Seismic Performance Presentation

Introduction
Buildings are designed per building code regulations, aptly termed Prescriptive Based
Design. It is a methodology based upon meeting all of the specific requirements of the code.
In prescriptive based design, the normal engineering analysis practice is to assume
linear-elastic behavior for structural members, which fails to reliably account for
redistribution of forces due to member nonlinear behavior and dissipation of energy due to
material yielding. Because of this, considerable damage has been observed and life safety
goals was not achieved from major earthquakes in recent decades in residential and
commercial buildings. Safety is understood as the structures ability to deform in the inelastic
range but no collapsed is allowed.
During high seismic excitation, the building generally responds well beyond its elastic and
linear capacity. There are two inelastic nonlinear options available for assessing the
performance of a structure subjected to earthquake load; namely Pushover Analysis and
Inelastic Nonlinear Time History Analysis. These two methods of analyses are used in
Performance Based Design. It is a methodology using advanced engineering tools and methods
to provide solutions to complex life safety problems in order to achieved life safety goals.
The purpose of this presentation is to explain the procedure in performing Inelastic Nonlinear
Analysis using the professional software XTRACT v3.0.8 and PERFORM-3D v4.0.3, to
evaluate the performance of multi-storey buildings (designed by traditional linear static and
linear dynamic load procedures) when subjected to earthquake ground motion.
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT
Civil/Structural Engineer
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Performance Objectives
Overview
Vision 2000 Committee of SEAOC (1995) describes the concept of
performance based seismic engineering that the building needs to satisfy
certain performance criteria in order to achieve specified performance
objectives for different performance levels or damage states.
An expression of the desired performance levels for the building for
each earthquake design level. The qualitative performance statements
is to resist:
minor levels of earthquake shaking (magnitude 4 to 4.9) without damage.
moderate levels of earthquake shaking (magnitude 5 to 5.9) without
structural damage.
major levels of earthquake shaking (magnitude 6 to 6.9) with structural and
nonstructural damage but protect life safety.
the most severe levels of earthquake shaking (magnitude 7 to 7.9) ever
anticipated without collapse.
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Performance Levels
An expression of the maximum desired extends of damage to a building
which may be considered satisfactory for a given earthquake ground
motion. The standard performance levels are:
Operational Immediate Life Collapse

Occupancy Safety Prevention
Minor EQ Moderate EQ Major EQ Severe EQ
Design Basis EQ (DBE) Maximum Considered EQ (MCE)

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Pushover as Performance Tools
Global Pushover (Capacity) Curve
Operational Immediate Occupancy Collapse Prevention
Qualitative performance
levels of FEMA 273/274/356
superimposed on a global
force-displacement
relationship for a sample
building. The corresponding
levels of damage are
sketched in the global
pushover (capacity) curve.
Base Shear
Collapse
Global
Life Safety
capacity
curve
Building Displacement Δ (earthquake intensity)
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Performance Based Design
Performance Based Design (PBD) is an alternative to the traditional

“prescriptive code” approach, and utilizes advanced engineering tools
and methods to provide solutions to complex life safety problems in
order to achieved life safety goals. The PBD concept implies the
definition of multiple target performance (damage) levels, which are
expected to be achieved, or at least not exceeded, when the structure is
subjected to earthquake ground motion of specified intensity.
Performance Based Seismic Design (PBSD) criteria can be developed

and implemented for any building type located in any seismically active
region of the world. Appropriate intensities of ground shaking can be
developed using probabilistic or deterministic methodologies and an
acceptable level of building damage can be established for both structural
and non-structural components.

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The PBD Process
Select Specification of :
Performance
Objectives
Perform
Preliminary
Design
Assess
Performance
Capability
Revise
Design
Does
No Performance Yes
Done
Meet
Objectives?

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Evaluation Approach
1. Select hazard level with 4. Determine maximum roof
probability of exceedance: displacement, drift, and
• 50% in 50 yrs (Minor EQ component demands.
that occurs frequently)
5. Component deformation and force demands are
• 20% in 50 yrs (Moderate EQ
that occurs occasionally) then checked against component deformation and
force capacities. The corresponding levels of
• 10% in 50 yrs (Major EQ that damage are sketched in the figure.
occurs rarely)
• 2% in 50 yrs (Severe EQ that
occurs very rarely)
2. Determine ground motion.
6. Pass or fail criterion evaluated on component

3. Run Nonlinear Static Analysis.
by component or global structural basis.
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Perception of a Guarantee

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Why can the prediction be wrong?
Ground Motion Structural Response

The accelelogram selected Incorrect set up of component Damage
is not appropriate. properties of nonlinear model The damage state did not
and boundary conditions. satisfy the qualitative
performance criteria.

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Pushover Capacity-Demand Spectrum
Where pushover analysis is carried out as one of the means of evaluating the
building’s deformability, a load-displacement (capacity) spectrum is created
and a demand spectrum is also constructed depending on the level of energy
absorption capability of the structure.
Demand Spectrum
Based on Elastic
Sa
Capacity of Building
Demand Spectrum
Reduced Based on
Inelastic Capacity of
Building
Capacity
Spectrum
Performance point
represents the
Performance building’s ultimate
Point deformation under the
design earthquake.
Sd
Δ Design

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Example of Building’s Capacity Curve vs.
Earthquake Demand Curve
Figure below illustrates a global pushover (capacity) curve and the three levels of earthquake
demand: moderate event, major event and severe event. The intersection of earthquake
demand spectrum with the capacity curve indicates globally how far the building would be
pushed and is defined as the Performance Point of the particular event.
Base Shear
Moderate Event Major Event

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Performance Based Design Code
PBSD has been fully described in the U.S. in guidelines published by

FEMA and ATC. These documents do not have the force of codes but do
provide details of best practice for the evaluation and strengthening of
existing buildings. Although the documents was intended primarily for
existing structures, SEAOC’s Vision 2000 Committee rapidly extended
and suggested its application to the design of new structures.

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Acceptable Building Performance Levels
FEMA-273, Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings,

which has subsequently been updated as FEMA 356, Prestandard for
Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, define a Rehabilitation Objective as
achieving a specific Building Performance Level at a particular
Earthquake Hazard Level. FEMA sets a desirable goal for rehabilitation,
a Basic Safety Objective (BSO) that comprises two targets:
1. Life Safety (LS) building performance, the 475 year return period
of earthquake with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years.
2. Collapse Prevention (CP) performance, the 2,500 year return period
of earthquake with 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years.
A performance level, such as Collapse Prevention is not meaningful in
itself unless you specify the level of earthquake at which this
performance will be achieved.
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Building Performance Levels are discrete damage states selected from among
the infinite spectrum of possible damage states that buildings could experience
as a result of earthquake response.
At the Immediate Occupancy Level, damage is relatively limited. The

structure retains a significant portion of its original stiffness and most if not all
of its strength. At the Life Safety Level, substantial damage has occurred to the
structure, and it may have lost a significant amount of its original stiffness.
However, a substantial margin remains for additional lateral deformation
before collapse would occur. At the Collapse Prevention Level, the building
has experienced extreme damage. If laterally deformed beyond this point, the
structure can experience instability and collapse.

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Performance And Structural Deformation For
Ductile Structures
Collapse
Lateral shear
Life Safety Prevention

Performance Performance
Level Level
Immediate Occupancy Collapse
Performance Level
Damage control Limited

safety
Elastic
Range
Lateral deformation
Increasing earthquake demand

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Performance And Structural Deformation For
Nonductile Structures
Immediate Occupancy
Performance Level Life Safety Performance Level
Lateral shear
Collapse Prevention
Performance Level
Collapse
Note that for nonductile
Damage Limited
structure, there may be
control safety relatively little margin in the
Elastic response that respectively
Range defines the three performance
levels.
Lateral deformation
Increasing earthquake demand

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Earthquake Hazard Levels
FEMA defined earthquake hazard level in terms of probability of exceedance in a 50 year time period or
mean recurrence interval.
Mean
Probability of Return FEMA
Exceedance Period 273 Design Earthquake
(Years)
50% in 50 years 72 O Minor earthquake
20% in 50 years 225 IO Moderate earthquake
10% in 50 years 475 LS Design basis earthquake (DBE)
2% in 50 years 2,475 CP Maximum Considered Earthquake or
Maximum Capable Earthquake (MCE)
DBE – the major earthquake defined by various parameters such as PGA, response spectra, etc. for which
the structure will be, or was, designed.
MCE – the greatest or severe earthquake that can reasonably be expected to be generated by a specific
source on the basis of seismological and geological evidence.
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Building Performance Levels
Building Performance Levels are obtained by combining Structural and
Nonstructural Performance Levels.
Performance Structural Target Damage and Nonstructural Target
Level Performance Damage and
Performance
Operational (O) Very light damage. No permanent Negligible damage.
drift. Substantially original Power and other utilities are
strength and stiffness. available.
Immediate Light damage. No permanent Equipment and contents
Occupancy (IO) drift. Substantially original secure but may not operate
strength and stiffness. Minor due to mechanical/utility
cracking. failure.
Elevators can be restarted.
Fire protection operable.
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Building Performance Levels (continued)
Performance Structural Target Damage and Nonstructural Target
Level Performance Damage and
Performance
Life Safety (LS) Moderate damage. Some Falling hazard mitigated but
permanent drift. Residual strength extensive systems damage.
and stiffness in all stories. Gravity
elements function. Building may
be beyond economical repair.
Collapse Prevention Severe damage. Large permanent Equipment and contents
(CP) drifts. Little residual strength or secure but may not operate
stiffness. Gravity elements due to mechanical/utility
function. Some exits blocked. failure.
Building near collapse.

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Analysis Procedures
Start
CAPACITY
REDESIGN DEMAND
PERFORMANCE
No
OK?
Yes
End
Methods of Analysis
There is a hierarchy of four levels of structural analysis for the evaluation
of existing buildings (FEMA). These four methods of analysis are also
used to determine the seismic response of new structures:
Linear Static Procedure (LSP)
– Suitable only for regular buildings, which respond primarily within the
elastic range.
– The LSP is the equivalent static load procedure, as specified in UBC.
– Designing for an elastic code base shear and elastic drift limit will result in
structures with vastly different damage potential and collapse probability.
Linear Dynamic Procedure (LDP)
– Able to model irregular buildings but is also suitable for regular building
which respond primarily within the elastic range.
– The LDP is the response spectrum method of analysis, as specified in UBC.
– Still the same problems as in LSP, except accounts for higher mode effects.

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Nonlinear Static Procedure (NSP)
– There is no equivalent of the NSP in UBC. The procedure is sometimes called
a Pushover analysis as it involves the application of a set of loads, or
displacements, applied incrementally in one direction until failure occurs
(pushover).
– Can evaluate buildings loaded beyond the elastic range but is unable to fully
capture the dynamics of response, especially higher mode effect.
– Does not detect dynamic redistribution problems such as shear force
amplification in wall structures.
– Does not capture collapse potential.
Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure (NDP)

– The NDP is the time history method of analysis as described in UBC.
– The most complete form of analysis, modeling both dynamic effects and
inelastic response, BUT needs performance criteria and good judgment in
component modeling.

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Earthquake Loads
The form of earthquake loads depends on the type of analysis:
Static lateral load for the LSP

Response spectra for the LDP
Force vectors and response spectra for the NSP
Time histories of accelerations for the NDP

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The guidelines for performance based design specify a hierarchy of four
levels of analysis. However, only the two nonlinear options explicitly
model the performance of the components under damaging levels of
earthquake namely: Pushover Analysis and Time History Analysis.
Pushover Analysis is performance based analysis that refers to a
methodology in which structural criteria are expressed in terms of
achieving a performance objective for different performance levels or
damage states. A performance level describes a limiting damage condition
which may considered satisfactory for a given building and earthquake
ground motion.
Time History Analysis is performance based analysis that refers to a
methodology in which criteria for structural damage are expressed in terms
of induced levels of ductility demand, and criteria for collapse prevention
are in terms of inelastic drift index of building.
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Overview of Inelastic Seismic Analysis
Procedures
Schematic Depiction of the Use of Inelastic Analysis
The generic process of inelastic analysis is similar to conventional linear
procedures in that the engineer develops a model of the building, which is
then subjected to a representation of the anticipated seismic ground
motion.

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Detailed structural models for inelastic analysis are similar to linear elastic
component models. The primary difference is that the properties of some
or all of the components of the model include post-elastic strength and
deformation characteristics in addition to the initial elastic properties.
These are normally based on approximations derived from test results on
individual components or theoretical analyses. Information of this type is
tabulated in FEMA 356.

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In many instances, it is important to include the structural and geotechnical
components for the foundation in the analysis model which can be
obtained by using Rescol v2.1 software. The following figure illustrates
foundation modeling alternatives.

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Incorporating the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) in the
determination of the design earthquake forces and the corresponding
displacements of the structure reduces spectral demands.
The reduction of spectral demands are due to the following:

1. Foundation flexibility 3. Base slab averaging (BSA)
2. Foundation damping 4. Foundation embedment

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• Foundation flexibility will increase periods of vibration of the
structure. Therefore:
Reduces force demands
Reduces structure acceleration and
increases displacement demands

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• Foundation damping dissipates energy.
Therefore:
Increases damping

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• Base slab averaging
Spatial incoherence
Reduces effective “average”
accelerations at high
frequency (low period)

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• Foundation embedment
Motion smaller at depth
Vertical incoherence

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Summary of Foundation Effects

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Creating Force-Deformation Relationships
Schematic depictions illustrating how inelastic component strength
and stiffness properties from test data are used to create idealized
force-deformation relationships.

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Under cyclic loading, most structural components will undergo stiffness and strength degradation. As a
general rule the degradation will be progressive. In effect, a component will have an initial force-
deformation relationship that applies for the first loading cycle. As the number of cycle increases, the
effective force-deformation relationship will degrade, with smaller stiffness, strength, energy
dissipation and/or ductility.
At present, however, it is accepted practice to use a single force-deformation relationship that accounts
implicitly for cyclic loading, assuming a certain amount of cycling. This is usually referred to as the
"backbone" relationship.
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Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
In general, linear procedures are applicable when the structure is expected
to remain elastic for the level of ground motion of interest or when the
results is nearly uniform distribution of nonlinear response throughout the
structure. In these cases, the level of uncertainty associated with linear
procedures is relatively low.
Nonlinear dynamic analysis using the combination of ground motion
records with detailed structural model theoretically is capable of producing
results with relatively low uncertainty.

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Flowchart depicting the nonlinear dynamic analysis
process.
Note that component actions are used to determine higher-level effects,

such as story drifts and roof displacements.
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Pushover Analysis
Nonlinear static analysis commonly referred to as “Pushover Analysis”
shall be used to determine the reliable displacement capacities of a
structure or frame as it reaches its limits of structural stability.
Section 2.4.2.1 of FEMA 356 stipulates that the Nonlinear Static
Procedure (NSP) should not be used for structures in which higher mode
effects are significant (usually building with height greater than 30 meters).
To determine if higher modes are significant, a modal response spectrum
analysis shall be performed for the structure using sufficient modes to
capture 90% mass participation. A second response spectrum analysis shall
also be performed, considering only the first mode participation. Higher
mode effects shall be considered significant if the shear in any story
resulting from the modal analysis considering modes required to obtain
90% mass participation exceeds 130% of the corresponding story shear
considering only the first mode response.

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A pushover analysis is an implementation of the Nonlinear Static
Procedure (NSP). Pushover analysis is a method for determining the
ultimate lateral load and deflection capability of a structure. Local
nonlinear effects, such as flexural hinges at the member joints, are modeled
and an increasing lateral load pushes the structure until a defined limit state
is reached in the computer program. The procedure is fully specified in the
U.S. documents FEMA-356 and ATC-40. The FEMA-356 and ATC-40
NSP methods are an alternate to the time history method as a means of
performing a complete building evaluation. It uses simplified nonlinear
techniques to estimate seismic structural deformations.

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Local nonlinear effects, such as flexural hinges at the member joints, are
modeled and the structure is deformed or “pushed”
until enough hinges form to develop a collapse mechanism or until the plastic
deformation limit of a hinge is reached.

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Pushover Analysis Advantages
• It allows the designer to evaluate structural behaviors and performance
characteristics.
• It enables the designer to investigate the sequential formation of plastic

hinges in the individual structural elements constituting the entire
structure and to determine how buildings work by identifying modes of
failure and the potential for progressive collapse.
• When a structure is to be strengthened through a rehabilitation process,

it allows the designer to selectively reinforce only the required
members, thereby maximizing the cost efficiency.

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Modeling and Analysis Consideration
• Model the building incorporating inelastic material response at the
member joints.
• Apply monotonically increasing lateral forces or displacements to a
nonlinear mathematical model of a building until either the
displacement of the control node (at the roof) in the mathematical
model exceeds a target displacement (which represent the maximum
displacement likely to be experienced during the design earthquake) or
the building collapses.
• Use the idealized force versus deformation curve to evaluate the
performance of individual members once the displacement of the total
structure is confirmed to exist within the range of the target
performance.
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Force-Deformation Criteria for Hinges
Five points labeled A, B, C, D,
and E are used to define the force
C deformation behavior of the hinge.
B
A = unloaded component (origin)
CP
LS
IO B = effective yield point
Force
Line AB = Linear response begins

D E C = ultimate capacity
Line BC = strain hardening
D = residual strength
Line CD = strength degradation
A
Deformation E = total failure
Line DE = strength is reduced
Three points labeled IO, LS and CP are used to define the acceptance criteria for the hinge.
IO = Immediate Occupancy LS = Life Safety CP = Collapse Prevention

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Evaluation Procedure
Pushover analysis seismic evaluation procedure is a comparison between
some measure of the “demand” that an earthquake places on a structure to
a measure of the “capacity” of the building for resisting the load (ATC-40,
1996). In other words, a building must provide sufficient capacity to resist
the demand of earthquake.
The nonlinear static procedure requires determination of three primary

elements: capacity, demand, and performance.

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Objective of Pushover Analysis
The objective of the pushover analysis is to calculate the building’s
performance point which represents the building’s ultimate deformation
under the design earthquake. The performance point can also be described
as the intersection of building’s seismic capacity curve and seismic
demand curve.
The seismic capacity curve is derived from the base shear versus roof
displacement curve, which are generated by gradually increasing forces
imposed on the building’s nonlinear structural model, and updating
element stiffness and redistributing seismic forces whenever yield or
collapse of any structural elements are detected.
The seismic demand curve is represented by plot of building’s spectral
acceleration versus its spectral displacement, which could be derived from
the design response spectrum.
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Primary Elements of Nonlinear Static
Procedure
Figure below illustrates a global pushover (capacity) curve and the three levels of earthquake
demand: moderate event, major event and severe event. The intersection of earthquake
Demand Spectrum with the Capacity Curve indicates globally how far the building would be
pushed and is defined as the Performance Point of the particular event.
Base Shear
Moderate Event Major Event

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Result of Pushover Analysis
The result of the pushover analysis is usually presented as a plot of base
shear versus roof displacement. Since the demand curve is derived from
the design response spectrum, which is plotted based on a single degree of
freedom (SDOF) system, the base shear-roof displacement plot needs to be
transformed to an acceleration versus displacement plot of the equivalent
single degree of freedom system in order to locate the performance point.
The transformation can be done as suggested in ATC-40 equations.

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Simplified Pushover Method of Evaluation
Capacity spectrum: Start
Representation of the
structure’s ability to
resist the seismic CAPACITY
demand
Demand spectrum: REDESIGN DEMAND

Representation of the
earthquake ground
motion PERFORMANCE
Performance point: No
OK?
Represents the
building’s ultimate Yes
deformation under the End
design earthquake
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Evaluation of Performance
According to performance point, engineers check the responses of the
building using certain acceptability criteria. The responses can be checked
on two levels. First, there are global limits on building responses for each
performance objective, such as lateral load stability and drift limits.
Secondly, the engineer checks local element or component responses against
acceptability limits, such as element strength and sectional inelastic rotation
limits. The limits on inelastic rotation are recommended based on
observations from tests and experience from past earthquakes (ATC-40,
1996).

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Evaluation of Performance (continued)
When the responses of a structure do not meet the targeted performance level,
the structure needs to be resized and the design process is repeated until a
solution for the desired performance point is reached. In general, the
determination of the satisfactory performance point that fulfils both the
system level responses and element responses requires a trial-and-error
iterative design procedure with the aid of today’s engineering software such
as: ETABS, SAP2000, PERFORM-3D, and MIDAS/Gen.

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Inelastic Nonlinear Time History Analysis
Nonlinear dynamic analysis commonly referred to as “Inelastic Nonlinear
Time History Analysis” shall be used to determine the reliable
displacement capacities of a structure or frame as it reaches its limits of
structural stability.
Time History Analysis sometimes called Response History Analysis or

Transient Dynamic Analysis, involves a time-step-by-time-step evaluation
of building response. It is used to determine the dynamic response of a
structure to arbitrary loading using the accelerogram (variation of ground
acceleration with time recorded at a point on ground during an earthquake)
as base motion input.

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For an earthquake time analysis, the set of applied forces changes
continuously as the ground acceleration changes. If the building is being
damaged then the stiffness continuously changes as well. The response is
calculated at each time step, typically every 1/100th of a second or less. At
each step the loads are changed, and the stiffness also changed if
necessary. For a typical building this may require solving a set of several
thousand simultaneous equations up to 3000 times. This is where computer
speed becomes essential.

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Need for Time History Analysis
Time history analysis is applicable to both linear elastic and nonlinear
inelastic response analysis of buildings.
Elastic linear time history analysis is required when the results of response spectrum
analysis indicate that the computed story drift or roof displacement exceed the
allowable values, or when special conditions exist.
An inelastic nonlinear time history analysis may be necessary when the results of a
elastic linear analysis show that the structure could suffer significant damage during a
major earthquake. Often the elastic linear analysis underestimate certain behaviors,
particularly relating to the higher mode of vibration which will result to a high base
shear. The calculated forces will be significantly greater than the section capacity over
a large region and are repeated several times during the earthquake excitation. Hence,
severe cracking of the concrete, joint slippage, and yielding of reinforcements can be
expected. Under these conditions, the dynamic behavior of the structure is drastically
different from the linear response, and a valid estimate of the damage is possible only
if a true nonlinear performance is incorporated in the analysis. Therefore, nonlinear
time history analysis is used to justify a structural design of a structure. It is also used
when NL Link elements are included in the structural system.
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Difficulties in Time History Analysis
There are several difficulties in time history analysis. First, it is not known
whether the selected accelerogram is appropriate to use. Second, errors in
assumed damping and other quantities can be cumulative when large
number of modes are involved.
Because time history analysis is sensitive to modeling and ground motion
assumptions, UBC require a minimum of three pairs of time history
components that shall be scaled from selected strong earthquake motions
recorded at or near the site; or strong earthquake motions recorded at other
sites with similar geological, topographic and seismotectonic characteristics,
and use the maximum response of the parameter of interest for design. The
purpose is to ensure adequate coverage of the difficulty. If seven or more
pairs are selected and scaled, then the average value of the response
parameter of interest may be used for design.

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When appropriate recorded ground-motion time history pairs are not
available, appropriate simulated ground-motion time history pairs may be
used to make up the total number required. Synthetic accelerograms should
be based on probabilistic methods. The software EZ-FRISK v7.32 can be
used to predict where earthquakes will occur, what their characteristics will
be, and what will be the ground motions generated. The EZ-FRISK v7.32
can perform spectral matching. Spectral matching makes adjustments to an
input accelerogram so that its response spectrum matches a target response
spectrum.

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The word pairs, means that the instrumentation that recorded the earthquake
accelerations captured the two horizontal components of ground motion and
one vertical component of ground motion simultaneously (e.g., the
earthquake records of 1940 El Centro Site 270 degrees, 1940 El Centro Site
180 degrees, and 1940 El Centro Site vertical). Although MIDAS Gen,
ETABS, SAP2000 and other computer software can apply acceleration
records along the three axes of the model simultaneously, the procedure to
date has not applied vertical acceleration concurrent with the horizontal
acceleration. Therefore, a pair of two horizontal components of the
earthquake record are applied simultaneously to the computer model history
load case. The orientation of the applied loads is then varied to determine
the worst-case direction for design (since UBC does not provide guidance as
to the orientation of the earthquake along the principal axes of the building).

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The response of the building is calculated by means of digital computer for
each of the ground motions, and the final design of the building shall be
made so that the structure is safe in the event that any of the ground motions
were to occur.

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Response of Buildings to Design Earthquakes
For each of the design earthquakes, the time history response of the high-
rise building is calculated by means of digital computer. The customary
procedure is to calculate the six to ten lowest modes of vibration, that is,
their natural periods of vibration and their mode shapes. The time history of
each mode of vibration to the ground motion is then calculated. The
summation of responses of all the modes of vibration then give the building
response. The maximum response of the parameter of interest of the
building when using ETABS v9.5.0 or MIDAS Gen v7.0.2 must be scanned
to determine the maximum interfloor shear force at the various story heights
during the earthquake, the maximum overturning moments at the various
story heights, the maximum displacements of the floors, and the maximum
acceleration at each floor.

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[But in PERFORM-3D v 4.0.3, Combinations and Envelopes task allows
you to set up groups of analyses, and to use enveloping or averaging to get
limit state usage (Demand/Capacity) ratios for nonlinear performance
assessment].
The foregoing quantities such as building lateral deflection, inter-story drift,
shear force, overturning moments, and acceleration at each floor are
determined using ETABS or MIDAS Gen for each of the design
earthquakes and the appropriate design of the building is then made. These
are illustrated on the next five slides.

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δy

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δy

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δy

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δy

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δy

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Developing Acceleration Time Histories
The outline of the process for developing time histories for seismic analysis
and design is summarized below in chart form.
Seismic Design Parameters and Conditions
Note:
1. Site Tectonic Environment
When the seismic
2. Design Earthquakes load to be used is
- Magnitudes specified by
- Type of Faulting applicable code like
- Source-to-Site Distances UBC, items 1 to 4 are
3. Local Site Conditions not applicable. It is
4. Design Ground Motion Characteristics applicable to
- Response Spectra important structures
- Strong Motion Duration where seismic load is
to be developed by
- Special Charateristics
site specific study.
A
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Note:
A
Simple scaling, scale the time
history so that its spectrum is at the
Initial Selection of Accelerograms approximate level of the design
response spectrum in the period
Recorded Time Histories range of significance to structural
or response. Because the spectrum of
Simulated-Recorded Time Histories recorded time history has peaks and
valleys, it is likely that this scaling will
result in a spectrum that exceeds the
Modification of Time Histories for smooth design spectrum at some
periods and is lower than the design
Compatibility with Design Response
spectrum at other periods. Therefore,
Spectrum additional time histories will probably
need to be selected and scaled so
Amplitude Scaling (Simple Scaling) that the spectra of the set of time
or histories provide an aggregate match
Frequency Scaling (Spectrum Matching) or fit to the design spectrum over the
period range of interest.

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UBC 97
UBC 97
Example of response spectrum of time-history

Example of response spectrum of time-history which matched only a partial period range of
closely matched to a UBC 97 design response UBC 97 design response spectrum (amplitude
spectrum (frequency scaled) scaled)

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Earthquake Record Selection
UBC does not provide specific earthquake records but ATC-40, provides 10
records identified as suitable candidates for sites distant from faults (Table 1)
and 10 records for sites near to the fault (Table 2).
TABLE 1 - RECORDS AT SOIL SITES > 10 KM FROM SOURCES
No. M Year Earthquake Station
1 7.1 1949 Western Washington Station 32
2 6.5 1954 Eureka, CA Station 022
3 6.6 1971 San Fernando, CA Station 241
4 6.6 1971 San Fernando, CA Station 458
5 7.1 1989 Loma Prieta, CA Hollister, Sth & Pine
6 7.1 1989 Loma Prieta, CA Gilroy #2
7 7.5 1992 Landers, CA Yermo
8 7.5 1992 Landers, CA Joshua Tree
9 6.7 1994 Northridge, CA Moorpark
10 6.7 1994 Northridge, CA Century City LACC N
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Earthquake Record Selection – continued.
TABLE 2 - RECORDS AT SOIL SITES NEAR SOURCES
No. M Year Earthquake Station
1 6.5 1949 Imperial Valley, CA El Centro Array 6
2 6.5 1954 Imperial Valley, CA El Centro Array 7
3 7.1 1971 Loma Prieta, CA Corralitos
4 7.1 1971 Loma Prieta, CA Capitola
5 6.9 1989 Cape Mendocino, CA Petrolia
6 6.7 1989 Northridge, CA Newhall Fire Station
7 6.7 1992 Northridge, CA Sylmar Hospital
8 6.7 1992 Northridge, CA Sylmar Converter Stat.
9 6.7 1994 Northridge, CA Sylmar Converter St E
10 6.7 1994 Northridge, CA Rinaldi Treatment Plant

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Scaling of Earthquake Records
Each time history should be scaled to the approximate level of the design
response spectrum. Earthquake records can be scaled using either amplitude
scaling or frequency scaling.
• Amplitude scaling of earthquake records involves applying a constant scale factor to the
measured accelerations. As the same factor is applied to all accelerations, the effect is to
scale the response spectrum produced by the accelerogram up or down by the same
factor at all frequencies. The shape of the response spectrum is not changed.
The difficulty with this form of scaling is that there is no numerical procedure to select
the scaling factor. As a guideline, the scaling factor should be initially selected by using
a scaling factors to scale up the records to the same value of PGA using the equation:
Scale factor = desired PGA / Accelerogram PGA.
where PGA stands for Peak Ground Acceleration. Over the years, different procedures
have been proposed to select the scaling factor, so judgment is required to select scaling
factor to fit the design response spectrum over the period range of interest.

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The explicit method of scaling records is:
For each pair of horizontal components, the square root of the sum of the
squares (SRSS) of the 5% damped spectrum shall be constructed. The motions
shall be scaled such that the average value of the SRSS spectra does not fall
below 1.4 times the 5% damped spectrum of the design earthquake for periods
between 0.2T and 1.5T (where T is the fundamental period of the building).
This requirement is unclear as to whether the average value of the SRSS is

the average over all periods for each record or the average at each period
over all records. Consensus seems to be for the latter (based on a BRANZ
study group).

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The T value is simply the period associated with the dominant mode for the
direction of interest. For example, if you are calculating the scaling factor
for a X-direction spectra, determine which mode gives you the highest
participation for the X direction Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA). The
period associated with that mode is your T value.
• Frequency scaling (or spectral mathcing) of earthquake records modifies the energy
content of the record at various frequencies so as to change the shape of the response
spectrum produced by the record. The procedure is iterative. This is where the use of
computer software like EZ-FRISK v7.32 is essential. For the detailed discussion on
frequency scaling, refer to Appendix C of Time History Dynamic Analysis of
Concrete Hydraulic Structures, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manual EM 1110-2-
6051.

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Example of amplitude scaled response spectrum of 1994 Northridge, California Sylimar
Converter Station East. It illustrates the difficulties in setting a scale factor for actual
earthquake records. The amplitude scaling provides a match for only a partial period
range. At other periods, the spectral acceleration is either too high or too low relative to
the design spectrum.
Internal

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Cross Sectional Analysis of Structural RC
Components
XTRACT: A Tool for Moment Curvature Analysis
During seismic excitation of concrete moment resisting frames axial forces
and end bending moments vary due to overturning demands. This, in turn,
affects the ultimate curvature capacity and consequently, the seismic
displacement capacity of reinforced concrete components.
XTRACT is an important tool for earthquake engineering analysis when a
realistic assessment of moment and curvature capacities of a cross section
is required.
XTRACT moment curvature analysis is often used in earthquake
engineering as a necessary step toward assessment of the displacement
capacity of reinforced concrete components.

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Moment curvature analysis is a process by which the nonlinear behavior of
a cross-section can be established such as yield moment, ultimate moment,
plastic rotation capacity, etc. which are needed in PERFORM-3D v4.0.3, a
Nonlinear Analysis and Performance Assessment for 3D Structures
computer software.

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XTRACT Analysis Capabilities
XTRACT is a general cross sectional analysis software for analysis of any
concrete section shape and material subject to any force based loading.
The XTRACT computer program is developed to compute strength,

deformation characteristics, or moment curvature relations for uniaxial or
biaxial monotonic loading of the reinforced concrete structures.
The current analysis availabilities in XTRACT are:

• Moment Curvature Analysis
• Axial Force-Moment Interaction Analysis
• Moment-Moment Interaction Analysis (Capacity Orbit)

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Program Flow
A moment curvature analysis establishes the ductile capacity of a cross
section by plotting the curvatures against corresponding moments.
The basic flow of the program are as follows:
• Material Models. Analysis begins with the specification of nonlinear

material models as stress-strain diagrams.
• Discretization. The cross section must be cut into a series of layers, if
moments about one axis are considered, or fibers if moments about two
axes are considered.
• Analytical Methods. An applied axial load or moment is specified along
with the analytical method for finding the moment curvature coordinate
pairs.
• Analysis Methodology. Internally, XTRACT loops through all fibers and
reinforcing steel bars identifying critical fibers (and/or bars) for each
material.

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Performing RC Cross Sectional Analysis in
XTRACT
About XTRACT

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Example Application: 3D Concrete Building
Problem
A basic seven-story RC moment resisting building frame was designed by
traditional linear-static and linear-dynamic lateral load methods using the
computer software ETABS, is subjected to earthquake ground motion.
Perform axial force-moment analysis and moment curvature analysis on the
column cross section and moment curvature analysis on the beam cross
section.
Materials
Concrete: 24.131 MPa Reinforcing steel: ASTM Grade 60 fy=415 Mpa

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Typical Floor Plan and Elevation
Columns: 70cm x 70cm

Rebar: 24 – #8
Ties: #3 @0.10m
6.0m
6 @ 3.0m
W-E beams: 45cm x 55cm
Top End Rebar: 4 – #8
Bottom End Rebar: 3 – #8
Top Midspan Rebar: 2 – #8
Bottom Midspan Rebar: 3 – #8
6.0m
Ties: #3 @0.10m
N-S beams: 45cm x 60cm
3.75m
Bottom Midspan Rebar: 3 – #8 6.0m 5.0m 6.0m
Ties: #3 @0.10m
Slabs: 135mm

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XTRACT Screen Shots
The following XTRACT screen shots outlines the basic flow of the program
from creating a new project to creating cross sections to viewing analysis
data. This example will present each of the following steps in detail:
• Create a new project by clicking the 'New' icon on the main toolbar.
• Within the new project creation wizard, select begin from Template or
User Defined.
• Enter section data, material models, specify mesh size, and create cross
section.
• Add analyses to the created section.
• Analyze.
• View output results in the 'Interactive Output' dialog.
• Add a graph to compare analysis results from the different cross sections.
• View or print 'Analysis Reports'.
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70x70 RC Column
1. Create a new project by clicking the 'New' icon on the main toolbar.
Open a
New Project
Click to
Continue

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2. Within the new project creation wizard, select start from User Defined.
Select User
Defined
Click to
Begin

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3. Enter material models, create cross section, and specify mesh size.
Click to
Close
Apply
View Stress Material
Strain Plot for Model
given
Parameters

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Select
Unconfined Click to
Material Close
View Stress
Strain Plot for Apply
given Material
Parameters Model

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Select Bilinear with Click to
Strain Hardening Close
View Stress
Strain Plot for Apply
given Material
Parameters Model

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Draw
Section
Discretize/
Overlay
Click to Click to
Import Discretize

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Click to
Close

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Click to
Close

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Zoom
Shape

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Draw
Section

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Click to
Import

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Discretize/
Overlay

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Click to
Close

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Click to
Close

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Draw
Bars

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Enter Rebar
Locations by
Generate Coordinates
Bars
Click to
Accept

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Click to
Accept Click to
Accept
Click to
Accept

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4. Add Axial Force-Moment Interaction analysis (loading) to the created
section.
Select PM
Interaction

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Click to
Accept

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5. Analyze. Click 'Analyze All' icon on main toolbar or from title bar drop-
down menu select 'Process‘and select 'Run Analysis'. The analysis Result
Window will appear on the screen for PM1.
Controlled by concrete
Controlled by steel
The change of the surface from being controlled by the concrete in compression to
being controlled by the steel in tension is so called balanced point.
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6. Add Moment Curvature analysis to the created section. A series of five
moment curvature analysis is typically performed with differing axial
forces.
Select
Moment
Curvature

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Select
Click to
ACI318-99
Calculate
Click to Click to
Accept Accept

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Click to Click to
Accept Accept

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Click to Click to
Accept
Note: Accept
The loading MC5 with Applied First Step Loads of 5000 kN corresponds to the axial force
at the balance point as shown in the Axial Force-Moment Interaction Diagram (slide 109).

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down menu select 'Process' and select 'Run Analysis'. The analysis Result
Windows will appear on the screen for PM1, MC1, MC2, MC3, MC4,
and MC5.
Controlled by concrete
Controlled by steel

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Note:
The dark blue represents
compression in the concrete,
the white is crushing of the
concrete, the yellow steel bars
represents the yield plateau,
the green bars represents
strain hardening, and fuchsia
and grey concrete represent
zero tensile strain

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8. Select the 'Project Manager' button to view output results in the
Interactive Output dialog. The Interactive Output dialog is way to step
through the analysis slowly viewing all information produced from
analyses of the cross section.
9. View or print Analysis Reports.
The following are the Analysis Reports for PM1, MC1, MC2, MC3, MC4,
and MC5.

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PERFORM-3D
Cross-Section
Axial/Bending
Inelastic Strength

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PERFORM-3D
Inelastic Basic F-D
Relationship

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10. Add a graph when there are two different sections to be compared or to
compare moment curvature results for varying axial loads. Click the
'Graph Data' icon from main toolbar.
Note:
The comparison of moment
curvature results for varying
axial loads on 70x70 RC
column reveals that there is a
higher moment capacity
about the X-axis as the axial
load is increased; however
with increasing axial load
there is a decrease in
curvature capacity.

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45x55 RC Beam
11. Click the 'Add/Remove Section' icon to add 45x55 beam section at
support From Template.
Click to
Add New Click to
Section Add
Section
Select From
Template

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Click to
Accept

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Click to
Accept

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Click
Close to
Click to Accept
Add

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Click to
Click to Close
Add New
Mateial
Apply Material
Model

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Click Close to
Accept
Click to
Add

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Click to
Continue

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Click to
Create the
Section

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12. Add Moment Curvature analysis to the created section. A series of four
moment curvature analysis is typically performed with differing
moments.
Select Moment
Curvature

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Click to Select
Calculate ACI318-99
Click to Click to
Accept Accept

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Click to Click to
Accept Accept

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Click to
Accept

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down menu Click 'Process' and select 'Run Analysis'. The analysis Result
Windows will appear on the screen for MC1, MC2, MC3, and MC4.
Note:
zero tensile strain

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The following are the Analysis Reports for MC1, MC2, MC3, and MC4.

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PERFORM-3D
Bending at U Point
PERFORM-3D
Inelastic Basic F-D
Relationship

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compare moment curvature results for varying moment loads. Click the
Note:
moment loads on 45x55 RC
beam reveals that there is no
increase in moment capacity
and curvature capacity about
the X-axis as the moment
load is increased.

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45x60 RC Beam
17. Click the 'Add/Remove Section' icon to add 45x60 beam section at
support as a copy of 45x55 RC beam. Then click 'Remesh Mode' icon on
'Builder Tools' toolbar to resize the section.
Click to Click to
Add New Add
Section Section
Select As a
copy of

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Remesh
Section

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Scroll to Select
Point

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Selected
Point

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Enter new Y coordinate

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Click to
Modify
Click to Select
Movement

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Scroll to Select
Point
Selected
Point

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Click to
Modify
Click to Select
Movement
Click to
Enter new Y Discretize
coordinate

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18. Click the 'Draw Bars' icon. Click 'Select Existing Section Bars' icon on
'Rebar Characteristics' toolbar. Select the bars. Click 'Edit Selected Bars'
to move the bars.
Click Draw
Bars
Click Select
Existing
Section Bars

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Click Edit
Selected Bars
Selected
Bars

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Click to Move Click to Close
bars
Click to
Accept

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Click to Close

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19. Add Moment Curvature analysis to the created section. A series of four
moment curvature analysis is typically performed with differing
moments.
Select Moment
Curvature

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Click to Select
Calculate ACI318-99
Click to Click to
Accept Accept

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Click to Click to
Accept Accept

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Click to
Accept

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down menu Click 'Process' and select 'Run Analysis'. The analysis Result
Windows will appear on the screen for MC1, MC2, MC3, and MC4.
Note:
zero tensile strain

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The following are the Analysis Reports for MC1, MC2, MC3, and MC4.

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PERFORM-3D
Bending at U Point
PERFORM-3D
Inelastic Basic F-D
Relationship

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compare moment curvature results for varying moment loads. Click the
Note:
moment loads on 45x60 RC
beam reveals that there is no
increase in moment capacity
and curvature capacity about
the X-axis as the moment
load is increased; however,
the moment capacity has
increased slightly compared
to 45x55 RC beam due to
increased in depth.

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Performance Assessment Using Pushover
Analysis and Inelastic Time History Analysis
of 3D Building Structures
PERFORM-3D: Tool for Performance Based Design
During seismic excitation of structures, it is well known that a structure
generally responds well beyond its elastic-linear capacity at high seismic
loading; i.e. the seismic loads caused inelastic-nonlinear behavior in
structures. PERFORM-3D is an important tool for performance based
design for earthquake resistance, not just nonlinear analysis.
PERFORM-3D pushover analysis and dynamic analysis (inelastic
nonlinear time history analysis) are used in earthquake engineering to
assess the structural capacity of the structure using a combination of
deformation based and strength based criteria.

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Certain levels of performance were considered implicitly in Prescriptive
Based Design. In the event of earthquake the structure has the ability to
resist:
1. Minor earthquakes (magnitude 4 to 4.9) with no damage.
2. Moderate earthquakes (magnitude 5 to 5.9) with minor damage.
3. Major earthquakes (magnitude 6 to 6.9) with significant damage but minor risk to
life safety.
4. The most severe earthquakes (magnitude 7 to 7.9) without collapse.
The goal of Performance Based Design is to make the life safety

performance level more explicit.

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PERFORM-3D Analysis Capabilities
PERFORM-3D is specifically intended for performance based design for
earthquake resistance, not just nonlinear analysis. It provides capabilities
for creating nonlinear models, specifying component strength and
deformation capacities, calculating demand-capacity ratios, and presenting
the results in compact form for decision making. The current loading (or
analysis type) availabilities in PERFORM-3D are:
• Gravity – Calculates the response of the structure to the vertical combination of
nodal, element, and/or selfweight load patterns.
• Static Pushover – Calculates the response of the structure based on the amount of
load that is needed to reach the specified drift.
• Dynamic Earthquake – Calculates the response of the structure to the dynamic
earthquake load.
• Response Spectrum – Calculates the response of the the structure due to response
spectrum.
• Unload Pushover – Removes pushover loads calculated in pushover analysis.
• Dynamic Force – Calculates the response of the structure to a dynamically varying
force, such as wind or blast load.

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Performing Pushover Analysis and Dynamic
Analysis in PERFORM
PERFORM-3D-3D
About PERFORM-3D
PERFORM-3D is a software for performance based design using nonlinear
structural analysis of buildings in 3D. It can create computer model of a
building in the same fashion as a real building.
Building Structure
Floor Diaphragm
Lateral Load Transmitting
Frame and Shear Walls Element
Lateral Load Resisting Elements
Floor Slab Elements
Gravity Load Resisting Elements
PERFORM-3D offers a powerful 3D nonlinear static pushover analysis and dynamic analysis
options which tracks hinge formation and helps identify the failure mode of the structure that
can be performed either on existing or new construction.

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Building Structural System
The Gravity Load Resisting Elements
– The structural system (beams, slab, girders, columns, etc) that
act primarily to support the gravity or vertical loads.
The Lateral Load Resisting Elements

– The structural system (columns, shear walls, bracing, etc) that
primarily acts to resist the lateral loads.
The Floor Diaphragm

– The structural system that transfers lateral loads to the lateral
load resisting system and provides in-plane floor stiffness.

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Modeling of Structural Geometry
(a) Real Structure
(b) Solid Model (c) 3D Plate-Frame (d) 3D Frame
(e) 2D Frame
Various Ways
Fig. 1 Various Waysto Model a Real Structure
to Model a Real Struture

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WARNING:
Computers assist the structural designer in the creative

phase of the design process, but it is the designer who
rearranges system components so as to optimize both cost
and behavior. Therefore any structural software is not a
substitute for informed human judgment and should only
be used by competent designer with the training and
experience necessary to evaluate and verify any
information generated by the software tools like
PERFORM-3D.

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Example Application: 3D Concrete Building
Problem
A basic seven-story RC moment resisting building frame was designed by
traditional linear-static and linear-dynamic lateral load methods using
ETABS, is subjected to earthquake ground motion. Evaluate the
performance of the building using static nonlinear pushover analysis with
uniform distribution of lateral load patterns and dynamic analysis (inelastic
nonlinear time history analysis) based on an earthquake ground motion in a
form of 1940 El Centro ground motion record (accelerogram) scaled to the
approximate level of the design response spectrum by spectral matching
using the computer software EZ-FRISK v7.32.

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Typical Floor Plan and Elevation
Columns: 70cm x 70cm

Rebar: 24 – #8
Ties: #3 @0.10m
6.0m
6 @ 3.0m
W-E beams: 45cm x 55cm
Bottom Midspan Rebar: 3 – #8
6.0m
Ties: #3 @0.10m
N-S beams: 45cm x 60cm
3.75m
Bottom Midspan Rebar: 3 – #8 6.0m 5.0m 6.0m
Ties: #3 @0.10m
Slabs: 135mm

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Seismic Design Criteria and Design Earthquake Levels
Understanding the fundamentals of the Code requirements in terms of strength and ductility
and the behavior of the proposed structural system, two sets of design parameters were
developed for the proposed structural system’s seismic performance.
The first design parameter is an explicit set of quantifiable acceptable Design Criteria
defining performance levels, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Design Criteria
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Design Earthquake
(Moderate Earthquake) (Major Earthquake) (Severe Earthquake)
Performance Level No Damage Repairable Damage No Collapse
Column Deformation Elastic Rotation < 0.01 radians Rotation < 0.02 radians
(FEMA 273 p. 6-20)
Beam Deformation Elastic Rotation < 0.02 radians Rotation < 0.025 radians
(FEMA 273 p. 6-19)
Allowable Drift Index 0.005 0.010 0.020
Note: Drift index is the ratio of the horizontal roof displacement to the height of the building relative to the ground.

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The second set of design parameter is the Design Earthquake Levels (see next slide), that
relates the seismic load design levels stated in the Table 1 of Design Criteria to the effective
peak ground motion based on the seismic zones. The values of this seismic zone factor related
to the seismic zones from the UBC 1997 can be considered to represent the effective peak
ground acceleration (associated with an earthquake that has a 10% probability of being
exceeded in 50 years) expressed as a function of the acceleration due to gravity. In the
absence of site specific study, the following effective peak ground acceleration (PGA) can be
used, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Effective PGA
Seismic Risk Seismic Damage
Minor damage; maximum ground acceleration is 0.07g; corresponds to magnitude 4 to
Zone 1
4.9 of Richter Scale
Moderate damage; maximum ground acceleration is 0.15g; corresponds to magnitude 5
Zone 2
to 5.9 of Richter Scale
Major damage; maximum ground acceleration is 0.30g; corresponds to magnitude 6 to
Zone 3
6.9 of Richter Scale
No collapse; maximum ground acceleration is estimated to be approximately 0.55g;
Zone 4
corresponds to magnitude 7 and higher of Richter Scale

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Table 3 Design Earthquake Level
Levels of Probability of Corresponding
FEMA Qualitative Return Period
Earthquake Loads Occurrence in Effective PGA
Description (Year)
by their Intensities 50 years (g)
Level 1: MMI VII
Occasional 50% 72 0.12
Frequently level
Level 2: MMI VIII
Rare 10% 475 0.25
Design Intensity level
Level 3: MMI IX
Very Rare 2% 2475 0.50
Severity level
The level 1 earthquake is similar in magnitude to the Code level elastic design in a moderate
earthquake, which is the serviceability state event (Immediate Occupancy). The level 2
earthquake correspond to the Code ultimate state level in a major earthquake (Life Safety).
The level 3 earthquake correspond to the Code inelastic state level in a severe earthquake
(Collapse Prevention).
Next slide shows the approximate empirical correlations between Modified Mercalli Intensity
(MMI) and the PGA.
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One often asks: Can my building withstand a magnitude 7.2 earthquake? But,
the M7.2 earthquake causes different shaking intensities at different locations,
and the damage induced in buildings at these locations is different. Thus,
indeed it is particular levels of intensity of shaking that buildings and
structures are designed to resist, and not so much the magnitude. The peak
ground acceleration (PGA), i.e., maximum acceleration experienced by the
ground during shaking, is one way the engineers and scientists quantify the
severity of the ground shaking (seismic intensity).
Approximate Empirical Correlations Between the MMI Intensities and the PGA

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Seismic Design Loading
Using the above-mentioned performance based approach; a Code based
equivalent static lateral force analysis and response spectrum analysis were
used to size all the structural members using ETABS. Following this initial
stage of design, the nonlinear pushover analysis and inelastic nonlinear time
history analysis were used to understand the global behavior of the structural
system for its compliance with the design criteria.
Static seismic load: UBC 1997 Soil Profile Type = Sc

Seismic Zone Factor = 0.40 Seismic Source Type = A
Distance To Known Seismic Source = 10 km

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Dynamic seismic load:
Earthquake record: Pair of El Centro Site, 180 degrees and 270 degrees
Earthquake record scaled to match UBC 97 Response spectrum with:
Seismic Coefficient Ca = 0.40
Seismic Coefficient Cv = 0.672

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Note: Acceleration
controlled Velocity
1. Ca and C are the earthquake near-source effect that defines ground motion
range of the
spectrumv
controlled range
of the spectrum
response within the acceleration and velocity-controlled ranges of the

design response spectrum.

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Note:
2. The El Centro ground motion record (accelerogram) frequency content
and amplitude of acceleration will be altered so that the accelerogram
produce a response spectra comparable to the UBC 97(which was used in
the design of the building).
El Centro E-W component Spectrum Match Graph Using EZ-FRISK v7.32

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El Centro N-S component Spectrum Match Graph Using EZ-FRISK v7.32
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Gravity Loading
Live load: Roof LL = 1.0 kPa Floor LL = 2.4 kPa
Dead load: Floor wt + toppings = 3.6 kPa Partitions: 1 kPa
Materials
Concrete: 24.131 MPa Reinforcing steel: ASTM Grade 60 fy = 415 MPa
Make sure that you read through the sections of the FEMA-273 Guidelines and Commentary
or its updated version FEMA 356 before you attempt to apply the NSP and NDP. The
procedures discussed here automate the process but you still need a thorough knowledge of
the method to ensure valid results. Finally, it is emphasized that the PERFORM-3D
documentation for the nonlinear analysis is not intended to, and does not, document the
computational details of nonlinear analysis, but rather is intended to document the
capabilities of PERFORM-3D in the nonlinear analysis and performance assessment for 3D
structures.

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Modeling Phase
The following PERFORM-3D screen shots outlines the basic flow of the program from
creating a new project to creating nonlinear model.
1. To start PERFORM-3D, double click the desktop icon .
Select Start a
new structure

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Click to
Accept

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Note:
PERFORM-3D has data exchange feature. The user can import the geometry of the building
exported from ETABS as PERFORM-3D text file. However importing file containing Nodes and
Elements connectivity written by ETABS will not be used. Building geometry will be created by
PERFORM-3D toolbar buttons Nodes and Elements task.
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2. Press toolbar buttons for Modeling phase and the Nodes task to specify nodes.
Activate
Modeling
phase
Activate
Nodes task

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Click to
change to 2D
view
Click to
change
to 2D
view
Tools for View Direction and Perspective

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Click to
Accept

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Create a regular grid of nodes for one of perimeter 2D frame in H1 direction. Choose
the Grid tab. Specify dimensions.
Select
Grid tab
Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Choose the Move tab to move some of the nodes to conform with the geometry of
building to be evaluated.
Select
Move
tab

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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3. Choose the Supports tab to specify rigidly supported nodes.
Select
Supports
tab

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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4. Press the toolbar button for the Elements task.
Activate
Elements
task

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Create an element group. To start a new group press the New button.
Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Click Click
Click
Click Click

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Click
Click
Click Click

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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5. Press the toolbar button for the Frames task to define the created frame.
Activate Add or
delete frames task

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Press the New button to define Frame 1.
Select
New
button

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Input a name for the frame.
Click to
Accept

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Select all nodes of undefined created frame.

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Duplicate Frame 1. The duplicate frame is Frame 2. Choose the Duplicate tab.
Select
Duplicate tab

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Click to
change to 3D
view
Click to
change
to 3D
view

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Click to
Accept

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Duplicate Frame 2. The duplicate frame is Frame 3.
Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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6. Press the toolbar button for the Elements task. Choose Add Elements tab. Add
H2 direction perimeter beams.
Activate
Elements task

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Choose Add Elements tab.
Select Add
Elements
tab

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Add H2 direction perimeter beams.
Click
Click
Click
Click

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Click
Click
Click
Click

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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7. Create an element group Interior beams.
Select
New
button

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Select to
Accept

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Choose Add Elements tab. Add N-S interior beams along H2 direction.
Click
Click
Select
New
button Click
Click

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Select to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Click
Click
Click
Click

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Clickt to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Choose Change Group to move to the group of interior beams the beams that are in the
group of perimeter beams.
Select
Change
Group

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Click to
change 3D
View

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Click to
Accept

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Select the interior beams in the group of perimeter beams to move to the group of
interior beams.
Click to
Move

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8. Create an element group Interior columnss.
Select
New
button

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Choose Change Group to move to the group of interior columns the columns that are in
the group of perimeter columns.
Select
Change
Group

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Select the interior columns in the group of perimeter columns to move to the group of
interior columns.
Click to
Move

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Note:
The geometry for a 3D structure can be complex. You can simplify the
plots by showing only selected parts of the structure. A “frame” is any
part of the complete structure. It can be a plane frame, or a floor that
you would like to operate on separately from the complete structure.

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9. Press the toolbar button for the Frames task to define the vertical Frame A, Frame
B, Frame C, and Frame D along H2 direction.
Activate Add
or delete
frames task

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It is usually best to change to plan view, so that you can select the nodes with a box
select.
Click to change
to Plan View

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Press the New button.
Select
New
button

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Input a name for the Frame A.
Click to
Accept

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Select Nodes for the Frame A.

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Click to
Accept

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Select
New
button

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Input a name for the Frame B.
Click to
Accept

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Select Nodes for the Frame B.

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Click to
Accept

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Select
New
button

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Input a name for the Frame C.
Click to
Accept

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Select Nodes for the Frame C.

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Click to
Accept

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Select
New
button

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Input a name for the Frame D.
Click to
Accept

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Select Nodes for the Frame D.

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Click to
Accept

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10. Press the toolbar button for the Frame task to define the horizontal floor frame 2nd
floor to roof deck one at a time. It is usually best to change to an elevation view, so that
you can select the nodes with a box select.
Activate Add
or delete
frames task
Click to change
to Elevation
View looking
along H1

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Select
New
button

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Input a name for the 2nd Floor.
Click to
Accept

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Select Nodes for the 2nd Floor.

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Click to
Accept

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Define the remaining horizontal floor frame 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and Roof deck
one at a time by repeating the process;
1. press the New button,
2. input the name of the floor frame,
3. select the nodes of the floor frame,
4. accept the selected nodes.

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Screen shot after the horizontal roof deck floor frame was defined.

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Note:
Model the building geometry and gravity load cases in MIDAS Gen v7.0.2 or its latest
version with mass source to calculate the center of mass of the floor, translational mass,
and rotational mass of moment inertia.

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11. Define the center of mass of the floor. Press the toolbar button for the Nodes task.
Activate
Nodes task

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Choose Single tab to add center of mass node coordinates on each floor.
Select
Single tab

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Frame list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select 2nd floor.

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Specify the coordinates of center of mass at 2nd floor.
Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Define the location of center of mass at 3rd floor, 4th floor, 5th floor, 6th floor, 7th
floor, and Roof deck one at a time by repeating the process;
1. click the down arrow of drop-down frame list to display a set of choices,
2. select the floor,
3. specify the coordinates of center of mass of the floor,
4. test the specified coordinates,
5. accept the specified coordinates if it is correct.

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Screen shot after specifying the coordinates of center of mass at Roof deck.

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Click to
Accept

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12. Create rigid floor constraints. The node where the center of the mass is located on each
floor must be included when creating the rigid floor constraint. Press the toolbar
button for the Nodes task. Choose the Slaving tab.
Activate
Nodes task
Select
Slaving
tab

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Click to change
to Plan View

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Click down
arrow

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Select 2nd floor.

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Select
New
button

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Input a name for the 2nd floor diaphgram.
Click to
Accept

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Select the Nodes for the 2nd Floor frame including the node where the center of the
mass is located .

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Click to
Accept

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Define the remaining rigid floor diaphragms at 3rd floor, 4th floor, 5th floor, 6th
floor, 7th floor, and Roof deck one at a time by repeating the process;
3. press the New button,
4. input the name of rigid diaphragm,
5. select the nodes of the floor frame including the node where the center of the
mass is located,
6. accept the selected nodes.

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Screen shot after defining the rigid diaphragm at Roof deck.

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13. Choose the Masses tab to input the translational mass and rotational mass moment of
inertia at the point of center of mass.
Select
Masses tab

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Select
New
button

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Input pattern name of masses (the mass source defined in MIDAS Gen 7.0.2).
Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Select 2nd floor.

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Input the translational mass and rotational mass moment of inertia at the point of center
of mass of the 2nd Floor and select the node where the center of the mass at the 2nd
Floor frame is located .

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Select 3rd floor.

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Input the translational mass and rotational mass moment of inertia at the point of center
of mass of the 3rd Floor and select the node where the center of the mass at the 3rd
Floor frame is located .

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Define the remaining masses at center of mass of 4th floor, 5th floor, 6th floor, 7th
floor, where the value of mass is equal to the mass at 3rd floor and the remaining
mass at center of mass of Roof deck (T = 178, 178, 0 R = 0, 0, 9297) one at a time
by repeating the process;
3. input the translational mass and rotational mass moment of inertia at the point
of center of mass of the floor and select the node where the center of the mass
of that floor frame is located,
4. test the value of data input and selected node,
5. accept the selected node.

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Screen shot after defining the mass at Roof deck.

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Notes:
Elements are made up of components.
Elements
• Horizontal or vertical subassemblies that comprise a structure:
Braced frame
Moment frame
Shear wall
Diaphragm
Components
• Individual members that comprise an element:
Beam
Column
Joint
Brace
Pier
Footing
Damper
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Before you can assign properties to elements, you must first specify Components
Properties. You do not, however, have to specify values for all possible properties. (See
Chapter 5 of User Guide or for more details, see the document “PERFORM
Components and Elements”). To specify or change component properties, press the
toolbar buttons for Modeling phase and the Components task. For each
component that you define, you must assign an identifying name. Be sure to plan
component names carefully, so that you can easily identify them.
Note: The behavior of the nonlinear model depends on the properties of the components,
you must be careful when you specify these properties. See Table 6-7 (page 6-21), Table
6-8 (page 6-22), Table 6-18 (page 6-51) and Table 6-19 (page 6-52, Chapter 6, of
FEMA 356 for the Modeling Parameters and Numerical Acceptance Criteria for
Nonlinear Procedures.

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14. Specify interior/perimeter columns components properties.
Activate
Components
task

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70cm x 70cm interior/exterior column with 24-#8 rebars Cross Sections properties
Select Cross
Sects tab

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Type list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select Column, Reinforced Concrete Section.

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Select
New
button

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Input cross section name and choose units.
Click to
Accept

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Section Shape list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select Rectangular.

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In the Stiffness, Dimensions tab input the section dimensions (B and D) and Material
Stiffness (Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s ratio). Press the Calculate button.
Click to
Calculate

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Click to
Check

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Click to
Save

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Select Inelastic Strength tab.
Select
Inelastic
Strength tab

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Select
Strength at U
Point

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In the Axial/Bending tab, input the Axial Forces and Moments at Balance Point
Stiffness obtained from XTRACT Axial Force - Moment Interaction Analysis. Press the
Plot button.
Click to Plot

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Click to
Check

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Click to
Save

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Specify the Section Properties of Interior columns by repeating the process;
1. press New button,
2. input cross section name and choose units,
3. click the down arrow of drop-down Section Shape list to display a set of
choices,
4. select Rectangle,
5. in the Stiffness, dimensions tab input the section dimension (B and D) and
Material Stiffness (Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s ratio). Press the Calculate
button,
6. select Inelastic Strength tab,
7. in the Axial/Bending tab, input the Axial Forces and Moments at Balance
Stiffness obtained from XTRACT Axial Force - Moment Interaction Analysis
then press the Plot button,
8. press Check button and Save button.
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Screen shot after specifying cross section properties of interior columns.

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70cm x 70cm interior/exterior column with 24-#8 rebars Inelastic properties
Select
Inelastic tab

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Click down
arrow

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Select FEMA Column, Concrete Type.

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Select Use Cross Section and Deformation Capacities. Press the New button.
Select
New
button
Select Use
Cross Section
Select Deformation
Capacities

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Input component name and choose units.
Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Select Column, Reinforced Concrete Section.

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Name list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select Perimeter columns.

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Select Basic
F-D
Relationship
tab

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In the Deformation DX (deformation that is so large that there is no point in continuing
the analysis) text box, input the value obtained from XTRACT Moment Curvature
Analysis. In the Approximate Length of Column Element text box, input the length of
column.
Select
Deformation
Capacities

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In the PU and VU Level (ultimate strength point where the maximum strength is
reached) of deformation capacity text box, input the column deformation that was set in
the Design Criteria.

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Click to
Check

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Click

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In the Capacities for Bending about Axis 2 input the ratio in the text box.
Click to
Check

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Click to
Save

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Specify the Inelastic Properties of Interior columns by repeating the process;
2. input component name and choose units,
3. click the down arrow of drop-down Type list of cross section to display a set of
choices,
4. select type of cross section,
5. click the down arrow of drop-down Name list of cross section to display a set of
choices,
6. select the name of cross section,
7. select Basic F-D Relationship tab,
8. In the deformation DX (deformation that is so large that there is no point in
continuing the analysis) text box, input the value obtained from XTRACT
Moment Curvature Analysis. In the Approximate Length of Column Element
text box, input the length of column.
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9. select Deformation Capacities tab,
10. in the PU and VU Level (ultimate strength point where the maximum strength
is reached) of deformation capacity text box, input the column deformation
that was set in the Design Criteria,
11. in the Capacities for Bending about Axis 2 input the ratio in the text box,
12. press Check and Save button.

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Screen shot after specifying inelastic properties of interior columns.

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70cm x 70cm interior/perimeter column with 24-#8 rebars Compound properties
Select
Compound
tab

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Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Click the down arrow of drop-down list Component Type list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select FEMA Column, Concrete Type.

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Click the down arrow of drop-down list Component Name list to display a set of
choices.
Click down
arrow

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Length Type list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select proportion of unassigned length.

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Input 0.5 (50% of the column length) the proportion of length value.
Click Add
button

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Click Add
button

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Click down
arrow

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Select End Zone for a Beam or Column.

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choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select Default End Zone.

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Click down
arrow

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Select Based on adjacent beam or column size.

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Click Add
button

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Select Self
Weight

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Input self weight per unit length.
Click to
Check

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Click to
Save

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Specify the Basic Components and Self Weight Compound Properties of Perimeter
columns upper stories, Interior columns bottom story, and Interior columns upper
stories by repeating the process;
3. select and add the appropriate Component Type, Component Name, and
Length Type,
4. select self weight tab and input the self weight per unit length,
5. press Check and Save button

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Screen shot after specifying the Self Weight and Basic Components Compound
properties of perimeter columns, upper stories.

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Screen shot after specifying Self Weight and Basic Components Compound properties
of interior columns bottom story, fixed.

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Screen shot after specifying the Self Weight and Basic Components Compound
properties of interior columns, upper stories.

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15. Specify interior/perimeter beams components properties along H1 and H2.
45cm x 55cm and 45cm x 60cm interior/perimeter beam with 4-#8 top end bars and
3-#8 mid-span bars Sections properties
Select Cross
Sects tab

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Click down
arrow

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Select Beam, Reinforced Concrete Section.

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Select
New
button

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Input cross section name and choose units.
Click to
Accept

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Section Shape list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select Rectangular.

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In the Stiffness, Dimensions tab input the section dimensions (B and D) and Material
Stiffness (Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s ratio). Press the Calculate button.
Click to
Calculate

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Click to
Check

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Click to
Save

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Select Inelastic Strength tab.
Select
Inelastic
Strength tab

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Select
Bending at U
Point

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Input the Bending at U Point (ultimate strength point, where the maximum strength is
reached) obtained from XTRACT Moment Curvature Analysis.
Click to
Check

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Click to
Save

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Specify the Section Properties along H1 of interior beams, along H2 of perimeter
beams, and along H2 of interior beams by repeating the process;
2. input cross section name and choose units,
3. click the down arrow of drop-down Section Shape list to display a set of
choices,
4. select Rectangle,
5. in the Stiffness, dimensions tab input the section dimension (B and D) and
Material Stiffness (Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s ratio). Press the Calculate
button,
6. select Inelastic Strength tab,
7. input the Bending at U Point (ultimate strength point, where the maximum
strength is reached) obtained from XTRACT Moment Curvature Analysis,
8. press Check button and Save button.
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Screen shots after specifying cross section properties of interior beams along H1.

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Screen shot after specifying cross section properties of perimeter beams along H2.

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Screen shot after specifying cross section properties of interior beams along H2.

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3-#8 mid-span bars Inelastic properties
Select
Inelastic tab

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Click down
arrow

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Select FEMA Beam, Concrete Type.

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Select Use Cross Section and Deformation Capacities. Press the New button.
Select
New
button
Select Use
Cross Section
Select Deformation
Capacities

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Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Select Beam, Reinforced Concrete Section.

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Click down
arrow

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Select Along H1 perimeter beams.

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Select Basic
F-D
Relationship
tab

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In the Positive Rotation at X (deformation that is so large that there is no point in
continuing the analysis) text box, input the value obtained from XTRACT Moment
Curvature Analysis. In the Approximate Length of Beam Element text box, input the
length of beam.
Select
Deformation
Capacities

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In the Pos. Capacity text box, input the beam plastic rotation that was set in the Design
Criteria.

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Click to
Check

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Click to
Save

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Specify the Inelastic Properties along H1 interior beams, along H2 perimeter
beams, and along H2 interior beams of by repeating the process;
2. input component name and choose units, click OK,
3. click the down arrow of drop-down Type list of cross section to display a set of
choices,
4. select type of cross section,
5. click the down arrow of drop-down Name list of cross section to display a set of
choices,
6. select the name of cross section,
7. select Basic F-D Relationship tab,

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8. in the Positive Rotation at X (deformation that is so large that there is no point
in continuing the analysis) text box, input the value obtained from XTRACT
Moment Curvature Analysis. In the Approximate Length of Beam Element
text box, input the length of beam.
9. select Deformation Capacities tab,
10. in the Pos. Capacity text box, input the beam plastic rotation that was set in the
Design Criteria,
11. press Check and Save button.

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Screen shot after specifying inelastic properties along H1 interior beams.

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Screen shot after specifying inelastic properties along H2 perimeter beams.

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Screen shot after specifying inelastic properties along H2 interior beams.

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3-#8 mid-span bars Compound properties
Select
Compound
tab

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Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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choices.
Click down
arrow

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Click down
arrow

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Click Add
button

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Click down
arrow

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Select FEMA Beam, Concrete type.

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choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select Along H1 perimeter beams.

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Click down
arrow

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Select Proportion of unassigned length.

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Input 0.5 (50% of beam actual length) in the Length value text box.
Click Add
button

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Click Add
button

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Click down
arrow

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choices.
Click down
arrow

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Click down
arrow

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Click Add
button

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Click to
Check

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Click to
Save

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Specify the Basic Components Compound Properties along H1 interior beams,
along H2 perimeter beams, and along H2 interior beams by repeating the process;
3. select and add the appropriate Component Type, Component Name, and
Length Type,
4. press Check and Save button

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Screen shot after specifying the Basic Components Compound properties along H1
interior beams.

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perimeter beams.

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interior beams.

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16. Assign properties to elements. To assign properties to Elements, press the toolbar
buttons for Modeling phase and the Elements task. Choose the Properties
task tab.
Activate
Modeling
phase
Activate
Elements task

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Select
Properties
tab

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Current Group list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select the elements (perimeter columns bottom story, fixed).
Click
Click
Click
Click Click
Click
Click Click
Click Click

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Press Assign Component button.
Click Assign
Component

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Press the down arrow of drop-down Choose component type list to display a set of
choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select Frame Member Compound Component.

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Choose component name list to display a set of
choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select Perimeter columns bottom story, fixed.

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Press Assign button.
Click Assign

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Press Clear Selected Elements button.
Click Clear
Selected
Ements

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Assign Element Properties to Perimeter columns upper stories, Interior columns
bottom story fixed, Interior columns upper stories, along H1 perimeter beams,
along H1 interior beams, along H2 perimeter beams, and along H2 interior beams
by repeating the process;
1. press the drop down arrow of drop-down Compound Group list to display a
set of choices,
2. select the group name,
3. select the elements,
4. press Assign Component button,
5. press the down arrow of drop-down Choose component type list to display a
set of choices,
6. select frame Member Compound Component
7. press the down arrow of drop-down Choose compound name list to display a
set of choices,

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8. select the Compound name,
9. press Assign button,
10. press Clear Selected Elements.

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Screen shots after assigning Elements Properties to Perimeter columns upper stories.

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Screen shots after assigning Elements Properties to Interior columns bottom story fixed.

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Screen shots after assigning Elements Properties to Interior columns upper stories.

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Screen shots after assigning Elements Properties to Perimeter beams along H1.

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Screen shots after assigning Elements Properties to Interior beams along H1.

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Screen shots after assigning Elements Properties to Perimeter beams along H2.

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Screen shots after assigning Elements Properties to Interior beams along H2.

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17. Assign local axis orientations to elements. To assign local axis orientation to elements,
the toolbar buttons for Modeling phase and the Element task are activated.
Choose the Orientations task tab.
Select
Orientations
tab

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Click down
arrow

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Select the elements.

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Choose basic direction to Axis 2.
Click to
select

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Press Test button.
Click to Test

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Press OK button.
Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Select Interior columns.

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Click to
select

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Press Test button.
Click to Test

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Press OK button.
Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Select Perimeter beams.

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Click to
select

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Press Test button.
Click to Test

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Press OK button.
Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Select Interior beams.

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Click to
select

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Press Test button.
Click to Test

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Press OK button.
Click to
Accept

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Notes:
There are three load pattern types, namely nodal load patterns, element load patterns,
and self weight patterns. To specify a load pattern press the toolbar buttons for the
Modeling phase and the Load Patterns task . To start a new pattern press the
New button and follow the instructions.
Nodal load patterns are usually used for either gravity load cases or pushover load cases.
Gravity loads usually have V loads only, and pushover loads usually have H loads only.
However, PERFORM-3D does not prevent you from specifying nodal load patterns that
include both H and V loads.
Element load patterns and self weight patterns are used for gravity load cases.

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18. Set up horizontal nodal load patterns based on translational masses for pushover load
cases along H1.
Activate Load
patterns task

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Click to change
to Plan View

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Select
New
button

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Input pattern name.
Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Select 2nd floor.

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Input translational nodal load and select the node where the center of mass at the second
floor frame is located.

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Select 3rd floor.

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Input the remaining horizontal nodal load based on translational masses for
pushover load cases along H1 at center of mass of 4th floor, 5th floor, 6th floor, 7th
floor, where the value of nodal load is equal to the nodal load at 3rd floor and the
remaining nodal load at center of mass of Roof deck equals to 178 one at a time by
repeating the process;
1. click the down arrow of drop-down Frame list to display a set of choices,
3. input the translational nodal load at the point of center of mass of the floor and
select the node where the center of the mass of that floor frame is located,

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Screen shot after inputting the horizontal nodal load at the center of mass of Roof deck
along H1.

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19. Set up horizontal nodal load patterns based on translational masses for pushover load
cases along H2. Press New button.
Select
New
button

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Input pattern name.
Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Select 2nd floor.

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Select 3rd floor.

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Input translational nodal load and select the node where the center of mass at the third

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Input the remaining horizontal nodal load based on translational masses for
pushover load cases along H2 at center of mass of 4th floor, 5th floor, 6th floor, 7th
floor, where the value of nodal load is equal to the nodal load at 3rd floor and the
remaining nodal load at center of mass of Roof deck equals to 178 one at a time by
repeating the process;
1. click the down arrow of drop-down Frame list to display a set of choices,
3. input the translational nodal load at the point of center of mass of the floor and
select the node where the center of the mass of that floor frame is located,

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Screen shot after inputting the horizontal nodal load at the center of mass of Roof deck
along H2.

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Notes before specifying element load pattern:
1. Beam self weight loads are applied as nodal loads at the element ends. If you want the
load to be distributed along the beam element length, do not use Self weight load
pattern. Specify the loads directly using Element Load patterns.
2. Floor loads due to DL and LL are converted to equivalent distributed loads as follows:
Two-Way Slab System (m = S/L >= 0.50) One-Way Slab System (m = S/L < 0.50)
short span long span short span long span
WS WS⎡3 − m2 ⎤ WS
wS = w L= ⎢ ⎥ w S =0 w L=
3 3 ⎣ 2 ⎦ 2
where: m = S/L S = shorter side L = longer side W = load per unit floor area
wS = equivalent uniformly distributed load @ shorter side
wL = equivalent uniformly distributed load @ longer side

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Distributed DL on 2nd to 7th floor beams 6m x 6m panel excluding beam weight
Short span = long span = 6m m = S/L = 6/6 = 1
13.5cm slab weight = 0.135(23.56) = 3.18 kN/m2 superimposed DL = 1.42 kN/m2
WS 4.6(6)
W = 3.18 + 1.42 = 4.6 kN/m2 wS = w L = = = 9.2 kN/m
3 3
Distributed DL on 2nd to 7th floor beams 5m x 6m panel excluding beam weight
WS 4.6(5)
WS 4.6(5) WS ⎛ 3 - m 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 - 0.832 ⎞
wwSS== == ==7.7
7.7 kN/m
kN/m wL = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 7.7 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 8.9 kN/m
33 33 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

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Distributed DL on roof deck floor beams 6m x 6m panel excluding beam weight
13.5cm slab weight = 0.135(23.56) = 3.18 kN/m2 superimposed DL = 0.42 kN/m2
WS 3.6(6)
W = 3.18 + 0.42 = 3.6 kN/m2 wS = w L = = = 7.2 kN/m
3 3
Distributed DL on roof deck floor beams 5m x 6m panel excluding beam weight
WS 4.6(5)
3.6(5) WS ⎛ 3 - m 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 - 0.832 ⎞
wS = = = 7.7
6 kN/m
kN/m wL = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 6 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 6.9 kN/m
3 3 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

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Distributed LL on 2nd to 7th floor beams 6m x 6m panel
WS 2.4(6)
Floor LL = 2.4 kN/m2 wS = w L = = = 4.8 kN/m
3 3
WS 2.4(5) WS ⎛ 3 - m 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 - 0.832 ⎞
wS = = = 4 kN/m wL = ⎜ ⎟ = 4 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 4.6 kN/m
3 3 3 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

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Distributed LL on roof deck floor beams 6m x 6m panel
WS 1(6)
Floor LL = 1 kN/m2 wS = w L = = = 2 kN/m
3 3
WS 1(5) WS ⎛ 3 - m 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 - 0.832 ⎞
wS = = = 1.7 kN/m wL = ⎜ ⎟ = 1.7 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.9 kN/m
3 3 3 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

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Distributed DL on 2nd to 7th floor perimeter beams 6m x 6m panel
W-E direction 45cm x 55cm beam weight = 0.45(0.55)(23.56) = 5.8 kN/m
distributed DL = 9.2 + 5.8 = 15.0 kN/m
N-S direction 45cm x 60cm beam weight = 0.45(0.60)(23.56) = 6.4 kN/m
Distributed DL = 9.2 + 6.4 = 15.6 kN/m
Distributed DL on 2nd to 7th floor perimeter beams 5m x 6m panel


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Distributed DL on roof deck floor perimeter beams 6m x 6m panel
N-S direction 45cm x 60cm beam weight = 0.45(0.60)(23.56) = 6.4 kN/m
Distributed DL = 7.2 + 6.4 = 13.6 kN/m
Distributed DL on roof deck floor perimeter beams 5m x 6m panel

distributed DL = 6 + 5.8 = 11.8 kN/m

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Distributed DL on 2nd to 7th floor interior beams 6m x 6m panel
W-E distributed DL = 9.2 + 9.2 + 5.8 = 24.2 kN/m
N-S direction distributed DL = 9.2 + 8.9 + 6.4 = 24.5 kN/m
Distributed DL on roof deck floor interior beams 6m x 6m panel

W-E distributed DL = 6 + 6 + 5.8 = 17.8 kN/m

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Distributed LL on 2nd to 7th floor interior beams 6m x 6m panel
W-E distributed LL = 4.8 + 4.8 = 9.6 kN/m
N-S direction distributed LL = 4.8 + 4.6= 9.4 kN/m
Distributed LL on 2nd to 7th floor interior beams 5m x 6m panel
W-E distributed LL = 4 + 4 = 8 kN/m
N-S direction distributed LL = 4.8 + 4.6 = 9.4 kN/m
Distributed LL on roof deck floor interior beams 6m x 6m panel

W-E distributed LL = 2 + 2 = 4 kN/m
N-S direction distributed LL = 2 + 1.9 = 3.9 kN/m
Distributed LL on roof deck floor interior beams 5m x 6m panel
W-E distributed LL = 1.7 + 1.7 = 3.4 kN/m
N-S direction distributed LL = 2 + 1.9 = 3.9 kN/m

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20. Set up an element load pattern. (The toolbar buttons for the Modeling phase
and the Load Patterns task are activated). Choose Element Loads tab. Element
load patterns are identified by name. To start a new pattern press the New button.
Element load patterns are more complex. For explanations see Chapter 7 of the User
Guide.
Specifying and assigning DL Load Pattern to beams
Select
Element
Loads tab

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Click to change
to Basic 3D
View

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Click to
change 3D
View

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Click to
Accept

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Create an element load pattern name for dead load.
Select
New
button

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Input pattern name.
Click to
Accept

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Element Group list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select Perimeter beams.

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Define a new subgroup of perimeter beams at the Roof deck by selecting the perimeter
beam. All of the elements in any subgroup have the same element loads.
Click
Click
Click
Click

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Select Add
Loads tab

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Input element load.
Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Select
Loaded
Elems tab

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Define another new subgroup of perimeter beams at the Roof deck by selecting the
perimeter beam. All of the elements in any subgroup have the same element loads.
Select Define a
new subgroup

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Click
Click
Click
Click

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Select Add
Loads tab

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Input element load.
Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Select
Loaded
Elems tab

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Define another new subgroup of perimeter beams at the Roof deck by selecting the
perimeter beam. All of the elements in any subgroup have the same element loads.
Select Define a
new subgroup

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Click
Click

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Select Add
Loads tab

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Input element load.
Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Select Interior beams.

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Define a new subgroup of interior beams at the Roof deck by selecting the interior
beam. All of the elements in any subgroup have the same element loads.
Click
Click
Click
Click

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Select Add
Loads tab

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Input element load.
Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Select
Loaded
Elems tab

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Select Define a
new subgroup

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Define another new subgroup of interior beams at the Roof deck by selecting the
interior beam. All of the elements in any subgroup have the same element loads.
Click
Click

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Select Add
Loads tab

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Input element load.
Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Select
Loaded
Elems tab

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Select Define a
new subgroup

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Define another new subgroup of interior beams at the Roof deck by selecting the
interior beam. All of the elements in any subgroup have the same element loads.
Click

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Select Add
Loads tab

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Input element load.
Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Input the remaining elements dead load on perimeter and interior beams of 2nd
floor, 3rd floor 4th floor, 5th floor, 6th floor, 7th floor one at a time by repeating
the process;
1. click the down arrow of drop-down Element Group list to display a set of
choices,
2. choose an element group,
3. defined a new subgroup of beams at the floor by selecting the beams that have
the same element load,
4. press Add Loads tab,
5. input beam load,
6. test and accept the assigned beam load.

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In this slide and in the next five slides are screen shots after inputting the perimeter
beams dead load at 2nd to 7th floor.

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Specifying and assigning LL Load Pattern to beams
Input the elements live load on perimeter and interior beams of 2nd floor, 3rd
floor, 4th floor, 5th floor, 6th floor, 7th, and Roof deck one at a time by repeating
the process;
1. create an element load pattern name for live load,
2. input pattern name,
3. click the down arrow of drop-down Element Group list to display a set of
choices,
4. choose an element group,
5. Defined a new subgroup of beams at the floor by selecting the beams that have
the same element load,
6. press Add Loads tab,
7. input beam load,
8. test and accept the assigned beam load.
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In this slide and in the next nine slides are screen shots after inputting the perimeter
beams and interior beams live load at 2nd floor to Roof deck.

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21. Set up a self weight load pattern for columns. (The toolbar buttons for the
Modeling phase and the Load Patterns task are activated). Choose Self weight
Loads tab. Self weight load patterns are identified by name. To start a new pattern press
the New button. Self weight load patterns are more complex. For explanations see
Chapter 7 of the User Guide.
Note:
The self weight of column per unit length was specified in the Compound
component properties.

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Select
Loaded
Elems tab

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Create a self weight load pattern name for perimeter columns.
Select
New
button

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Input pattern name.
Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Click to
Accept

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Click to
Plot
Loads

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Click to
Continue

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Create a self weight load pattern name for interior columns.
Select
New
button

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Input pattern name.
Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Select Interior columns.

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Click to
Accept

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Click to
Plot
Loads

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Click to
Continue

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Notes:
Horizontal drifts are useful measures of deformation for lateral loads. In a static
pushover analysis, the pushover (capacity) curve is usually a graph of base shear versus
roof drift. At least two drifts must be defines, in the H1 and H2 directions at the roof.
Drifts can also be used for other purposes, including setting up drift limit states at the
roof and for each of the stories. To define a drift press the toolbar buttons for the
Modeling phase and the Drifts and deflections task. Choose Drifts tab. Drifts are
identified by name. To define a new drift press the New button and enter the drift name.
For explanations see Chapter 8 of the User Guide.
In PERFORM-3D a 'drift' is actually a drift ratio. The drift value is the H (Horizontal)
displacement of the upper node minus the H displacement of the lower node, divided by
the V (Vertical) distance between the nodes. In this example problem the node H
displacement δ at the roof level is relative to the ground.

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22. Define horizontal drifts reference points for H1 direction for each of the floors (stories).
Activate Drifts
and deflections
task

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Press the New button to create drift name.
Select
New
button

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Input drift name, specify H1 drift direction, and select upper node (roof center) and
lower node (any node at the ground level).
Click
Select H1
Click

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Define horizontal drifts for H1 drift direction at 2nd floor, 3rd floor, 4th floor, 5th
floor, 6th floor, and at 7th floor one at a time by repeating the process;
1. create a name for H1 drift direction at floor (story) center,
2. input drift name and select the center of the floor (which represent the upper
node), and any node at the ground (which represent the lower node),
3. test and accept the drift reference points and direction.

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In this slide and in the next five slides are screen shots after defining H1 drift direction
and the drift reference points at the center of 7th floor down to 2nd floor.

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23. Define horizontal drifts reference points for H2 drift direction for each of the floors
(stories). Press the new button to create drift name.
Select
New
button

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Input drift name, specify H2 drift direction, and select upper node (roof center) and
lower node (any node at the ground level).
Select H2 Click
Click

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Click to
Test

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Click to
Accept

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Define horizontal drifts for H2 drift direction at 2nd floor, 3rd floor, 4th floor, 5th
floor, 6th floor, and at 7th floor one at a time by repeating the process;
1. create a name for H2 drift direction at floor (story) center,
2. input drift name and select the center of the floor (which represent the upper
node), and any node at the ground (which represent the lower node),
3. test and accept the drift reference points and direction.

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In this slide and in the next five slides are screen shots after defining H2 drift direction
and the drift reference points at the center of 7th floor down to 2nd floor.

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Note:
A structure section is a cut through all or part of a structure. The forces on structure
sections can be useful for checking the behavior of the structure. To define structure
sections press the toolbar buttons for the Modeling phase and the Structure
Sections task. Choose Define Sections tab. Structure sections are identified by name. To
start a new section press the New button and input the section name. For explanations
see Chapter 9 of the User Guide.

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23. Define structure section at the base of perimeter columns.
Activate
Structure
sections task

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Start a new structure section name.
Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Click down
arrow

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Click
Click Click
Click
Click
Click Click
Click
Click Click

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Click to
Accept

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Notes:
Limit states are used to simplify the decision making process. You can specify limit
states of the following types.
* Deformation limit states, based on deformation capacities for inelastic components.
* Strength limit states, based on strength capacities for elastic components and strength
sections.
* Drift limit states, based on drifts.
* Deflection limit states, based on deflections.
* Shear strength limit states for structure sections.
To start a new limit state, press the toolbar buttons for the Modeling phase and
the Limit states task , then choose the limit state Deformation from the Type list.
Limit states are identified by name. To start a limit state press the New button and input
the limit state name. For explanations see Chapter 10 of the User Guide.
Only two limit states will be specified in this presentation, the Deformation and Drift.

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The deformation type to be specified for perimeter columns, interior columns, perimeter
beams, and interior beams are:
* rotation in Immediate Occupancy (IO) performance level,
* rotation in Life Safety (LS) performance level,
* rotation in Collapse Prevention (CP) performance level.
The drift limit to be specified is given in the Seismic Design Criteria and Design
Earthquake Level (slide 259) which is 2% (0.02).

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24. Specify limit states to simplify the decision making process.
Perimeter Columns Deformation limit states
Activate Limit
states task

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Create a new name of limit state for deformation.
Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Performance Level list to display a set of choices.
NOTE
Click down
arrow

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Select Performance Level 1 (Immediate Occupancy Level).

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Click to
Add

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Click to
Save

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Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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NOTE
Click down
arrow

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Select Performance Level 2 (Life Safety Level).

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Click to
Add

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Click to
Save

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Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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NOTE
Click down
arrow

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Select Performance Level 3 (Collapse Prevention Level).

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Click to
Add

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Click to
Save

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Interior Columns Deformation limit states
Specify the deformation type limit states; rotation in IO, rotation in LS, and
rotation in CP one at a time by repeating the process;
1. create a name of limit state for deformation,
2. click the down arrow of drop-down Performance Level list to display a set of
choices,
3. select the performance level,
4. be careful when you specify the deformation limit state conditions, to make
sure that you choice the correct element group, component type, deformation
type, and performance level,
5. add and save the list of conditions.

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In this slide and in the next two slides are screen shots after specifying deformation type
limit states; rotation in IO, rotation in LS, and rotation in CP of interior columns .

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Perimeter Beams Deformation limit states
choices,

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limit states; rotation in IO, rotation in LS, and rotation in CP of perimeter beams .

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Interior Beams Deformation limit states
choices,

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limit states; rotation in IO, rotation in LS, and rotation in CP of interior beams .

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Drift limit states H1 direction
Click down
arrow

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Select Drift.

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Create a new name of limit state for drift.
Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Input Drift Conditions.
Select
Highlighted
drifts only

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Highlight

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Click to
Save

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Drift limit states H2 direction
Create a new name of limit state for drift.
Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Input Drift Conditions.
Select
Highlighted
drifts only

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Highlight

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Click to
Save

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Analysis Phase
The task in the analysis phase can be divided into Structural Analysis tasks, Behavior
Assessment tasks, and Demand-Capacity tasks. The Structural Analysis tasks are for
defining load cases and running structural analyses. The Behavior Assessment tasks allows
you to examine and check the behavior of the analysis model. The Demand-Capacity tasks
allows you to calculate demand-capacity ratios, and hence make decisions about the
performance of the structure.

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Structural Analysis Tasks
Note:
To start a new analysis, press the toolbar buttons for the Analysis phase and the
Setup load cases task . Load cases are identified by name. For explanations see
Chapter 12, of the User Guide.
Press the toolbar to Run analyses tasks. An 'Analysis Series' allows you to specify
certain other parameters before you run any analyses to set up the structure and the load
cases. For the steps in running analyses, see Chapter 20, of the User Guide.

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Activate Analysis
phase

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1. Define load case Gravity.
Activate Setup
load cases task

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Load Case Type list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select Gravity.

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Create a new name for gravity load case.
Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Select LOAD PATTERN TO BE ADDED.
Select
Element

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Pattern Name list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select Gravity DL.

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Input Scale Factor of 1.
Click to
Add

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Click down
arrow

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Select Gravity LL.

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Input Scale Factor of 0.25.
Click to
Add

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Select LOAD PATTERN TO BE ADDED.
Select Self
Weight

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Click down
arrow

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Select Perimeter column self weight.

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Input Scale Factor of 1.
Click to
Add

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Click down
arrow

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Select Interior column self weight.

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Using the scale factor
of 1, click to Add

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Click to
Save

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2. Define load case Static Push-Over.
There are six load cases of this type.

* H1 push, uniform displacement
* H2 push, uniform displacement
* H1 push, linear displacement
* H2 push, linear displacement
* H1 push, nodal loads based on masses
* H2 push, nodal loads based on masses

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Click down
arrow

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Select Static Push-Over.

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Create a new name for static push-over load case.
Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Select Load Type.
Select
Displacement
Pattern

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Specify the Control Information for Nonlinear Analysis and the Displacement Pattern.
Click to
Save

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Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Click to
Save

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Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Click to
Save

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Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Click to
Save

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Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Select Load Type.
Select Nodal
Load Pattern

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Specify the Control Information for Nonlinear Analysis and the LOAD PATTERN TO
BE ADDED.
Click to
Add

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Click to
Save

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Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Specify the Control Information for Nonlinear Analysis and the LOAD PATTERN TO
BE ADDED.
Click to
Add

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Click to
Save

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3. Define load case Dynamic Earthquake.
There are two load cases (one pair of El Centro ground motion horizontal components,
the E-W component and N-S component) of this type.
* Adjusted El Centro, angle from H1 = 0 degree
* Adjusted El Centro, angle from H1 = 90 degrees

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Click down
arrow

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Select Dynamic Earthquake.

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Add earthquake accelelogram.
Click to Add
Earthquake

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Click to
Browse

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Double Click

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Scroll Down

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Double Click

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Double Click

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Click to Select

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Click to
Accept

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Specify the Contents, Lines to Skip, Duration, Number of Acceleration Values Per Line
and how the Values Separated.

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Create a new name for Earthquake Group.
Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Specify the File Name and Earthquake Name.
Click to Read
and Plot the
Earthquake

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Click to Add
to list

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Click to
Accept

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Click to
Browse

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Click to Select

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Click to
Accept

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Specify the Contents, Lines to Skip, Duration, Number of Acceleration Values Per Line,
how the Values Separated, File Name, and Earthquake Name.
Click to Read
and Plot the
Earthquake

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Click to Add
to list

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Click to
Accept

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Click

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Create a new name for dynamic earthquake load case.
Select
New
button

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Earthquake record: Adjusted El Centro E-W component accelerogram
Click to
Accept

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Specify the Control Information for Dynamic Analysis. Specify the Q1earthquake and
Q2 earthquake by clicking the down arrow of drop-down Group list and Name to display
a set of choices.
Click to
Save

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Note:
The 0 degree angle
from H1 axis to
earthquake Q1 means
that the E-W record is
applied along the
structure H1 axis
positive direction and
the N-S record is
applied along the axis
of H2 positive
direction.

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Earthquake record: Adjusted El Centro N-S component accelerogram
Create a new name for dynamic earthquake load case.
Select
New
button

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Click to
Accept

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Specify the Control Information for Dynamic Analysis. Specify the Q1earthquake and
Q2 earthquake by clicking the down arrow of drop-down Group list and Name to display
a set of choices.
Click to
Save

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Note:
The 90 degrees angle
from H1 axis to
earthquake Q1 means
that the E-W record is
applied along the
structure H2 axis
positive direction and
the N-S record is
applied along the axis
of H1 negative
direction.

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4. Setup load cases to be included in the analyses tasks.
Activate Setup
Run analyses
task

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Input the Name of analysis series and Description of analysis series, the scale factor of
Mass Pattern , Number of mode shapes, and select Yes to include P-delta effects.
Select Modal
Damping tab

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Select Same damping ratio for all modes and input the Ratio 5.
Select Rayleigh
Damping tab

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Input the Period ratio 0.05 and Damping % 0.01.
Click to
Draw the
Graph

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Click to
Accept

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Add the Gravity Load Case Type and the Load Case Name DL + Self weight + 0.25LL.
Click to Add in
the Analysis List

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Click down
arrow

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Select Static Push-Over.

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Preceding Analysis Number list to display a set of
choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select 1.

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Add the Static Push-Over Load Case Type and the Load Case Name H1 push, uniform
displacement.
Click to Add in
the Analysis List

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Add the remaining Load Case Name of Load Case Type Static Push-Over one at a
time by repeating the process;
1. click the down arrow of drop-down Load Case Name list to display a set of
choices,
2. Add the Static Push-Over Load Case Type and the corresponding Load Case
Name.

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Screen shot after adding the Static Push-Over Load Case Type .

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Click down
arrow

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Select Dynamic Earthquake.

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Preceding Analysis Number list to display a set of
choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select 1.

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Add the Dynamic Earthquake Load Case Type and the Load Case Name Adjusted El
Centro , angle from H1= 0 deg.
Click to Add in
the Analysis List

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Load Case Name list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select Adjusted El Centro, angle from H1 = 90 deg.

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Add the Dynamic Earthquake Load Case Type and the Load Case Name Adjusted El
Centro , angle from H1= 90 deg.
Click to Add in
the Analysis List

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Screen shot after adding the Dynamic Earthquake Load Case Type .
Click to Run the

analyses

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Click to
Continue

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5. Set up limit state groups. Limit state group allows you to organize the limit states into
smaller, related groups.
Activate Limit
State Groups

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Create a new name of limit state group.
Click New to
specify group
name

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Click to Accept

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Click to Add to
the list

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Click down
arrow

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Select Interior column rotation IO.

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Click to Add
to the list

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Add the remaining All Immediate Occupancy limit states of Deformation type one
at a time by repeating the process;
1. click the down arrow of drop-down Name list to display a set of choices,
2. Add the All Immediate Occupancy limit state of the following:
• Perimeter beam rotation IO
• Interior beam rotation IO

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Click to Save

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Screen shot after adding the All Immediate Occupancy limit state of columns and
beams.
Click New to
specify group
name

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Create All Life Safety limit group and add the All Safety limit state of Deformation
type one at a time by repeating the process;
2. Add the All Safety limit state of the following:
• Perimeter column rotation LS
• Interior column rotation LS
• Perimeter beam rotation LS
• Interior beam rotation LS

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Click to
Accept

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Click to Save

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Screen shot after adding the All Life Safety limit state of columns and beams.
Click New to
specify group
name

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Create All Collapse Prevention limit group and add the All Collapse Prevention
limit state of Deformation type one at a time by repeating the process;
2. Add the All Safety limit state of the following:
• Perimeter column rotation CP
• Interior column rotation CP
• Perimeter beam rotation CP
• Interior beam rotation CP

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Click to
Accept

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Click to Save

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Screen shot after adding the All Collapse Prevention limit state of columns and beams.

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Behavior Assessment Tasks
Note:
Under behavior assessment tasks the following toolbars will be activated one at a time:
1. Modal Analysis Results
2. Energy Balance
3. Deflected Shapes
4. Time Histories

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1. Mode shapes. Press the toolbar buttons for the Modal Analysis Results task .
Activate Modal
Analysis Results

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Click to view
Mode Shape 1

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2. Energy time history. Press the toolbar buttons for the Energy Balance task . Choose
a load case in the Case list. Only the dynamic analyses are listed. In the Structure page,
press Plot to show how much energy of different types is dissipated by the structure. For
an explanation see Chapter 23 of the User Guide.
Activate Energy
Balance task

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Click to view Energy
Balance of entire structure
due to Adjusted El Centro,
angle from H1=0 deg

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Kinetic + strain energy Every time the
system loads back to
a yielded state, the
Click to Close dissipated inelastic
energy (hysteretic
energy) increases.
Modal damping The vertical blue
energy lines indicate a new
yield event has
occurred.
Dissipated inelastic energy

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Select Element Groups to
view dissipated energy
contributed by the chosen
group of elements

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Click to view Energy Balance
of Perimeter columns due to
Adjusted El Centro, angle from
H1=0 deg

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The graph shows
the proportion of
the total inelastic
dissipated energy
that is contributed
by the chosen
Click to Close group of elements
named Perimeter
columns.

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3. Deflected shapes. Press the toolbar buttons for the Deflected Shapes task . In the
Case list choose H1 push, uniform displacement.
Activate
Deflected Shapes
task

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Case list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select H1 push, uniform displacement.

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Click to move yellow
line to this point

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Click to view
deflected shape

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Click to Close

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Choose the Limit States page the Group option for Limit States to be considered, and
the All Life Safety group. In the Color Group for Usage ratios frame, choose the 2
option. Then press Plot.
Select Limit
States tab

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Select Limit
States tab

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Click the down arrow of drop-down Limit State Groups list to display a set of choices.
Click down
arrow

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Select All Life Safety limit state.

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Select 2, the
Color Group
for Usage
Ratios

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Click to view All Life Safety
deflected shape with 0.01534
Reference Drift

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The deflected shape
causes usage ratios
of columns and
beams exceeds the
limit value 1 when
the reference drift
ratio is 0.01534.
Click until the deflected shape
causes the usage ratios of
bottom story columns slightly
exceeds the limit value1

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The deflected shape
causes the usage
ratios of bottom
story columns
slightly exceeds the
limit value 1 when
the reference drift
ratio is 0.009041.

usage ratios does not exceeds
the limit value 11

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The deflected shape
usage ratios did not
exceeds the limit value 1
when the reference drift
ratio is 0.008409.
Therefore the estimated
target drift ratio will be
between 0.008409 and
0.009041 say 0.008725.
Click to
Close

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Click down
arrow

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Select All Collapse Prevention limit state.

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Click to view All Collapse
Prevention deflected shape

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usage ratios is about to exceed
the limit value 11

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The deflected shape
usage ratios did not
exceeds the limit value 1
when the reference drift
ratio is 0.01395.

usage ratios slightly exceeds
the limit value 11

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The deflected shape
causes the usage
ratios of second
story beams
exceeds the limit
value 1 when the
reference drift ratio
is 0.01472.
Therefore the
reference drift ratio
of 0.014335
represents the
reliable drift ratio of
a building as it
Click to reaches its limit of
Close structural stability.

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4. Time histories. Press the toolbar button for the Time Histories task . To check that
correct ground motion has been applied, choose the Node page, and choose a dynamic
earthquake load case from the Case list. Select one of the supported node at the base of
the structure. Choose Absolute acceleration for the Result type and H1 translation for
the direction.
Activate Time
Histories task

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Click down
arrow

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Select Adjusted El Centro, angle from H1=0 deg.

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Select
Absolute Click
Acceleration

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Click to
Close

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Click to Clear
selected node

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Demand-Capacity Tasks (Pushover Analysis)
Note:
Under demand-capacity tasks the following toolbars will be activated one at a time:
1. General Push-over Plot
2. Target Displacement Push-over Plot
3. Usage Ratio Graphs

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1. Capacity General Push-over Plot : All Life Safety limit state.
Activate General
Push-over Plot
task

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Click down
arrow

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Select All Life Safety.

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Click to view push-
over curve

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There are four short
lines on the
pushover curve.
Click on the first of
these lines to show
the corresponding
limit state.
Click

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The first line
changes to blue. The
line marks the “limit
point” where the
usage ratio for this
limit state (perimeter
column rotation LS)
reaches 1.0. This is
the most critical
limit state, since its
limit point is
reached first.
Click

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The second line
point” where the
limit state (interior
column rotation LS)
reaches 1.0.
Click

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The third line
point” where the
beam rotation LS)
reaches 1.0.
Click

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The fourth line
point” where the
beam rotation LS)
reaches 1.0.
The limit points for
Click to the other limit states
Close in the group of LS
are beyond the limit
of the pushover
curve (i.e, they are
less critical)

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2. Capacity General Push-over Plot : All Collapse Prevention limit state.
Click down
arrow

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Select All Collapse Prevention.

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Click to view push-
over curve

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There are four short
lines on the
pushover curve.
Click on the first of
these lines to show
the corresponding
limit state.
Click

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The first line
point” where the
beam rotation CP)
reaches 1.0. This is
the most critical
limit state, since its
limit point is
Click reached first.

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The second line
point” where the
beam rotation CP)
reaches 1.0.
Click

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The third line
point” where the
column rotation CP)
reaches 1.0.
Click

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The fourth line
point” where the
column rotation CP)
reaches 1.0.
The limit points for
Click to the other limit states
Close in the group of CP
are beyond the limit
of the pushover
curve (i.e, they are
less critical)

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3. Press Spectra page, to define the design response spectrum.
Select
Spectra

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Click New

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Click to
Accept

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Type in
0.672
Type in 1

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Click to
Check

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Click to Save

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4. Target drift push-over plot. Press the toolbar button for the Target Displacement Push-
over Plots task .
Activate Target
Displacement
Push-over Plot
task

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Type in 1
Type in 0.672
Type in 1
Click
Type in 1
Click Click

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Click Check

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Click to Accept

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Click

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Click down
arrow

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Select All Life Safety.

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In the Step 3 page, keep the default choices. In the deflected behavior of structure the
reference drift without exceeding the limit state is 0.008409 and reference drift exceeding
the limit state is 0.009041. Use 0.008725 as the estimated target drift to calculate the
target drift. For explanation how to plot the target drift (drift ratio or drift index) on the
pushover curve see page 3-30, Chapter 3 of the Getting Started.

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Click to Calculate

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The target drift ratio
of 0.006209 is to the
left of the first limit
point. This means that
at target drift, the
usage ratios are
smaller than 1 for all
limit states in the
chosen group. Hence,
the performance is
satisfactory in the load
case H1 push,
Click Clear uniform
displacement.

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5. Usage ratio graphs. Ultimately, performance assessment depends on the limit state usage
ratios. Limit states were specified in the Limit States task, and limit groups in the Set
up limit state groups task. Press the toolbar button for the Usage ratio graphs
task. For an explanation see Chapter 30 of the User Guide.
Activate General
Push-over Plot
task

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Click

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Recall that the calculated target drift ratio for H1 push, uniform displacement load
case is 0.006209. In the Specify max. reference drift box, enter 0.006209. Press Plot.
Type in
0.006209

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Click Plot

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The short red lines shows
the usage ratios for the
limit states at the target
drift ratio of group of
elements.
The usage ratio graph for
a limit state shows only
the maximum D/C ratio
for the elements and
components covered by
the limit state. To see the
D/C ratios for individual
elements, use the
Clear Plot Deflected shapes task.
Since the usage ratios for
group of elements are all
smaller than 1.0, the
performance
requirements are
satisfied.

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Demand-Capacity Tasks (Dynamic Analysis)
Performance assessment in dynamic analysis only depends on the limit state usage ratios.
Limit states were specified in the Limit States task, and limit groups in the Set up limit
state groups task.

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Click down
arrow

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Select Adjusted El Centro, angle from H1=0 deg.

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Click Plot

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The short red lines show
the usage ratios for the
limit states of the group
of elements.
The usage ratio graph for
a limit state shows only
the maximum D/C ratio
for the elements and
components covered by
the limit state. To see the
D/C ratios for individual
elements, use the
Deflected shapes task.
Since the usage ratios for
group of elements are all
smaller than 1.0, the
performance
requirements are
satisfied.

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Evaluation of Performance
Load Case: H1 push, uniform displacement
Displacement Response
• Looking at the Target Displacement Pushover Plot considering Life Safety limit state,
the target drift ratio δ/V that will not exceed Demand/Capacity ratio (usage ratio) is
0.006209. It means that δ/V = 0.006209 is the reliable drift ratio of a building as it
reaches the Life Safety performance level. Correspondingly the reliable displacement
capacity of a building as it reaches Life Safety level will be δ = 0.006209 (21.75) which
is equal to 0.135 meter relative to the ground.
• Looking at the Deflected Shapes considering Collapse Prevention limit state, the
reference drift ratio δ/V that will not exceed Demand/Capacity ratio (usage ratio) is
0.01395. It means that δ/V = 0.01395 is the reliable drift ratio of a building as it
reaches its limit of structural stability. Correspondingly the reliable displacement
capacity of a building as it reaches its limit of structural stability will be δ = 0.01395
(21.75) = 0.3034 meter relative to the ground.

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Capacity
• Looking at General Pushover Plot of Capacity curve, it shows that the critical limit state
for Life Safety and Collapse Prevention is in the limit state of 'Perimeter column
rotation'. In the Deflected shapes, the usage ratio exceeded the limit in the first story
columns when the drift ratio is greater than 0.01395 or the roof lateral displacement
relative to the ground is greater than 0.3034 meter.
Design Implication
• Structural Damage Objective – Typically the threshold of structural damage is

associated with some inelastic behavior. From a displacement perspective, the building
highest inelastic displacement δ of 0.3034 meter relative to the ground is about to
produce permanent inelastic deformation. If laterally deformed beyond 0.3034 meter,
the structure can experience instability and collapse.
• Collapse Prevention Objective – The highest inelastic building displacement δ relative
to the ground is 0.3034 meter giving a drift ratio of δ/V = 0.3034/21.75 = 0.01395 and
this is less than idealized inelastic drift index of 0.02.
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Conclusion
• There is a possibility that the column in the first story will be damaged when the drift
ratio exceeds 0.01395 or the lateral displacement relative to the ground exceeds 0.3034
meter.
• Since the computed drift ratio (δ/V) = 0.01395) is less than idealized inelastic drift
index of 0.02 and the inelastic response of the building in the earthquake design level
shows life safety capacity, the design of the building is within Life Safety and Collapse
Prevention performance objectives.
• The overall result of the pushover analysis in load case, H1 push uniform load,
indicated that the capacity and ductility of the seven story RC building is adequate to
sustain the severe earthquake excitation, and some members of the moment resisting
frame remain elastic and thus maintain the stability of the building structure.
Analysis results for other load case will be

demonstrated by running PERFORM-3D

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Closing Message
The great liability of an engineer compared to men of other profession is
that his works are out in the open where all can see them. His acts, step by
step, are in hard substance. He cannot bury his mistakes in the grave like
the doctors. He cannot argue them into thin air or blame the judge like the
lawyer. He cannot, like the architects, cover his failures with trees and
vines. He cannot, like the politicians, screen his shortcomings by blaming
his opponents and hope the people will forget. The engineer simply cannot
deny he did it. If his works do not work, he is damned.
Adapted From Herbert Hoover Description of Engineering Profession

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Seismic Performance Presentation

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Introduction

Operational Immediate Life Collapse

Design Basis EQ (DBE) Maximum Considered EQ (MCE)

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

Performance Based Design (PBD) is an alternative to the traditional

Performance Based Seismic Design (PBSD) criteria can be developed

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

6. Pass or fail criterion evaluated on component

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

Ground Motion Structural Response

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

Moderate Event Major Event

Building Displacement Δ (earthquake intensity)

PBSD has been fully described in the U.S. in guidelines published by

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

FEMA-273, Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings,

At the Immediate Occupancy Level, damage is relatively limited. The

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

Life Safety Prevention

Damage control Limited

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure (NDP)

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

Static lateral load for the LSP

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

The reduction of spectral demands are due to the following:

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

Note that component actions are used to determine higher-level effects,

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

• It enables the designer to investigate the sequential formation of plastic

• When a structure is to be strengthened through a rehabilitation process,

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

Line AB = Linear response begins

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

The nonlinear static procedure requires determination of three primary

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

Moderate Event Major Event

Building Displacement Δ (earthquake intensity)

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

Demand spectrum: REDESIGN DEMAND

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

Time History Analysis sometimes called Response History Analysis or

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RC MRF BUILDING BENNY AIT