Week 3

Săstraș Alina, Szasz Beatrice Andrada, Rusu Ilinca, Vasilescu Adriana

group 814

Section 5. Limits of functions of several variables

5.1. Definition
A function f : A → ℝm , where A ⊆ ℝ is called vector function of a real variable.

Examples:

i) f : [0, 2π ] → ℝ2 , f (t) = (r cos t, r sin t)

ii) f : [0, 2π ] → ℝ3 , f (t) = (r cos t, r sin t, vt) - it is a cylindrical helix
iii) f : ℝ → ℝ3 , f (t) = (t cos t, t sin t, vt) - it is a conical helix

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A function f : A → ℝ , where A ⊆ ℝ is called a real valued function of several variables.

Examples:

i) f : ℝ2 → ℝ , f (x, y ) = (x2 + y 2 ) e−x−y

xyz
ii) f : ℝ3 → ℝ , f (x, y , z ) = 1+x2 +y2 +z 2

A function f : A → ℝm , where A ⊆ ℝn is called a vector function of several variables.

Examples:

i) f : ℝ2 → ℝ3 , f (u, v ) = (a cos u cos v, a cosu sin v, a cos v)

ii) f : ℝ3 → ℝ2 , f (x, y , z ) = (x + y − 3z, sin (x + y + z ))

Let A ⊆ ℝn , f : A → ℝm .
We define the functions f 1 , ..., f m : A → ℝ as follows:
given x ∈ A such that f (x) = ( y 1 , … , y m ) ∈ ℝm we put f 1 (x) := y m , ..., f m (x) := y m

The functions f 1 , ..., f m defined as above are called the scalar components of the vector
function f .

From the definition it follows that:

f (x) = (f 1 (x) , ..., f m (x)) , ∀ x ∈ A

In what follows we will write f = (f 1 , ..., f m ) : A → ℝm in order to emphasise the scalar

components of f.
 5.2 Definition
n m m
Let A ⊆ ℝ ,let a ∊ A ’ f : A → ℝ be a function and let b ∊ ℝ .
Then f is said to have a limit b at a (or b is said to be a limit f of at a ) if:
∀ 𝜀 >0, ∃ δ >0 such that ∀ x ∊ A \{ a } with || x - a || < δ we have|| f ( x )- b || < 𝜀

It can be easily seen that f can have at most one limit at a . If this limit exists,then we write
lim f (x) = b .
x→a

5.3​ ​Theorem (Characterisation of the limit by means of sequences)

Let A ⊆ ℝn , let a ∊ A ’and let f : A → ℝm be a function and let b ∊ ℝm .
Then the following statements are equivalent:
(1) f has a limit b at a ( lim f (x) = b ).
x→a
(2) ∀ xk a sequence in A∖{a} such that lim xk = a we have lim xk = b
k→∞ k→∞

5.4 Theorem
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Let A ⊆ ℝ , let a ∊ A , f = (f 1 , ..., f m ) : A → ℝ and let b = ( b1 , …, bn ) ∈, then:
lim f (x) = b ⇔ ∀ i ε{1, ...m} : lim f i (x) = bi
x→a x→a

Section 6- Continuity of vector functions of several variables

6.1.Definition
Let A ⊆ ℝn ,​let a ∊ A , let f : A → ℝm .
The function f is said to be continuous at a if:
∀ 𝜀 >0, ∃ δ >0 such that ∀ x ∊ A with || f ( x )- f ( a ) || < δ we have || f ( x )- f ( a ) || < 𝜀

Remark!
If a is an isolated point of A ⇒ f is continuous at a

6.2 Theorem (Characterisation of continuity by means of sequences)

Let A ⊆ ℝn ,​ let f : A → ℝm a function and let a ∊ A .
Then f is continuous at a ⇔ ∀ xk a sequence in A such that lim xk = a we have
k→∞
lim f (xk ) = f (a)
k→∞

6.3 Theorem
Let A ⊆ ℝn , let f : A → ℝm a function and let a ∊ A ⋂ A ’. Then:
f is continuous at a ⇔ lim f (x) = f (a) .
x→a

6.4 Theorem
Let A ⊆ ℝn , let a ∊ A and let f = (f 1 , ..., f m ) : A → ℝm .Then:
f is continuous at a ⇔ ∀ i ε{1, ...m} , the function f i : A → ℝ is continuous at a .
 6.5 Theorem
n m m
If A ⊆ ℝ is a compact set and f : A → ℝ is continuous on A , then f (A) is compact in ℝ .
6.6 Theorem (K. Weierstrass)
A continuous real valued function defined on a compact set is bounded and attains its bounds on
that set.

.
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CHAPTER 2. Differential calculus in ℝ

Section 1. The normed space of linear mappings

1.1. Definition
n m
A function φ: ℝ → ℝ is called a linear mapping if:
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∀ α, β ∈ ℝ, ∀ x , y ∈ ℝ : φ(α x +β y ) = αφ( x )+βφ( y )
n m n m
L( ℝ , ℝ ):={φ: ℝ → ℝ | φ is a linear mapping}

n m
If φ ∈ L( ℝ , ℝ ) then:
, φ ( 0n ) = 0m ;
, φ (- x ) = -φ( x );
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, ∀ k ∈ ℕ, ∀ x1 ,…, xk ∈ ℝ , ∀ α1 ,..., αk ∈ ℝ :
φ( α1 x1 + … + αk xk ) = α1 φ( x1 )+ … + αk φ( xk )

1.2. Theorem
A function φ: ℝn → ℝm is a linear mapping
⇔ ∃ b1 , …, bn ∈ ℝm s.t. ∀ x1 ,…, xn ∈ ℝn : φ(x) = x1 b1 + xn bn

1.3. Corollary
A function φ: ℝn → ℝm is a linear mapping
⇔ ∃ b ∈ ℝn s.t. φ( x ) = < x , b >, ∀ x ∈ ℝn