4.

1 Determination of Internal Structure velocity imaginary in Volcanoes Environment Based on

Joint Inversion Seismic Refraction and Gravity Methods. (A Case Study : Mt Czartowska Skała,
Pogórze Kaczawskie region, Wroclaw, Poland)

4.2 Ancient volcanoes or volcanic fossils (paleovolcanoes) are volcanoes that have been active in
the past but are now dead and have even been eroded so much that their physical features or the
features are not as clear as today's active volcanoes, even some of the rest of their bodies already
covered by younger rocks. This ancient volcano is generally Tertiary (more than 2 million years
ago) or older. During this very long geological time and its activities have also stopped, the body
of the volcano will undergo a change and the possibility of tectonic deformation so that the
features as a volcanic cone are no longer apparent. However, if the geomorphological processes
and deformations are not too strong, while the volcanic body-forming rocks are quite resistant,
then the existence of these ancient volcanoes can still be identified and reconstructed.
With the existence of a volcano, the area has a strong potential to produce the various
types of minerals contained in it, caused by tectonic activity millions of years ago, where a
magma that comes out from inside the earth experiences cooling. When cooling, oxygen and
silicon atoms will bind to each other for the first time to form oxygen-silicon tetrahedron. Then
this oxygen-silicon tetrahedron will combine with other ions and form a crystal nucleus from
various silicate minerals (J. Michael Canty and Dr Leland, 2006). Many deposits of minerals,
both metals and industrial minerals are related to the presence of volcanoes. For example,
epithermal deposits, which produce commodities of gold, silver, copper, are always found not far
from the volcano.
Volcano remnants may be found in the lower Silesia region, in the Kaczawskie Foothills
of the Sudety Mountains. 85 km from last year some 20-30 million years ago. One of the
volcanoes with high levels of mineralization, when viewed from the geomorphological study, is
Mt. Czartowska Skała. The activity of volcanoes has been made that there are many rocks,
minerals or metal ores in this area (Magdalena Szewczyk, 2019). For further studies, the
determination of the mineralised zone below the surface of ancient mountain areas can be
identified by the geophysical study approach, namely by determining the internal velocity
imaginary based on joint inversion seismic and gravity methods (JSGI). Seismic refraction is
very focused on the propagation of wave velocity while gravity associates variations in the
difference in mass density distribution and also rock types.
Using the Joint Seismic-gravity inversion (JSGI) method, it can be used to get an image
of near-surface in this volcanic environment. The Join inversion method of seismic travel time
and gravity is a combination of two tomography methods, namely first arrival travel time
tomography and gravity inversion. Combining the two methods utilises a simultaneous joint
inversion technique where in the inversion process corrects each other to produce a model that
has the smallest error. The advantage of the application of the JSGI method is that it can provide
an overview of the depth of sedimentary rock formations that are deep in the earth which have
high or low velocity. Besides, the velocity model generated by the JSGI method can be used as
the basis for determining the datum and the velocity of weathered layers to make static
corrections to the processing of seismic refraction data.