Tammy Oladapo

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Compiled Annotations

Arioli, Maria, et al. “Social Cognition through the Lens of Cognitive and Clinical
Neuroscience.” ​BioMed Research International​, vol. 2018, Sept. 2018, pp. 1–18,
doi:​10.1155/2018/4283427​.

This journal article discussed multiple domains of social cognition and cognitive and
neurological standpoint. Social cognition refers to a set of processes including decision
making, perception, and encoding other’s intentions and behaviors. There are three domains of
social cognition: social perception, social understanding, and social decision making. Social
perception is the perceptual processing of social information such as faces and emotional
expressions. Social understanding is grasping others’ cognitive or affective states, and social
decision making is planning behaviors considering others. The article reviews the social
cognitive domains in terms of the brain’s areas mediations the role of these processes’ abilities
to make sense of others’ actions and plan reactions accordingly. It also discusses the effect of
social cognition in neurodegenerative disorders.

This article is credible because it is published in BioMed Research International, a very

respectable journal. It is very relevant to the research being conducted, breaking down and
explaining the domains of social cognition in great detail.

Baumann, Anja Esther. “Stigmatization, Social Distance and Exclusion Because of Mental
Illness: The Individual with Mental Illness as a ‘Stranger.’” ​International Review of
Psychiatry​, vol. 19, no. 2, Jan. 2007, pp. 131–35, doi:​10.1080/09540260701278739​.

This article focused on the effect of the stigmatization of mental illnesses. The stigma
attached to mental illness inhibits treatment and diagnosis. Stigmatization and discrimination
are often caused by a lack of public knowledge of treatments, causes, and symptoms of mental
illnesses, along with a lack of public interaction with affected individuals. People suffering
from mental illness are often viewed as ‘strangers’. This perceived ‘strangeness’ is one of the
greatest predictors of social distance and discrimination. Coping strategies for schizophrenia
such as social withdrawal, secrecy, and side effects of antipsychotic medications are perceived
as strange. This perceived ‘strangeness’ increases social distance, as the public regards
anything outside of social norms as a threat, creating a fear of the mentally ill and increasing
prejudice. Increasing public knowledge of mental illnesses and increasing social interaction
between the mentally ill and the public can decrease perceived strangeness, consequently
decreasing social distance, stigma, and exclusion.

This source is credible, being written by a psychiatrist and citing many credible authors
throughout the article. It is very relevant to the research being conducted explaining some of
the causes of stigmatization and supporting the theory that social interaction and public
education can best reduce stigma.
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Birchwood, Max, et al. “Social Anxiety and the Shame of Psychosis: A Study in First Episode
Psychosis.” ​Behaviour Research and Therapy,​ vol. 45, no. 5, 2007, pp. 1025–37,
doi:​10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.011​.

This journal article discusses the issue of social anxiety disorder (SaD) comorbid with
schizophrenia. One cause of social anxiety in schizophrenia is the loss of social status
associated with the stigma of psychosis. A study was conducted, testing 79 participants with
schizophrenia for social anxiety. The study compares 23 socially anxious and 56 non-anxious
participants on measures of cognitive appraisals of stigma in psychosis and perceived social
status. They controlled for depression, psychotic symptoms, and general psychopathology. The
socially anxious participants experienced a greater sense of shame with psychosis diagnosis,
believing the diagnosis separated them from others, reducing their social status. This study
proves that the shame associated with psychosis can lead to and worsen social anxiety in
schizophrenia.

This article was published in the “Behavioral Research and Therapy Journal” which is
composed by many credible authors. The source provides insight into the negative effects of
the stigma associated with psychosis and its relation to social anxiety disorder.

Combs, Dennis R., et al. “Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) for Inpatients with
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Preliminary Findings.” ​Schizophrenia Research​, vol.
91, no. 1–3, Mar. 2007, pp. 112–16, doi:​10.1016/j.schres.2006.12.010​.

This source is an article that discusses the effect of Social Cognitive Interaction Training
(SCIT) on schizophrenia. Many schizophrenics experience social cognitive deficits,
specifically in Theory of Mind (ToM), emotional perception, and attributional style. 18
inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder completed SCIT, compared to 10 patients,
who completed a coping skills group. Participants were judged before and after the study on
measures of the three cognitive domains, cognitive flexibility, and social relationships. They
also collected data on the frequency of aggressive incidents during treatment. Participants who
completed SCIT improves on all the social cognitive measures and showed increased cognitive
flexibility and reduced aggression. These participants also reported improvements in social
relationships and raíces aggression. The treatment brought about higher quality social relations
and interactions, along with an improved ability to communicate. SCIT was proven to be an
effective treatment for social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

This source was written by a group of published authors including Dr. David L. Roberts,
who advises the research being conducted, therefore making it credible. It is useful, providing
information on the functions and benefits of SCIT.

Corrigan, Patrick W., et al. “Reducing Self-Stigma by Coming Out Proud.” ​American Journal
of Public Health​, vol. 103, no. 5, 2013, pp. 794–800, doi:​10.2105/AJPH.2012.301037​.
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This journal article suggests a method of reducing self-stigma through publicly identifying
with the disease. Self-stigma has a pernicious effect on the lives of people with mental
illnesses. While some medical professionals do not advise publicly associating yourself with
mental illness, public disclosure may increase empowerment and reduce self-stigma. This idea
was derived from the idea of ‘coming out’ used by the LGBTQ+ community. Coming out
represents announcing yourself to the world and sharing your story, asserting control over your
life. This can be empowering, increasing self-esteem and reducing self-stigma. The researchers
developed a treatment program based on this concept, called ‘Coming Out Proud’. Coming Out
Proud focuses on how the person with psychiatric illness can reduce their self-stigma. It is
facilitated in an environment that disdains stigma and encourages affirming attitudes such as
empowerment and recovery.

This source is credible, being published in the American Journal of Public Health. By
providing a new view on stigma reduction, it helps support the idea that acceptance and public
disclosure of mental illness can help reduce self-stigma.

Couture, Shannon. The Impact of Social Cognition on the Negative Stigma Associated with
Psychosis. Interview by Toluwanimi Oladapo, 9 Jan. 2020.

This interview provides deeper insight into the impact of negative internalized and public
stigma in psychosis. Negative stigma often causes people to not want to communicate or
associate with schizophrenics, as they are seen as unpredictable and dangerous. This leads to
internalized stigma, where patients believe negative stigma about themselves and limit their
abilities. Social Cognitive Treatments can effectively reduce internalized stigma, but social
cognition does not have much of an impact on public stigma. Public stigma can best be reduced
through the contact theory, where interacting with people with psychosis and being educated
about the disease can help break the stigma associated with the disease. Media can also play a
great role in the reduction of stigma. Negative events committed by mentally ill people (such
as school shootings) can only increase mental health stigma, while influencer recognition and
online transparency about the disease can bring empowerment and recognition to people with
psychosis.

The interviewee is a professional psychiatrist who has worked with many other
respectable authors, making the information credible. This interview is beneficial to research
because it provides key information on both social cognition and stigma reduction, leading to a
firmer research basis.

Fiszdon, Joanna M., et al. “Understanding Social Situations (USS): A Proof-of-Concept

Social–Cognitive Intervention Targeting Theory of Mind and Attributional Bias in
Individuals with Psychosis.” Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, vol. 40, no. 1, 2017, pp.
12–20, doi:10.1037/prj0000190.
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This article examines a study testing the feasibility and efficacy of a new social cognitive
intervention titled Understanding Social Situations (USS). This intervention targets higher
social cognitive skills using methods similar to that of neurocognitive remediation. 38
individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder completed the same baseline assessment of
cognitive and social functioning, received 7-10 sessions of USS training, and then completed
the same assessment post-treatment. USS treatment was well-tolerated and participants showed
satisfaction with the treatment. USS proved to improve attributional style and Theory of Mind
(ToM). Baseline neurocognitive did not affect the amount of learning processed during the
USS treatment period. USS shows promise as an effective treatment for social cognitive
deficits in schizophrenia.

This article is credible, being published with many other credible in the Psychiatric
Rehabilitation Journal. The source is useful, providing insight into a different type of social
cognitive intervention and explaining its benefits.

Javed, Afzal, and Asha Charles. “The Importance of Social Cognition in Improving Functional
Outcomes in Schizophrenia.” ​Frontiers in Psychiatry,​ vol. 9, Apr. 2018, p. 157,
doi:​10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00157​.

This source is an article from Frontiers in Psychiatry, focusing on the positive impact of
social cognition on functional outcomes in schizophrenia. There has been a drive to develop
therapeutic strategies to address social cognition in schizophrenia. This article reviews current
evidence relating to social cognition as a means of improving functional outcomes and
consequently increasing chances of recovery. Current evidence demonstrates that
schizophrenia is associated with impairments in social cognitive domains. These impairments
are important factors in social functioning. Social cognitive training programs have shown
success in improving the core domains of social cognition, often leading to improvements in
functional outcomes.

This article is published by Frontiers in Psychiatry, a source of many reliable articles. It is

relevant, explaining the usefulness of social cognition training in improving the symptoms of
schizophrenia.

Lecomte, Tania, et al. Group CBT for Psychosis. Oxford University Press.

This book offers a group therapy module specifically for people with psychosis. The book
includes the basic model used in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for psychosis, essential
elements of group therapy, and detailed guides for each of the therapy sessions. CBT often
follows the simple ABC model, which illustrates that any thought or belief (B) is preceded by
an antecedent (A), and the belief will influence one’s feelings and actions as a consequence
(C). Sessions 1-6 discuss stress’s effect on patients, while sessions 7-12 are focused on testing
hypotheses and looking for alternatives. From sessions 13-18, they discuss drugs and alcohol’s
effect on the patients, while finally 19 through 24 discuss coping and competence. After these
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24 meetings, sufferers see positive changes in symptoms, along with changes in psychosocial
constructs such as self-esteem, coping, social support, social functioning, or self-stigma. The
models aim for the recovery of patients, meaning low psychotic symptoms for 2 years, 50% of
time spent at work or school, independent management of finances and medication, and
socialization with peers at least once a week.

This source is credible because it was written by a Ph.D. author and professors. Also, the
fact that it is published gives it a strong sense of credibility. It isn’t biased as it’s not trying to
sell any product but guide people who are interested in the therapy. This source benefits
research, explaining the different parts of CBT necessary to effectively treat a patient, along
with the benefits and shortfalls of CBT.

Morrison, Anthony, et al. ​Cognitive Therapy for Internalised Stigma in People Experiencing
Psychosis: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial - ScienceDirect​.
http://repository.essex.ac.uk/22597/1/cognitive-therapy-for-internalised-stigma-in-people-
experiencing-psychosis-a-pilot.pdf​. Accessed 8 Jan. 2020.

This study sought to examine the efficacy of cognitive therapy in individuals with
depression as an intervention for internalized stigma. The study compared cognitive therapy
(CT) plus treatment as usual (TAU) with TAU. At the end of treatment (4 months) participants
were evaluated and followed-up. The primary outcome was the total score of the Internalized
Stigma of Mental Illness Scale which offers a continuous measure of the internalized stigma
associated with mental health issues. Secondary results included self-assessed rehabilitation,
internalized guilt, emotional issues, hopelessness and self-esteem. The recruitment and
retention rates were good for this trial. Changes in outcomes were analyzed according to the
principle of intent to treat. No effect on the primary outcome was noted. Several secondary
outcomes in the group assigned to CT were significantly improved compared to TAU,
including internalized shame, hopelessness, and self-rated recovery. Stigma-focused CT seems
practicable and appropriate for people with psychosis.

This source is credible, being written by a licensed and reliable author. It is very relevant
to the research being conducted, proving that cognitive therapy is a much more effective than
usual treatment in reducing stigma in psychosis.

Morrison, Anthony P., et al. “Impact of Cognitive Therapy on Internalised Stigma in People
with At-Risk Mental States.” ​British Journal of Psychiatry​, vol. 203, no. 2, 2013, pp.
140–45, doi:​10.1192/bjp.bp.112.123703​.

This journal article focuses on the use of cognitive therapy to reduce internalized stigma
in schizophrenia. Internalized stigma has been recognized as an important issue in
schizophrenia, and it has been suggested that cognitive therapy will only increase this stigma.
This study aims to investigate the impact of cognitive therapy on internalized stigma in youth
with at-risk mental states (ARMS). Cognitive Therapy showed to significantly reduce negative
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appraisals of psychotic experiences. However, there were no significant differences in social
acceptability. This study demonstrates that cognitive therapy decreases internalized stigma
rather than increasing it. With cognitive therapy decreasing negative appraisals of unusual
experiences in psychosis, it is an effective solution to internalized stigma. However, the lack of
change in social acceptability shows that it is much more difficult to change the public’s views
through social cognition.

This article is credible, being published in the British Journal of Psychiatry and posted in
the Cambridge Core archive. It is extremely useful, as it focuses on the direct impact of
cognitive therapy on reducing internalized stigma, while other articles only have vague
relations between social cognition and self-stigma.

Ng, Rowena, et al. “Insight and Theory of Mind in Schizophrenia.” ​Psychiatry Research​, vol.
225, no. 1–2, 2015, pp. 169–74, doi:​10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.010​.

This source is a journal article in which Theory of mind is discussed in relation to

awareness of illness, neurocognition, and social skills. Impairments in Theory of Mind (ToM)
are common in schizophrenic individuals and is related to poor functioning in society. Low
insight has also been associated with poor outcomes in schizophrenia. Social developmental
research has demonstrated self-representations (insight) and representations of others (ToM)
are connected. Due to a failure to account for the neurocognitive impairments and symptoms
associated with both mentalization models, inconsistent reports of correlations between insight
and ToM have emerged. Importantly, ToM was found to mediate Mental Illness Awareness
and neurocognition. Treatments that target mentalization abilities contribute to
self-representation and others may improve insight deficits associated with poor outcomes in
schizophrenia.

This source is credible, as it is written by multiple licensed doctors. It is extremely

beneficial in relation to the research being conducted on Theory of Mind, explaining both the
concept along with it’s impact on mental illness awareness. Awareness of Illness is a major
component in stigma reduction, making this article imperative.

Penn, D. L., Kommana, S., Mansfield, M., & Link, B. G. (1999). Dispelling the stigma of
schizophrenia: II. The impact of information on dangerousness. ​Schizophrenia Bulletin​,
25​(3), 437–446. ​https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033391

The article investigated whether providing information describing the relationship between
violent behavior and schizophrenia could affect participants’ perceptions of the dangerousness of
both a specific person with schizophrenia and persons with severe mental illness in general.
Subjects were questioned regarding previous contact with schizophrenics and provided with
either general, acute, comparative, or no information sheets on schizophrenics. They were also
given a brief vignette of an individual with schizophrenia. People who reported previous contact
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with mental illness perceived the individual as less dangerous, while people with less previous
contact perceived them as more dangerous. Compared to no information, providing information
comparing the dangerousness of schizophrenics to that of substance abusers was most effective
in reducing the perceived dangerousness of schizophrenics.

This study is credible, as it was written by a reputable author and corroborated by other
sources. It is beneficial to research, identifying which types of information are best at reducing
stigma and exploring the hypothesis that more contact reduces stigma.

Reavley, N. J., Jorm, A. F., & Morgan, A. J. (2016). Beliefs about dangerousness of people with
mental health problems: the role of media reports and personal exposure to threat or harm.
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology​, ​51​(9), 1257–1264.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1215-6\

This source is an article which aims to assess the associations between the public’s beliefs
about the dangerousness of people with depression or schizophrenia and negative media
exposure regarding violence or personal experiences of fear, threat or harm. Telephone
interviews were conducted, providing respondents with a vignette of John, who had
schizophrenia or depression and asking questions regarding prior contact with mental illness,
perceived dangerousness, and media exposure. For schizophrenia, media reports were associated
with stronger beliefs about dangerousness, while there were no strong associations between
media reports and depression. For both illnesses, participants who had previous contact with
mental illness and higher education levels were less likely to perceive John as dangerous,
proving that contact and education can reduce perceived dangerousness and stigma.

The article is credible, as it was written by several acclaimed authors within the past 5 years.
This is useful, explaining the impact of negative media reports on stigma while affirming the
belief that education and contact can reduce stigma.

Roberts, David L., and Dawn I. Velligan. “Can Social Functioning in Schizophrenia Be
Improved through Targeted Social Cognitive Intervention?” ​Rehabilitation Research and
Practice​, 2012, doi:​10.1155/2012/742106​.

This article provides analysis on the influence of social cognitive interventions on social
functioning in schizophrenia Efforts to use cognitive therapy for schizophrenia in psychosocial
rehabilitation have gradually integrated social cognition as a target for treatment. In this study,
a distinction can be made between "broad-based" interventions, which incorporate social
cognitive training within intervention strategies and "targeted" interventions which focus on a
specific domain of social cognition. Targeted interventions have the potential to be more
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effective than broad-based interventions, however they are somewhat problematic. Targeted
interventions may have less probability of achieving the maintenance and generalization of
treatment gains. A potential solution to this draws on the social psychological literature on
social cognition.

This source is credible, being written by a doctor who advises the research being
conducted. The article is relevant, explaining the importance of social cognition schizophrenia
along with the potential uses of social cognitive interventions to treat social/emotional deficits
in schizophrenia.

Roberts, David. Social Cognition and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of
Psychosis. Interview by Toluwanimi Oladapo, 2 Dec. 2019.

This interview questioned Dr. David Roberts, a doctor and researcher at the University of
Texas Health San Antonio. The interview addresses the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy
(CBT), the possible uses of social cognition in psychosis treatment, and the efficacy of Social
cognitive interaction training (SCIT). CBT focuses on stress reduction and reaching personal
goals, as the symptoms of schizophrenia often bring about stress that is hard to manage and
obstructs the pursuance of goals. Social Cognition and CBT do not necessarily reduce
symptomatology, but help to relieve the side effects of the disease. Social cognition training
works to improve the quality of social interactions and combat cognitive deficits in people with
schizophrenia. Finally, the interview discussed the most prominent problem in schizophrenia
(stigma) and methods of improving it.

With a licensed doctor being interviewed, the source is reliable. It is highly impactful to
the research being conducted, providing a clearer path on what to research and how to best
make a difference in the lives of people with schizophrenia

Sacca, R., & Ryan, C. (2011). Relationships between Interpersonal Contact as a Volunteer
Companion and Stigma - Rose Sacca, Christopher Ryan, 2011. ​Australian Psychiatry:,​
19​(5). ​https://doi.org/10.3109/10398562.2011.603325​.

The journal article examines the hypothesis that Australian Compeer volunteers show
reduced levels of stigma towards people with mental illness. The study surveyed current compeer
volunteers regarding their attitudes towards the mentally ill using the Social Distance Scale,
Affect Scale and Dangerousness Scale, assessing the strength of their friendship with the Match
Bond Scale, and determining the extent of previous contact using the Contact scale. Longer
friendships were associated with stronger friendships. Volunteers showed lower levels of stigma
towards mental illness regardless of their demographics, however, stronger friendships were
associated with less stigma. This proves that higher quality contact with schizophrenics is most
effective at reducing stigma.
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It is a credible source, supported by similar studies that took place in the US. This is very
beneficial to the research being conducted, as it discusses the effects of strong contact with
schizophrenics on reducing stigma in depth.

Velligan, Dawn I., et al. “Multimodal Cognitive Therapy: Combining Treatments That Bypass
Cognitive Deficits and Deal With Reasoning and Appraisal Biases.” Schizophrenia
Bulletin, vol. 35, no. 5, Sept. 2009, pp. 884–93, doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp075.

This article discusses the advantages and challenges of combining CAT (Cognitive
Adaptation Training) and CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy). CAT is a home-based
psychosocial treatment utilizing environmental supports such as medication containers, signs,
and checklists to reduce deficits in cognitive functioning and stimulate adaptive behavior. This
improves adherence to medications and functional outcomes in schizophrenia. CBTp decreases
the symptoms of psychosis while minimizing the negative effect of persisting symptoms upon
individuals with this disorder. The source describes a home-delivered, multimodal cognitive
treatment targeting functional outcomes and persistent positive symptoms for individuals with
schizophrenia by utilizing both CAT and CBT techniques. While CAT is effective in promoting
target behaviors, increasing motivation and engagement with activity, and improving functional
outcome in the community, CAT has few strategies that are able to address the positive
symptoms of schizophrenia. On the other hand, effect sizes for positive symptom improvements
with CBT were significant even in the more methodologically rigorous trials. Combining these
treatments will improve a wider range of both positive and negative symptoms.
This article is credible, as it was written by an author recommended by a licensed
professional in the field. The source is useful as it builds a treatment that combines two methods
of therapy for a stronger treatment, which is a plausible approach to determining/curating a
highly effective treatment for psychosis.

Vidarsdottir, Olina G., et al. “Integrative Cognitive Remediation for Early Psychosis: Results
from a Randomized Controlled Trial.” ​Psychiatry Research,​ vol. 273, 2019, pp. 690–98,
doi:​10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.007​.

Early application of cognitive remediation can help prevent people from developing
long-term functional impairments that characterize psychotic disorders. These interventions
encompass both neurocognitive and social-cognitive training, working together to bridge the gap
between cognitive gains and functional outcomes in early psychosis. The Integrative Cognitive
Remediation (ICR) approach combines three cognitive remediation approaches:
Neuropsychological Educational Approach to Remediation (NEAR), Compensatory Cognitive
Training (CCT), and Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT). It evaluated the effects
on cognition, clinical symptoms, self-assessed and informant-assessed social functioning in early
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psychosis. The intervention group showed significant improvements in verbal memory, cognitive
flexibility, working memory, ToM and a significant decrease in hostile attributions, compared to
those receiving standard treatment alone. However, there were no differences between the groups
for the measures of social functioning or clinical symptoms. The intervention was well tolerated
and received high treatment satisfaction ratings. Findings indicate that integrated cognitive
remediation has the potential to improve neurocognition and social cognition in early psychosis.
This source is useful as it further combines treatments to specifically treat and prevent
psychosis. It is credible as it was written and edited by multiple doctors, with great experience in
the field.

Wood, Lisa, Eilish Burke, et al. ​The Impact of Stigma on Emotional Distress and Recovery
from Psychosis: The Mediatory Role of Internalised Shame and Self-Esteem. - PubMed -
NCBI​. ​https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28531822​. Accessed 9 Dec. 2019.

The article cited discusses the negative impact of internalized stigma and low
self-esteem on the quality of life for people with schizophrenia. Both internalized shame and
self esteem play an integral role on the negative consequences of stigma in psychosis. This
study examines the relationship between stigma and emotional distress and recovery, with
self-stigma and self-esteem as mediators. 79 participants were administered an assessment
examining experienced and perceived stigma, internalised shame, self-esteem, depression,
hopelessness, and personal recovery. Results demonstrated that stigma was significantly
associated with internalised shame, low self-esteem, depression, hopelessness, and poor
personal recovery, with self-stigma and self-esteem as mediators. The results of this study
indicates that stigma needs to be therapeutically addressed in psychosis, with a focus on
self-stigma and self-esteem.

The source was published in a Psychiatry journal along with several other reliable sources.
It is of great benefit to my research because it analyses and addresses the negative impact of
stigma on psychotic individuals, along with the specific implications of internalized stigma.

Wood, Lisa, Rory Byrne, et al. “Psychosocial Interventions for Internalised Stigma in People
with a Schizophrenia-Spectrum Diagnosis: A Systematic Narrative Synthesis and
Meta-Analysis.” ​Schizophrenia Research​, vol. 176, no. 2–3, 2016, pp. 291–303,
doi:​10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.001​.

This source is an article providing an analysis on different psychosocial interventions

aimed at reducing internalized stigma. With schizophrenia being recognized as a highly
stigmatized mental illness, internalized stigma is very prominent and has a strong negative
effect on patients' lives. A systematic narrative study and metaanalysis was carried out to
assess the efficacy of internalized stigma approaches for people with a diagnosis of
schizophrenia disorder. A number of psychosocial approaches were used with the majority
using cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), psychoeducation, and social skills training.
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Internalized stigma, self-esteem, empowerment, and functioning were the core results used to
examine the effectiveness of the intervention. The interventions significantly improved
internalized stigma, self efficacy, and insight. Internalised stigma interventions show promise
for reducing stigma in those with schizophrenia-spectrum diagnoses.

Being published in an acclaimed schizophrenia research journal, this source is credible. It

is very imperative to this research, explaining how social cognitive treatments can best be
utilized to diminish self-stigma in schizophrenia.

Yang, Daniel Y. J., et al. “An Integrative Neural Model of Social Perception, Action
Observation, and Theory of Mind.” ​Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,​ vol. 51,
2015, pp. 263–75, doi:​10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.020​.

This source is a journal article in which the domains of social cognition are reviewed and
an integrative model for social perception, action observation and theory of mind is proposed.
The integrative model unites three key neural systems underlying social information
processing: social perception, action observation, and theory of mind. It also highlights the
posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), which plays a central role in each of the three
systems. The model integrates these neural systems with the dual system report of the implicit
and explicit processing of social knowledge. Large-scale meta-analyses confirm that the pSTS
is at the intersection between all three neural systems and plays a great role it social perception
and theory of mind. These findings are relevant to current psychiatric research, especially
disorders with impaired social functioning such as schizophrenia.

The journal article cited was published in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews journal
along with several other credible sources. This article is of benefit to the research being
conducted due to the detailed and in-depth explanation of theory of Mind’s impact on social
perception.

Yang, Lawrence H., et al. “Public Stigma Associated With Psychosis Risk Syndrome in a
College Population: Implications for Peer Intervention.” Psychiatric Services, vol. 64, no.
3, 2013, pp. 284–88, doi:10.1176/appi.ps.003782011.

This journal article studied the extent of stigma in psychosis compared to that of
non-psychotic diagnoses. Urban college participants read an experimental description of a
young adult experiencing prodromal symptoms who was randomly assigned a diagnostic label
such as major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, or psychosis risk.
Students were provided with and without accurate information about the psychosis risk label
and responded to questions about stigma toward the person described. Compared with other
non-psychotic diseases, schizophrenia caused a more prominent stereotyping, increasing social
distance and decreasing public willingness to help. Both psychosis-risk and schizophrenia
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elicited the same amount of stigma. Educating the public with accurate information shows
promise in reducing public stigma among college students.

The article is written by a coalition of doctors, making the information reliable. It is

relevant to current research as it focuses on the effect of stigma in youth with psychosis and
provides deep insight into the social implications of having psychosis/ being labeled at-risk for
psychosis.