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Article Type: Introduction: Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) is one of the oldest spice plants which, due to its
Review economic importance and significant pharmaceutical industry applications, is considered as one
of the world’s most important medicinal plants. The purpose of this study is to investigate and
Article History: collect scientific reports such as morphological characteristics, phytochemical compounds and
Received: 12 November 2014 evaluation of the therapeutic properties of this valuable medicinal plant that have been published.
Accepted: 3 December 2014 Methods: In order to gather the information the keywords Fennel and Foeniculum vulgare
mill, therapeutic, and pharmacology have been searched until January 1, 2015 from journals
accessible in databases such as ScienceDirect, Scopus, EBSCO, Medline, PubMed, Embase, SID
Keywords: and Iran Medex.
Foeniculum vulgare Mill Results: The results showed that this plant has various pharmacological properties including
Pharmacology antioxidant, anti-cancer activity, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-bacterial and estrogenic
Phytochemical compounds effects which are probably due to the presence of aromatic compounds such as anethole, estragole
Therapeutic uses and fenshon.
Traditional medicine Conclusion: Fennel possesses various pharmacological properties and the fennel bioactive
molecules play an important role in human health, hence, it might be used for different drug
productions.
importance and pharmaceutical industry usage, it is one acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 1,
of the world’s most dimension medicinal herb (11). This 3-O-di-caffeoylquinic acid, 1, 4-O-di-caffeoylquinic acid
plant has anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antiseptic, and 1, 5-O-di-caffeoylquinicacid. Its flavonoid contains
carminative, diuretic and analgesic effect and is effective eriodictyol-7-rutinoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside and
in gastrointestinal disorder treatment. Also with its rosmarinic acid (22). Also aqueous extract of fennel fruit
anti-ulcer and anti-oxidant properties it is used to treat include quercetin-3-O-galactoside, kaempferol-3-O-
neurological disorders (12,13). According to importance rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-
of fennel as a medicinal herb, the aim of the present study glucuronide, kampferol-3-O-glucuronide, isoquercetin,
was to evaluate the phytochemical characteristics, and and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside (23).
therapeutic properties of this medicinal plant.
Use of fennel in traditional medicine
Methods Fennel has been used in traditional medicine to treat
In order to gather the information the keywords various diseases for thousands of years in the East Asian
Fennel and Foeniculum vulgare mill, therapeutic, and countries, India and China (16). People have long been
pharmacology have been searched until January 1, 2015 familiar with fennel plant. In the middle ages people
from journals accessible in databases such as ScienceDirect, believed that chewing the seeds is important to eliminate
Scopus, EBSCO, Medline, PubMed, Embase, SID and abdomen noise (24). In the fifth century it was believed
Iran Medex. that fennel had sedative effect and in 9th to 14th centuries
numerous therapeutic properties were attributed to it
Results (25). The Romans believed that fennel seed could help
Phytology supercharge the vision. The English believed that the plant
Foeniculum vulgare Mill with English name of Fennel, could offer relief from bloating stomach and facilitate
Fenouil in French, Shmr (Razianaj) in Arabic and digestion. The fennel therapeutic use has been serious
Razianeh in Persian belongs to Apiaceae family. It is an since the 18th century, and many studies have been taken
herbaceous and aromatic plant, with a height of 1 to 2 (26). Nowadays, the different parts of the plant are used
meters, grows in many parts of Europe, the Mediterranean, in treatment of many diseases, particularly pain in the
and Asia. Fennel is a perennial herb with stems grooved, digestive system. Also it is very useful in the treatment of
intermittent leaves, often combined with dark green, diabetes, bronchitis, chronic cough and kidney stones (27).
fluffy with a blade divided into thin pieces, petiole with Fennel seeds are used as a flavoring in cooking meat and
sheath, flowers are usually bisexual, regular or irregular, fish, prepare ice cream and cream. Due to its diuretic effect
with yellow umbrella in the form of oval beads (14,15). On the plant is used to treat kidney and bladder diseases.
radiating branches linear lines can be diagnosed. Fennel It is also used to relieve nausea and remove vomiting.
has small seed with a length of about 8 mm and a width of The herbs is helpful for chronic fever and removing the
3 mm with an aromatic odor and sweet taste. Fennel seeds obstruction in the internal organs, especially the liver,
are narrow, long, cylindrical appearance and dimensions gut, respiratory and urinary tract and also it is used to
vary depending on plant growth. The crack groove light improve eye diseases such as cataract as well as diseases
green surface (16). of the stomach, chronic diarrhea and relieve children
colic (28,29).
Phytochemical composition of fennel
All parts of fennel such as roots, leaves, fruit and especially Pharmacological effects
the seeds are used (17). Fennel seed contains 6.3% water, The pharmacological activities of fennel include following
9.5% protein, 10% fat, 13.4% minerals, 18.5% fibers and items (30).
42.3% carbohydrates (18). Its leaves contain vitamins
and minerals such as calcium, potassium, sodium, iron, Anti-bacterial activity
phosphorus, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C Fennel is used to treat many bacterial, fungal, viral,
(19). Fruits consist 10 to 12 % of oil that is stored in the and mycobacterial infectious diseases (31). Fennel
cotyledons of seeds. Oil obtained from the fennel fruit has has antibacterial activity due to compounds such as,
4% palmitic acid, 22% oleic acid, 14% linoleic acid and linoleic acid, undecanal, 1, 3-benzenediol, oleic acid and
6% petrocylic acid. The fruit has value of 4 to 6% essence 2,4-undecadienal. Fennel has 5-hydroxy-furanocoumarin
which its essence and combine ingredients vary according which has important role antibacterial activity of this plant
to the location of plant growth (16). The aromatic property (32). Aqueous extract of fennel shows bactericidal activity
of fennel is because of the essence. There are more than against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus,
30 types of terpene compounds in the essential oil of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella
fennel, the most important of them are 50 to 80% trans- typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri (33).
anethole, 8% fenshon and limonene 5% (20). This herb During a study it was found that this plant extract has a
also contains phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, significant antibacterial effect against a lot of bacteria except
phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, coumarin and Klebsiella pneumoniae and one strain of Pseudomonas
tannin (21). Phenolic acids include 3-O-Caffeoylquinic aeruginosa. Also this report determined MIC for aqueous
and alcoholic extracts of fennel seed which was in the fennel seed for Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and
range of 20-80 mg/ml and 5-15 mg/ml and statistical determination of total phenolic compounds were studied.
analysis showed better effect of the plant extract compared TAC was measured using the DPPH, H2O2, and FRAP
to standard antibiotics (34). The essence of plant showed and phenolic compounds using the Folin-ciocalteu
very strong antibacterial activity against pathogens in reagent. This study showed that fennel extracts could
food such as Escherichia coli, Listeria, monocytogenes, inhibit free radicals and act as primary antioxidant (41).
Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, as well In another study, the antioxidant activity of aqueous
as having enormous activity against Helicobacter pylori and ethanol extracts of fennel seeds was evaluated by
and Campylobacter jejuni (35,36). using a variety of antioxidant methods such as total
Jazani et al. studied the antibacterial activity of fennel antioxidant, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion
extract on Acinetobacter baumannii strains which cause radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging,
nosocomial infection. The results showed that fennel metal chelating activity. These antioxidant activities
extract has antibacterial effect on all bacteria strains so its’ were compared to standard antioxidant such as butylated
extract can be used to control multiple-antibiotic resistant hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene
bacteria (37). (BHT), and a-tocopherol. The results obtained in this
study showed that fennel seed was a potential source of
Anti-fungal activity natural antioxidants (44). Also antioxidant activity of the
Fennel extract has antifungal activity against various ethanol and aqueous extracts of fennel showed that 100
fungal species such as Candida albicans, species of mg of ethanol and watery extracts respectively had the
Aspergillus, and dermatophytes (21). Also a study on 99.1% and 77.5% of antioxidant activity which was greater
the herb antifungal effect showed significant antifungal than the alpha-tocopherol (36.1%) antioxidant properties
activity against fungi in food waste such as Aspergillus with the same dose (45).
niger and Fusarium oxysporum. The MIC of fennel extract
for these molds respectively was 750 and 250 micrograms Anti-inflammatory activity
per ml (27). Of the pharmacological effects of fennel plant, anti-
Another study showed that dillapional the derivative inflammatory activity can be noted. Research has
of fennel stalk phenyl propanoid has antimicrobial shown that the methanol extract of fennel has anti-
properties against Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis inflammatory effects. Oral administration of 200 mg per
and Cladosporium cladosporioides. Also derivates of kg of methanol extract of fennel fruit shows inhibitory
coumarin named scopoletin had antimicrobial properties effects on acute and subacute inflammatory diseases and
against above micro-organisms but was less important type 4 allergic reactions. In addition, it decreased the
than dillapional (38). activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase
Antifungal activity of fennel essence on Sclerotinia (CAT). It also significantly increased plasma levels of
sclerotiorum was investigated. The antifungal effect of HDL cholesterol. In contrast, it significantly reduced the
this plant against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum observed based level of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a measure of lipid
on survival of the microorganisms (39). peroxidation. These results indicate that the methanol
A study demonstrated that nitric oxide production in extract of fennel fruit is effective in reducing inflammation
peritoneal macrophages which were treated with fennel (46). Kataoka et al. studied anti-inflammatory effects
extract at a concentration of 10 mg/ml significantly of fennel. The results showed that the methanol
increased. Also the production of reactive oxygen species extract of fennel seeds inhibits inflammation through
compared to the control group increased. Lethality study cyclooxygenase and through lipoxygenase pathways
also showed that treated macrophages with concentrations (47,48). Also Choi et al. evaluated fennel methanol extract
of 10 and 20 mg ml had anti-candidate effects more than anti-inflammatory effects. The results showed that the
control group. Among chemical compositions of the plant fennel methanol extract had anti-inflammatory activity
extract anethole had the strongest antifungal activity (40). dependent on the central and peripheral mechanisms (46).
ascites fluid decreased. The results demonstrated that (72). Also, the effect of fennel on TNF-α cytokine in
the methanol extract of fennel had significant anticancer liver fibrosis model was examined. In the treated group
activity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and liver inflammation was reduced and the amount of TNF-α
cancer (Hepg) through modulating lipid peroxidation secretion was reduced by PBMCS (73). Based on these
and increasing antioxidant defense system and inhibitory findings, we can conclude that fennel might reduce TNF-α
effect on free radicals (68). secretion by single –core cells, inhibit inflammation and
improve liver fibrosis.
Hepato-protective activity
The studies demonstrated that the fennel plant has Memory-protective activity
protective effect on liver. Qiang et al. studied the effect of It is believed that some plants including fennel herbs are
fennel extract in carbon tetrachloride -induced liver injury used to enhance memory and intelligence. Therefore,
rats. Data from this study showed that this extract reduced the effect of fennel extract on memory in amnesiac
the levels of AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT rats was examined. The results showed that this extract
(alanine amino transferase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase) had memory enhancement property (27). In Joshi et al.
and serum bilirubin (69). Also the effect of fennel on lipid study the effect of fennel extract as a neurotropic factor
peroxidation in rats with hepatic fibrosis was investigated. and anti-acetylcholinesterase in mice were investigated.
After fennel consumption ALT, AST level and MDA The findings of this study showed that fennel extract
content significantly decreased and the TP, ALB and SOD, significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase. According
CAT, GSH-PX activities increased. According to results it to this study it can be deduced that fennel might be used
might be concluded that fennel probably through effect in treatment of cognitive disorders such as dementia and
on regulation of lipid peroxidation might inhibit hepatic Alzheimer (74).
fibrosis (70).
Wang et al. studied fennel effect on cytokines in rats with Potential mechanisms
hepatic fibrosis. The results demonstrated that degradation According to the literature, some potential mechanisms of
of lipids and inflammation was reduced in the fennel the plant’s effects have been shown in Table 1.
treated group. Based on the data obtained from this study
can be deduced that fennel might reduce inflammation Side effects
in the liver and also considerably protect hepatocytes In general, for preparing herbal products minimal toxicity
against liver damage (71). In other study, the effect of and minimal side effects are very important. Estragole is
fennel on hepatic fibrosis and the amount of potassium one of the most important fennel extract compounds. It
supplements examined. Patient group with fibrosis, liver is reported that this compound led to the development
tissue inflammation and excessive fat degradation after of malignant tumors in rodents, so use of this agent is
fennel treatment significantly improved. After treatment restricted (18). The Estragole causes tumors in rodents
with fennel of ascites level and HAase content decreased but carcinogenicity in humans has not been established.
and potassium levels went up. According to these findings The total amount of anethole in fennel is 2090 mg/kg. It
it can be derived that fennel might inhibit hepatic fibrosis has been reported that repeated administration of 695 mg/
Table 1. The potential mechanisms of efficacy of some pharmacologic properties of Foeniculum vulgare Mill
kg caused a mild lesions in the rat liver. Thus, it was found number, weight and sex ratio of rat off spring. Adv
that normal therapeutic doses of anatole cause mild liver Environ Biol 2014; 8(10): 824-30.
toxicity (75). 4. Beyrami-Miavagi A, Farokhi F, Asadi-Samani M. A
It is reported that the use of fennel extract for control study of the effect of prostodin and hydroalcoholic
and treatment of primary dysmenorrhea causes concern extract of Malva neglecta on kidney histopathology
about the teratogenicity potential of it, due to its estrogen- and renal factors in female rats. Adv Environ Biol
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Available researches have shown that extracts of fennel 6. Asadi-Samani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Azimi N.
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