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Sample Test
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, FOURTH EDITION
3–1 C-type lectins are so called because of the role of _____ in facilitating
receptor:ligand interactions.
1. carbohydrate
2. CR1
3. calcium
4. chemokines
5. caspases.
1. lipopolysaccharides
2. teichoic acid
3. filamentous hemagglutinin
4. CpG-rich bacterial DNA
5. lipids.
3–4 Macrophages bear on their surface receptors for all of the following
except _____. (Select all that apply).
1. mannose
2. glucans
3. C3b
4. muramyl dipeptide
5. lipopolysaccharide
6. lipoteichoic acid
7. CpG-rich bacterial DNA.
1. TLR4
2. CD14
3. lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP)
4. CXCR1
5. mannose-binding lectin.
3–6 _____ are structurally similar membrane-bound proteins that aid in the
adhesion between various types of human cell.
1. Interferons
2. Integrins
3. GTP-binding proteins
4. Pyrogens
5. Pentraxins.
1. IL-12
2. IL-6
3. IL-1
4. TNF-\alpha.
Column A Column B
1. phosphorylcholine
2. mannose-containing carbohydrates
3. lipoteichoic acid
4. flagellin
5. MASP-1/MASP-2.
1. C3bBb
2. C3b2a
3. C4b2a
4. C4b2b
5. C3b2Bb.
3–14 Which of the following cleaves C2? (Select all that apply.)
1. Factor B
2. C1r
3. MASP-2
4. C1s
5. C4b.
1. factor D
2. C1
3. factor P
4. C4
5. C2.
3–17 The name given to cytokines that recruit cells to move towards areas of
inflammation is _____.
1. chemokines
2. caspase-recruitment domains (CARDs)
3. inflammakines
4. adhesion molecules
5. pyrogens.
3–19 Identify which of the following receptors does not lead to nuclear
translocation of NF\kappaB through an activated IKK intermediate.
1. TLR4
2. IL-1 receptor
3. NOD1
4. NOD2
5. All of the above receptors culminate in nuclear translocation of NF\kappaB
through an activated IKK intermediate.
3–20 Which of the following is most similar in its activity to that of IRF3?
1. IRAK4
2. NF\kappaB
3. TRAF6
4. I\kappa\kappa
5. GTP-binding (G) protein.
1. Inflammasomes
2. Neutrophil extracellular traps
3. RIG-1-like helicases
4. Granulomas
5. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
Column A Column B
3–23 _____ is/are needed to minimize the damaging effects to neighboring host
cells during a respiratory burst.
1. Catalase activity
2. Complement control proteins
3. NADPH oxidase activity
4. Neutrophil mobilization
5. Superoxide dismutase activity.
1. IL-1RA
2. cryopyrin
3. C-reactive protein
4. proIL-1\beta
5. IL-15.
3–25 All of the following characterize serum amyloid protein except _____.
1. it contains approximately 100 amino acids
2. it interacts with CD36 scavenger receptor
3. it increases in concentration by 25% or more in response to infection
4. it associates with high-density lipoprotein particles
5. it activates the classical pathway of complement activation.
1. Mannose-binding lectin
2. IFN-\alpha
3. C-reactive protein
4. surfactant protein-A (SP-A)
5. surfactant protein-D (SP-D).
3–28 Toll-like receptors differ from scavenger receptors in that they _____.
3–29 The Toll-like receptor that is able to signal through both the TRIF and
MyD88 pathways is _____.
1. TLR3
2. TLR4
3. TLR5
4. TLR7
5. TLR8
6. TLR9.
3–31 All of the following statements regarding Toll-like receptors are true
except _____.
1. MyD88
2. TRAF6
3. I\kappaB
4. I\kappa\kappa
5. IRAK4.
3–34 All of the following are correct in reference to type I interferons except
_____.
1. Type I interferons inhibit the replication of viruses.
2. In the presence of type I interferons, virus-infected cells undergo cell-
surface changes that render them more susceptible to attack by NK cells.
3. Not only can most cells synthesize type I interferons, but they can also
respond to them.
4. The receptor for type I interferons is abundant in the cytosol.
5. Type I interferons function in autocrine and paracrine fashions.
6. Type I interferons promote NK-cell proliferation and differentiation into
cytotoxic cells.
Column A Column B
3–36 The following cytokines activate NK cells early in the course of a viral
infection with the exception of _____.
1. IFN-\alpha
2. IFN-\beta
3. IFN-\gamma
4. IL-12
5. IL-15.
3–37
1. CD3
2. type I interferon receptor
3. CR3
4. CD56
5. LFA-1
6. activating receptors
7. inhibitory receptors
8. TLR3
9. TLR4
10. IL-12R\beta1 and IL-12R\beta2.
3–40 Which of the following does not describe a safety mechanism to ensure
that only infected cells are attacked by NK cells?
3–41 Which of the following does not describe a feature observed when a
target cell is induced to commit apoptosis by an NK cell?
1. TLR3
2. TLR4
3. TLR7
4. TLR8
5. TLR9.
1. IL-15
2. IL-1\beta
3. CXCL8
4. TNF-\alpha
5. IL-6.
3–47 After recognizing its ligand, a NOD receptor interacts with a signaling
protein called _____, which is a serine–threonine kinase that phosphorylates
TAKI.
1. CARD
2. NLRP3
3. RIPK2
4. MARCO
5. SR-A.
1. MyD88
2. procaspase-1
3. RIPK2
4. TAKI
5. IKK.
3–49 Chemokine receptors form complexes with _____ after binding to their
ligands.
1. inflammasome components
2. pro-IL-1\beta
3. potassium channels
4. GTP-binding proteins
5. tertiary granules.
1. albumin
2. serum amyloid A protein
3. fibrinogen
4. C3
5. mannose-binding lectin.
3–52 Of the following Toll-like receptors, which is the most highly conserved
and displays the smallest amount of allelic polymorphism?
1. TLR1
2. TLR8
3. TLR10
4. TLR6
5. TLR4.
3–53 Sensors for viral nucleic acid in the cytoplasm, called RLRs, possess
domains that bind to _____. (Select all that apply.)
1. GTP-binding proteins
2. type 1 interferons
3. 5\prime-triphosphate of uncapped RNA
4. oligomerized procaspase-1
5. CARD domains of MAVS.
3–54 Match the innate immune receptor in column A with its ligand(s) in
column B. More than one ligand may be used for each immune receptor.
Column A Column B
3–55 Other than their ligand specificity, what is a key difference between
TLR5, TLR4, TLR1:TLR2, and TLR2:TLR6 compared to TLRs 3, 7, 8, and 9?
3–56 Explain why TLRs can detect many different species of microbes
despite the limited number of different TLR proteins.
3–57 What is NF\kappaB and what is its role in mediating signals through
TLRs?
3–58 What is the name given to the earliest intracellular vesicle that contains
material opsonized by macrophages?
1. opsonome
2. membrane-attack complex
3. lysosome
4. phagosome
5. phagolysosome.
3–59
3–60 Which of the following activities are most closely associated with
natural killer cells?
1. production of TNF-\alpha
2. lysis of virus-infected cells
3. phagocytosis of bacteria
4. release of reactive oxygen intermediates
5. production of IFN-\gamma.
1. C-reactive protein
2. antibodies bound to pathogens
3. mannose-binding lectin
4. iC3Bb
5. terminal components of the complement pathway.
3–64 Describe the two different domains of TLRs and their respective
functions.
3–65 Explain the consequence of engagement of the TLR4, CD14, and MD2
complex with LPS in macrophages.
3–66 Which of the following TLRs do not use a signal transduction cascade
involving MyD88?
1. TLR1:TLR2
2. TLR3
3. TLR4
4. TLR2:TLR6
5. TRL7.
1. C-reactive protein
2. MyD88
3. LPS-binding protein
4. TRIF
5. NF\kappaB.
1. life-span
2. anatomical location
3. ability to phagocytose
4. morphology
5. formation of pus.
1. TNF-\alpha
2. mannose-binding lectin
3. fibrinogen
4. LFA-1
5. CXCL8.
3–71 During inflammation, host tissue may be damaged owing to the release
of toxic oxygen derivatives produced by activated macrophages and neutrophils.
Explain what cellular mechanisms limit these damaging bystander effects.
ANSWERS
3–1 c
3–2 c
3–3 e
3–4 d, g
3–5 c, e
3–6 b
3–7 a
3–8 a—2; b—4; c—5; d—3; e—1
3–9 c
3–10 e
3–11 b
3–12 a
3–13 c
3–14 c, d
3–15 b
3–16 d
3–17 a
3–18 d
3–19 e
3–20 b
3–21 b
3–23 a
3–24 c
3–25 e
3–26 b
3–27 c
3–28 d
3–29 b
3–30 a
3–31 e
3–32 c
3–33 b, e
3–34 d
3–36
3–37 b
3–38 a, i
3–39 c
3–40 d
3–41 a, d
3–42 e
3–43 b
3–44 a
3–45 c, d
3–46 c
3–47 b
3–48 d
3–49 a
3–50 e
3–51 b
3–52 c, e
3–58 d
3–59
3–60 b, e
3–61 c
3–62 e
3–63 b
3–64 The first domain of the TLR is an extracellular domain, also known as
the pathogen-recognition domain, which contains a hydrophobic, leucine-rich
repeat region (LRR) forming a horseshoe-shaped structure that binds specifically
to arrays on microbial surfaces. The second domain of the TLR is the
cytoplasmic signaling domain, also known as the Toll interleukin receptor (TIR)
domain, which facilitates the transmission of information to the interior of the
cell.
3–65 When TLR4 on the surface of macrophages is bound to its LPS ligand, a
signal transduction cascade is initiated that mediates signaling between the cell
surface and the nucleus. The macrophage in turn begins to express particular
genes encoding cytokines and adhesion molecules that are needed to induce a
state of inflammation in the infected tissue.