Periodic

Word Wall Trends

Ion Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Ionization Energy
First Ionization Second Ionization Electronegativity Electron Affinity
Energy Energy
More than twenty properties in a predictable way based on location of elements in
the periodic table.
This is known as a trend, as you move across a period or down a group.
Some properties are atomic radius, ionic radius, electronegativity, electron affinity,
and ionization energy.

Atomic Radius
Atomic size is a periodic trend influenced by electron configuration, the
arrangement of electrons in atom.
Atomic size is how closely an atom lies to a neighboring an atom.
Atomic Radius of Metals- is half the distance between nuclei of identical
atoms that are chemically bonded together in a crystal of an element.

Atomic Radius of Non-Metals- is determined from a molecule of two

identical atoms.

Atomic Radius Across a Period

Atomic radius generally decreases from left to right, caused by increasing
positive charge in the nucleus and the fact that the principal energy level within
a period remains the same.
Each successive element has one additional proton and electron, and each
additional electron is added to orbitals corresponding to the same principal
energy level.
Moving across a period, no additional electrons come between the valence
electrons and the nucleus. Thus, valence electrons are not shielded from the
increasing nuclear charge which pulls the outermost electrons closer to the
nucleus.

Atomic Radius Down a Group

Atomic radius generally increases as you move down a group.
Moving down a group the outermost orbital size increases along with the
principal energy level, making the atom larger.
The larger orbital means that the outer electrons are farther from the nucleus,
this increased distance offsets the pull of the increased nuclear charge.

Li: Group 1 Period 2 Cs: Group 1 Period 6

The number of energy levels increases as you go down a group, increasing the
size of the atomic radius.
The number of energy levels increase as you go down a group, increasing the
size of the atomic radius.

As we go across a period, elements gain electrons, but they are getting smaller.

Why does this happen …….?

As you go from left to right, you again more protons (the atomic number
increases).
You have greater “proton pulling power”.
Remember the nucleus is +ve and the electrons are -ve so they get pulled
towards the nucleus.
The more protons you have, the more Proton Pulling Power!
The Proton Pulling Power is determined by measuring the effective nuclear
charge.

Effective
Nuclear Charge= Number of Protons – Number of Inner Electrons

What do the inner electrons do ……?

They shield the charge felt by the valence electrons.

Ionic Radius
Ion- an atom that has lost or gained electrons.
When atoms lose electrons and form positively charged ions, they usually
become smaller.
Why do you think this happens……?
The loss of a valence electron can leave an empty outer orbital, resulting in a
smaller radius.
Electrostatic repulsion between the remaining electrons decreases allowing the
electrons to be pulled closer to the nucleus, as they experience a greater nuclear
charge.

In the above figure, the sodium atom has a radius of 186 pm, when it loses the
valence electron in its outer most energy level, it forms the sodium ion with a
smaller radius, 102 pm.
When atoms gain electrons and form negatively charged ions, they usually
become larger.

Why do you think this happens ……?

The addition of an electron to an atom increases electrostatic repulsion between
the atom’s outer electrons, forcing them to move apart. The increased distance
between the outer electrons results in a larger radius.

In the above figure, the chlorine atom has a radius of 100 pm, when it gains an
electron to acquire a noble gas electron configuration, it forms a chlorine ion
with a larger radius, 181 pm.
Elements on the left side of the periodic table form smaller positive ions, while
elements on the left side of the periodic table form larger negative ions.
Ionic Radius Across a Period
The ionic radii of positive ions generally decrease from left to right.
The ionic radii of negative ions generally decrease from left to right, beginning
with group 15 and 16.

Ionic Radius Down a Group

Both positive and negative ions increase in size going down a group.

Why do you think this happens ……?

An ion’s outer electrons are in orbitals corresponding to higher principal energy
levels, resulting in a gradual increase in ionic size.

Ionization Energy
To form a positive ion, an electron must be removed from a neutral atom, this
process requires energy. Energy is needed to overcome the attraction between
the positive charge of the nucleus and the negative charge of the electron.
Ionization Energy- is the energy required to remove an electron from a
gaseous atom.
First Ionization Energy- the energy required to remove the first electron.
Second Ionization Energy- the energy required to remove the second
electron.
Removing the second electron requires more energy, and each successive
ionization requires more energy, but it is not a steady increase.

Group 1 metals have low ionization energies, thus group 1 metals are likely to
form positive ions.
Group 18 elements have high ionization energies, thus group 18 elements are
less likely to form ions. Basically, the stable configuration of gases of group 18
limits their reactivity.

Ionization Energy Across a Period

The first ionization energy increases from left to right across a period.

Why do you think this happens …….?

The increased nuclear charge of each successive element produces an increased
hold on the valence electrons.

Ionization Energy Down a Group

The first ionization energy decreases down a group.

Why do you think this happens …….?

As the atomic size increases and less energy is required to remove an electron
from farther from the nucleus.

The large increase in ionization energy is related to the the number of valence
electrons. As the number of valence electrons increases, the ionization energy
increases.

Electronegativity

The electronegativity of an element indicates its relative ability to attract

electrons in a chemical bond.
Fluorine is the most electronegative element, with a value of 3.98, and cesium
and francium are the least electronegative elements, with values of 0.79 and
0.70, respectively.
In a chemical bond, the atom with the greater electronegativity more strongly
attracts the bond’s electrons.

Electronegativity Across a Period

Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period.

Why do you think this happens …….?

Due to the increased nuclear charge (+ ve charge) across the period, increasing
the ability of the atoms to attract electrons (- ve) charge.

Electronegativity Down a Group

Electronegativity decreases down a group.

Why do you think this happens ……...?

As the atomic size increases, outer electrons become far away from the positive
nucleus, thereby decreasing attraction of electrons.

Electron Affinity

It is the energy change that occurs when a neutral atom gains an electron.

Electron Affinity Across a Period

Electron affinity increases from left to right across a period.

Why do you think this happens ………?

Due to the increase in the nuclear charge.

Electron Affinity Down a Group

Electron affinity decreases down a group.

Why do you think this happens ……….?

Due to the electron shielding effect, which is the repulsion between the
electrons.
Summary of the Periodic Trends