Professional Documents
Culture Documents
English Lessons
English Lessons
LESSON ONE
PRONOUNS
I – eu MY - meu, minha
YOU – você YOUR – seu , sua (você)
OBJECTS
BEER BROTHER
WATER SISTER
MILK FATHER
JUICE MOTHER
COFFEE FAMILY
VERBS
to EAT / ATE
I eat fish . I eat meat. You eat my fish.
to DRINK / DRANK
I drink beer. You drink juice.
to SPEAK / SPOKE
I speak English . You speak Portuguese.
QUALIFIERS
WITH – com I speak WITH my mother.
I speak WITH you.
I speak WITH my family.
Qualificadores de When
NOW – agora I need my wine NOW.
I need to eat NOW.
NOW I need my mother.
TODAY - hoje I need to speak English TODAY.
I need to eat fish TODAY.
EXPRESSIONS
“THANK YOU” – obrigado
“ PLEASE” - por favor
“WHAT`S YOUR NAME?” – Qual é seu nome?
“GOOD MORNING” – bom dia
“GOOD AFTERNOON” – boa tarde
“GOOD EVENING” – boa noite
“GOOD NIGHT” – boa noite
GRAMMAR
I need – preciso I need to speak – preciso falar
I speak – falo I need to eat – preciso comer
I eat - como I need to drink – preciso beber
NO INGLÊS SEMPRE USAMOS A PARTÍCULA “TO”
USAR DO ATOR ENTRE DOIS VERBOS
6
FRAMES
O aluno não precisa aprender listas completas das formas do idioma mas
sim a estrutura dentro do qual estas formas encaixam. A habilidade de fazer
substituições corretas é muito importante. Estas estruturas são chamadas de
“FRAMES” ou “quadros”. Para adquirir facilidade automática numa língua é preciso
exercitar utilizando estes FRAMES.
OBJECTS
CUP GIRL
GLASS BOY
TEA SON
CHEESE CHILDREN
BREAD GERMAN
VERBS
QUALIFIERS
TOMORROW – amanhã
A – um, uma, (a boy, a family, a cup)
BUT - mas
NÃO ESCREVER.
REPETIR CADA “FRAME”PELO MENOS 2 VEZES
E SEMPRE REVISAR “FRAMES”DE CADA LIÇÃO
-FRAMES–
9. I see a boy AND a girl. 10. You eat with YOUR father.
I see a mother____a father You drink with_____mother.
I see cheese_____ham with bread. You speak with_____children.
I see wine______beer. You work with______brother.
11. I need to play with MY daughter. 12. I eat IN THE MORNING.
I need to work with____daughter. I don’t play_____ ___ _______.
I need to speak with____daughter. I want to work_____ ___ _______.
I need to see______daughter. I speak German_____ ___ _______.
PRONOUNS
HE - ele HIS – d’ele
SHE - ela HER - d ‘ela
IT - neutro ITS – d’ele, d’ela [coisas neut]
He wants to work. She needs to see. It needs to eat.
OBJECTS
FRIEND SCHOOL
MANAGER MOVIES
TEACHER CHURCH
BUG STORE
VERBS
TO SLEEP / SLEPT -
I sleep in the evening. I sleep with my son.
TO GO / WENT - ir
I go with you. I go tomorrow. She goes now.
TO STUDY / STUDIED
I study English. I study German with you.
QUALIFIERS
OR – ou NOR – nem
ONLY – só, somente THE – o,a,os,as [art. Def.]
TO - para [destino] FOR - para
AT - em
TO THE – à , ao [para+a, para+o]
AT THE - no, na [em+a, em+o]
GRAMMAR – Para formar o interrogativo, mais uma vez usamos o verbo auxiliar
“DO” e posicionamos ele na frente do pronome.
Do you want?
Do you study?
Do I like fish?
Does he work?
* Does she need my car?
3. Do you study?
Do you__________English?
Do you__________Portuguese?
Do you like to__________?
Pergunta Resposta
Pessoas que imitam facilmente tem uma grande vantagem em aprender uma
língua estrangeira. Mesmo assim algumas pessoas boas em imitar, ficam intimidados
quando tentam reproduzir sons estrangeiros, e suas habilidades naturais são inúteis.
Aprender uma língua necessita imitação cosciente. Isto quer dizer anotar com
cuidado coisas como: as posições dos lábios; a qualidade dos sons; a velocidade da
fala; a entonação da voz; o rítimo das senteças, e até gestos característicos. Imitar tais
aspectos pode parecer bobagem no inicio, mas é muito mais bobagem não fazer isto,
mesmo fazendo vários erros. Em geral nós temos que massacrar a língua antes de
dominá-la, e este processo tem que iniciar imediatamente.
Imitação tem três aspectos: 1) observação constante e intensa
2) se “jogar”dentro da imitação
3) treinamento contínuo
Se “jogar” dentro do “modo” da língua é muito importante. No início, adotar
conscientemente, hábitos completamente diferentes de falar pode parecer
terrivelmente embaraçoso, ou até doloroso. Não é uma coisa normal, e sentimos que
estamos ofendendo as pessoas pela maneira consciente que imitamos cada palavra e
gesto seu. Mas o que é esquisito para nós, não é para eles.
Treinamento contínuo é outra parte importante no processo de imitação. Após
pouco tempo esta imitação não parecerá mais estranho a nós. Na realidade ele se
sentirá muito natural, e inconscientemente adotamos novas “maneiras” de falar o
idioma estrangeiro.
14
SOUND STUDY
Um dos erros mais comuns em aprender uma língua é falhar em treinar ouvindo.
Só depois que aprendemos a sentar e escutar é que podemos ficar de pé e falar.
Nossa inabilidade de captar com os ouvidos a frase ou sentença complementar,
nos desanima. Ela vem com muita velocidade (numa média de três a cinco sílabas por
segundo). A única maneira de nos familiarizar com a forma acústica do idioma é de
escutar seletivamente um aspecto e depois um outro aspecto.
15
Os sons de uma língua são a base de tudo nela, e os sons de cada língua são
distintos. Para nossa conveniência podemos dividir os sons em duas classes
tradicionais: 1) consoantes e 2) vogais.
As consoantes , na maior parte; interrompem o ar saindo dos pulmões com
vários pontos de articulação. Estes pontos são efeituados com movimentação de
órgãos do aparelho fonador:
pn – passagem nasal
L – lábios
d – dentes
a – região alveolar
O primeiro passo é rp – região palatal
Obter um quadro dos rv – região velar
Sons de cada sistema pl – ponto da língua
Para uma análise contrastiva l – língua
Cv – cordas vocais
INGLÊS
Surda P t k
Oclusiva
sonora b d g
f
Surda 0 s
fricativa v h
sonora o z
Surda c
africada
sonora j
Surda s
Sibilante
sonora z
lateral Sonora l
nasal sonora m n n
16
16
PORTUGUÊS
Nasal Sonora m n ~
n
vibrante sonora I n
O confronto dos quadros fonêmicos das duas línguas mostra que elas são diferentes
quanto ao seguinte:
( 2 ) O inglês tem consoantes que não ocorrem em português: th, h, ch, i, ng.
17
Estes diferentes efeitos acústicos também são obtidos com os movimentos efetuados
pela língua. O espaço aproximado onde esses movimentos se efetuam, ou seja onde a
língua adquire uma posição, é que classifica as vogais em anteriores, centrais e
posteriores e ainda em: baixas, médias e altas.
INGLÊS PORTUGUÊS
O confronto dos quadros fonêmicos das duas línguas par vogais mostra que
elas são diferentes quanto ao seguinte:
( 1 ) As vogais do inglês são estranhas ao nosso sistema fonológico
( 2 ) As semivogais do inglês não correm em português – Y, w, r
As vogais mais comuns: beat, bit, bet, bat, father, bought, boat, put, boot, but.
A E I O U
Comprido - Ei ii ái ou you
Curto - ah é e á uh
Ééé u
Quando ouvimos uma língua estrangeira, tendemos a pensar que os sons dessa
língua são os mesmos que os americanos pronunciam o “a” de maneira diferente, que
o “m” em alguns casos e igual, e etc. Trata-se na verdade, de dois sistemas sonoros
diferentes, que podem ter alguns sons muito parecidos.
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
O “a” em inglês, pode ter várias pronúncias. Eis as três mais comuns:
“ai” = ei
REVIEW
PRONOME
OBJETOS GRAMÁTICA
VERBOS
QUALIFICADORES
I go to Rio.
I go to church.
You need to go to my store.
I study at my school.
I work at his store.
PRONOUNS
WE - nós OUR – nosso
YOU ALL– vocês (todos) YOUR – de vocês
THEY – eles, elas THEIR – deles, delas
OBJECTS
WEEK BREAKFAST
BOOK LUNCH
CAR DINNER(denr)
TREE DOWNTOWN
WEEKEND SPANISH
WIFE HOUSE(haus)
MONEY AT HOME
VERBS
TO BUY/ BOUGHT(bái)(bat) – comprar
I buy fish and meat. Do you buy ham at the store?
TO SELL/ SOLD – vender
I sell books. Do you sell cars?
TO UNDERSTAND/ UNDERSTOOD – entender
I understand Spanish. I don’t understand you.
(has) TO HAVE/ HAD = got, got to “gotta” – ter, ter que
I have a brother. I have to work.
QUALIFIERS
Adjectivos são rosas
NEW – novo WHAT – o quê, quê
OLD – velho WHERE – onde
BIG – grande WHEN – quando
SMALL – pequeno THIS – this car, this book, this boy
SOME – algum, alguns THAT – that house, that store, that family
-FRAMES–
19. WHEN do you have to work? 20. When do you have to sell THIS car?
_______does she have to study? When do you have to sell_____house?
_______do they have to sleep? When do you have to sell_____bread?
_______do I have to go? When do you have to sell_____cheese?
23. Where do you want to HAVE DINNER? 24. I like to HAVE BREAKFAST.
Where does he want to______ ______? I need to _______________.
Where do they want to______ ______? I want to_______________.
Where do we want to______ _______? I only________ _________.
PRACTICE PHRASES
4. What do you want to eat now? I don’t want to have lunch now.
7. I need to buy some fish. I like to eat fish and drink wine.
13. I want to work at the store with my brother. Do you want to work?
15. Do you like to eat meat in the morning? I only eat bread cheese.
30
LESSON SIX
Sendo que, mesmo sem um esforço consciente as nossas mentes podem nos
ajudar bastante na aprendizagem de um idioma, devemos dar todas as oportunidades
para nossas mentes trabalhar em com eficiência máxima. Fazemos isto da seguinte
maneira:
3) Dar bastante tempo à mente. Muitas pessoas acham que devem estar
falando algo na língua estrangeira depois da primeira semana. É claro que poderão
usar algumas expressões mas para ter o beneficio total de “ouvir passivamente”, a
pessoa tem que deixar a mente fazer seu trabalho por alguns meses.
4) Deixa a mente trabalhar enquanto você faz outras coisas. É uma boa técnica
escutar uma gravação enquanto você faz a barba, come, lê o jornal, ou brinca com
seus filhos. Não é preciso sempre prestar atenção. Pode parecer ridículo, mas
considera que é desta maneira que as pessoas decoram até as mais complicadas
musicas sem prestar atenção. Lembra daquela música que tocou tantas vezes no rádio
que os vez enjoar?
SOUND STUDY
***************************************************************************************************
Outro aspecto dos sons, que se resume em quatro pontos tão importantes que somam
50% de aprender um idioma:
3) PALAVRAS CHAVES numa frase ouvimos apenas as palavras chaves que nos
permiti entender a frase sem ouvir cada palavrinha. Estas
palavras chaves ocorrem onde temos a batida do ritmo. O
tom da voz também acompanha estas palavras chaves e
afeta a interpretação.
4) PENSAR EM INGLÊS com o contexto, ritmo, e palavras chaves todos
acontecendo em harmonia, podemos entender a
conversação e pensar em inglês.
“REVISAR É A CHAVE
PARA APRENDER”
SONS SEMELHANTES
Depois de ouvir seletivamente sons estranhos, devemos dirigir a nossa atenção
aos semelhantes . Isto não se refere a semelhanças com sons no português, mas as
semelhanças de sons da língua estrangeira. Estas semelhanças são as como do “P”e
o “B”. Logo veremos que estas semelhanças são agrupadas como: um som entre o
“P” e o “B” provavelmente terá um som correspondente entre o “T”e o “D”, e outro entre
os sons “K”e “G”. As semelhanças e diferenças nas línguas são sistemáticas. Idiomas
são nada mais do que sistemas de sinalização muitos complexos, e tem que ser
sistemas ou não será possível lembrá-los.
Uma criança escuta somente os sons sem prestar atenção nas palavras ou seus
sentidos. Mas nós não queremos esperar e não é preciso. Podemos já notar
semelhanças em palavras.
SOUND EXERCISES
/s/ /th/
sin thin
sigh thigh
sink think
seam theme
sick thick
song thong
sum thumb
face faith
pass path
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
REVIEW
O TOM DA VOZ
SONS ESTRANHOS – consoantes e vogais
SONS SEMELHANTES – “sin” / “thin”
Pronomes completos: I MY
YOU YOUR
HE HIS
SHE HER
IT ITS
WE OUR
YOU YOUR
THEY THEIR
35
5) A preposição “TO” = para alguém ou algum lugar tendo sentido de com destino:
L E S S O N S E V E N
OBJECTS
PARENTS ANIMAL
BOSS HORSE
WAITER CHICKEN
WAITRESS DOG
MAGAZINE CAT
NEWSPAPER BIRD
37
LETTER MONTH
PRONOUNS
“Pronomes Objetos”
VERBS
TO WRITE / WROTE
I write books. She writes for a newspaper.
TO HELP / HELPED
Do you want to help me? Please, we need to help her!
QUALIFIERS
THESE (these books, these cars) 1 – one 1 – first
THOSE (those things, those hams) 2 – two 2 – second
come HERE – aqui 3 – three 3 – third
go THERE – lá , ali 4 – four 4 – fourth
FROM - de (procedência) 5 – five 5 – fifth
ON – em (cima de) 6 – six 6 – sixth
OVER – sobre (por cima) 7 – seven 7 – seventh
8 – eight 8 – eighth
A CAR 9 – nine 9 – ninth
AN ANIMAL (anânémal) 10 – ten 10 – tenth
AN INDIAN
EXPRESSIONS
“THIS MORNING” - nesta manhã (in the morning)
“THIS AFTERNOON” – nesta tarde (in the afternoon)
“THIS EVENING” / “TONIGHT”- nesta noite (in the evening)
GRAMMAR
O verbo dar – “to give”, funciona apenas para o ato de “entregar algo”,
ou ceder, não de tantas formas como no português: dar de frente com...;deu nas
notícias...; deu nos búzios...; dar para agüentar...
11. I don’t KNOW your name. 12. I want to GIVE you bread.
Do you_______her husband? I want to_______them water.
The waitress doesn’t______English. He wants to______me a car.
The boss_______my brother. I want to_______ you a book.
13. I want to sell THESE books. 14. Do you see THOSE birds?
I want to sell_______cars. Do you see______dogs?
I want to sell_______cups. Do you see______bikes?
I want to sell_______houses. Do you see______cars?
41
(pergunta) (resposta)
21. They work at the THIRD house. 22. I want the SECOND book.
They play at the_______house. I want the_________cat.
They study at the______house. I want the_________waitress.
23. We want to work THIS MORNING. 24. You have to go THIS AFTERNOON.
We want to play______ _________. You have to help____ _________.
We want to study_____ _________. You have to write_____ ________.
We want to read______ _________. You have to sell______ ________.
27. I like to speak ABOUT my family. 28. I have ABOUT three birds.
I like to speak_______the children. I know_______seven numbers.
I like to speak_______my work. I read________two books.
I like to speak_______money. I write________five letters.
PRACTICE PHRASES
2. I have money today, but I don’t want to go. See you later.
3. Why do you read in the morning? I don’t have time in the evening.
6. How many books do you have about animals? I have four books.
9. You don’t like to work at this store. Why do you work here?
11. Do you want to buy a newspaper with this money? I don’t read.
12. They want to write a letter this afternoon. Do you want to help?
13. I buy two books every week. Do you sell books or magazines?
DE VELOCIDADE.
43
L E S S O N E I G H T
SOUND STUDY
Grupos Consonantais de “SONS ESTRANHOS”
Vamos ver o problema dos grupos de fonemas do inglês que são estranhos ao
português em posição final de palavra. Em posição final os grupos consonantais de
palavras simples são:
mend trench burp
ant soft purse
mist grasp heart (hárt)
fence film serve
bold bulge fears [rz] (firz)
ox [ks] bulb marsh (mârch)
shelf welch [Ish] birth
sink fields [Idz] corpse
act kiln first
change verb shirts (shêrts)
solve third prompt
belt surf bumps (bámps)
desk iceberg belch
kelp large triumph[mf]
false church stops
milk park script
health pearl lens [nz]
shrimp storm next [kst]
44
Intonação
Nenhuma língua é falada em monótono. Isto quer dizer que sempre há alguma
“modulação” da voz, e todas estas modificações ao padronizadas e adquirem certos
significados.
Dominar a intonação necessita muita paciência e determinação de imitar
constantemente. Até conseguirmos falar uma frase com sua intonação correta, não
será dita corretamente.
SOUND EXERCISES
“SONS SEMELHANTES”
/ t/ /th/
1) I see your TIES. [ gravatas ] tin thin
I your THIGHS. [ coxas ] ties thighs
tanks thanks
2) He is a TINKER. [ funileiro ] tinker thinker
He is a THINKER. [ pensador ] tick thick
ticket thicket
3) I have a FATE. [ destino ] tree three
I have a FAITH. [ crença, religião ] true through
fate faith
4) Go to the FORT wall. [ forte ] fort fourth
Go to the FOURTH wall. [ quarta ]
/f/ /th/
1) It’s a beautiful REEF. [ recife ] first thirst
It ‘s a beautiful WREATH.[guirlanda] fought (fat) thought
free three
2) I have FREE tickets. [ de graça ] fret threat
I have THREE tickets. [ três ] frill (freil) thrill
deaf (déf) death
3) Come WITH me. [ com ] whiff (uêf) with
Come WHIFF me. [ sentir cheiro ] fin (fén) thin
reef (rif) wreath
4) Are you DEAF? [ surdo ] LER E REPETIR AS COLUNAS,
Are you DEATH? [ a morte ] DEPOIS COMPARE AS DUAS
45
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
“ea” = i “ea” = é
eat (it) bread (bréd)
meat (mít) breakfast
beat (bit) - bater dead – morto
clean (clin) deaf – surdo
cream(crim) feather (féder) – pena (ave)
easy (isi) measure (méjar) – medida
neat weather (wéder) – tempo, clima
46
REVIEW
4) O verbo to know tem que ter “how” adicionado quando estamos falando em
saber “como” fazer algo.
I KNOW HOW to read.
Do you KNOW HOW to speak English?
We want to KNOW HOW to go there.
L E S S O N N I N E
OBJECTS
APARTMENT RICE
WINDOW SALAD
DOOR APPLE
CITY PEAR
48
COUNTRY BANANA
VERBS
TO PREFER / PREFERRD ( prefér) – preferir
I prefer beans and rice. I prefer your office.
TO LIVE / LIVD (lêv) – morar
I live with them. I like to live here.
TO OPEN / OPEND - abrir (open the…)
I need to open the door. Please open the book.
TO CLOSE / CLOSD – fechar (close the…)
I don’t want to close the window.
TO TAKE / TOOK (têik) - pegar, tomar, levar. (to, from)
They want to take the boy to the school. Take it!
49
QUALIFIERS
11 – eleven 30 - thiry
12 – twelve 40 - forty
13 – thirteen 50 - fifty
14 – fourteen 60 - sixty
15 – fifteen 70 - seventy
16 – sixteen 80 - eighty
17 – seventeen 90 - ninety
18 – eighteen 100 - one hundred (hândrêd)
19 – nineteen 200 - two hundred
20 - twenty (twentii) 1000 - one thousand
ALREADY (alrédi) – já
USUALLY (iujoli) – geralmente
SEVERAL – várias
MORE – mais
LESS – menos
EXPRESSIONS
NOON – meio dia AT NOON – ao meio dia
NIGHT – noite AT NIGHT – à noite
GRAMMAR
At what time? – à que hora?
I work at 8:00. – trabalho às 8:00
I sleep at 12:00. – durmo às 12:00
52
FRAMES
9. She needs TWO HUNDRED FIFTEEN tickets. 10. I ALREADY speak English.
She needs ________numbers. I _______ know your name.
She needs ________dollars. I ________know how to write.
She needs ________verbs. It’s ________ten o’clock.
53
15. She CAN work with us. 16. You CAN’T study here.
(quantidades) (numeros)
23. He drinks MUCH coffee. 24. I have MANY friends.
He eats _____rice. They eat ______apples.
She sells _____ meat. You can see _____ birds.
They take ______time. We know _______neighbors.
PRACTICE PHRASES
L E S S O N T E N
As pessoas que não usam o que sabem não aprendem a falar. Mesmo os
alunos com dificuldades que usam o que sabem, e continuam tentando, quase sempre
aprendem a falar o idioma.
SOUND STUDY
Grupos Consonantais de “SONS ESTRANHOS”
O idioma tem que ser automático ou é inútil. Uma pessoa que sempre tem que
tatear pelas palavras, não aprendeu o idioma. Expressões tem que estar na ponta da
língua.
57
SOUND EXERCISES
/z/ /th/
Zen then
lies (laiz) lithe
tease (tiiz) teethe
close (clôuz) clothe
boys bathe
breeze breathe
seize seethe
rise (raiz) writhe
size (saiz) scythe
1) Do you want to study ZEN? [Zen] 3) Do you want to CLOSE it? [fechar]
Do you want to study, THEN? [então] Do you want to CLOTHE it? [ vestir]
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
“o” = ou “oa” = ou
rope – corda boat (bout) – barco road (roud) – estrada
note – nota coat (cout) – casaco float (flôt) – boiar
hope – esperança goat (gout) – cabra oath – juramento
joke (dhiók) – piada soap (soup) – sabão roast – assar
lone - solitário boast – ostentar load – carga
phone – fone
pope – papa
59
REVIEW
1) O verbo to “KNOW” tem que ter HOW adicionado quando estamos falando
em saber [ como] fazer algo:
I KNOW HOW to read.
They KNOW HOW to speak English.
I don’t KNOW HOW to write.
5) NO - nenhum, nenhuma
SOME – algum, alguma [alguns, algumas] – afirmativo
ANY – algum, alguma [ alguns, algumas] – interrogativo
nenhum, nenhuma – negativo
MORE – mais
LESS – menos
A LOT – muito
A LOT OF – muito (de) quantidades ou numeros
L E S S O N E L E V E N
OBJECTS
VACATION MEETING
VERBS
TO START / STARTED – começar
When can you start? Let’s start the meeting.
TO COME / CAME - vir
Please, come here. What time do they come?
TO SAY / SAID – dizer
I need to say something. Do you want to say anything?
TO STAY / STAYD – ficar
Please, can you stay here with me ? It doesn’t want to stay.
QUALIFIERS
PRETTY – linda, bonito
BEAUTIFUL – linda, bonito
HANDSOME – bonito, charmoso [só para homens]
GOOD – bom
BAD – mau
OLD – velho
NEW – novo, nova
qualidade YOUNG – novo, jovem (idade)
SMALL – pequeno
BIG – grande
HAPPY – feliz
SAD – triste
LONG – comprido
SHORT – curto
EXPRESSIONS
“BY BUS” - de ônibus
“BY CAR” – de carro
“BY PLANE” – de avião
“BY TRAIN” - de trem
“ON FOOT” – a pé
“MAYBE” – talvez
“T. G. I. F.” – (Thank God Its Friday)
“WHAT IS THE NAME OF THAT?” – Qual o nome daquilo?
GRAMMAR
AFFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO INTERROGATIVO?
I WANT. I DON’T WANT DO I WANT?
YOU WANT. YOU DON’T WANT DO YOU WANT?
HE WANTS. HE DOESN’T WANT DOES HE WANT?
SHE NEEDS. SHE DOESN’T NEED. DOES SHE NEED?
IT HAS. IT DOESN’T HAVE. DOES IT HAVE?
WE WANT. WE DON’T WANT. DO WE WANT?
YOU ALL WANT. YOU ALL DON’T WANT. DO YOU ALL WANT?
THEY WANT. THEY DON’T WANT. DO THEY WANT?
64
FRAMES
17. HOW do you study? 18. You need to take the NEXT bus.
________do you like your fish? We want to see the _______show.
________do you say that? I have to go on the ______train.
________does the baby sleep? Do you know the _______city?
21. She studies IN THE car. 22. I know a VERY old man.
I work ___ ____office. They have a _______young son.
He lives ___ ____house. He reads _______good books.
They play ___ _____sea. We prefer ________happy children.
23. I have VERY MANY friends. 24.We don’t need VERY MUCH time.
I read _______books. You don’t eat _______rice.
She has _______relatives. I don’t have ________money.
We give _______things. They want _______meat.
RITMO, RAPIDEZ,FLUENCIA.
PHRASES
3. Do you want to help the teacher? I don’t know what book he wants.
9. How many brothers and sisters do you have? Three brothers only.
12. Do you understand me? I don’t know where you want to go.
13. I still don’t have the money to buy his bicycle. Do you have?
14. What magazines do you like to buy? I usually don’t buy magazines.
16. I like to have breakfast at 7:30. She has breakfast with me.
17. We usually buy the newspaper everyday but Monday. Do you understand?
18. Do you know how to play soccer? I only know how to play tennis.
20. Sorry, I don’t have time to help you today. Maybe tomorrow.
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LESSON TWELVE
Apesar de não usarmos do acento agudo no inglês, mesmo assim temos que
memorizar qual sílaba tem “batida. Este sistema arbitrária sobre a colocação da sílaba
tônica torna-se muito difícil para quem está aprendendo ler e escrever o inglês.
Substantivo Verbo
rebel to rebel
impact to impact
insult to insult
insert to insert
contest to contest
protest to protest
convert to convert
project to project
SOUND STUDY
Grupos consonantais de “SONS ESTRANHOS”
Falar um idioma e tocar o piano são habilidades, e como qualquer perícia necessitam
de treinamento, sabendo que a pessoa vai cometer erros. Em fato errar e depois
corrigir os erros é a parte integral do processo de aprender.
68
SOUND EXERCISES
Sons Semelhantes
/sh/ /ch/
sheep cheap
sheet cheat
ship chip COMPARE OS SONS
shoe chew
shop chop
share chair
shin chin
cash catch
lash latch
wish witch
/ch/ /dj
cheer jeer
choice Joyce
chest jest
choke joke
chin gin
char jar
chunk junk
choose jews
rich ridge
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
“g”= dj “j” = dj
magician – mágico Jack – Jack
pigeon – pombo Joseph – José
bridge – ponte jam – geléia
large – grande Japan – Japão
gentle – pacífico jar – pote
general – general jail – prisão
German – alemão jazz – jazz
engine – máquina jeans – jeans
engineer – engenheiro job – emprego
range – extensão just – só, apenas
70
ripe – maduro
China
kite – pipa
71
REVIEW
L E S S O N T H I R T E E N
OBJECTS
COMPANY TAPE
PHARMACY PARTY
KIDS INFORMATION
VERBS
TO VISIT / VISITED
TO COOK / COOKED
QUALIFIERS
BEFORE – antes de
AFTER – (ééftr) – depois de
Where NEAR – perto de
FAR (fâr) - longe
FAR FROM – longe de (procedencia)
EXPRESSIONS
I AM I’M
YOU ARE YOU’RE
HE IS HE’S
SHE IS SHE’S
IT IS IT’S
WE ARE WE’RE
YOU ARE YOU’RE
THEY ARE THEY’RE
I AM NOT. AM I...................?
YOU ARE NOT. ARE YOU..........?
HE IS NOT. IS HE.................?
SHE IS NOT. IS SHE.................?
IT IS NOT. IS IT...................?
WE ARE NOT. ARE WE............?
YOU ARE NOT. ARE YOU..........?
THEY ARE NOT. ARE THEY........?
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FRAMES
3. She can COOK very well. 4. We need to FINISH the job by this afternoon.
They usually_______the meat. They want to_______the meeting now.
I like to_______many things. I have to_______this book by Friday.
He wants to_______for you. Can you________this for me?
5. How do you MAKE the bread? 6. You need to go AFTER the girl.
Where do they________cheese? The bridge is ______the city.
I like to_______many things. My house is_______the pharmacy.
I need water to________the rice. Thursday comes______Wednesday.
7. The church is NEAR the store. 8. Maybe you are BEFORE me.
The car is ________the pharmacy. Usually they start________us.
My window is_______the door. I have to go home______9:00.
The fruit is_______the salad. I cook the meat_______the chicken.
11. They NEVER finish the book. 12. You have to come DURING the week.
She________ goes to school on time I have to speak________the meeting.
I ________ cook with wine. We have work _______the vacation.
They _______study. She needs to study______the class.
13. I SOMETIMES like to go to the movies. 14. WHICH book do you want?
We _______go to the beach. _______ door do I close?
She _______buys pears for us. I don’t know________window to open.
__________they visit their relatives. ________fruit is more expensive?
PHRASES
L E S S O N F O U R T E E N
A adição de “s” ou “es” para formar o plural realiza-se igual a do morfema da terceira
pessoa do singular que vimos antes:
/h/ / /
heel (hiil) eel
heat (hit) eat
heart (hârt) art
harm (hârm) arm
hear (híer) ear (ír)
his is
hold (hôld) old
hair (hér) air
hedge (héd) edge (éd)
1) They want to eat the HEEL. [calcanhar] 2) We are at the HEDGE. [ cerca viva]
They want to eat the EEL. [peixe elétrico] We are at the EDGE. [beirada]
/h/ /r/
hat (héét) rat
ham ram (râm)
hole (hôl) role
honey runny (râni)
heel reel
hope rope (rôup)
hide (haid) ride (raid)
hay ray (rêi)
hear (híir) rear
hid rid (rêd)
hose rose
habit (héébet) rabbit (réébet)
1) We don’t have any HOPE. [esperança] 2) Please, give me that HOSE. [mangueira]
We don’t have any ROPE. [corda] Please, give me that ROSE. [rosa]
3) Can you HIDE the bike? [esconder] 4) He has an old HABIT. [ hábito, vício]
Can you RIDE the bike? [andar de] He has an old RABBIT. [coelho]
/n/ /em/
kin (kên) king (kem)
sin (sên) sing (sem)
win (wên) wing (uiim)
hun (hân) hung (rá)
tan (téén) tang (tem)
thin thing
ran (réén) rang (rem)
ban (béén) bang (bem)
ton (tân) tongue
bun (bân) bung (bam)
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
“tle” = tal “ble” = bal “gle” = gal “ple” = pal “dle” = dal
“o”, “ou” – a
REVIEW
3) Qualidades: GOOD
BAD
STRONG
TURBO WEAK (wik)
OLD
VERY + YOUNG (yan)
PRETTY
UGLY
CHEAP (tchip)
EXPENSIVE
L E S S O N F I F T E E N
OBJECTS
COUSIN (kâzn) - primo(a) CHRISTMAS
TURKEY CUT
VERBS
TO LURN / LURND – aprender
I want to learn your name. He can learn the game.
TO WASH / WASHT
You need to wash the car. She wants to wash the dog.
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TO TAK / TAKT
I need to talk to you. They never talk with us.
QUALIFIERS
WHO – quem
Quando usamos WHO, o verbo recebe o som “s” ou “z” como na
3ª pessoa do singular:
WHO wants to work with me? Do you know WHO likes fish?
Comparativos
MORE (....)THAN LESS (....) THAN
( Big,
happy, tired, expensive, far...)
o mais ( ) o menos ( )
a mais ( ) a menos ( )
os mais ( ).. de THE MOST (...) os menos ( ) ... de THE LEAST (...)
as mais ( ) as menos ( )
IMPORTANTE MEMORIZAR
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EXPRESSIONS
GRAMMAR
11. This car is WORSE than that car. 12. You are the WORST student.
Your cut is ______than my scrape. They have the ______job.
This year is _______than before. That is the _______trip.
She washes dishes______than I. My cousin is the _______boy.
89
13. I eat only two times A DAY. 14. HOW MUCH time do we have?
We study one time ________. _________fruit do you want to buy?
They go five times _________. _________meat do they want?
He drinks water four times ________. _________is this car?
15. HOW MANY children do you have? 16. I like eggs FOR BREAKFAST.
________ birds do you see? He eats meat FOR LUNCH.
Do you know______ girls are here? What do you want FOR DINNER.
_______ hours does this take? We want something __________.
PHRASES
L E S S O N S I X T E E N
O passado e o particípio passado dos verbos regulares em inglês são formados pela
adição de um morfema [-d] ou [-ed] ao verbo.
Aqui também se formam grupos consonantais estranhos ao português:
/w/ /r/
west rest
went rent
wag rag
wage rage
weed read
weep reap
wide ride
will rill
woe row
wit writ
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES -
A letra “u” , em inglês pode ser pronunciada de diversas maneiras.
“u” = a
much – muito cut – cortar
drum – tambor brush – escova
nut – noz ugly – feio
number sun – sol
under – embaixo de fun – divertimento
uncle – tio gun – arma de fogo
dumb – mudo truck – caminhão
duck – pato bus
mud – lama lunch
“u” = iu
union – união utensil - utensílio
universe accuse - acusar
university – (iunevírciti) pupil - aluno
unit – unidade muse - musa
use – usar mule - besta
music fuel - combustível
pure – puro excuse me
“u” = u “w” = W
blue – azul woman
stupid – bobo wear – vestir, usar
fruit what
juice where
tube – tubo when
nutrition (nutríxén) why?
produce – produzir word - palavra
student – estudante wood - madeira
92
REVIEW
L E S S O N S E V E N T E E N
OBJECTS
BOX CAKE
CORNER DESSERT
GARAGE ICE
94
FARM PINEAPPLE
ROAD AVOCADO
BUILDING ROAST
VERBS
QUALIFIERS
ALREADY (alrédi) – já
ALL – todo, toda
EVERY – todo, cada
EACH - cada
YESTERDAY - ontem
LAST – último, passado
(last week)
POOR – (pór) - pobre
RICH – (rêtch) - rico
SAD – triste
RIGHT – certo
WRONG – errado
WONDERFUL – maravilhoso
EXCITING - emocionante
EXPRESSIONS
“SODA” - refrigerante
“SOFT DRINK” - refrigerante
“A LITTLE” (lêrol) – um pouco
“HOW LONG” – quanto tempo
“WHAT ABOUT...?” – que tal...?
“WHAT HAPPENED” (hépend) – O que aconteceu?
“DAY BEFORE YERTERDAY” - anteontem
“NIGHT BEFORE LAST” – anteontem à noite
GRAMMAR
I DIDN’T LIKE.
SHE DIDN’T WANT.
-FRAMES-
7. I go to school EVERY week. 8. I need the name of EACH boy in the class.
We study______ lesson. She already finished _____cake.
I know______corner of this city. He started ____ conversation.
They want to buy_____pineapple. They want to take one for_____daughter.
13. The teacher doesn’t like SAD students. 14. You need to do the RIGHT thing.
15. Why did you go the WRONG road? 16. I have WONDERFUL friends.
17. They need to buy more SODA. 18. I need A LITTLE more time.
19. We DIDN’T like the new manager. 20.Do you know HOW LONG we’re here?
Do you know__________here?
PHRASES
L E S S O N E I G H T E E N
SOUND STUDY -
Grupos consonontais de “SONS ESTRANHOS”
SOUNDS EXERCISES
sons semelhantes
/b/ /p/
bear pear (per)
bin pin
bay pay
bark park
bill pill
bun (bân) pun (pân)
bunch punch
bus pus (pâs)
beach (bitch) peach (pitch)
ball pall
1) Do you want the bill? (conta) 2) The BARK is very dark.(casca de árvore)
Do you want the pill? (pílula) The PARK is very dark.(parque)
/g/ /k/
1) That is a very small GAUGE. (bitola) goal (gôal) coal (cóal)
That is a very small CAGE. (gaiola) gall call
goat (gôt) coat (côt)
2) She can’t see the GUARD. (guarda) gauge cage
She can’t see the CARD. (cartão) ghost (gôst) coast
gash cash
3) He never sees the GHOST. ( fastama) gauze (gaz) cause (cáas)
He never sees the COAST. (litoral) gay kay (kei)
gold cold
guard (gárd) card (cárd)
4) They always like to buy GOATS. (cobras)
They always like to buy COATS. (casacos)
101
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
A pronúncia do “ed” no final dos verbos regulares na forma do passado, pode ser feita
de três maneiras diferentes:
1. “ed”= id – sempre que o verbo terminar por ted ou ded , no passado, pronuncie o
ed:
“ee” = i “ea” = i
see (ver) eat (comer)
bee (abelha) tea (chá)
tree (árvore) cream (creme)
need dream (sonho)
seed (semente) eagle (águia)
sleep team (time)
week meat
beet (beterraba) beat (bater)
feet (pés) leave (partir)
102
REVIEW
L E S S O N N I N E T E E N
OBJECTS
NIECE (níss) – sobrinha HOLIDAY - feriado
DENTIST FACTORY
JUDGE FIELD
CLERK PARK
GUITAR
VERBS
WANT / WANTED
They wanted to go with us. I wanted to see you.
SEE / SAW
She saw the pretty field. We saw them yesterday.
WORK / WORKED
I worked all week. They worked for Bob.
PLAY / PLAYED
105
QUALIFIERS
SOON – logo, em breve
AGAIN – de novo, outra vez
BETWEEN – entre (dois pontos)
AMONG – entre (no meio de)
UNDER - embaixo de
OVER – por cima de
ACROSS – através (por cima, do outro lado, cruzando)
EXPRESSIONS
“ALL DAY” – o dia todo
“DAY AFTER DAY” – dia após dia
“NIGHT AFTER NIGHT” – noite após noite
“YEAR AFTER YEAR” – ano após ano
“HOUR AFTER HOUR” – hora após hora
“SOONER OR LATER” – mais cedo ou mais tarde
“THE SOONER THE BETTER” – quanto antes melhor
GRAMMAR
BANK MANAGER – gerente de banco
SOCCER GAME – jogo de futebol
ENGLISH TEACHER – professor de inglês
To BE (passado)
-FRAMES -
9. Your book is UNDER the guitar. 10. Now we are OVER the building.
The man was ________ my car. The birds were ______the fields.
I can see the dog _______ the house. It’s _________ the new window.
The boy is _________ the tree. The window is ________ you.
11. The cat is ACROSS the road. 12. I worked ALL DAY.
He goes ________ to the church. She didn’t want to study ______.
They live ________ the sea. They wanted to stay _________.
She walks ______ the beach. We played ________ at the park.
13. I have to study DAY AFTER DAY. 14. She studied NIGHT AFTER NIGHT.
They worked ___________at the job. He is at the gym ____________.
____________ we see them play. I have to work _____________.
He plays guitar ____________. We go to school_____________.
108
15. He wants to see her HOUR AFTER HOUR. 16. I’M SURE that John wants to go.
They play the guitar _________________. _________ they want to help you.
The human being lives _______________. ________you can stay here tonight.
__________ the judge saw problems. __________he saw the advantages.
17. I’M NOT SURE we have time for this. 18.They need to TAKE ADVANTAGE of the job.
__________ she needs a doctor. He wants to ______ of our time.
__________ of what I need to do. I want to _______ of this bread.
__________ where my nephew is. You have to ________ of your trip.
19. THERE IS a cat at the door. 20. THERE’RE things in the museum.
______ some cake in the kitchen. ______some problems with my car.
I know where ________a pretty park. _______five judges in this city.
________ pineapple for dessert. I can’t see where_____ advantages.
23. I spoke with the BANK MANAGER. 24. WHO needs to go to the store?
We didn’t go to the SOCCER GAME. ____ understands the lesson?
She talked with the ENGLISH TEACHER. _____ is the dentist?
Did you see the POST OFFICE CLERK? Do you know ______ is here?
25. I COULD go to the beach today. 26. I COULDN’T stay at the hotel.
They _______ do their homework. She_______give us the information.
We ________ have a wonderful time. He _______ sell his house.
You _______ do the job by yourself. We _______ understand our niece.
27. They WERE at the party. 28. My car WAS very old.
They ______ never on time. The horse _______ so big.
The kids ______ always at school. My dog ______better this morning.
109
The cookies ______ with Susan. His house _______ open last night.
PHRASES
L E S S O N T W E N T Y
SOUND STUDY
Fonemas Consonantais de “SONS ESTRANHOS”
/ou/ /al/
1) Did he give you the same ROW? (fileira) go goal
Did he give you the same ROLE? foe foal
(papel, desempenho no teatro) bow bowl (boal)
mow mole (moal)
2) She wants to buy a new BOW. (arco) row roll (roal)
She wants to buy a new BOWL. show shoal
tow toll
3) My FOE can’t walk. (inimigo) sew (sou) soul (soal)
My FOAL can’t walk. (potrinho) hoe hole (hoal)
dough dole (doal)
4) I was near the HOE. (enxada)
I was near the HOLE. (buraco)
112
/iu/ /il/
cue (kíu) kill
chew (tiu) chill
few fill
hew hill
mew mill
ewe (íu) ill
1) You have to CUE the speaker. (dar sinal) 2) She needs to CHEW it. (mastigar)
You have to KILL the speaker. (matar) She needs to CHILL it. (esfriar)
/L seguido de consoante/
boat (bout) bolt (bôlt)
coat colt
code (côude) cold
goad (gôud) gold
hoed (rôude) hold
mode (môud) mold
ode (ôud) old
road rolled (rôuled)
1) That’s a very old BOAT. (barco) 2) He wants to buy a new COAT. (casaco)
That’s a very old BOLT. (ferrolho) He wants to buy a new COLT. (potro)
113
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES –
“ou” ‘/ “au” / “aw” = o “ou” = au
brought – trouxe bound – limite
bought – comprou boundary – fronteira
sought – procurou count – contar
fought – lutou counsel – conselho
thought – pensou doubt – dúvida
caught – pegou fountain – fonte
taught – ensinou ground – chão
haunted – assombrado grouch – resmungar
sausage – salsicha hour – hora
cause – causa house
daughter loud – alto-som
laundry –lavanderia lounge – sala de estar
naughty – travesso lousy – sem voltar
nought – zero mountain – montanha
August – agosto mouse – camundongo
Austrália mouth – boca
Austrian – austríaco out – fora
automatic outlaw – a fora-da-lei
automobile – automóvel outside – exterior
auxiliary – auxiliar round – redondo
saw – viu, serra south – sul
law – lei couch – sofá
raw – cru ouch! – ai!
brawn – força bruta about
gout – artrite
114
REVIEW
1) No passado verbos regulares + ed, mas faz 3 sons (éd) (t) (d)
NEEDED (nided) PLAYED (pléid) LIKED (láikt)
2) No passado verbos irregulares tem sua forma própria:
SPOKE ATE (êit) DRANK (draink) SAW
3) O passado negativo e interrogativo troca “DO” por “DID”:
We DIDN’T want to stay. DID you speak to her?
She DIDN’T like the food. DID she say anything?
4) ALL – todo, toda
5) EVERY – todo, cada
6) EACH – cada
7) Usamos GRAND para palavras como neto, avó, avô, neta etc...:
GRANDMOTHER GRANDSON
GRANDFATHER GRANDDAUGHTER
GRANDPARENTS GRANDKIDS / GRANDCHILDREN
8) Para pessoas da família já temos:
COUSIN NIECE FATHER BROTHER
UNCLE NEPHEW SON SISTER
AUNT MOTHER DAUGHTER KIDS
9) ANIVERSARY é aniversário de casamento ou empresas etc., passagem de ano.
10)BIRTHDAY é “dia de nascimento” só usado para celebrar o dia em que naceu.
11) O qualificador AGAIN é importante e frequentemente usado.
12) ALL DAY – o dia todo EVERYDAY – todo dia
13) THERE IS – There is a dog at the door.
THERE ARE – There are two boys at the door.
IS THERE?
ARE THERE?
14) CAN (kên) – CAN’T (kênt) – poder [presente]
116
L E S S O N T W E N T Y – O N E
OBJECTS
RIVER MOTORCYCLE
BLOCK INSTRUMENT
CLUB PRICE
117
VERBS
GO / WENT (wênt)
Last night I went to the circus. They went with me.
STUDY / STUDIED
Yesterday we studied a lot. She studied the lesson.
SLEEP / SLEPT (slépt)
I slept at their house. We slept in the car.
LIKE (láik) / LIKED (láikt)
My mother liked the new house. She liked the doors.
QUALIFIERS
EARLY (êrli) – cedo, adiantado
LATE (lêit) – tarde, atrasado
SLOW (slôu) – lento
SLOWLY (slôuli) – lentamente
MIDDLE OF(mêdol) – meio de
ALONG (alan) – junto, junto-a [ WITH]
TOGETHER – junto [duas partes] [WITH]
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EXPRESSIONS
“TOMORROW MORNING” – amanhã de manhã
“DAY AFTER TOMORROW”- depois de amanhã
“NEXT WEEK”
“THERE IS NOT” / “THERE ISN’T” – não existe (singular)
“THERE ARE NOT” / “THERE AREN’T” – não existem (plural)
“THERE WAS” – existia (singular passado)
“THERE WERE” - existiam (plural passado)
“BY MYSELF” “BY ITSELF”
“BY YOURSELF” (baiôrseilf) “BY OURSELVES” (baiârselvs)
“BY HIMSELF” “BY YOURSELVES” (baiôrselvs)
“BY HERSELF” “BY THEMSELVES”
GRAMMAR
Para formar o futuro usamos o verbo auxiliar “WILL”.
- FRAMES -
9. The cars went SLOWLY. 10. The car is in the MIDDLEof the road.
Please speak ________! The animals are in the___of the city.
She opened the door _________. This is the ________of the trip.
I studied the letter __________. I didn’t read the_______of the book.
11. She wants to go ALONG with you. 12. I don’t want to see them TOGETHER.
He needs to come ______ with us. The cat and the dog are __________.
I like to study _________ with friends. You can make juice _______ with wine.
We traveled _________ the road. Jim and Sue live __________.
14. THERE ISN’T any time. 15.THERE AREN’T any students here.
They say ________ food. ______________more books.
____________ more ice. ______________any good movies.
In this house __________ a door. Did you know________customers?
18. She WILL eat the rice. 19. THERE WAS a boy here yesterday.
They _________ go with you. ___________a new building downtown.
I _________ need to sell this. ____________ something wrong.
He ________ need to know your name. ____________ a lot of pop corn to eat.
PHRASES
1. Why did you play soccer with your friends in the field?
2. I needed to help my wife, because the maid didn’t come to work today.
3. She didn’t open the windows, but she wanted to open the door.
4. I need to write to my customers this month. I didn’t write in May.
5. We didn’t go to the circus, because we didn’t have any money.
6. What did he say to you yesterday? We spoke about his family.
7. I don’t know why my cousin didn’t have to work this last month.
8. It didn’t eat anything all this week. It’s not very well.
9. We didn’t finish the homework yet. Do you know how to do it?
10. I was at the bank with my sister. They didn’t have the money.
11. We saw you at the museum yesterday. Maybe we will see you again.
12. She didn’t have time to go to the dentist this week. She works a lot.
13. My niece went to Los Angeles last year. I want to go this year.
14. I want to take my kids to the circus. They always like the clowns.
15. He didn’t have anything to do this week, so he drank alot of beer.
16. I need to have a vacation soon. You don’t know how much I work.
17. She says there was a chicken in the kitchen. I’m not sure.
18. We needed to finish the meeting before noon. What time is it now?
19. Jane saw the handsome doctor, and now she wants to know who he is.
20. Will you know the price of these guitars by next week?
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L E S S O N T W E N T Y – T W O
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES
Letras mudas
“tion” = xan
L E S S O N T W E N T Y - T H R E E
OBJECTS
MECHANIC WATCH
SECRETARY CLOCK
BUSINESSMAN TELEVISION
COP STREET
124
STATION FLOWER
VERBS
HAVE / HAD
UNDERSTAND / UNDERSTOOD
QUALIFIERS
ALMOST (ólmôst) - quase
TOO – também (final de frase)
ALSO - também, incluido
EVERYTHING – toda coisa, tudo
ALL – tudo ALONE – sozinho
125
EXPRESSIONS
“MERRY CHRISTMAS!” - Feliza natal!
“HAPPY NEW YEAR!” – Feliz ano novo!
“HAPPY BIRTHDAY!” – Feliz aniversário!
“REALLY” – realmente, de verdade
“REALLY?” - é mesmo?
“ARE YOU MARRIED?” – “Você é casado?”
“I’M SINGLE” - “Sou solteiro”
“SHE IS TIRED” - “Ela está cansada.”
“IT’S HOT - “Está quente”
GRAMMAR
WOULD - usado para formar o “condicional”
FRAMES
5) The train is ALMOST here. 6) I know how to read and write TOO.
It’s _______ ten o’clock. She sold her house _____.
They have ________ finished. They want to buy a car _____.
I ________ sold the car. He is a clown _____.
9) That was ALL there was to say. 10) The poor old lady was very ALONE.
I’m sure he doesn’t know ____ city. The girl spoke:”I’m so ________!”
We sold ____our animals. I was ________ with my problems.
Can you give me _____ of you? She doesn’t like to be ________ .
11) I REALLY want to understand you. 12) I like to give money. “REALLY?”
You ________ talk a lot. She doesn’t like parties. “_________?”
He ________ knows how to write. He bought ten magazines. “________?”
Those birds are ________ from Burma. They were cops. “_________?”
127
13) That girl is very TIRED. 14) She WOULD prefer to write.
After the trip we were ______. I ________ never go there by myself.
I know that you’re _______. We______go,but we don’t have money.
He was ______ of his job. He _______ like to see you.
15) WOULD you sell your house? 16)You SHOULD always do your work.
_______ they like to go along? They _______ almost be finished.
_______ he have to sell flowers? He ________give you the money today.
_______ you prefer more meat or fish? I________visit my relatives today.
L E S S O N TWENTY - FOUR
OBJECTS
VERBS
QUALIFIERS
WHO – quem
WHOSE – de quem, cujo, do qual, dos quais
WHOM – que, quem , a qual , as quais
EXPRESSIONS
GRAMMAR
TO BE
I AM I’M NOT AM I?
YOU ARE YOU’RE NOT ARE YOU?
HE IS HE’S NOT IS HE?
SHE IS SHE’S NOT IS SHE?
IT IS IT’S NOT IS IT?
WE ARE WE’RE NOT ARE WE?
YOU ARE YOU’RE NOT ARE YOU?
THEY ARE THEY’RE NOT ARE THEY?
- FRAMES–
9. The children are very TIRED. 10. I worked the WHOLE day.
After the game we were_______. My girlfriend studied______week.
The teacher is_______of class. We talked the______trip.
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11. The kids like to play ALL day. 12. WELCOME TO our home.
I sold ____the shoes. ____________Brazil.
I don’t want _____ of them. ________my new store.
We ____went with my parents. ____________the game.
13. I need to go RIGHT AWAY. 14. I have to GET ON the bus now.
She needed to buy the dress_______. They want to________this train.
We want to go__________. Did he________the plane?
He answered the question_________. Can I_______your horse?
15. She wants to TAKE OFF her shoes. 16. I need to PUT ON my shirt.
They need to________the dishes. They need to_______their shoes.
I didn’t ________the new shirt. We want to______our pants.
I saw him_______his pants. Did you_______the dress I like?
PRACTICE PHRASES
1. When I went to the beach, I talked to my father about the car problem.
2. I drank wine at the party last night. What did you drink?
3. John lives together with his sister. I asked Mr. Jones about him.
4. I didn’t eat rice and beans for dinner yesterday. I only ate salad.
5. Did you see the birds in the garden? They are very happy today.
6. Mrs. Johnson lives in that apartment building. She works at the bank.
7. Did you play the new game with your children? Did you know how to play?
8. Last week I visited my cousin at the beach. I slept on his couch.
9. I like to study when I am at home. My sister and I study together.
10. I understand your problem with the maid. She never gets up on time.
11. Whose house is that one on the corner? Maybe it’s the judge’s house.
12. Who is her boyfriend? He’s my cousin Frank. Where does he live?
13. I don’t know if I can finish the whole test in just one hour.
14. Mr. Perry works downtown in the old bank building. He is a clerk.
15. Did you go to the store by yourself? Did you go by bus or by car?
16. Do you know who is in the living room? It’s your uncle Jack.
17. I don’t know if they will remember how to go to the park.
18. I bought a new dress for me to go to the party tonight.
19. Who can answer Mrs.(missus) Anderson’s question? Will I have to answer it?
20. We need to get off this train right away! There is a problem.
L E S S O N TWENTY - FIVE
OBJECTS
COAT PEACH
PIANO CAN
HEALTH – saúde
VERBS
QUALIFIERS
EXPRESSIONS
“AS USUAL” – “como sempre”
“NEVER MIND” – “não importa”, “esquece”
“ALL RIGHT” – “certo”, “está bem”
“WELL,...” – “Bem,....”
AS.....AS – tão.......como
NOT AS...... AS – não tão..... como
“AS SOON AS” – assim que
“WHAT’S JOHN LIKE?” - como é João?
“WHAT DOES HE LOOK LIKE?” – qual é a aparência dele
to Be SICK – estar doente
to FEEL SICK – se sentir doente
to Be ABLE TO - poder, estar em condições de
GRAMMAR
WILL BE + Adj. WILL BE + ABLE TO
- Will be fun - Will be able to work
- Will be happy - Will be able to go
WILL NOT BE
3. I don’t want to WAIT for the bus. 4. He doesn’t usually like to LAUGH.
She didn’t ________ for me yesterday. Sometimes we ______ at the clowns.
Why can’t you _______ for your sister? I never see her ________.
9. My sister is a SILLY girl. 10. She had the party two weeks AGO.
That’s a _______ question. We went to Japan one year ________.
We all say _______ things. I bought this furniture one day _______.
He bought a _______ coat. You had the opportunity three hours____.
11.SINCE when do you work here? 12. I work WHILE they study.
I work here _______ last year. Can you see ________ you sleep?
He has to wait ______ he’s late. You should work______ you can.
We have no news ______yesterday. I drive_____ he sleeps.
13.The job finished AS you wanted. 14.You shouldn’t drive LIKE he drives.
She is ______a new baby. They need to speak ____she speaks.
Do you see things ______I see them? They play _____children.
We live ______a big family. He talks ______ a foreigner.
15.I live CLOSE TO your house. 16.The game WILL BE very fast.
She is _______the door. She ___happy to go home.
My house is_______the park. I know the books ______new.
We are_______the shopping center. If we wait we ______ late.
2. He didn’t learn how to work with the truck nor with the bus.
5. I drank beer and now I am sick. My wife isn’t home to help me.
7. The maid washes the windows every Friday. She’s not married.
8. The teacher needs to understand better my son. He’s not able to study.
9. I opened a can of peaches for them. Last night they ate with us.
11. She read in the magazine about our country. She liked the news.
12. I want to cook a special meal for my parents. They like fish.
14. She works while I study. She is very happy with her new job.
15. Did you buy the cake for you neighbor? How is she today?
16. What time did you come home from the soccer game last Thursday.
20. Did you talk with the stranger? I spoke with him one hour ago.
LESSON TWENTY-SIX
OBJECTS
EXERCISE WALL
BARBECUE BED
SANDWICH JACKET
FILM MEN
AIRPORT WEMEN
PILOT(páilet) BALL
ZOO END – fim
ROOM DRIVER
TOWEL ACCIDENT
ROSE BABY
VERBS
to LOSE / LOST - perder, ficar sem (objeto, competição)
Did you lose your books? They lost the game.
EXPRESSIONS
“CONGRATULATIONS” – parabéns
“SO FAR” – até agora
“ON PURPOSE” – proprositadamente
to “LIE DOWN” – deitar-se
“LOST AND FOUND” - achados e perdidos
“Are you in Rio?... I MEAN São Paulo?” – quer dizer
GRAMMAR
TOO FAR – longe demais
No inglês usamos a forma do “perfeito” ou na forma simples ou progressiva, para expressar uma
ação que começou no passado e ainda continua no presente:
O presente “perfeito” no inglês é formado com o presente do verbo HAVE usado com o
I have gone to California one time a year during these last five years.
- Tenho ido a Califórnia uma vez por ano durante estes últimos cinco anos.
PARTICÍPIO USO #2
BE + particípio
SHOULD BE
WOULD BE
CAN BE
COULD BE
FRAMES
1. Did you LOSE your books? 2. I MEAN to visit you this week.
I don’t want to ________this jacket. What do you______?
How did you _________your shoes? She always says what she_______.
He never _________ the ball. Does this _______I have to leave?
3. You need to CHOOSE which ball. 4. Where did you FIND that rose?
Can I _______the next film? We couldn’t ________the airport.
I _______ to stop participating. They didn’t ________the pilot yet.
You have to ________a towel. I can never _____time for exercise.
5. Your jacket is BEHIND the door. 6. Your book is UNDER the piano.
The room is ________that wall. The baby isn’t _______the bed.
The towels are ________the bed. There is something _______here.
My car isn’t _________this store. They live _______the bridge.
15. This book is EASY to study. 16. You are really SO special.
It’s _______ to find my house. This train is ____ fast.
It’s ________ to lose the game. Those birds are _____ ugly.
More film is ________ to buy. Your kids are ______ nice.
1. We went to a party on the farm last Sunday. We had barbecue for lunch.
2. You should be studying with that student. He knows everything.
3. She never had the opportunity to study, so she won’t be able to read.
4. The waitress asked if we are foreigners. “Well, we aren’t from here”.
5. The accident happened because the student driver didn’t know English.
6. The whole class said goodbye. Sooner or later they will come again.
7. I ’m sorry I didn’t go to your mother’s birthday party.
8. I have never gone to the States, but I will be going in a few months.
9. He said there are no opportunities for him here. I really don’t think so.
10. I always forget your name. Never mind, it’s a difficult name to remember.
11. They read and wrote some letters while I slept. She likes to write.
12. I asked Jon. “Have you seen if the sandwiches are behind the couch?”
13. We will not be having class next week because of the holiday.
14. You didn’t understand what I meant. We shouldn’t be waiting here.
15. I haven’t had time to do exercises this week. I’ve been working.
16. There is a buyer for your house on 4th street. Do you still want to sell?
17. I meant to close the office windows but I forgot. Could you do it?
18. Janet is very happy. She has waited for her birthday all year.
19. Mary’s health is very good. She has been walking 3 Km, a day.
20. I have gone to California one time a year during these last five years.
21. Congratulations, you cook very well. You should open a restaurant.
22. Your son is very smart. You should talk to him about his new lesson.
23. I’m drinking too much, my health is not very good. Let’s go to the doctor.
24. It’s already twelve o’clock. We will be late to lunch for sure.
25. The driver didn’t take the new couch to my office downtown.
LESSON TWENTY-SEVEN
Nos primeiros módulos concentramos nosso estudo de línguas dentro do contexto dos
SONS. Sons semelhantes e diferentes. O tom da voz e o ritmo também fazem parte desta
primeira base.
Agora nestes últimos módulos vamos concentrar em mais fases importantes na
aprendizagem do inglês, que são:
- Juntando MORFEMAS para formular palavras;
- Juntando palavras para formar sentenças e cláusulas;
- Os significados dos morfemas, palavras e as combinações destas palavras.
LANGUAGE STUDY –
“MORFEMAS” – Formas
Morfemas são as menores partes individuais de um idioma que tem significado. Morfemas podem
ser uma palavra inteira ou parte de uma palavra. A palavra “CAT” por exemplo é um morfema
singular. Não pode ser dividido em partes significativas. Porém, a palavra “CATS” se dispõe de
dois morfemas – a palavra cat significando um quadrúpede da família “felidae”, - e o “s” que
significa plural. Este “s” não é usado sozinho em conversa normal, não sendo então uma palavra,
porém, sendo uma parte com significado das palavras CATS, BOOKS, BOYS etc., sendo então
um morfema.Línguas são muito diferentes na maneira em que juntem e agrupem morfemas.
Observações críticas sobre morfemas e a maneira que são combinados para formar palavras
pode ser muito útil para quem está aprendendo inglês. Por outro lado, não devemos substituir
saber sobre o idioma por realmente conhecer o idioma. Procedimentos analíticos são ajudas
básicas, permitirão ao aluno evitar muitos erros e facilitarão seu progresso rápido.
CONTEXT – RYTHM – INTONATION – THINKING
- Animal Babies –
Many baby animals – lions and elephants and turtles and thousands of others – look much
like their fathers and mothers. But many do not. A baby butterfly looks more like a worm than like
a grown-up butterfly. Baby starfish do not have five arms. Oysters when first hatched do not have
shells. Baby toads look very much like fish. Ants, bees, and jellyfish are other animals that change
greatly in looks while they grow up.
Some baby animals weigh millions of times as much as other baby animals. The biggest
baby of all is a baby blue whale. It weighs more than a grown-up elephant.
A horse usually has only one colt at a time. A cow usually has only one calf. One baby at a time is
the rule with elephants, kangaroos, and many other animals. Dogs and cats and pigs usually have
several babies at a time. So do turtles and many others. And some animals have hundreds or
even thousands of babies at a time. A cod fish can lay a million eggs. Not all of them will hatch.
But usually thousands of them do. Only a few live long enough to grow up. Tiny cod are good food
for bigger fish.
Some baby animals are well cared for by their parents. Some are not taken care of at all. A
baby robin would not live long if its parents did not protect it and bring food to it. A baby turtle, on
the other hand, can take care of itself as soon as it comes from its shell.
Some animal babies grow up fast. A hamster is naked and helpless when it is first born. But
baby hamsters grow so fast that a hamster can have babies of its own when it is only two months
old. An elephant, however, stays a baby for two or three years.
Baby animals many times have special names. Baby butterflies and moths are called
caterpillars. Baby toads and frogs are called tadpoles. The list gives the names of some other
baby animals.
BEAR - cub KANGAROO – joey ELEPHANT – calf SWAN– cygnet
CAT – kitten LION – cub FOX – cub TIGER – cub
COW – calf MOOSE – calf GOAT – kid TURKEY – poult
DEER – fawn OYSTER (oíster) – spat HORSE – colt WHALE – calf
DOG – puppy SEAL – pup DUCK – duckling SHEEP – lamb
OBJECTS
PASSENGER CLOTHES
COOK PURSE
MAILMAN MOVIE
MENU FLOOR
BOTTLE PAPER
BOWL PHONE
GRAPES ENVELOPE
TOMATO STAPLER
QUALIFIERS
EXPRESSIONS
“WHOSE FAULT IS IT?” – De quem é a culpa?
to “FALL ASLEEP” – adormecer
to “GO TO BED” – ir dormir
to “TRY ON” – experimentar (roupa)
to “GET SICK” – ficar doente
to “GET WELL” – ficar bem
to “GET OLD”– ficar velho
to “GET MARRIED” – casar-se
to “GET HURT” – ficar machucado
to “GET BLAMED” – ser acusado
“YES, OF COURSE” – sim, é claro
“NO, OF COURSE NOT” – não, é claro que não
“AT LEAST” – pelo menos
“GREAT!” – ótimo!
“HURRY” !! – depressa!!
“IT’S RAINING” – está chovendo. “IT’S SNOWING” – está nevando
“IS IT RAINING?” – está chovendo? “IS IT SNOWING?” - está nevando?
“IT’S NOT RAINING” – não está chovendo “IT’S NOT SNOWING” – não está nevando
GRAMMAR to BE (passado)
FRAMES
1. How many apples did you get? Only five, where is the bowl?
2. The new maid comes here everyday. She doesn’t live with us.
4. He wants to take his kids to the zoo. They will stay until 4:00.
6. Their daughter cooks very well. We went to her house last Sunday.
8. Where did you buy those pants? I bought them in Miami last year.
10. They started working late yesterday. After the job they went to run.
11. I didn’t have the opportunity to try on the new dress you bought for me.
12. We finished planning our party for this Saturday. Listen to this.
13. I should have talked to him yesterday, but I didn’t have time.
14. Do you know where we could get an envelope for my letter? Yes, of course!
15. How can you listen to that music? The animals are running.
16. The mailman stopped when the dog ran after him. He’s ready for anything.
19. I saw two foreigners trying on Brazilian clothes when I was downtown.
20. We have waited too many years to buy a new house. Now we will buy it.
LESSON TWENTY-EIGHT
LANGUAGE STUDY –
“MORFEMAS” – Formas
Tipos de Morfemas
Cada morfema numa língua tem vária características baseado no seu relacionamento
distribucional com os outros morfemas; na base destas diferenças, morfemas podem ser
classificados de várias formas:
SUNGLASSES horários
PACKAGE GARDEN
VERBS
to TRY / TRIED – experimentar, tentar
I want to try the rice. He tried to do his homework.
BAD – mau
WORSE THAN – pior que
THE WORST – o pior
GRAMMAR
FRAMES
13. They EVEN need a new kitchen. 14. You’re NOT EVEN ready to go.
He wants _____ more money. She’s ____ _____ at home.
She didn’t ______ speak to me. They’re _____ ____ studying.
We don’t _____ know his address. I’m _____ _____ angry.
15. I had GOOD time at the party. 16.We were IN A HURRY to finish.
She has a _____ doctor. I’m ______ to change colleges.
You bought a ______ car. He’s ______ to meet the girls.
He is a ______ boss. They are never __________.
2. My daughter needs to buy a new dress, because she has a party tomorrow.
3. I will meet you at the station. Great, buy they changed my schedule.
4. Mr. Sanchez always asks about his pretty nieces when he visits Brazil.
5. I’m studying English three times a week, because I want to learn fast.
8. The bell boy tried, but he couldn’t carry my bag. I laughed a lot.
13. Difficult questions always make me sleepy. They’re not easy to answer.
14. I was talking to him about business while they washed my car.
15. I took my son to the doctor. The doctor says he needs glasses.
16. If he has so much experience, then I don’t know why he works here yet.
17. My kids are great. I want to help them while they are still in college.
18. Your daughter is always studying. She’s the best student in class.
19. It was raining very much while I was talking to him on the phone.
20. Mr. Jones couldn’t meet us tonight, so I have changed our planning.
L E S S O N TWENTY-NINE
LANGUAGE STUDY –
MORFEMAS – Formas
Além das distinções entre “raízes” e “não- raízes” (uma diferença de distribuição)
precisamos notar certas outras diferenças entre morfemas baseado no relacionamento dos
morfemas entre si. Estas diferenças são entre morfemas aditivos, multiplicativos,
substituíveis, e subtrativos.
Morfemas aditivos – são os mais comuns. Nestes estão incluídos “raízes” e “afixos”,
chamamos estes de aditivos porque são adicionados uns aos outros. Por exemplo raízes
adicionadas à raízes: blackbird, kingfish, bellhop.
Morfemas substituíveis – como seu nome implica, substituem partes de outros morfemas.
Destes o inglês tem muitos. Por exemplo o plural de TOOTH (dente) é TEETH. Para fazer o
plural neste caso o som de “u” é substituído por um morfema substituível “iy”:
NOTEBOOK KEYS
BOOTS ADDRESS
TOYS HIGH SCHOOL – 2O Grau
VERBS
to THINK / THOUGHT – pensar, achar (que)
I need to think about this test. He doesn’t think.
EXPRESSIONS
APPLE TREE
PEACH TREE
FRUIT TREE
LUGGAGE (lâgadh) / BAGGAGE (bâgadh) – bagagem
EVERYBODY – todos, todo o mundo
“GO AWAY!”, “STAY AWAY”, “RUN AWAY”
to PAY ATTENTION - prestar atenção
to HANG UP (HUNG UP) – pendurar, desligar o telefone
PROBABLY - provavelmente
to STAND UP (standâp) – ficar em pé
to SIT DOWN –sentar-se
to GET DOWN – descer
“I WISH!” (wích) – quem dera!
“FROM NOW ON” – daqui em diante
“ALL OF A SUDDEN” – repentinamente
“SUDDENLY” – repentinamente
“GIVE MY REGARDS TO ...” - dê minhas lembranças à...
“FOR EXAMPLE” (exâmpol) – por exemplo
“SEE YOU LATER” – até mais tarde
- FRAMES -
5. I think you LOOK LIKE a clown. 6. She LOOKED FOR her shoes.
You _____my sister. We ______ a new house.
They don’t ______ friends. I ______ the baby’s bottle.
He ______ a cop. They _____ my son.
1. I think that New York City is beautiful. I went there last year.
2. I want to visit my parents next Sunday. They live in the country.
3. John left early this morning because he is working in another city.
4. They thought we had left the party very early but we were still there.
5. Give my regards to your uncle. I don’t have is address to write him.
6. I didn’t plan my schedule for last week because I went to Rio on business.
7. I think the stranger lied about the weather. It’s not snowing here.
8. There are too many children needing to go to Jr. high school.
9. I didn’t read the letter yet, but I want to read it after dinner.
10. Suddenly the skycap stopped. He was very tired.
11. Those people are looking for you. I don’t want them to find me.
12. My mother finished her work, and now she wants to stay here for a week.
13. I need to take my coat downtown to be washed. Who washes your clothes?
14. We didn’t travel last night because Peter drank too much.
15. The high school teacher lost all his keys. Everybody looked for them.
16. There are some ladies waiting to speak with you about this problem.
17. By the way, did you remember to take some blankets for the trip?
18. That kid said the answer was false. The teacher asked another question.
19. We don’t have time to finish our shopping today. See you later.
20. I haven’t looked at a book in years. I really should read more.
LESSON THIRTY
LANGUAGE STUDY-
Morfemas – Significados
DESK
DRAWER
CUPBOARD (kâbrd)
BATHROOM, RESTROOM
SHOWER (sháuer)
BEDROOM
CHINESE (tiániz)
GATE
SEAT BELT
TIE (tái)
WALLET
RIDE - carona
VERBS
QUALIFIERS
THROUGH – através de, pelo meio de, por
UNDER (ândr) – em baixo de, debaixo
BESIDE - do lado, ao lado
ON – seguindo em frente.“Go on”, “Pass on”, “Roll on”, “From now on”….
EXPRESSIONS
EVERYBODY (évribari) – todos, todo o mundo
EVERYONE (évriwan) – todos, todo o mundo
SOMEONE (sâmwan) – alguém
ANYONE – alguém (interrogativo, negativo)
NO ONE (nôwan) – ninguém
PAYBACK – acerto de contas, vingança
BROKE (brôuk) – liso, sem dinheiro
IN FRONT OF – em frente de
to “GIVE A RIDE” – dar carona
to “TURN OFF” (to trnóf) – desligar
to “TURN ON” (to trnon) – ligar
HOWEVER – de qualquer modo WHOEVER – qualquer pessoa
WHEREVER – de qualquer lugar WHICHEVER – quaisquer
WHATEVER – qualquer coisa WHENEVER - qualquer hora
“NEXTDOOR NEIGHBORS” - os vizinhos do lado
“HAVE A NICE DAY” – “tenha um bom dia”
“EVERY OTHER DAY” – “dia sim, dia não”
“HOW OLD ARE YOU?” – “Quantos anos você tem?”
“HOW OLD IS SHE?” – “Quantos anos ela tem?”
“SHE’S FIFTEEN.” – “Ela tem quinze.”
“I’M TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OLD.” - “Tenho vinte e cinco anos de idade.”
GRAMMAR “HAD BETTER” – deve (com conseqüências)
- “She had better go.”
7. You have PUT the facts on paper. 8. We were STANDING at the station.
Where do you want to ____ the desk? He is _____ near door.
What did you _____ in your cupboards? I’m ________ under the bridge.
Where did you _____ the wallet? Why are you _____ here?
15. Will your mother LET you go? 16. The chair is BESIDE the bed.
We ______ our dog come in. Are you ______the church?
I _____ them go to the movies. The horse ran ______ the truck.
Your father won’t _______ you do that. It’s ________ you!.
17. I worked THROUGH the night. 18. They live UNDER the bridge.
You can’t see _____ a wall. We are ____ the 2nd floor.
They went ____ the tunnel. She was ____ water.
I slept ____ the show. It’s _____ the desk.
19. She’s not GOING to go. 20. She HAD BETTER pay her sister.
Tonight, I’m GONNA study. You ‘DBETTER stop!
What are you GONNA wear? I ‘DBETTER go.
Do you know what you’re GONNA say? The meeting ‘DBETTER finish soon.
PHRASES
1. My sister doesn’t like to wash the dishes, but she likes to cook.
2. She wanted to wear her new red blouse next week. Are you going with her?
3. I need to take my two sons to the doctor. Both got sick last night.
4. I shopped for a suit and tie, but then I bought only a shirt.
5. We shouldn’t allow those sick children to be together with the others.
6. I’m going to take along both kinds of soda. Do you prefer another soda?
7. My sister is learning how to sing with my cousin. I don’t like to sing
8. Did you remember the tip? No I only paid the waiter for the meal.
9. You didn’t understand what I meant. Is the newspaper on the couch?
10. Does your mother cook well? What kinds of food do you like to eat?
11. She said she didn’t know how to go home from where she was.
12. They opened the window, because it was very hot in the bedroom.
13. How much money does he already have for the trip? He ‘dbetter have more.
14. How could you allow him to do this? I don’t know how to help him.
15. Is she waiting for a taxi? Does she want a ride?
16. Where did you put the wine? I put it in the fridge to get cold.
17. She already finished her homework and now she is playing in the park.
18. I thought I saw someone driving your car. By the way, where’s the key?
19. You ‘dbetter not go in there. Do you know what you are going to find?
20. Our maid was at the gate. She was riding a green bicycle.
LESSON THIRTY - ONE
LANGUAGE STUDY-
1. Não há sinônimos exatos numa língua. O que queremos dizer é que não há duas
palavras que são completamente equivalentes em seus significados. Por exemplo, as
palavras “TRUTH” (verdade), e “VERITY” (verdade). Podemos dizer “he spoke the
truth”, mas nunca diríamos “he spoke the verity”. Nem no inglês e em nenhum outro
idioma acharemos palavras completamente idênticas.
2. Não há equivalência exata entre idiomas. Temos que aprender que cada palavra em
cada língua tem seu próprio significado especial e que nós não podemos presumir que
as duas línguas têm quaisquer detalhes que concordam. Uma das maiores dificuldades
vem de presumir que palavras parecidas com o português têm o mesmo significado.
Uma vez que a pessoa reconhece que a cada palavra de um idioma tem sua
história especial e área de significado, ela evitará muitos erros sérios que vem de
ignorância ou negligência. As palavras não devem ser traduzidas literalmente do inglês
para o português.
OBJECTS
LETTER CLOSET
JUSTICE HAT
CONCERT GIFT / PRESENT
STADIUM KISS
ELECTRICITY – GARTER
SOUP(súp) RING
VERBS
EXPRESSIONS
o mais ( ) o menos ( )
a mais ( ) MORE a menos ( ) LESS
os mais ( ) ... de THE MOST os menos ( ) ... de THE LEAST
as mais ( ) as menos ( )
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm
Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
FRAMES
9. She will DIRTY her dress. 10. They DIRTIED their hands.
Did you _______ the floor? He ________ my new car.
I don’t want to _______ this. The cat ________ the new couch.
You shouldn’t _______ your shoes. You ________ the present.
15. There are few WISE men. 16. Your car is DIRTY.
Is that ______ to do? This field is _____.
Older people are usually _____. Our windows are _____.
That’s a ______ answer. She has _____ napkins.
21. This meal is very HEALTHY. 22. We are living OUTSIDE the city.
They have a _________ baby. They put the soap______ the cart.
You look very _________. Your tie is _________ your coat.
My animals are all _________. The dishes are______ the cupboard.
23. Their glasses are FULL. 24. They are AGAINST the project.
My car is _____. I put the gift ________ the wall.
The streets are ______ of people. He ran _________ the clock.
The stadium is _____ tonight. She is _________ marriage.
25. The sun is very BRIGHT. 26. They are in the SUN.
Your face is _______. I left my dog in the _______.
That color is ________. The ______hurts my eyes.
You have a ________ kitchen. I want to stay in the ______.
27. Put the baby in the SHADE. 28. Today is a SUNNY day.
I prefer the ________. This is a ______ city.
We had the meal in the _________. Yesterday had ______afternoon.
I hung up my clothes in the _________. We visited a ______ field.
29. Which ONE do you want? 30.It will TURN INTO something special.
I will take any ______ that there is. They can ____ ____ flowers.
Will this ______ be good? She wants to ____ ____ a lady.
I prefer the blue _____. He’s gonna ____ ____ a monster.
LANGUAGE STUDY
“MORFEMAS” – Categorias de Significados
Número - muitas línguas mostram uma diferença entre números singulares (um) e plurais (mais
do que um);
Tempo – temos o “passado”, o “presente” e o “futuro”, que poderemos sub-dividir para remoto,
perto e regular. Tensos relativos definem o tempo em relação a outros tempos ie.: o tenso
“perfeito”, referindo-se a alguma ação do passado em relação ao presente.
Voz – a voz indica o relacionamento dos participantes da ação. No inglês, tais relacionamentos
são indicados na forma da frase. Contrastes da voz tem alguns dos seguintes:
WINNER RUG
LOSER CARPET
FUTURE BUTCHER
KNIFE
VERBS
to PRACTICE (práctes) / PRACTICED – praticar, treinar
You need to practice playing your guitar.
QUALIFIERS
FANTASTIC (fentástic) – fantástico
BORING (bórin) – tedioso, sem graça
STRONG – forte
WEAK (wik) – fraco
EMPTY (êmpti) – vazio
WITHOUT – sem
EXPRESSIONS
DIFFERENT THAN – diferente de
SAME AS – mesmo que, igual à
ONCE IN A WHILE (uancenawáil) – de vez em quando
USED TO – costumava
DRIVER’S LICENSE (dráiverláicens) – carteira de habilitação
“ON THE OTHER HAND” – por outro lado
“YOU DRIVE ME CRAZY” – você me deixa louco
“YOU DRIVE ME UP THE WALL”-v. me faz subir as paredes
to SAVE MONEY – poupar dinheiro
to BE NERVOUS – estar nervoso ( to Get nervous)
to BE CALM – estar calmo (to Get calm)
to BE USED TO – ser / estar acostumado à (to Get used to)
“WHERE DO YOU COME FROM?” – De onde você vem?
“WHERE ARE YOU FROM?” – De onde você é?
“I COME FROM LOS ANGELES.” – Venho de Los Angeles.
“I’M FROM DALLAS.” – Sou de Dallas.
- FRAMES –
11. I need to SAVE today’s paper. 12. I SAVED a candy for you.
________ the rainforest! He ________ my research.
Can you ________ my seat? We _______ the best until last.
I will _________ your letter. The warning ________ his life.
13. I will ARRANGE your documents. 14. Who ARRANGED my bedroom?
You should ________ your things. She __________ the napkins.
Could you ________ an interview? I ___________ your schedule.
She needs to _________ her closet. They _________ a bus for our trip.
15. He told a FANTASTIC story. 16. The meeting was very BORING.
You are a ___________ maid. We listened to the ______speaker.
Your research is ___________. Her party is never _______.
The future will be ___________. His humor was too _______.
17. I gave her a STRONG kiss. 18. Your story is very WEAK.
You have a ________ personality. The electricity is _______ today.
She bought _______ horses. They have a _______ government.
The sun was very _______ . He is a _______person.
21. I’m WITHOUT any money. 22. The knife is very USEFUL.
You’re __________ reason. She is a ________ person.
They are __________ the kids. I always give _______ presents. We’re
___________ time. Electricity is _________ .
25. The classroom is very LIGHT. 26. I like the color DARK green.
His humor is always _______ . Those windows are all ______ .
We carried the ________ closet. This room is too ______ to see.
I bought a ________ jacket. The weather is very _______ .
PHRASES
LESSON THIRTY-THREE
LANGUAGE STUDY
As línguas não são apenas diferentes no tamanho médio das palavras mas também
são diferentes no tamanho médio das sentenças. Para entender corretamente os arranjos
difíceis nas construções de sinstaxe, precisamos considerar as características de tais arranjos.
A ordem é um dos traços mais importantes de um arranjo e é usado para marcar muitos
relacionamentos significantes. Por exemplo, no inglês, geralmente distinguimos entre sujeitos e
objetos apenas por ordem: John likes Sue., Sue likes John.
Em alguns casos, no português, a mesma palavra numa ordem diferente terá um significado
diferente. Por exemplo a palavra “pobre” pode significar – sem sorte – quando usado antes de
um substantivo, e – sem dinheiro – quando vem seguindo o substantivo. Por exemplo:
Nós temos a tendência de relaxar a nossa atenção ao detalhe da ordem das palavras
quando achamos que o nosso “inglês” pode ser entendido parcialmente mesmo quando
empregamos a ordem errada das palavras. Este é um erro triste, porque não apenas impede
nosso domínio do inglês mas também nos impede de adquirir fluência natural e impede as
pessoas de entender completamente e apreciar o que nos temos para dizer. Não há nada que
irrita mais o ouvinte do que a ordem errada das palavras.
OBJECTS
FRIDGE (frídh)
PIE (pai)
PIECE (píice) – pedaço
MAIL BOX
EDUCATION
GUTTER – sargeta
SQUARE
VERBS
to KEEP (kip) / KEPT (képt) – guardar, manter, continuar, ficar com
QUALIFIERS
EXPRESSIONS
“WHAT’S THE MATTER?” – o que há, qual é o problema?
“IN THE MEANTIME” – entretanto, no entanto
“ FINE WITH ME” – por mim tudo bem
“FIRST I... THEN I...”- primeiro eu... depois eu...
“IF I... THEN I...” – se eu... então eu...
to GET RID OF – livrar-se de
THERE USED TO BE – havia, costumava ter
THERE WAS - houve
THERE IS – há
FRAMES
1. Did you KEEP the ring? 2. I KEPT all the letters you wrote.
You_____this. They_____talking the whole night.
They______calling. She_____the money.
Where do you______the bread? We_____the children at our house.
11. Did you CALL your sister? 12. She CALLED me at my office.
When can you ______ me? They _______ at midnight.
I will ________ for the waiter. John ________ me yesterday.
What do you _______ this? He was _______ “Mr. Fantastic”.
13. Our plane is OVER the city. 14.Your cost is not REASONABLE.
I’m _______ the wall. You have to be ____________.
The party is _________. She is never ___________.
Is the meeting ________? Please, be ____________.
LESSON THIRTY-FOUR
LANGUAGE STUDY
“SINTAXE” – Tipos de Unidades de Sintaxe
Ao examinar a maneira que palavras são juntadas e as funções que elas realizam,
precisamos ter alguma noção dos tipos de palavras e das combinações delas.
Por exemplo, no inglês temos uma classe grande de palavras que chamamos de
“partículas” que são apenas morfemas singulares. Mesmo assim na sintaxe precisamos
diferenciar entre elas. Algumas são classificadas como preposições – in, by, with, at, of –
outras são conjunções ou para introduzir cláusulas pos-posição – and, but, or, for – ou para
introduzir cláusulas de pre e pos-posição – when, because, while, as – e ainda outras como as
interjeições – ouch!, oh!, wow!, great!
Também precisamos olhar os tipos de combinações que ocorrem e como estes
funcionam dentro do inglês, porque há restrições em relação às palavras que podem ser
usadas. Por exemplo, podemos colocar um número de tipos de palavras na frente de
substantivos como: adjetivo – good man, substantivo – gold ring, ou advérbio – following
statement.
OBJECTS
SUITCASE
SHIP (chêp)
BOAT (bôut)
VERBS
QUALIFIERS
SOMEBODY – alguém
ANYBODY – alguém, ninguém ( interrogativo, negativo)
NOBODY – ninguém (negativo)
ENOUGH – bastante, suficiente
NOT ENOUGH
MILLION – milhão
HALF – metade
QUARTER – quarto
MUST - deve (indica a autoridade do falante mas é basicamente
igual à “should” e “have to”)
EXPRESSIONS
FORTUNATELY (fórtnateli) - felizmente
UNFORTUNATELY (ânfortnateli) – infelizmente
DISHWASHER (dêshwacher) – lavador de pratos, louça
ONE AND A HALF – um e meio
“I DOUBT IT!”- “Duvido!”
IN LAWS (en lás) – parentes de casamento
MOTHER IN LAW - sogra
FATHER IN LAW – sogro
SON IN LAW – genro
DAUGHTER IN LAW – nora
BROTHER IN LAW – cunhado
SISTER IN LAW – cunhada
GRAMMAR
11. I want to ORDER a dress. 12.They ORDERED the wine for the party.
He can’t ________ us to leave. She ________ the books.
We are ready to _________. Have you already ___________?
What will you ____________? I ________ fish for dinner.
13. I need to SHAVE. 14. He never SHAVED before.
Can he _________ in your bathroom? I ________ just this morning.
She wants to __________ her legs. The car _______ through the gate.
Will he ________ his head? She _________ under her arms.
PHRASES
1. What time did you call me on Tuesday? I called you at noon.
2. Please, give me a piece of cake. Do you want a napkin, too?
3. I took my daughter to the doctor. She had a fever two days ago.
4. He didn’t know what to do with his car after the accident.
5. She saw my brother in law walking on the street with his girlfriend.
6. I forgot what I wanted to say. Who did you invite to the party?
7. I took my car to be washed. It was very dirty and took hours to clean.
8. I read the ad that you put in the newspaper. What did you think?
9. Would you like to have dinner with us? I would like to, thank you.
10. Do you think he will arrive in time for the meeting? I think so.
11. Would you do me a favor, please? I need someone to help with this box.
12. Will you be at my party? When does it start? It will start at 9:00.
13. I can’t forget to go out with my wife on Tuesday. It’s her birthday.
14. Will you take the kids to the amusement park? I don’t know yet.
15. I went to the airport, but unfortunately Mike had already left.
16. Will you take anybody with you on the boat? I’m not sure yet.
17. We got up when the mailman arrived this morning. We slept until late.
18. Jane answers all the letters that she receives from her boyfriend.
19. Excuse me, what did you ask me? I asked what you would like to order.
20. Will you have enough time to do this? I really can’t promise anything.