CHAPTER 2

MOBILE
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGIES
BASICS OF MOBILE COMPUTING

Bundle of technologies that allows

transmission of data, voice, and video via a
computer, smartphone, or any other
wireless-enabled device without having to
be connected to a fixed physical link.
 Mobile Computing
Aspect
Mobile Communication
Refers a technology that allows
transmission of data, voice and video
via a computer or any other wireless
enabled device.
It is free from having a connection
with a fixed physical link.
It facilitates the users to move from
one physical location to another
during communication.
Mobile Hardware
Presentations are communication
tools that can be used as
demonstrations, leincludes mobile
devices or device components that
receive or access the service of
mobility.
They would range from portable
laptops, smartphones, tablet Pc's,
Personal Digital Assistants.
These devices will have a receptor
medium that is capable of sensing
and receiving signals.
 Mobile Computing
Aspect
Mobile Software

The actual program that runs on the

mobile hardware.
It deals with the characteristics and
requirements of mobile applications.
This is the engine of the mobile
device.
In other terms, it is the operating
system of the appliance.
It's the essential component that
operates the mobile device.
Mobile Computing
Evolution
In today's computing world, different technologies have
emerged. These have grown to support the existing computer
networks all over the world.
Mobile Computing
Evolution
The Idea of mobile computing has only been around since
the 1990s.
Since then, Mobile computing has evolved from two-way
radios that use large antennas to communicate simple
messages to three inch personal computers that can do
almost everything a regular computer does.
Mobile Computing
Evolution
Latest technology of mobile computing
Mobile Computing
Components
a. Infrastructure
b. Communication
c. Devices
d. Platform
e. Application
 Infrastructure
Hardware infrastructures that support the mobile
computing include:
Network access points
Mobile communications server switches
Cellular transmitters and receivers
 Infrastructure
WAP architecture
Software infrastructures that support the mobile
computing include:
Mobile operating system
Mobile application user interface
Micro browser: Wireless Web browser
designed to operate with small screens and
limited bandwidth and memory requirements
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP): A suite
of network protocols designed to enable
different kinds of wireless devices to access
WAP readable files on an Internet-connected
Web server
 Infrastructure
Markup languages infrastructures that support the mobile computing include:
Wireless Markup Language (WML): A scripting language used to create content in the
WAP environment; based on XML, minus unnecessary content to increase speed
Compact Hypertext Markup Language (cHTML): A scripting language used to create
content in i-mode
Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (xHTML): A general scripting language; compatible
with HTML; a standard set by nW3 Consortium
voice XML (VXML): An extension of XML designed to accommodate voice
 Communication
Communication issues include ad hoc networks
and infrastructure networks as well as
communication properties, protocols, data
formats, and concrete technologies.
 Devices
Synchronization: The exchange of updated
information with other computing devices
Docking stations
Attachable keyboards
Batteries
Media players
 Platform
Smartphones
Tablets
Laptop
 Application
Is a type of application
software designed to run on a
mobile device, such as a
smartphone or tablet
computer.
Mobile applications frequently
serve to provide users with
similar services to those
accessed on PCs
Three tier
Architecture For
Mobile Computing
What is?

A well-established software application

architecture that organizes applications into
three logical and physical computing tiers:
the presentation tier, or user interface; the
application tier, where data is processed;
and the data tier, where the data associated
with the application is stored and managed.
Three tier architecture
for mobile computing:

Presentation tiers
Application tiers
Data tiers
Presentation tiers
The presentation tier is the user interface and communication
layer of the application, where the end user interacts with the
application.
Its main purpose is to display information to and collect
information from the user.
This top-level tier can run on a web browser, as desktop
application, or a graphical user interface (GUI), for example.
Web presentation tiers are usually developed using HTML,
CSS and JavaScript.
Desktop applications can be written in a variety of languages
depending on the platform.
 Application Tiers
Also known as the logic tier or middle tier, is the heart of the
application.
In this tier, information collected in the presentation tier is
processed - sometimes against other information in the data
tier - using business logic, a specific set of business rules.
The application tier can also add, delete or modify data in the
data tier.
The application tier is typically developed using Python, Java,
Perl, PHP or Ruby, and communicates with the data tier using
API calls.
 Data Tiers
Sometimes called database tier, data access tier or back-end,
is where the information processed by the application is
stored and managed.
This can be a relational database management system such as
PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle, DB2, Informix or
Microsoft SQL Server, or in a NoSQL Database server such as
Cassandra, CouchDB or MongoDB.
In a three-tier application, all communication goes through the
application tier.
The presentation tier and the data tier cannot communicate
directly with one another.
 Advantages of Three tier
Architecture for Mobile
Computing
Benefits:

The chief benefit of three-tier architecture its

logical and physical separation of
functionality.
Each tier can run on a separate operating
system and server platform
 Advantages of Three tier
Architecture for Mobile Computing
Benefits:

Faster development: Because each tier can be

developed simultaneously by different teams, an
organization can bring the application to market faster,
and programmers can use the latest and best
languages and tools for each tier.
Improved scalability: Any tier can be scaled
independently of the others as needed.
 Advantages of Three tier
Architecture for Mobile Computing
Benefits:

Improved reliability: An outage in one tier is less likely

to impact the availability or performance of the other
tiers.
Improved security: Because the presentation tier and
data tier can't communicate directly, a well-designed
application tier can function as a sort of internal
firewall, preventing SQL injections and other malicious
exploits.
Wireless
System
Architecture
Telecommunications in which
electromagnetic waves carry the signal.

Wireless system architecture utilize components similar

to wired networks; however, wireless networks must
convert information signals into a form suitable for
transmission through the air medium.
Wireless Logical architecture of wireless

System network

Architecture Physical architecture of a

wireless network
 Logical Architecture of Wireless
Network
What is?

"Structure of standards and protocols that enable

connections to be established between physical devices, or
nodes, and which control the routing and flow of data
between these nodes."

"Illustrates, at a higher level, how data flows within a

network."

"How devices appear connected to the user"

Logical Architecture of Wireless
Network (example)
Physical Architecture of Wireless
Network
What is?

"Refers to the configuration of cables, computers and other

network devices while the logical topology refers to higher
abstract level, for example by considering the method and
flow of information transfer between nodes."
Wireless Network
System
Components
Wireless access points

It is a small box (with one or more aerials)

that uses a connector to attach it to the
rest of your wired LAN.
Access points receive and transmit data
from and to all the wireless devices in
their area.
They can handle many different
connections between different devices all
talking to each other at once, but the
more devices you have working with an
access point, the slower they will
operate.
Wireless Network
System
Components
Wireless access points
Network interface cards
(NICs) or client adaptors

Acts as the radio receiver and

transmitter for a specific computer
and connects it into the WLAN.
It is coupled with the device
operating system using a software
driver.
Many modern laptops or tablets have
this Wi-Fi capability built-in, but with
older desktop PCs you may need to
install one.
Cellular
Network
Basic Concept
A radio network distributed over land
through cells where each cell includes a
fixed location transceiver known as base
station.
These cells together provide radio coverage
over larger geographical areas.
User equipment (UE), such as mobile
phones, is therefore able to communicate
even if the equipment is moving through
cells during transmission.
Cellular
Network
Basic Concept
Cellular networks give subscribers
advanced features over alternative
solutions, including increased capacity,
small battery power usage, a larger
geographical coverage area and reduced
interference from other signals.
Cellular Network Basic
Concept
Cellular
Network
Basic
Concept
Relay node
Base station
Wireless Generation
Evolution
Wireless Generation
Evolution

5G?
Information Signal
A type of information that the network
stores in a computer or retrieves from it. As
a result, wireless networks transfer data
from one computer to another. This data can
include e-mail messages, files, web pages,
video, music, and voice conversations.
Types of
Information Signal
Continuous and Discrete Signal

Analog and Digital Signal

Energy and Power Signal

Deterministic and Probabilistic

Signal

Even and Odd Signal

Types of
Information Signal

Analog Signal

Digital Signal
 Analog Signal
The amplitude of the signal varies continuously as time
progresses.
Much of the natural environment produces signals that are
analog in form.
Examples of this are light and the human voice. Man-made
signals, such as radio waves, are also analog in form.
 Digital Signal
Digital signals, which are found inside computers, vary in
amplitude steps as time advances.
Digital signals are usually binary (two-state); therefore, it is
common to refer to the signal as a string of binary digits (0/1)
(bits) or binary data.
Digital circuitry inside the computer easily stores and
processes these digital signals in binary form.
Mobile
Computing OS
Software that allows smartphones, tablet PCs
(personal computers) and other devices to run
applications and programs.

A mobile OS typically starts up when a device

powers on, presenting a screen with icons or tiles
that present information and provide application
access.
Mobile operating systems also manage cellular
and wireless network connectivity, as well as
phone access.
Types of Mobile
Computing OS

iOS technology
Android technology
 iOS Technology
A mobile operating system created and
developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for
its hardware.
It is the operating system that powers
many of the company's mobile devices,
including the iPhone and iPad
It is the world's second-most widely
installed mobile operating system, after
Android.
 Android Technology
This is an operating system based on the Linux kernel.
It was designed primarily for touch screen mobile devices, such as
smart phones and tablet computers, with variants for television, cars
and wrist wear.
One of the most widely used mobile OS these days is ANDROID.
Thank you