INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & WORKSHOP ON ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING 2016

COMMUNICATION IN A SELF-RELIANT AD HOC NETWORK

Archana Rajeshirke1, Jugal Shah2, Rushabh Sheth3, Vaishali Gaikwad4

Information Technology department,
K.J.Somaiya Institute of Engineering & Information Technology,
Mumbai University, Mumbai, India.
Archana.r@somaiya.edu
Jugal.shah@somaiya.edu
Rushabh.sheth@somaiya.edu
mohite@somaiya.edu

Abstract conferencing, to mention only a few. To support the

The project aims to provide communication anywhere
anytime when the telecommunication network is not available
for example after a disaster, or in sparsely populated areas.
Mobile phones normally can't be used when cellular networks
fail as in case of disaster. This means that millions of people
around the world are not able to communicate, when they
need it most as most of its functionality are supported either
by Internet or the GSM/CDMA network. The paper proposes
idea to allow the user to communicate without any
infrastructure with other users using the Wi-Fi connection of
smart phones to create a self-reliant ad hoc network created
which will enable the user to transmit data even in absence of
Internet or the GSM/CDMA network. The user can send text
messages, audio, video and other files. In this network
congestion can be solved with help of ATM network
algorithm. This application is developed specifically for
android based cellular devices as there is no direct way to
create an ad hoc network in android devices. The integrated
approach of a mobile app and ad hoc network can save life
and reduce the time needed for critical service to be restored.
Keywords: Distributed Naming Architecture (DNA),
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Ad Hoc, API’s
1. INTRODUCTION
Mobile phones are being extensively used by people at all
levels, businessman, doctors, engineers, service man and
common people in their day-to-day activities. Today
communication is next too impossible without a mobile
phone. Mobile phone is not used for speaking alone it is also
now being used in making use of various applications,
recording data and transmitting it to a phone or a computer as
was being done by a computer.
Java is gaining popularity as an application programming
language in recent years. Meanwhile, the need to develop
multimedia applications has increased in areas such as video-
on-demand, telemedicine, distance learning and video
development of multimedia applications in Java, Java has
many optional Application Programming Interfaces (APIs),
e.g. Java 2D, Java 3D and Java Sound. One of these is the
Java Media Framework (. IMF) which provides a 'platform-
neutral framework for displaying time-based media [IO].
When multimedia applications transfer their multimedia
content over networks, they not only need much more
bandwidth to transfer multimedia content, but are also time-
sensitive unlike additional text-based applications. Therefore,
in order to transmit time-based media, it is vital for the
networks to support Quality of Service (QoS) which ensures
continuous and constant data transmission. However, because
standard Java network applications are based on TCP/IP
which only provides best effort service, Java multimedia
applications cannot guarantee QoS. For multimedia
applications ATM networks are better than TCP/IP networks
for transferring multimedia because ATM can provide high
bandwidth and end-to-end QoS guaranteed.
Today, because of the smart-phone's powerful capabilities it is
required to free it from its dependence on infrastructure and
phone cellular network, and thus be freed to provide
independent communications capabilities that are well suited
to use in crisis situations.
In the proposed system we will create an application for
communication, which can be installed on Android based
Smartphone’s. This software is developed for android system.
Two main reasons to choose Android OS instead of another
one are:
1. Android is an open source operating system, and thus
allows reusing some pieces of program to create a new
application. It is also quite well documented and sources
can be found on Internet to learn how developing
applications for this platform.
2. Android is fast growing operating system, and it became
the world’s leading smart phone platform in January
2015.
This android application will create a self-reliant ad hoc
network that allows the smart phone to communicate with

21
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & WORKSHOP ON ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING 2016

each other independent of infrastructure and the network 3 LITERATURE REVIEW

congestion can be handled with ATM network.
Advantage of Proposed System: The proposed system is compared with the following
existing systems as shown in table 1: System
x The transformation will be done without using Internet Comparison:
 or any Infrastructure.  Table 1: System Comparison
x This application will be helpful in case of disaster System Features Disadvantage
 situation.  Computer
x Speed of transmission will be faster.  provides very
x There will be no cost for communication except the less mobility to
 android Smartphone.  the user.
x An application will be providing fully duplex Window pc’s ad-
 communication.  Windows provide hoc network
x Creation of the network will be on a click.  build in feature of does not support
Windows creating an ad hoc transmission of
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II gives Operating network for data due to its
a brief idea of the problem that exists and idea how it will be System communication. security rules
solved by our proposed system. Section III provides This is a full thus manual
comparisons of various existing system. Section IV describes duplex connection. setup is required.
the implementation plan along with the algorithm and details The user requires
of the android manifest file. Section V describes the partial basic knowledge
implementation with details Finally, the conclusion and the of network
major contribution to this paper are discussed in the sharing for this
remaining sections. setup.
Android devices It is a half-
provide Bluetooth duplex
2 PROBLEM DEFINITION hardware in built communication
for sending data to and only two
All Mobile usage has become a central component in other devices. users can be in
Bluetooth
communication within the last decade. Modern day cell Android devices network. The
phones are loaded with technical gadgets designed to make are highly mobile two user of
the phone more versatile and more useful to the end user. thus it’s not Bluetooth must
Besides making phone calls, these smart phones are also able limited to a be in a very
to send data across the world via well-established cellular specific space close range
networks. With a connection to the network, a smart phone Android devices
can send messages, pictures, and videos to any other smart allow the usage of
It is essential
phone on the network, and in most cases can also connect to Sim card of the
that the cellular
the internet as well. However, data transfer is currently only network service
tower is
possible while a mobile device user is within range of the for communication
operational and
cellular network or connected to internet. But in the case of over the cellular
the user is within
any disaster there can be a situation where no cellular GSM/CDMA network. It
its range. The
network or internet will be available. To communicate or Network provides a full
user is also
Transfer a data without using any cellular network one duplex connection.
charged for the
application will be creating with the help of the Ad-Hoc Android devices
service provided
network. are highly mobile
by the network
thus it’s not
provider.
Mobile phone is used in making use of various applications. limited to a
In this system i.e. Communication in Self Reliant Ad Hoc specific space
Network an application will be created for android smart Android provides
phones. With the help of this application the android various application
Smartphone user can create an Ad Hoc Network in absence for communication
Internet or any Infrastructure. As the application will be run like what’s up, This application
on Android smart phone the mobility will be high. And the messenger, viber requires the
network creation and transferring of data will be done on a Various other etc. It provides a support of either
click of a button. The Application initially will be used to Android full duplex the Internet or
transfer a simple text messages, images and other files. application connection the GSM/CDMA
The congestion of the network while transmitting the data Android devices network for
will be handled by the ATM networks. are highly mobile communication.
thus it’s not
limited to a
specific space

22
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & WORKSHOP ON ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING 2016

This system allows

the user to
communicate with
the help of ad hoc
network in an
android device
without Internet or The only
GSM/CDMA limitation of the
Self-reliant ad
network. The proposed system
hoc network
network is created is the range of
using phone Wi-Fi communication.
which is in built.
The cost of using
this system is
minimal the only
thing that user need
is an android device.
Figure 1: System Architecture

4 METHODOLOGY The project aims to provide a smart phone software allowing

In the proposed system an ad hoc network is created. It
works by using your phone's Wi-Fi to form impromptu
networks consisting only of mobile phones. The Distributed
naming architecture is one of the major components that
allows the users to use their existing phone numbers and
connect opportunistically. The Distributed naming
architecture works like a HLR of a GSM network. It will
contain the phone number of all the user who are in the
network and transmit the data only to those users. Its works
in together with the layer interface that provides access to the
data transfer application which helps the user to send and
receive data.
A Java code will be written. It will be a Java code allowing
communicating with the DNA server, which is instantiated
on each smart phone. The first role of the server is to register
the users who want to connect to the ad hoc network, and to
respond to translation requests when a user wants to send
data to someone else.
Thus for communication to be established the layer interface
interacts with the java code the java code with the distributed
naming architecture that maintains the registry which is
essential for sending and receiving data.
As in a network when source continuously sends data to the
destination through a router there is a possibility of
congestion. This congestion can be control using specific
ATM algorithms.
people to communicate without mobile network
infrastructure. The main idea is to create a Wi-Fi network
between the smart phones, in order to allow each of them to
communicate with one another.
The proposed system architecture in figure 1: System
Architecture describes the following stages:
1. Creation of network: It is the first step in the proposed
system. If the user is the first user in the network, then the
user needs to create the network. This network is created by
using your phone's Wi-Fi of the user. If a network is already
existing, then the user just need to join it. The congestion can
be handle using ATM.
2. Identify the Recipient: The Distributed Numbering
Architecture (DNA) is one of the most important features of
the project. How can we imagine people to communicate if
they do not know how to reach their correspondent? The goal
of DNA is to allow the users to use their usual phone number
on the ad hoc network. Doing this way, there is no problem of
wondering what is the phone number of person X or Y, the
user just needs to use its current phone number and to dial as
usually.
3. Data transmission: The first role of the DNA server is to
register the users who want to connect to the ad hoc network,
and to respond to translation requests when a user wants to
send data to someone. Here layer interface that provides open
source applications for communication communicates with
the distributed server and allows data transmission.
4. Congestion handling: After the DNA identifies that the
user exists in the network, it is checked whether there is a
congestion in the network on which the data is to be send. If
there is congestion in the network, then ATM network
algorithm is used for handling the congestion and control data
transmission.

23
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & WORKSHOP ON ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING 2016
Algorithm:
Step 1 - At the beginning if the user is new and there is no
network then the first new user will create Ad-hoc network.
Step 2 - The user who has created a network will wait for the
other users to join the Ad-hoc network.
Step 3 - If the Ad-hoc network is already created then
another user can simply join the existing Ad-hoc network.
Step 4 - In an Ad-hoc network to send data to other user’s
data sending application will be used.
Step 5 - The data will be send over the Distributed naming
architecture.
Step 6 - From the Distributed naming architecture the data
will received by Data Receiving Application.
Step 7- Here the congestion will be handled by the ATM
networks.
Step8- The user will use the Layer Interface to communicate.
The layer interface support both the data transfer application.
Step 9 - The desire user will be identified by Layer Interface.
And will receive the data.
Step 10 - Thus Communication established.
The implementation will be analogous to a standard mobile
ad hoc network implementation; it will provide delivery and
routing of data between nodes. It will be efficient in
attempting to route data fairly, and with the lowest impact to
battery life. The implementation of the mobile ad hoc
network protocol for this investigation will be based on a
three-layer model, which will allow for maximum flexibility
in determining the optimal data link, routing protocol, and
application protocol [Figure 2]. The lowest layer (layer 1)
will handle the data link connection between nodes. This
layer is responsible for performing discovery of adjacent
nodes as well as transmitting and receiving of both data and
routing packets. Layer 1 will maintain records of the nearby
nodes and will handle association and disassociation with
these nodes. Layer 1 will communicate only with the next
layer above it, which is layer 2. Layer 2 is responsible for
handling routing. It contains the implementation specific
routing protocol. Routing messages are received at layer 1
and passed to layer 2 for processing. Layer 2 will maintain a
routing table which will be used to attempt to route data
packets to the requested destination. Layer 3 is the next layer
above layer 2. Layer 3 is the application layer, and only
communicates with layer 2. The job of layer 3 is to handle
any application specific logic which is when connection is
lost to the main cellular network. Layer 3 communicates with
layer 2 when it needs to send a packet to a specific
destination. A layered approach allows us to modify specific
parts of the implementation in a modular fashion. For
example, consider the modular design of layer 1. It
encapsulates all of the logic required to use a specific data
link type. For this research, Wi-Fi will be the primary data
link between phones. Our preliminary research indicates that
using Wi-Fi on the Android devices to form a mobile ad hoc
network will not be possible without modification to the
device's operating system. Operating system and driver must
support for ad hoc Wi-Fi networks on the Android phone that
will likely be more desirable to use than Bluetooth. When
that happens, it will be necessary to redesign layer 1 of the
protocol. Other data links may become available in the future
(such as CDMA), and likewise, this approach will allow for
an easy transition to using the new technology. From a high-
level overview, these are the following steps that will occur
when the software is working properly.
Figure 2: Establishing Basic Routing Packets
The aim is to find a route from the source phone to the
destination phone across one or more hops, if such a route
exists. If the route does not exist, then the data packet will be
undeliverable and will retain for future delivery. Wi-Fi will
be used as communication link between nodes. For
configuring the phone Wi-Fi, the android manifest file need
to be modified Every application must have an
AndroidManifest.xml file (with precisely that name) in its
root directory. The manifest file presents essential
information about your app to the Android system,
information the system must have before it can run any of the
app's code. The manifest file is use for setting the android
permissions. Every application must have an
AndroidManifest.xml file (with precisely that name) in its
root directory.
The manifest file presents essential information about your
app to the Android system, information the system must have
before it can run any of the app's code. It basically names the
Java package for the application. The package name serves
as a unique identifier for the application not only describes
the components of the application but also the activities,
services, broadcast receivers, and content providers that the
application is composed of. It names the classes that
implement each of the components and publishes their
capabilities (for example, which Intent messages they can
handle). These declarations let the Android system know
what the components are and under what conditions they can
be launched. Which will determine which processes will host
application components. Along with the permissions the
application must have in order to access protected parts of
the API and interact with other applications and declares the
permissions that others are required to have in order to
interact with the application's components. The R.java file
which contains IDs for all the resources in the res folder of
your project and also some additional IDs that you define on
your own (in the layouts, for example). The IDs are needed
for the Android resource management system to retrieve the
files from the APK. Each ID is basically a number which
corresponds to some resource in the resource management
system. The file itself is needed so you can access or
reference the resource from code by giving the ID of the
resource to the resource manager. Say, if you want to set the
24
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & WORKSHOP ON ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING 2016
view in the activity, you call set Content View
(R.layout.main); main in the R file contains the number
which is understood by the Android resource management
system as the layout file which is called main. Only
the<manifest>and<application> elements are required.
5 RESULT
The project is currently under implementation. Till now we
have created an application that allows you access the Wi-Fi
direct and share images stored in the gallery. The Figure 3
shows an application that uses Wi-Fi Direct APIs to discover
and connect with available devices. This application registers
a BroadcastReceiver for notification of Wi-Fi state related
events.
Figure 3: Main activity
The application manifest file involves the following
permissions
x ACCESS_WIFI_STATE 
 x CHANGE_WIFI_STATE 
x CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE 
x ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE 
In order to run this application, the user device needs to
have Wi-Fi hardware that supports Wi-Fi direct, the
availability of which is checked in the manifest file.
WifiP2pManager class used provides the API for managing
Wi-Fi peer -to-peer connectivity. It allows an application to
discover available peers, setup connection to peers and
query for the list of peers. Two abstract method are
provided by WifiP2pManager.ActionListener. This are
onSuccess() and onFailure(int reason) that specify whether
the operation failed or succeeded. We have used two
components Fragments and Service for various operations
after the connection is established. Fragments are used for
displaying the list of available peers as shown in Figure 4.
The service runs continuously in the background for the
transfer of images. Figure 4 shows connection established
between two phones Once the connection is formed the
device maintains the connection.
Wi-Fi Direct promises device-to-device transfer speeds of
up to 250 mbps which is better compare to that of
Bluetooth.
Figure 4: Connection Established
The further work of this project will be focused on sending
messages using Wi-Fi Direct which will require building a
connector between this application and an open source
application called WebSms that supports sending of message
through any network. The next phase will be creating a
network the allows multiple users to connect and send
packets over the network. Then congestion will be handled in
the network using ATM GCRA algorithm.
6 CONCLUSION
This paper describes the design and partial implementation of
Android application over Android system based on Linux.
This application can run over any Android Platform
Independent of the version ( Cupcake v1.5 , Donut v1.6, etc.)
which make it more portable and ease of use .We
demonstrated how the working of the application will take
place in Android API’s and the bridge of data link layer with
routing and application and we also demonstrated the
connection of two devices in the form of nodes and also
represented the stages taking place while maintaining the
connection between two devices By combing the Ad hoc
network and ATM the transfer of data can take place with
avoiding congestion.
There is essential requirement and utility for a mobile
communications system that can operate without the support
of any infrastructure, physical or organizational, and thus
allow communications to continue independently. Thus
allowing people using the software to communicate in an
additional manner whenever there is a necessity.
25
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & WORKSHOP ON ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING 2016

Information Networking and Applications",May 2014,pg

7. REFERENCES
[1] Bangnan Xu, Sven Hischke, "The Role of Ad hoc
Networking in Future Wireless
Communications","Communication Technology
Proceedings ICCT",Volume 2,pg 1353-1358,April 2003
[2] Yinan Jing, Song Yang, Xueping Wang and Weiwei
Sun,"802.11-Based Multihop Ad hoc Network
Implementation”,"Wireless Communications, Networking
and Mobile Computing”,October 2008, Pg. 1-4.
[3] Hamid Gharavi,"Multichannel Mobile Ad Hoc Links for
Multimedia Communications","Proceedings of the
IEEE",January 2008Volume 96,pg 77-96
[4] D.G.Reina,S.L.Toral,F.Barrero,N.Bessis and
E.Asimakopoulou,"Evaluation of Ad Hoc Networks in
Disaster Scenarios","Intelligent Networking and
Collaborative Systems",December 2011,pg 759-764.
[5] Nuno Pratas,Nicola Marchetti,Neeli Rashmi
Prasad,Antonio Rodrigues and Ramjee Prasad
,"Centralized Cooperative Spectrum Sensing for Ad-hoc
Disaster Relief Network Clusters","Communications
(ICC)"May 2010,pg 1-5.
[6] Chun-Shian Tsai and Chen-Yin He,"A Novel Grou
Communication for Disaster Positioningin Mobile Ad
Hoc Network","Computing and Communication
Technologies",November 2010,pg 1-4.
[7] Allan Goncalves,Carlos Silva and Patricia
Morreale,"Design of a Mobile Ad Hoc Network
Communication App for Disaster Recovery","Advanced
121-126
[8] D.G.Reina1,M.Askalani1,J.M.León-Coca1,S.L.Toral1
and F.Barrero1,"A survey on ad hoc networks for disaster
scenarios ","Intelligent Networking and Collaborative
Systems",September 2014,pg 433-438.
[9] Lampros Kalampoukas and Anujan Varma,"Performance
of TCP over Multi-Hop ATM Networks: A Comparative
Study of ATM-Layer Congestion Control Schemes
","Communications, 1995. ICC '95 Seattle, 'Gateway to
Globalization'",June 1995,Volume 3,pg 1472-1477.
[10] Lichen Zhang ,"A Congestion Control Method for Real-
Time Applications in ATM Networks ","Systems, Man
and Cybernetics",year 2002,Volume 3.
[11] Prafulla K Behera and Pramod K Meher,"EFFECTNE
COMMUNICATIONIN AD HOC NETWORK OF
MOBILE USERS' GROUP ","Circuits and
Systems",Year 2002,Volume 2,pg 461-465.
[12] Koichi GYODA Nam Hoang NGUYEN Kazunori
OKADA and Osamu TAKIZAWA,"Analysis of Ad Hoc
Network Performance in Emergency Communication
Models","Advanced Information Networking and
Applications", March 2008, Pg. 1083-1088.
[13] .Byung-Hyun Yu and Zhiyi Huang Stephen Cranefield
and Martin Purvis “Supporting Java Multimedia
Applications over ATM Networks”,year 2003, IEEE
7840, pg 122 to 126.
[14] Vaishali Mohite and Lata Ragha, “Cooperative security
agents for MANET”, IEEE -040, World Congress on
Information and Communication
Technology,Trivandram,year 2012, India,pg 549 to 554.

26