Appendix

Conversion Factors

LENGTH

To Convert from To Multiply by To Convert from To Multiply by

Inches feet 0.083333 millimeters 10
angstrom units 2.54 x 108 meters 1 x 10-2
micrometers 25400 Meters inches 39.370079
millimeters 25.4 feet 3.2808399
centimeters 2.54 angstrom units 1 x 1010
meters 0.0254 micrometers 1 x 106
Feet inches 12.0 millimeters 1 x 103
angstrom units 3.048 x 109 centimeters 1 x 102
micrometers 304800 Yard feet 3
millimeters 304.80 centimeter 91.44
centimeters 30.48 meter 0.9144
meters 0.3048 Angstrom units inches 3.9370079 x 10-9
Millimeters inches 3.9370079 x 10-2 feet 3.28084 x 10-10
feet 3.2808399 x 10 -3 micrometers 0.0001
angstrom units 1 x 10 7 millimeters 1 x 10-7
micrometers 1 x 103 centimeters 1 x 10-8
centimeters 1 x 10-1 meters 1 x 10-10
meters 1 x 10 -3 Micrometers inches 3.9370079 x 10-5
Centimeters inches 0.39370079 feet 3.2808399 x 10-6
feet 0.032808399 angstrom units 1 x 104
angstrom units 1 x 108 millimeters 1 x 10-3
micrometers 1 x 10 4 centimeters 1 x 10-4
meters 1 x 10-6

*
For additional information, see American Society for Testing and Materials, Metric Practice Guide, ASTM E 380-72, 34
pp., 1973; International Organization of Standardization “International Stardt, SI Units, and Recommendations for the
Use of their Multiples and Certain Other Units, “Ref. No. ISO 1000-1973(E), 21 pp., 1973; National Bureau of
Standards, Engineering Standards, U.S. Metric Study, NBS SP 345-11, 250 pp., 1971.

815
816 Appendix

AREA FORCE

To Convert from To Multiply by To Convert from To Multiply by

Square meters square feet 10.76387 Pounds dynes 4.44822 x 105
square centimeters 1 x 104 grams 453.59243
square inches 1550.0031 kilograms 0.45359243
Square feet square meters 9.290304 x 10-2 tons (long) 4.464286 x 10-4
square centimeters 929.0304 tons (short) 5 x 10-4
square inches 144 kips 1 x 10-3
-4
Square centimeters square meters 1 x 10 tons (metric) 4.5359243 x 10-4
-3
square feet 1.076387 x 10 Kips pounds 1000
square inches 0.155 tons (short) 0.500
Square inches square meters 6.4516 x 10-4 kilograms 453.59243
square feet 6.9444 x 10-3 tons (metric) 0.45359243
square centimeters 6.4516 Kilograms dynes 980665
Square yard acres 2.066 x 10-4 grams 1000
square feet 0 pounds 2.2046223
square centimeters 8361.273 tons (long) 9.8420653 x 10-4
square miles 3.228 x 10-7 tons (short) 11.023113 x 10-4
Acres square meters 4046.849 kips 2.2046223 x 10-3
square feet 43560 tons (metric) 0.001
yards 4840 Tons (short) kilograms 907.18474
pounds 2000
kips 2
VOLUME tons (metric) 0.907185
Tons (metric) grams 1 x 106
To Convert from To Multiply by kilograms 1000
Cubic centimeters cubic meters 1 x 10 -6 pounds 2204.6223
cubic feet 3.5314667 x 10-5 kips 2.2046223
cubic inches 0.061023744 tons (short) 1.1023112
Cubic meters cubic feet 35.314667 Pound force (lbf) newtons 4.45
cubic centimeters 1x 10 6 Kilogram force newtons 9.81
cubic inches 61023.74 (kgf)
Cubic inches cubic meters 1.6387064 x 10-5
cubic feet 5.7870370 x 10-4
cubic centimeters 16.387064 VELOCITY
Cubic feet cubic meters 0.028316847
cubic centimeters 28316.847 To Convert from To Multiply by
cubic inches 1728 Centimeters/sec microns/second 10,000
U.S. gallons (gal) cubic centimeters 3785 meters/minute 0.600
cubic meters 3.785 x 10-3 feet/minute 1.9685
cubic feet 0.133680 miles/hour 0.022369
cubic inches 231 feet/year 1034643.6
cubic yards 4951 x 10-3 Microns/second centimeters/second 0.0001
British Imperial 0.833 meters/minute 0.000060
gallons feet/minute 0.00019685
liters 3.785 miles/hour 0.0000022369
feet/year 103.46436
. Conversion Factors 817

To Convert from To Multiply by To Convert from To Multiply by

Feet/minute centimeters/second 0.508001 minutes 1440
microns/second 5080.01 hours 24
meters/minute 0.3048 months 3.28767 x 10-2
miles/hour 9,91136363 years 0.0027397260
feet/year 5256000 Months milliseconds 2.6283 x 109
Feet/year microns/second 0.009665164 seconds 2.6283 x 106
centimeters/second 0.0000009665164 minutes 43800
-7
meters/minute 5.79882 x 10 hours 730
feet/minute 1.9025 x 10-6 days 30.416666
miles/hour 2.16203 x 10-8 years 0.08333333
Miles/hour centimeters/second 44.7041 Years milliseconds 3.1536 x 1010
meters/minute 26.82 seconds 3.1536 x 10 7
feet/hour 52.80 minutes 525600
feet/minute 88 hours (mean solar) 8760
feet/second 1.467 days (mean solar) 365
-4
miles/second 2.778 x 10 months 12

TIME STRESS

To Convert from To Multiply by To Convert from To Multiply by

-3
Milliseconds seconds 10 Pounds/square pound/square foot 144
minutes 1.66666 x 10-5 inch
hours 2.777777 x 10-7 feet of water 2.3066
-8
days 1.1574074 x 10 kips/square foot 0.144
months 3.8057 x 10-10 kilograms/square 0.070307
years 3.171416 x 10-11 centimeter
Seconds milliseconds 1000 tons/square meter 0.70307
-2
minutes 1.66666 x 10 atmospheres 0.068046
hours 2.777777 x 10-4 kilopascals 6.9
days 1.1574074 x 10-5 Pounds/square pounds/square inch 0.0069445
months 3.8057 x 10-7 foot
years 3.171416 x 10-8 feet of water 0.016018
Minutes milliseconds 60000 kips/square foot 1 x 10-3
seconds 60 kilograms/square 0.000488243
hours 0.0166666 centimeter
days 6.944444 x 10-4 tons/square meter 0.004882
months 2.283104 x 10-5 atmospheres 4.72541 x 10-4
years 1/902586 x 10-6 pascals 47.9
Hours milliseconds 3600000 Feet of water (at pounds/square inch 0.43352
seconds 3600 39.2 °F)
minutes 60 pounds/square foot 62.427
days 0.0416666 kilograms/square 0.0304791
months 1.369860 x 10-3 centimeter
years 1.14155 x 10-4 tons/square meter 0.304791
Days milliseconds 86400000 atmospheres 0.029499
seconds 86400 inches of Hg 0.88265
818 Appendix

To Convert from To Multiply by To Convert from To Multiply by

pounds/square inch 6.94445 pounds/square inch 14.696
pounds/square foot 1000 tons(short)/square 1.0581
Kips/square foot tons(short)/square 0.5000 foot
foot Newtons/square pascals 1.00
kilograms/square 0.488244 meter
centimeter
tons(metric)/square 4.88244
meter UNIT WEIGHT
Kilograms/square pounds/square inch 14.223
centimeter To Convert from To Multiply by
pounds/square foot 2048.1614 Grams/cubic tons(metric)/cubic 1.00
feet of water 32.8093 centimeter meter
(39.2 °F) kilograms/cubic 1000.00
kips/square foot 2.0481614 meter
tons/square meter 10 pounds/cubic inch 0.036127292
atmospheres 0.96784 pounds/cubic foot 62.427961
Tons (short)/ atmospheres 0.945082 kilograms/cubic grams/cubic 0.001
square foot meter centimeter
kilograms/square 9764.86 tons(metric)/cubic 0.001
centimeter meter
tons(metric)/square 9.76487 pounds/cubic inch 3.6127292 x 10-5
meter pounds/cubic foot 0.062427961
pounds/square inch 13.8888 Pounds/cubic inch grams/cubic 27.679905
pounds/square foot 2000 centimeter
kips/square foot 2.0 tons (metric)/cubic 27.679905
Tons (metric)/ kilograms/square 0.10 meter
square meter centimeter kilograms /cubic 27679.905
pounds/square foot 204.81614 meter
kips/square foot 0.20481614 pounds/cubic foot 1728
tons (short)/square 0.102408 Pounds/cubic foot grams/cubic 0.016018463
foot centimeter
Atmospheres bars 1.0133 tons(metric)/cubic 0.016018463
centimeters of 76 meter
mercury at 0 °C
kilograms/cubic 16.018463
millimeters of 760
meter
mercury at 0 °C
pounds/cubic inch 5.78703704 x 10-4
feet of water at 33.899
Tons(metric)/ grams/cubic 1.00
39.2 °F
cubic meter centimeter
kilograms/square 1.03323
kilograms/cubic 1000.00
centimeter
meter
grams/square 1033.23
pounds/cubic inch 0.03612772
centimeter
pounds/cubic foot 62.427961
kilograms/square 10332.3
meter
tons (metric) /square 10.3323
meter
pounds/square foot 2116.22
. Conversion Factors 819

COEFFICIENT OF
CONSOLIDATION, CV

To Convert from To Multiply by

Square square centimeters/ 3.1536 x 107
centimeters/ year
second
square meters/year 3.1536 x 103
square inches/ 0.155
second
square inches/year 4.8881 x 106
square feet/ year 3.39447 x 104
Square inches/ square inches/year 3.15368 x 107
second
square feet/year 2.1900 x 105
square centimeters/ 6.4516
second
square centimeters/ 2.0346 x 108
year
square meters/year 2.0346 x 104

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY, k

To Convert from To Multiply by

2 2
Btu/hr-ft -(°F/ft) cal/sec-cm -(°C/cm) 4.134 x 10-3
2 2
W/cm -(°C/cm) Btu/hr-ft -(°F/ft) 57.780
W/cm2-(°C/cm) cal/sec-cm2-(°C/cm) 0.239

TEMPERATURE
5
T (°C ) = [T (° F ) − 32°]
9
9
T (° F ) = T (°C ) + 32°
5
T (K ) = T (°C ) + 273.18°
820 Appendix