:

(A) A thin ventral bone attached to the outer end of scapula.

(B) Group of discs which formed of thin protein filaments.
Answer:
(A) Clavicle bone.
(B) Light discs.  5od balk en disc = band = area.
2- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and give an account on:
A- Interferons.
B- Agglutination (clumping)
Answer:
(A) Different types of not specific proteins secreted by cells infected by viruses, as they bind to healthy
cells neighboring to the infected cells and induce them to produce enzymes that inhibit the action of
nucleic acid's replication enzymes of the virus, thus preventing the virus from reproduction and
spreading in the body, especially viruses with RNA genomes such as viruses cause influenza and
poliomyelitis. So,
+ they have a medical use in treating viral diseases.
+ it was believed that interferons can treat cancers, but preliminary studies have been disappointing,
but this may be due to technical problems that can be overcome.

(B) One of mechanisms of antibodies where some antibodies, such as lgM has many antigen-binding
sites (more than two sites) which enable each of them to bind to more than one microbe (antigen), this
lead to the clumping of microbes on the same antibody, this makes them weaker and liable in be
engulfed by phagocytes.
3- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and mention the site and the function.
A- Antheridium.
B- Micropyle in ovule
Answer:
Antheridium
Site : The anterior region of the lower surface of Function : Male organ that produce male
the gametophyte in ferns. gametes (ciliated sperms = Antherizoids) (n)
Micropyle in ovule
Site : two integuments surround ovule completely Function : Through which the ovule is fertilized.
except a minute hole called micropyle.
4- Choose only the reight answer of the following:
The mensterual cycle in a human female is regulated through ……….
a) ovary and posterior lobe of pituitary gland hormones.
b) Hormones of the anterior and posterior lobes of pitutary gland
c) Hormones of ovary and anterior lobe of pituitary gland
d) ovary and uterus hormones
Answer:
(C) Hormones of ovary and anterior lobe of pituitary gland
5- Give reason for:
The human is infected by measles only one time during his life.
Answer:
Because after first infection, the body store the memory B and T cells which store information about
this antigens, so if the same individual infected by the same disease again, the memory cell that store
information about the antigens attacked by the immune system in the past respond to the pathogen
once it enters the body and they start dividing quickly to produce within short period of time large
amounts of the antibodies and activate T cells.

1
6- What would happen when: Absence of restriction endonuclease enzymes from a strain of E. coli bacteria.
Answer:
This strain will be non-resistant bacteria and viruses invade this strain of bacteria as restriction
endonucleases enzymes that attack specific nucleotide sequences ( recognition site ) in the viral DNA &
break the DNA into useless fragments.
7- Look at the following figure then answer:
First : Where does fertilization process occur?
Second: What are the changes occur in the structure no (4) during menstrual cycle?
Answer:
1) In the first third (upper) part of fallopian tube.
2) During proliferation : Graafian follicle secretes Estrogen hormone
during its growth to stimulate the growth of the endometrium and
rebuild it.
2. During ovulation & preparation of pregnancy: Corpus luteum
secretes Progesterone hormone that increases the thickness of the
endometrium and its blood supply to prepare it to receives the embryo.
3. During menstruation : if the ovum is not fertilized (1 or 2 days after
ovulation) as the secretion of progesterone decreases the endometrium
degenerates and menstrual bleeding occurs as the blood vessels tear & successive contractions of the
uterus. Menstrual bleeding lasts for 3-5 days.
8- Compare between:
Aldosterone hormone and corticosterone hormone according to their function.
Answer:
Aldosterone hormone Corticosterone hormone
It secreted from Cortex of adrenal gland and plays an important It secreted from Cortex of adrenal
role in mineral metabolism and its balance in the body as it gland to regulate carbohydrates
increases re-absorption of sodium and increases the excretion (sugar - starch) metabolismin the
of potassium from the kidney tubules. body.
9- Two parts of DNA molecules equal in size were put in two test
tubes and a different enzyme is added to each of them separatly,
and the results were as shown in the figure, Mention the name of the
enzyme (E1, E2) in each case with explaniation.
Answer:
E1 : DNA- helicase enzyme as the two strands of the double
helix separates by DNA-Helicase enzyme which moves along
DNA molecule separating the two strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the paired
nitrogenous bases.
E2 : taq polymerase enzyme which used to clone DNA and produce million of copies in few hours in a
high temperature.
(3la fkra el restriction bardo hatb2a sa7 f E2 la2nhom asln bysht8lo f high temp. bs el ktab msh katbha)
10- Choose only one question (A) or (B) then answer:
Give reason for:
A- Shortage of oxygen leads to muscle fatigue.
B- There is a relation between the motor unit and the skeletal muscle contraction.
Answer:
(A) As muscle fatigue resulted from repeated and rapid contraction of muscle, which leads to the
inability of the blood to supply the muscle rapidly with the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration and
energy production. The muscle converts Glycogen to Glucose which oxidized anaerobically to produce
rapid energy to allow the muscle to contract. Continuous anaerobic respiration leads to the
accumulation of Lactic acid causes muscle fatigue.
(B) Because the motor unit is the functional unit of the skeletal muscle because the muscle contraction
is the summation of all motor units forming the muscle.

2
11- Choose only the right answer from the following:
The (B) lymphocyte attached to its antigen through ……...
a) antibodies.
b) major histocompatability(MHC)
c) immune receptors.
d) Lysozyme enzymes
Answer:
(C) Immune receptors
12- Explain the following:
The human male will be sterile if the number of sperms in each ejaculation is less than 20 millions.
Answer:
As human male is considered infertile as most of sperms are lost during the journey to the ovum and
the sperms share in secreting the hyaluorinc enzyme which dissolve a part of the ovum coat to
facilitate its penetration process.
13- What would happens when:
Absence of regulatory non-histone protein from the chromosome.
Answer:
Can't determine if the DNA code will make RNA, proteins, enzymes or no.
14- Give the scientific term:
Immune cells which have different names according to the name of the tissue where they exist, and ready to attack any
strange body near it.
Answer:
Fixed macrophages
15- Mention two examples of living organisms which have haploid (N) somatic cells.
Answer:
1- Drone of honey bee.
2- Spirogyra alga.
16- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and answer: Compare between:
A- Phenols and cephalosporin in plants.
B- receptors and antimicrobial chemicals in plants.
Answer:
Phenols Cephalosporin
+ From antimicrobial chemicals that is chemical + From antimicrobial chemicals that is chemical
compound secreted by plant to resist pathogens. compound secreted by plant to resist pathogens.
+ Toxic compounds that may kill pathogens such + Non-protein amino acids which is toxic
as bacteria or inhibit their growth. compound doesn't enter in the structure of
proteins in plant but it acts as a protective
substance for the plant.
+ May be already found in the plant before the + May be already found in the plant before the
infection or formed due to the infection. infection or formed due to the infection.

Receptors Antimicrobial chemicals in plants

+ These compounds recognize
the presence of pathogen and
stimulate the INNATE immune
system in the plant.
+ Found in healthy and
infected plants, but the
concentration increases in
the plants after the infection.
Chemical compounds secreted by plant to resist pathogens such as :
+ Phenols & Glycosides : Toxic chemical compounds that may kill
pathogens such as bacteria or inhibit their growth.
+ Non-protein amino acids as Canavanine and Cephalosporin :
Toxic chemical compounds as these amino acids do not enter in the
structure of proteins in plant but they act as a protective substance
for the plant.
May be already found in the plant before the infection or formed
due to the infection.

3
17- Only by a diagram, show the structure of the building unit of DNA molecule and mention its structure.
Answer:
The building unit of DNA is nucleotide. Each nucleotide consists of:
+ A five- carbon sugar called deoxyribose sugar.
+ Phosphate group attached to carbon number
five (5' carbon) of sugar by a covalent bond.
+ One nitrogen base attached to carbon number
one (1' carbon) of sugar by a covalent bond.

18- Mention the site of secretion and the function of (TSH) hormone.
Answer:
the site of secretion the function
Adenohypophysis part (Anterior lobe) of pituitary Stimulates the thyroid gland to secret its
gland hormones.
19- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and write its scientific term:
A- All the genes and all DNA in one somatic cell of the living organism.
B- Living organisms having DNA circular in shape.
Answer:
(A) Individual's genome
(B) Prokaryotes.
20- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and explain its function:
A- Pulling roots.
B- Tenderils.
Answer:
(A) Corms and bulbs have pulling roots below them. Pulling roots contracts to pull the corm or bulb
downwards to a suitable level in the soil. So, Subterranean storing stems remain at a suitable distance
from the soil surface by the help of these pulling roots which support the aerial parts against wind
effect.

(B) The tendril moves in air, till it makes contact with a solid object. It twins around the object for few
turns in a spiral form. Tendril length decrease and so the plant stem is supported and grows vertically.
Tendril becomes thickened by disposition of a considerable amount of mechanical tissue.
21- Choose only one question (A) or (B) then answer it: Give reason for:
A- The life cycle of plasmodium malaria is characterized by having alternation of generations.
B- The ability of adaptation with the environment decreases for those individuals which produced from asexual
reproduction.
Answer:
(A) Because the life of Plasmodium includes Sexual generation that reproduce by gametes fusion in
mosquito followed by Asexual generation that reproduces by Sporogony in mosquito and by Schizogony
in Man.

(B) Because in asexual reproduction the new organism is similar to the original parent because the
young receives nuclear material from only one parent by mitosis. So, the features of the following
generations remain the same even if the surrounding conditions change. So, at any change in the
environment most of the offspring became exposed to destruction unless their parents had been
adapted for that change.
22- Show how to obtain number of planaria worms from only one worm.
Answer:
By regeneration as if planarian worm is cute several transverse pieces or 2 longitudinal parts, each
piece will grow to a complete individual, due to its ability to reproduce by regeneration.

4
23- Choose the correct answer only from the following:
From the natural barriers which represent the first line of defense in human is ......
a) histamine.
b) cerumen.
c) interleukens.
d) chimokines.
Answer:
(B) Cerumen
24- How to measure the degree of annealing between the two strands of hybrid DNA?
Answer:
The degree of annealing between any two strands can be measured by the heat required to separate
them again. The more tightly the strands are bound together, the more heat will be required to
separate them & vice versa.
25- The following sequence shows the arrangement of nitrogenous bases on one strand of DNA.
 
First : Write the sequence of nucleotides on mRNA transcribed from this strand.
Second: Determine the number of amino acids in a polypeptide chain that translated from this strand.
Answer:
(A) Sequence on mRNA :
(B) Number of translated amino acids = 6 amino acids.
26- Show only by a labeled drawing the structure of lumbar vertebra.
Answer:

27- Which one takes a longer time , primary response or secondary response? Why?
Answer:
Primary immune response because it is a slow response takes 5 to 10 days To reach its maximum
productivity of B and T cells that need time to multiply. As it is the immune system to a new pathogen.
While the secondary immune response is very fast response : as it depends on the memory cells that
respond to the pathogen once it enters the body again and divide quickly to produce large amounts of
the antibodies and active T cells within short period of time.
28- Choose only one question (A) or (B) then give reason:
A- The spore mother cell inside the ovary of the flower divides meiotically.
B- Maturation of fruits and seeds mainly leads to stop the vegetative growth of the plant and sometimes its
death.
Answer:
(A) The spore mother cell (2n) divides by meiosis giving a row of 4 haploid cells (n). Three of them
degenerate and the fourth grows rapidly forming the embryo sac, that is surrounded by a nutritive
tissue called nucellus.

(B) Due to the consumption of the stored food and inhibition of hormones during maturation of the fruit
and seeds.

5
29- Choose only the right answer of the following:
- Histamine substance is secreted at the site of injury through:
a) mast cells and basophils .
b) basophils and neutrophils.
c) neutrophils and monocytes.
d) natural killer cells and phagocytes.
Answer:
(A) mast cells and basophils.
30- What would happen in case of:
Shortage of ATP molecules at neuromuscular junction.
Answer:
Decrease the amount of energy available for transverse links to act as hooks to pull the actin filaments
from both side towards each other leading to weakness of muscle contraction or muscle contraction
may not occur. This may lead to muscle fatigue.
31- What are the results of:
Fusion of the integuments with the ovary wall in the flower?
Answer:
Formation of endospermic seed (grain) where the embryo keeps a part of endospermic tissue as maize
- wheat grains and the integuments of ovule and the ovary wall fuse together forming a single-seeded
fruit called grain which is monocotyledon.
32- Write the scientific term of the following statement:
A protein substance secreted from T- helper ( ) to activate B-lymphocytes.
Answer:
Interlukines
33- What would happens if:
The level of glucose in the blood decreased?
Answer:
Alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans of pancreas secrets glucagon hormone which Increases the glucose
level in blood through increasing the breaking down of Glycogen stored in liver into Glucose.
So, Glucagon and insulin regulate the glucose level in blood and keep it constant at a level ranges
between 80 - 120 mg/100 cm3
34- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and then answer: Compare between
A- The immune role of tonsils and Peyer's patches.
B- Antigens and immune receptors.
Answer:
The immune role of tonsils The immune role of Peyer's patches
Two lymphoid glands located on both sides of the Small lymphoid cells that accumulate in the form
rear portion of the mouth. of masses or aggregations spread in the mucous
membrane lining the lower part of the small
They pick up any microbe or foreign body that intestine.
may enter with food or air and prevent its entry Their full function is unknown, but they play a
into the body, and thus works to protect the role in the immune response against pathogenic
body. microorganisms that enter the intestine.

Antigens immune receptors

They are compounds found on the surface of They are compounds found on the surface of
microbes invading the body which are recognized lymphocytes to recognize the presence of
by the lymphocytes that adhere to them through antigens that found on the surface of microbes
the immune receptors found on their surfaces. and adhere to them.

6
35- The figure below shows the structure of a cell organelle , look at it then answer:
First : Write the names of labels (1) and (2)
Second : Mention two sites within the part no (2) which play an important
role during protein synthesis.

Answer:
(A) 1- Small ribosomal subunit. 2- Large ribosomal subunit.
(B) Peptidyl (P) site and Aminoacyl (A) site

36- What is the role of each of:

The amnion and the chorion during the pregnancy (each independantly)
Answer:
Chorion membrane :
1. protect the embryo.
2. there are finger-like projections called chorionic villi grow from it to be inserted in the endometrium
in which the blood capillaries of both embryo and mother touch.

Amnion membrane :
It contains amniotic fluid that:
1. protect the embryo against SHOCKS & DRYNESS .
2. allow the embryo to move.
3. Forms the umbilical cord.
37- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and write its scientific term:
A- Short stem in which its leaves being modified into floral parts
B- An acid acts to hold the coat of the female ovum.
Answer:
(A) Flower
(B) Hyaluronic acid
38- How to obtain plants able to fix nitrogen in the soil?
Answer:
By genetic engineering by Isolating and transplanting the genes that enable members of legumes to
house nitrogen fixing bacteria on their roots.
If we can transplant these genes into other crop plants and set them up with bacteria, it would
eliminate the need for nitrogen fertilizers which are expensive to produce and apply. and cause water
pollution in agriculture areas.
39- What are the results of:
The pollen grains fail to germinate on the stigma of the flower?
Answer:
Formation of fruit devoid of seeds by parthenocarpy which is the ability of the ovary to develop into
seedless fruits without fertilization.

40- Choose only the right answer:

The infective stage to human during the life cycle of plasmodium malaria is …..
a) merozoites.
b) sporozoites.
c) gametocytes.
d) oocyst.
Answer:
(B) Sporozoites

7
41- What would happen when:
Absence of DNA ligase enzyme from the nucleus of Eukaryotes .
Answer:
+ DNA molecules are damaged and leads to mutations because DNA ligases remove a damaged area of
DNA. So, the damaged areas of DNA are not recognized and not removed, so the damaged nucleotides
will not replaced by new ones, it causes dangerous changes in the cell's proteins.
+ Stop of DNA replication because it forms a new strand by joining the short pieces in the direction 5'
to 3' of the new strand. So, inability of cells to replace the damaged ones.

42- Choose only the right answer:

- The fertilized ovum is inserted in the endometrium after ..... day of fertilization.
a) One
b) Four
c) Five
d) Seven
Answer:
(d) seven

43- Choose only one question (A) or (B) then draw only a labelled diagram for it:
A- Reproduction by sporogony in bread mould.
B- Formation of new filament in spirogyra algae starting from zygospore.
Answer:

44- Look at the opposite figure then answer:

First : Mention the type of the joint and the type of its movement.
Second : What are the characters of these ligaments?
Answer:
(A) Synovial joint – limited movement as it allow the movement of a bone
in one direction only
(B) The fibers of ligaments are characterized by its strong durability and presence
of a degree of elasticity allow a little increase of its length in order not to be
cut during the exposure of the joint to an external pressure.
45- The sequence of bases on mRNA is….

First : write the sequence of bases on the transcribed DNA from it.
Second : Mention the name of the enzyme used in this case, and what is the source of mRNA which is used as a
template to build up DNA strands?
Answer:
(A) DNA : 3' TAC GGC CCG GCG ATT 5'
(B) Reverse transcriptase enzyme - the mRNA is isolated from a genome of an active cell in which the
gene of interest is active because these cells have a great deal of mRNA carrying the message
necessary to make the protein. For example, Beta cells in pancreas that produce insulin.

8
1- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and write its scientific term.
A- A small bone that can rotate around fixed ulna.
B- The site of a attachment between terminal branches of nerve fibres and muscle fibers.
Answer:
(A) Radius bone
(B) Neuro-muscular junction.
2- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and write what is meant by:
A- Complements
B- lysis.
Answer:
(A) Different types of proteins and enzymes that destroy microbes in blood after their conjugation with
antibodies, which by lysing the membrane of antigens and dissolve their content to make them easily
engulfed by phagocytes and detoxifying toxins after activation by antibody-toxin complex.

(B) One of mechanisms of antibody as the binding between antibodies and antigens activates specific
proteins and enzymes called complements to lyse the coats of antigens and dissolve their content,
which makes them easily engulfed by phagocytes.
3- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and mention its site and its function:
A- Endospermic tissue.
B- Conjugation tube in spirogyra algae.
Answer:
(A) Site Function
It surrounds the embryo inside ovary after supplies the early developing embryo with food.
fertilization. This tissue may remain outside the embryo
occupying a part of the seed.

(B) Site Function

Between opposite pairs of cells in scalariform The protoplasm of each cell in spirogyra of one
conjugation in spirogyra. filament (n) rolls up into a sphere and moves
across the conjugation tube to fuse with the
protoplasm of the cells of the opposite filament
(n) forming zygote (2n) for sexual reproduction
under unsuitable conditions.
4- Choose the right answer only from the following :
The polar bodies are formed during oogenesis in female of human being in the phase of:
a) Duplication
b) Maturation
c) Growth
d) Metamorphosis
Answer:
(B) maturation
5- Give reasons for:
The numbers of T - suppressor (TS) increases after elimination of pathogens.
Answer:
To secrete lymphokines to inhibit the action of T cells and B cells after elimination the pathogen and
regulate the degree of immune response to the required limit.

9
6- What would happen in the following case: disappearance of nucleolus from the nucleus of Eukaryotes.
Answer:
No production of ribosomes as the production of ribosome takes place in nucleolus, as rRNA-
polymerase enzyme transcribes the 4 different types of rRNA. Eukaryote’s DNA contains about 600
copies of repetitive rRNA genes to transcribe the 4 types of rRNA.
And 70 kinds of polypeptides are made in cytoplasm and pass through the nuclear membrane and
enter the nucleolus where the rRNA and polypeptides produce the functional ribosome.
So, protein synthesis will stop.
7- The figure below show a T.S in the ovary of a human female, look at it and answer:
First : What is the importance of the structure number(1)
Second : what happens if the structure number (2) is degenerated before the end of the
third month of pregnancy
Answer:
(A) Graafian follicle secretes Estrogen hormone during its growth to stimulate
the growth of the endometrium and rebuild it during proliferation phase of
menstrual cycle.
(B) abortion occurs due to due to the absence of corpus luteum. So, the secretion of progesterone will
stop, that leads to the degeneration of endometrium.
8- Compare between : (FSH) and (LH) hormones according to the effect of each on a human male.
Answer:
FSH LH
Help in formation of seminiferous tubules, Responsible for formation and secretion of the
spermatozoa interstitial cells in the testes
9- Two parts of DNA molecules equal in length were put in two test tubes
and a different enzyme is added to each of them E1 and E2 and the result
was as shown. Mention the name of El and E2 with explanation
Answer:
E1: Restriction endonuclease enzymes as these enzymes break down
the DNA into fragments. Each enzyme recognizes a specific sequence
of 4 to 7 nucleotides in DNA called “recognition site". Each enzyme
breaks the DNA at or near the recognition site.

E2: DNA- helicase enzyme as the two strands of the double

helix separates by DNA-Helicase enzyme which moves along DNA molecule separating the two strands
by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the paired nitrogenous bases.
10- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and Answer: Give reason:
A- occurrence of painful muscle spasm to someone.
B- The motor unit is the functional unit of the skeletal muscle.
Answer:
(A) Muscle spasm occurs due to :
+ the troubles resulted from the arrival of incorrect nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles with
the normal functioning.
+ If ATP is decreases, it prevents the separation between the transverse links from actin filaments and
the muscle will be in a continuous contraction without any relaxation. Cramps in excess of the limit
causes painful muscle spasm which leads to muscle rupture and bleeding.
+ Hypoparathyroidism.

(B) Because the mechanical features of muscle contraction depends on motor unit as the muscle
contraction is the summation of all motor units forming the muscle.

10
11- Choose the right answer only from the following:
The activated (T - helper) secretes different types of protiens called: ...........
a) Cytokines
b) Interleukins
c) Perforin
d) Lymphokines
Answer:
(A) Cytokines
12- Explain the following : The human male will be infertile if the two testes fail to descend down into the scrotum.
Answer:
Because spermatogenesis does not occur, causing infertility, because spermatogenesis requires the
presence of two testes in a position cooler than the body temperature.
13- What would happens in case of: absence of positive charged alkyl groups (R) from argnine and lysine amino
acids of histone proteins.
Answer:
No packing of DNA in Eukaryotes inside the 2-3 µm which suitable for nucleus of cell because histones
are a defined group of structural proteins that have a high content of basic amino acids arginine and
lysine which have positively charged alkyl (R) groups at normal pH inside the cell. So, they bind strongly
to negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA.
DNA molecule is wound around clusters of histones forming a string of nucleosomes. This shortens the
DNA molecule about ten times.
14- Write the scientific term for the following statement.
A hormone which stimulates the maturation of lymphoid stem cells and its differentiation to different types of T- cells
Answer:
Thymus gland
15- Mention two examples of living organisms in which their somatic cells are haploid (N) chromosome.
Answer:
1- Drone of honey bee.
2- Spirogyra alga.
16- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and compare between:
A - Cork formation and formation of tyloses.
B - Immune cellular structures and plant breeding.
Answer:
Cork formation Formation of tyloses
In induced structural immunity in plant, plants Tyloses is overgrowth of the protoplast of
form cork layer to isolate areas exposed to cut or adjacent living parenchyma cells which protrude
tearing to prevent the entry of the pathogen to into xylem vessels and tracheid through pits and
plant as it due to the increase in the thickening it's formed when the vascular system plant is
of plant during its growth, the fall of the leaves exposed to cut OR invasion of pathogens to
in the autumn, the human and animal obstruct the movement of pathogens to other
encroachment or the collection of fruits.So, parts of the plant.

Immune cellular structures Plant breeding

Some morphological changes occur as a result of the invasion, Sometimes human resorts to the
such as swelling the cell walls of the epidermal cells and the cells plant breeding to produce plant
under the epidermis during the direct penetration of the strains can resist diseases and
pathogen, to inhibit the penetration process through those cells. insects. So, human can protect
OR The plant surrounds the mycelium with an insulator cover that plant from diseases.
prevents the transmission of the fungus from cell to another.
17- Show by a labeled drawing only the structure of mRNA.
Answer:

11
18- Mention the site and the function of: Nerve secreting cells.
Answer:
Site : Nerve cells that present in hypothalamus of the brain
Function : secret the hormones of the neurohypophysis part of pituitary gland and reach it through the
infundibulum to be secreted to the blood stream.
19- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and write its scientific term.
A- The total of all the genes and therefore of all DNA in any one of the body cell.
B- Change in the chemical structure of the gene.
Answer:
(A) Individual's genome
(B) Gene mutation.
20- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and clarify its role:
A- Tendrils in pea plants.
B- Calcium ions during muscle contraction.
Answer:
(A) The tendril moves in air, till it makes contact with a solid object. It twins around the object for few
turns in a spiral form. Tendril length decrease and so the plant stem is supported and grows vertically.
Tendril becomes thickened by disposition of a considerable amount of mechanical tissue.

(B) + on the arrival of nerve impulse to the nerve ending, Calcium ions enter the synaptic knobs by the
action of Ca-pumps in the cell membrane and help in release of the neurotransmitter "acetylcholine"
from the vesicles which crosses the synaptic cleft till reaches acetylcholine receptors on the muscle
fibre membrane (sarcolemma), it leads to the increase of permeability of the muscle fibre membrane
to sodium ions to inside.
+ In presence of Calcium ions and energy (stored in ATP ) the transverse links act as hooks that pull the
actin filaments from both side towards each other leading to muscle contraction.
+ Transverse links are formed by the help of calcium ions.
21- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and Answer it: Give reasons:
A- Reproduction by sporogony is the best form of asexual reproduction.
B- Regeneration in living organisms takes place by variable ratios.
Answer:
(A) Because it is characterized by quick propagation, tolerance to hard conditions and distribution to
long distances.

(B) Because the capacity of regeneration reduced by the development of the organism, in some animals
such as sponges and hydra, if the body is cut into several parts each part can regenerate into a
complete individual, in some crustaceans and amphibians regeneration is restricted to regenerate
their lost part while in higher vertebrates never exceeds healing of wounds and especially in blood
vessels, muscles and skin.
22- What is the scientific base of tissue culture?
Answer:
Any plant somatic cell contains the whole genetic information can grow and produce a whole organism
if cultivated in a proper nutrient medium containing plant hormones with a certain ratio…. W momken
tktb examples w t3is l la7za.
23- Choose the right answer only from the followings:
From the natural barrier which represent the first line of defense is......
a) Histamine
b) Tears
c) Interleukins
d) Chemokines
Answer:
(B) Tears

12
24- What is the importance of DNA hybridization?
Answer:
Uses of nucleic acid hybridization :
1- Determine evolutionary relationships between different species : If two species are close in
evolutionary relationship, their DNA sequences will be more similar and their degree of hybridization
between them will be greater.
2- Detect the presence of a particular gene and its amount (number of copies) in unknown genome :
1) Preparation of many single strand of COMPLEMENTARY to one strand of the gene under study and
radio-active which is labeled and can be identified later.
2) Mix this preparation with the unknown genome.
3) This mixture is heated to 100°c and then allowed to cool to get hybrid DNA.
4) The concentration of the gene in the genome is indicated by the rate of formation of radio-active
double helices.
25- The following is the sequence of nitrogenous bases on one strand of DNA
3' .......TAC GTG GAG TGA ATT..... 5'
First: Write the sequence of nucleotides on mRNA transcribed from this strand.
Second: How many amino acids in a polypeptide chain translated from this strand.
Answer:
(A) mRNA is : 5' …… AUG CAC CUC ACU UAA ….. 3'
(B) 4 amino acids
26- Show by a labeled drawing only the structure of a lumbar vertebra in vertebral column of man.
Answer:

27- In relationship between the concentration of antibodies in the body fluids, answer.
First : What is the type of cells responsible for primary immune response and that of secondary immune response?
Second: What is the time taken in each case?
Answer:
(A) the type of cells responsible for primary immune response: B and T cells will respond to the antigens
of this pathogen and attack it until it is destroyed.
the type of cells responsible for secondary immune response: Memory cells are responsible for the
secondary immune response because they store information about antigens attacked by immune
system in the past.

(B) Primary immune response is a slow response takes 5 to 10 days to reach its maximum productivity
of B and T cells that need time to multiply.
Secondary immune response is very fast response : as it depends on the memory cells that respond to
the pathogen once it enters the body again and divide quickly to produce large amounts of the
antibodies and active T cells within short period of time.

13
28- Choose only one question (A) or (B) then answer it. Give reason for:
A- The generative nucleus in pollen tube divides by mitosis.
B- The apple fruit is a false fruit.
Answer:
(A) To produces the two male nuclei needed for double fertilization as one male nucleus (n) fuses with
the egg (n) to form zygote (2n) which starts to divide by mitosis several times forming the embryo (2n)
and the other male nucleus (n) fuses with the two polar nuclei ( each of them n) to form endospermic
nucleus (3n) which divides to form endospermic tissue.

(B) Because in apple another part except its ovary enlarges storing food, where the receptacle may
share in the fruit formation (receptacle is the eaten part of fruit).
29- Choose the right answer only from the following.
The blood vessels dilate to the maximum limit at the area of injury due to secretion of large quantities of.....
a) Histamine
b) Chemokines
c) Perforin
d) Cytokines
Answer:
(A) Histamine
30- What would happens in case of: Absence of transverse links from myosin filaments in myofbrils.
Answer:
No muscle contraction as transverse links are filaments formed by the help of calcium ions extended
from the myosin filaments and attach to the actin filaments. In presence of Calcium ions and energy
(stored in ATP ) the transverse links act as hooks that pull the actin filaments from both side towards
each other leading to muscle contraction.
31- What are the results of: The endospermic tissue is consumed during the development of embryo.
Answer:
The seed becomes ex-endospermic and the plant has to store another food in Dicotyledons as in
beans and pea…. W lw 3ayz tsr7 aktr bra7tk.
32- Write the scientific term for : A protien formed from the cells infected by viruses.
Answer: Interferons.
33- What would happens if: There is unbalance between sex hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex and sex
hormones secreted from gonads.
Answer:
This leads to:
1) muscularization in females.
2) feminization in males.
3) atrophy of gonads in both sexes ( if there is tumor in the adrenal cortex)
34- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and Compare between:
A- B-lymphocytetes and natural killer cells (N.K) according to their function
B- Antigens and immune receptors (according to their position)
Answer:
B- Cells NK Cells
identify any microbe or foreign body such as bacteria or virus they kill them by the enzymes they
and adhere to this foreign bodies by using the immune secrete. So, they attack body cells
receptors and produce antibodies for his foreign body to infected with the virus and
destroyed it. carcinogenic cells.

Antigens immune receptors

They are compounds found on the surface of They are compounds found on the surface of
microbes invading the body. lymphocytes to recognize the presence of antigens.

14
35- Look at the figure below which show an important cellular process.
First: what is the name of this process? And what is its importance?
Second: Write the label (A) and mention the function of label (B)

Answer:
(A) : DNA replication. It occurs to make each new cell receives a complete
copy of the genetic material similar to the original cell.

(B) : A is DNA- polymerase enzyme.

B is DNA- ligase enzyme that forms a new strand by joining the short
pieces in the direction 5' to 3' of the new strand.
36- What is the fate of each of the following after fertilization in plants.
First : Ovary wall.
Second : Integuments of the ovule.
Answer:
(A) Ovary's wall transforms into the pericarp (fruit wall).
(B) Ovule's integuments transforms into seed's coat (testa)
37- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and write its scientific term.
A- An embryonic membrane which surrounds the embryo and has a fluid to protect the embryo against shocks and
dryness
B- The phase in which the spermatids changes into the sperms.
Answer:
(A) Amnion membrane
(B) Metamorphosis phase
38- How to obtain a double DNA strands from mRNA strand.
Answer:
1) Use mRNA as a template to make complementary strand of DNA by reverse transcriptase enzyme
that makes DNA single strand from mRNA template. This enzyme is produced by viruses with RNA
genomes.
2) Use the resulted strand of DNA to make its complementary strand of DNA by DNA polymerase
enzyme to produce DNA double helix.
39- What are the results of: The anther of the flower is shorter than the stigma.
Answer:
Cross pollination may happen as the pollen grains are transported from the anther to the stigma of
another plant of the same species.
40- Choose the right answer only:
The zygote of plasmodium malaria is formed in:
a) patient blood.
b) Stomach cavity of mosquito.
c) Salivary glandes of mosquito
d) Stomach wall of mosquito
Answer:
(B) Stomach cavity of mosquito.
41- What would happens if: The two strands of DNA having the same direction.(parallel)
Answer:
The hydrogen bond don't attach properly between the two strands of double helix.
42- What is the difference between : Parthenogenesis in honey bees and aphid insect.
Answer:
In Honey bee: the queen produces eggs by meiosis, then some unfertilized eggs develop by
parthenogenesis (Asexually) without fertilization forming drones "haploid (n)".
In aphid : the ovary of aphid insect divides from the beginning by mitosis, to produce diploid egg that
develops by parthenogenesis to diploid (2n) insects.

15
43- Choose only one question (A) or (B) and draw labeled diagram only for it.
A- Stages of pollen grain germination.
B- Reproduction by sprogony in bread mould
Answer:

44- Look at the figure which represents pelvic girdle in man and answer the following
First: What are the labeled parts which form the pelvic girdle ? Mention their names.
Second: Mention the name of the bone which articulate with the structure number.(2).
Answer:
(A) Parts that form pelvic girdle are : (1) ilium - (3) ischium – (4) pubis
(B) Femur (thigh) bone

45- If you have two parts of DNA as the following.

A B
               
               
First : determine the recognition sites on both parts. by arrows
Second : what is the effect of restriction enzymes on both parts by drawing only.
Answer:
First :
A B
 
               
               

Second:

16
1- 1- Choose to answer (a) or (b): Write the scientific term for one of the following statements:
(a)Sequence of nucleotides on DNA connected to it the RNA polymerase enzyme in transcription of m- RNA.
(b) A method used to isolate pieces of DNA (genes) that are formed by duplicating a copy of it using plasmids.
Answer:
2- (A) Promoter
(B) Differential centrifugation.
3- 2- Choose to answer (a) or (b): Give reason for one of the following statements:
(a)The ability for adaptation with the environment decreases in the organisms that reproduce asexually.
(b) Bread mould fungus is found in various habitats.
Answer:
4- (A) Because in asexual reproduction the new organism is similar to the original parent because the
young receives nuclear material from only one parent by mitosis. So, the features of the following
generations remain the same even if the surrounding conditions change. So, at any change in the
environment most of the offspring became exposed to destruction unless their parents had been
adapted for that change.

5- (B) Because sporogony is characterized by quick propagation(produced by large number due to mitotic
division), tolerance to hard conditions (the spore has a thick coat that protect it from surrounding
conditions) and distribution to long distances (the spores are light and carried by the air).
6- 3- Choose to answer (a) or (b):
7- (a)Mention the role of the transverse links in the muscle fiber.
8- (b)Mention the role of cholinesterase enzyme in the muscle fiber.
Answer:
9- (A) transverse links are filaments formed by the help of calcium ions extended from the myosin
filaments and attach to the actin filaments. In presence of Calcium ions and energy (stored in ATP ) the
transverse links act as hooks that pull the actin filaments from both side towards each other leading to
muscle contraction.
10-
11- (B) destroys acetylcholine to choline and acetate (acetic acid). So, The membrane permeability to ions
returns to the resting state. The muscle fibre membrane returns to normal (repolarization) it is now
ready to be stimulated and respond again and so on.
12-
13- 4- What would happen in case of: the absence of flower petals in a dicotyledonous plant?
Answer:
1- No protection of the floral sexual parts.
2- No attraction of insects for cross pollination as petals have bright colors to attract insects.
14- 5- Compare between : the role of m-RNA and t-RNA in protein synthesis.
Answer:
mRNA : Carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm, where
protein synthesis occurs.
tRNA : Carries the amino acids from cytoplasm to the ribosome into the proper place for protein
synthesis.
15- 6- Choose the correct answer:
16- The helper T-lymphocytes (TH) recognize the antigen through ……… bound with it on the surface of macrophages.
a) Memory cells
b) Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein.
c) The cell Nucleus.
d) Antibody
Answer:
(B) Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein.

17
17- 7- Illustrate with a labeled diagram the structure of the bony vertebra.
Answer:

18-
19- 8- Compare between: Natural killer cells (NK) and B- lymphocytes in terms of their function and the percentage of
each of them in the lymphocytes.
Answer:
B cells NK cells
Function identify any microbe or foreign body they kill them by the enzymes they secrete.
such as bacteria or virus and adhere to So, they attack body cells infected with the
this foreign bodies by using the virus and carcinogenic cells.
immune receptors and produce
antibodies for his foreign body to
destroyed it.
Percentage 10-15% of lymphocytes 5-10% of lymphocytes
20- 9- Explain the following statement: Parthenogenesis in honey bee differ from that of aphid insect.
Answer:
21-
22- 10- Choose to answer (A) or (B): What happens when:
23- (a) The hyper secretion of growth hormone for a colleague as old as you.
24- (b) Occurrence of imbalance in the sex hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex and from gonads.
Answer:
In Honey bee: the queen produces eggs by meiosis, then some unfertilized eggs develop by
parthenogenesis (Asexually) without fertilization forming drones "haploid (n)".
25- In aphid insect : the ovary of aphid insect divides from the beginning by mitosis, to produce diploid egg
that develops by parthenogenesis to diploid (2n) insects.
26- 11- Choose the correct answer:
27- In the DNA molecule, nitrogenous bases are linked to the deoxyribose ribose sugar by ………………… bonds
a) Hydrogen
b) Covalent
c) Ionic
d) Polar
28- Answer:
29- (B) Covalent
30- 12- What happens in case of the continuous decrease of ATP molecules in a fatigued muscle?
Answer:
If ATP is decreases, it prevents the separation between the transverse links from actin filaments and
the muscle will be in a continuous contraction without any relaxation. Cramps in excess of the limit
causes painful muscle spasm which leads to muscle rupture and bleeding.
31- 13- Explain the following: The two ovaries stop ovulation during the period of pregnancy.
Answer:
Due to secretion of progesterone hormone that inhibit ovulation and stops the menstrual cycle till after
birth till birth. It's secreted from corpus leutum at the first 3 months of pregnancy and then secreted
from placenta after 4th month of pregnancy.
32-

18
33- 14- Explain how amino acids combine with each other during translation process to form a polypeptide chain,
and mention the site its occurrence.
Answer:
By peptidyl transferase reaction which is a chemical reaction that occurs in the ribosome and results in
the formation of a peptide bond between an amino acid and the next amino acid by the help of the
peptidyl transferase enzyme which catalyzes this reaction.
Site of peptidyl transferase enzyme is an integral part of the large ribosomal subunit.
34- 15- What are the factors that lead to occurrence of cross pollination in flowering plants?
Answer:
1. Flowers are unisexual.
2. In hermaphrodite flower :
+ Organs of one sex mature before those of the other sex.
+ The anther level is lower than stigma.
35- 16- Choose to answer (A) or (B): Mention the site of secretion and the function of one hormone:
36- (a) Cholecystokinin hormone
37- (b) Relaxin hormone
Answer:
(A) Site Function
Intestinal wall transferred through the blood to pancreas to
stimulate it to secret the pancreatic juice

(B) Site Function

corpus luteum, placenta & uterus. It causes relaxation of pubic symphasis (pelvis) at the
end of pregnancy to facilitate the process of delivery.
38- 17- In an experiment to examine the process of protein synthesis in an animal cell. During the transcription of
m-RNA from a DNA strand, it is found that this molecule composed of the following sequence:
39-

First: Label numbers 1 and 2.

Second: What is the function of sequence number 3?
Third: How many amino acids resulted from the translation of this strand?

Answer:
(A) 1 : Start codon. 2 : Stop codon.
(B) Poly-adenine tail is a tail composed of up to 200 adenosine, that protect mRNA from breakdown by
enzymes in the cytoplasm.
(C) 5 amino acids.
40- 18- Study the figure then answer:
First: What is the type of receptor on the cell number (1)?
Second: Mention the name of cell number (2)?
Third: How does the cell number (1) activate the cell number (2)?
Fourth: What happens when cell number (2) is activated?

Answer:
(A) T helper cells recognize the antigen-MHC complex present on the surface of
B-cell and bind to it by its T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD4.
(B) B-lymphocyte
(C) By secretion of interleukins.
(D) the B cell to divides, multiply and differentiates into memory and plasma cells. W momken tshra7om.

19
41- 19- Choose to answer (A) or (B): Write the scientific term:
(a) Unspecialized defense mechanism in the injured area as a result of the tissue damage caused by injury or infection.
(b) Small lymphoid nodes that are grouped as masses or aggregations spread in the mucous membrane lining the lower
part of the small intestine.
Answer:
(A) Inflammatory response.
(B) Peyer's patches.
42- 20- Choose to answer (A) or (B):
(a) Define: Antibodies.
(b) Mention the function of plant receptors.
Answer:
(A) Proteins called immunoglobulins (Ig) that are produced by the plasma B-cells and has Y-shape in the
blood and lymph of human and other vertebrates. They are 5 types which are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD.

(B) These compounds recognize the presence of pathogen and stimulate the INNATE immune system in
the plant. Found in healthy and infected plants, but the concentration increases in the plants after the
infection.
43- 21- Choose to answer (A) or (B): Give reason for one statement:
(a) When nerve impulses reach the surface of the membrane of muscle fiber, the potential difference on it disappears.
(b)Calcium ions play an important role in muscular contraction.
Answer:
(A) As on the arrival of nerve impulse to the nerve ending, Calcium ions enter the synaptic knobs by the
action of Ca-pumps in the cell membrane and help in release of the neurotransmitter "acetylcholine"
from the vesicles which crosses the synaptic cleft till reaches acetylcholine receptors on the muscle
fibre membrane (sarcolemma), it leads to the increase of permeability of the muscle fibre membrane
to sodium ions to inside.

(B) + on the arrival of nerve impulse to the nerve ending, Calcium ions enter the synaptic knobs by the
action of Ca-pumps in the cell membrane and help in release of the neurotransmitter "acetylcholine"
from the vesicles which crosses the synaptic cleft till reaches acetylcholine receptors on the muscle
fibre membrane (sarcolemma), it leads to the increase of permeability of the muscle fibre membrane
to sodium ions to inside.
+ In presence of Calcium ions and energy (stored in ATP ) the transverse links act as hooks that pull the
actin filaments from both side towards each other leading to muscle contraction.
+ Transverse links are formed by the help of calcium ions.

44- 22- Choose the correct answer:

Molecules of Major histocompatibility complex protein (MHC) are found in …
a) Multi- nucleated and monocytes.
b) Plasma and helper T- cells (TH)
c) Monocytes and helper T- cells
d) Phagocytes and B lymphocytes.
Answer:
(d) Phagocytes and B lymphocytes
45- 23- What would happen when: Two adjacent nitrogenous bases on the same strand of DNA are damage?
Answer:
They will be repaired with efficiency by a group of 20 different kinds of DNA repair enzymes called
DNA-ligases that recognize damaged are of DNA, remove damaged area of DNA and replacing it with
nucleotides complementary to those on the strand opposite the damaged area.
This is due to existence of two copies of the genetic information, one in each strand of the double
helix. One of these strands remains undamaged, so the repair enzymes can use it as a template to
replace a damaged area on the other strand.

20
46- 24- What happen in case of the absence of reverse transcriptase enzyme from some viruses with RNA genome?
Answer:
Inability of viruses with RNA genome to convert their own RNA genome into DNA that can be joined to
hosts DNA genome by ligase enzyme. So, it can't control the metabolism of infected cell.
47- 25- Choose to answer (A) or (B): Mention the site and function of:
48- (a) Stigma.
49- (b) Antheridium.
Answer:
(A) Site Function
a sticky disc at the end of style. allow pollen grains to adhere by stigma.

(B) Site Function

The anterior region of the lower surface of Male organ that produce male gametes (ciliated
the gametophyte in ferns. sperms = Antherizoids) (n)
50-
51- 26- Compare between: Insulin and Adrenaline in terms of their function
Answer:
Insulin hormone Adrenaline hormone
Decreases the Glucose level in blood through responsible for the vital activities occurring in the
1) stimulating the conversion of Glucose into body when the individual is subjected to Emergency
Glycogen or to lipids to be stored in liver and situationsas in fear, fight, excitation, angerand
muscles or other organs. during muscular exercises, as they :
2) stimulating the oxidation and utilizationof 1- increase the sugar (Glucose) level in blood BY
Glucose by the cells to produce energy, as it increasing the breakdown of Glycogen stored in the
stimulates the transport of all liver into Glucose.
monosaccharides (except Fructose) across 2- increase the rate and force of heart contraction
the cell membrane. and increases blood pressure.
So, Glucagon and insulin regulate the 3- These entire changes enable the muscles to take
glucose level in blood and keep it constant at their demands of energy needed for contraction and
a level ranges between 80 - 120 mg/100 cm3 will increase in the rate of oxygen consumption.

52-
53- 27- Examine the opposite figure, and then explain the components
54- of the part (X) in the figure.

Answer:
Under electron microscope, myofibril contains :
two types of protein filaments which are :
- Actin : thin protein filaments.
- Myosin : thick protein filaments.
this forms alternating dark and light bands (discs)
which give the muscle fibre a striated appearance.
+ Light band ( I-band ): formed of actin filament. bisected by a dark line called Z-line. The distance
between each successive two Z-lines is called sarcomere (muscle piece).
+ Dark band ( A-band ) : formed of actin & myosin filaments. bisected by a semi-light area called H-
zone which contains myosin only.

21
55- 28- Choose to answer (A) or (B): Write the scientific term :
56- (a)A type of connective tissues consisting of cartilaginous cells, often found at the tips of bones and joints.
57- (b) Movement occurs inside each cell and of the living organism for the continuity its vital activities.
Answer:
(A) Cartilage
(B) Cytoplasmic streaming (continous movement)
58- 29- Choose the correct answer:
59- If the number of purines nucleotides in a DNA molecule equals 180 nucleotides, the number of turns in this molecule
is…………
a) 9 turns 180 purines (A-G)  akeed osadhom  180 pyrimidines (A-T)
b) 18 turns
c) 27 turns Total no. of nucleotides = 180 + 180 = 360
d) 36 turns
Answer: No. of turns = 360 / 20 = 18 turns
(B) 18 turns
60- 30- What is the scientific principle of tissue culture?
Answer:
61- Any plant somatic cell contains the whole genetic information can grow and produce a whole organism
if cultivated in a proper nutrient medium containing plant hormones with a certain ratio…. W momken
tktb examples w t3is l la7za.
62- 31- What would happen in case of: Absence of helicase enzyme from the somatic cells of a young child?
Answer:
Death of the child, because of stoppage of DNA replication, then the cell division by mitosis stop
causing stop the growth and repair of damaged tissues.
63- 32- Choose the correct answer:
64- The first meiosis in somniferous tubules results in the formation of………………
a) Primary spermatocyte and a sperm
b) Secondary spermatocyte and spermatids
c) Secondary spermatocyte and a sperm
d) Two secondary spermatocytes
Answer:
(d) Two secondary spermatocytes
65- 33- Write the scientific term : A gland in the body that secrets a hormone which has an immunity function.
Answer:
Thymus gland
66- 34- Compare between the acrosome and corpus luteum (the yellow body) in terms of: function.
Answer:
acrosome corpus luteum
In the forehead of sperm. Secretes hyaluronidase + It secrets progesterone that increases the
enzyme which is a digestive enzyme that thickness of endometrium and its blood supply to
dissolves a part of the ovum coat to facilitate its prepare it to receives the embryo.
penetration process. + It secrets relaxin hormone.
67- 35- Illustrate with a fully labeled drawing the stages of formation of the pollen grain in the flower anther.
Answer:

22
68- 36- Choose to answer (A) or (B): Compare between one pair:
69- (a) Interferons and Lymphokines in terms of secreting cells and function.
70- (b) Tyloses and Cerumen in terms of location and function.
Answer:
Interferons Lymphokines
secreting cells Different types of proteins secreted by PROTEINS secreted by T suppressor cells
cells infected by viruses. (Ts) after destroying the antigens
function lnterferons are not specific for certain to suppress or inhibit the immune
virus, as they bind to healthy cells response or stop it, as plasma cells will
neighboring to the infected cells and stop producing antibodies and many of
induce them to produce enzymes that the activated T helper cells and the T
inhibit the action of nucleic acid's cytotoxic cells will die.
replication enzymes of the virus.

Tyloses Cerumen
location Tyloses is overgrowth of the protoplast of Substance secreted by the ears (ear's
adjacent living parenchyma cells which wax)
protrude into xylem vessels and tracheid
through pits
function it's formed when the vascular system kill microbes and protecting the ears.
plant is exposed to cut OR invasion of
pathogens to obstruct the movement of
pathogens to other parts of the plant.
71- 37- Choose to answer (A) or (B): Give reason:
72- (a) We can differentiate between the two nuclei found inside the pollen grain while it is on the stigma.
73- (b) Bean seeds are considered as exendoplasmic seeds.
Answer:
(A) As when the pollen grains fall on the stigma, they germinate as:
+ the tube nucleus (n) forms the pollen tube, which penetrates the surface of stigma and crosses
through the style till it reaches the ovule's micropyle.
+ Then the tube nucleus degenerates and the generative nucleus (n) divides by mitosis into 2 male
nuclei.

(B) Because in bean , the embryo consume all the endospermic tissue during embryo development & no
endosperm will remain, So, The plant has to store another food in the two cotyledons.
74- 38- Choose the correct answer:
75- When TH cells are activated, they secrete…………….. to stimulate macrophages , B lymphocytes and cytotoxic T
cells in cellular immunity.
a) Cytokines
b) Histamines
c) Lymphokines
d) Perforin
Answer:
(A) Cytokines
76- 39- What happens when there is no group of modified enzymes in one of the bacterial strains that produce
restriction enzymes?
Answer:
Restriction enzymes destroy the bacterium's own DNA because during bacterial DNA replication, these
enzymes add methyl groups (- CH3) to the nucleotides on the bacterial DNA which are similar to the
recognition sites on viral DNA to block the binding of restriction endonucleases enzymes to recognition
site on bacterial DNA.

23
 40- What is the role of hybridized DNA in determining the evolutionary relationship between different living
organisms?
Answer:
nucleic acid hybridization determine evolutionary relationships between different species : If two
species are close in evolutionary relationship, their DNA sequences will be more similar and their
degree of hybridization between them will be greater.
77- 41- Write the scientific term : A structure found inside the flower ovary that contains the egg, synergy cells, antipodal
cells and two polar nuclei.
Answer:
embryo sac.
42- Give reason for: Man is infected with measles only once in his lifetime.
Answer:
Because after first infection, the body store the memory B and T cells which store information about
this antigens, so if the same individual infected by the same disease again, the memory cell that store
information about the antigens attacked by the immune system in the past respond to the pathogen
once it enters the body and they start dividing quickly to produce within short period of time large
amounts of the antibodies and activate T cells.
43- Choose to answer (A) or (B): Compare between one pair:
(a)DNA in prokaryotes and DNA in Eukaryotes concerning their duplication.
(b)Histone protein and non-histone protein concerning their definition

Answer:
DNA in prokaryotes
The circular DNA is
attached to plasma
membrane at one or
more points called
”replication origin” at
these points replication
starts.
DNA in Eukaryotes
The linear DNA is not attached to plasma membrane and replication
starts at many points along the DNA.
DNA must be unwound from chromatin to at least into a string of
nucleosomes, before the DNA used as a template for DNA replication or
RNA synthesis because the enzymes can't reach it in chromatin state
while between the nucleosomes there are stretched parts (active genes)
where enzymes can bind to it.

Histone protein non-histone protein

Homogenous because they are a defined group of as : They Heterogeneous because it includes:
have a high content of basic amino acids arginine and lysine play a role in the spatial organization
which have positively charged alkyl (R) groups at normal pH of the DNA within the nucleus.
inside the cell. So, they bind strongly to negatively charged determine if the DNA code will make
phosphate groups of DNA. So, DNA twists around histone to RNA, proteins, enzymes OR no.
form the nucleosome
44- Illustrate with a fully labeled drawing the stages of germination of the zygospore in Spirogyra.
Answer:

24
45- The following sequence of nucleotides represents a part of DNA strand.
5' ... AAT GCA GAA TTC ACA .. 3'
First: Write down the sequence of nucleotides on the complementary strand of this part.
Second: Use the restriction enzyme that affects on the recognition site (G A) on treating this previous sample, then
show by drawing the structure of the resultant segment
Answer: (A) : 3' … TTA CGT CTT AAG TGT … 5'
(B) kanet f exam DNA bta3 yom el khamis :D

5' ... AAT GCA GAA TTC ACA .. 3'

3' … TTA CGT CTT AAG TGT … 5'

5' ... AAT GCA G AA TTC ACA .. 3'

3' … TTA CGT CTT AA G TGT … 5'

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