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Analysis of the Basic Factors of Indian Foreign Policy

Ravinder
S/o Sh. Satpal
H.No. 1143/18, Street No.8,
Dharam Singh Colony, Narwana
Distt.– Jind (Haryana)
Abstract

Foreign policy of a country generally means its relations with other countries regarding
all issues of international relevance like peace, disarmament, climate change, human rights,
development, justice, deconolisation etc. A state tries to control the behaviour of other states
through its foreign policy. According to George Modelski, “Foreign policy is the system of
activities evolved by communities for changing the behaviour of the states and for adjusting their
own activities to the international environment.” For the study of foreign policy of India, at first
we need to know the background conditions or the fundamental determinants which provide the
foundations for objectives and principles of foreign policy of India. This paper is examines and
analyse the major basic factors which affect the Indian Foreign Policy. Foreign policy making is
a dynamic process. Normally, change of government does not change the fundaments of the
foreign policy of a state. Why does it normally remain unchanged? It is because foreign policy of
a state is determined by a number of factors, many of them are static. All of them interact and
determine the foreign policy. Same holds true for Indian foreign policy. India is the second most
populous country and the world’s most popular democracy. It is one of the fast growing
economies in the world. It is no more a regional power only, but showing every potential of a
global power. These are contributing to its growing influence in the international affairs. The
basic important determinants shaping Indian foreign policy will be discussed in detail in this
paper.

Major Factors of Indian Foreign Policy

The foreign policy of a country is the sum total of the principles, interests and objectives
which it seeks to promote through its relations with other countries. Indian Foreign policy is never
uniquely determined by any one factor or set of factors, but it is the result of interplay of a large
number of factors that affect the formulation of Indian foreign policy in different ways in different
circumstances. These factors have been classified into basic determinants and other determinants
by many writers. No doubt Indian foreign policy has been influenced more by some factors and
less by others. Some of these factors are relatively stable and have to be taken as given by the
makers of foreign policy, and can, therefore, be regarded as more basic or unchangeable

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determinants of foreign policy than others. But the more variable institutional factors, and even the
personal role of the decision makers, are no less important in the process of decision making than
the basic determinants.

The basic determinants of Indian foreign policy are:-

Geographical Factor

Geography is the foremost and primary determinant of Indian foreign policy. The
location, size and shape of the country are the main geographical factors influencing the foreign
policy of India. The prediction that Lord Curzon made in 1903 has proved to be true. He
observed, “The geographical position of India would more push it into the forefront of
International affairs. Our first Prime Minister J.L. Nehru too was fully conscious of the
geographical importance of India. On 17th March 1950, in a speech in the Indian Parliament, he
observed, ”We are in strategic part of Asia, set in the centre of Indian Ocean, with intimate past
and present connection with West Asia, South-East Asia and Far Eastern Asia. Even if we could
we would not want to ignore this fact.” India is situated at the centre of the Great Asian Arc
stretching from Aden to Tokyo and at the head of the Indian Ocean. India’s central and dominant
location in the Indian Ocean helps it to play a role of global importance. India is a sub continent
where the Peninsula is separated from mainland Asia by the Himalayas in the North, Bay of
Bengal in the East, the Arabian Sea in the West and the Indian Ocean in the south. Her location
influences global powers to programme India into their respective global strategies. India’s
strategic location in South Asia, almost at the beginning of the Asian continent (Ocean side)
gives her a central position in Asian politics. Beyond the immediate regions, India is also on the
trade route of Japan and the nations of Western world. The Suez Canal makes it nearer to
Mediterranean and European nations. Such a strategic location makes it imperative for Indian
foreign policy to work for closer and greater economic, social, cultural and political co-operation
with other nations.

Similarly, size of India is another geographical factor affecting our foreign policy. India
is the world’s seventh largest state in area. The vast size of the country makes it a potential
regional leader as it has major portion of mineral resources, arable land and the vast coastline
rich in marine resources, in the South Asian region. On land borders, it has China, Nepal, and
Bhutan in the north, Myanmar, Bangladesh in the east, and Pakistan in the west while on
maritime borders it has Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Maldives. This vast size,
thus, presents us both opportunity to develop relations with neighbours and challenges to manage
all these bilateral relations simultaneously.

Nature of boundary is also an important geographical determinant of Indian foreign

relations. The impact of frontiers on Indian foreign policy can be analysed in two parts. The one
is impact of Natural Frontiers and the second is impact of Unnatural/Man-made Frontiers.
Himalayan Frontiers and the Indian Ocean Frontiers are the two Natural Frontiers of India. The
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existence of Himalayan Frontiers in the North has been a source of great geo-political
implications on India’s policy of external affairs and her relations with many other nations. The
defense of the Himalayan Frontier is a big factor in Indian security planning. The importance of
relations with Nepal and Bhutan has been largely due to their strategic location in the Himalayas.
Thus, the Himalayan Frontier is a source of big influence on Indian Foreign Policy. India
occupies a central and strategic location in the Indian Ocean area. All the major air and sea
routes of the world pass through India. A major part, almost entire load, of her foreign and
coastal trade is dependent upon the freedom of Indian Ocean. The security of India stands linked
with the security of Indian Ocean. Besides the Himalayan and Indian Ocean frontiers, India has
a very large part of land-Pillar Frontiers, Particularly with Pakistan and Bangladesh. The
problems of defense of this frontier as well the problem of boundary demarcation have been a
source of tension for India’s relations with Pakistan and Bangladesh. To sum up, we can say that
geography is an important, rather vital element of Indian Foreign Policy. Two of the major
principles (Non-alignment and Panchsheel) of our foreign policy clearly reflect the influence of
geography.

Economic Development

Economic Development is the second major factor of Indian foreign policy. Independent
India found herself economically dependent upon other. Centuries of imperial domination and
economic exploitation at the hands of the imperial Britain, and the lowly placed nature of its
scientific and technological level made her a economically backward nation. Among the major
factors which determine the rate of economic development are population, natural resources and
technology. Foreign policy is conditioned by these economic factors in national development in
different ways. India has the second largest population in the world, which is also increasing at a
rapid rate. But India’s land area much smaller than that of several other states with much smaller
populations. The density of population in India’s, therefore, relatively high. India’s
overwhelming population and its heavy dependence on agriculture has been a economic variable
of Indian foreign policy. Another aspect of the population problem which affects India’s foreign
policy is the emigration of large numbers of Indians in the past to South and East Africa, Sri
Lanka and Southeast Asia, generally as indentured labour under British rule. Since India’s
independence, ethnic conflicts involving overseas Indians in Myanmar, East Africa, South Africa
and Sudan have posed problems for India’s foreign policy.

It is almost a truism that a large natural resources base is a major element of national
power and potential in international relations. Of two states at the same level of technological
progress, that which is richer in natural resources will have a greater power potential than the
other. Generally, speaking, India’s natural resources are diversified and relatively abundant with
large deposits of coal, pig-iron and fairly good position in respect of some other industrial raw
materials. India has the potential to be a self-reliant and developed nation. The dependence upon
foreign technical know-how for the setting up a heavy has further been a source of weakness.

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The fact that India has a relatively abundant supply of natural resources is, therefore, important
for her national power and foreign policy from the long-run point of view. Moreover, India has a
shortage of some essential minerals like copper, tin, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, sulphur and oil.
The shortage of oil and oil products, in particular, has been almost a debilitating factor in India’s
domestic oil production has grown to some extent in recent decades. India is still heavily
dependent on the import of oil from the Gulf States.

In this age of technology, the level of technological development is an important factor

that influences in a big way the foreign policy of a nation. At the time of Independence India was
a backward country with underdeveloped technology and low level of industrialization. It was
dependent upon other developed nations for the import of technical know-how as well as the
import of heavy machinery of setting up basic industries like steel plants. Consequently this
dependence proved to be a source of weakness. Gradually, however, India has been a position to
register good progress in the sphere of technological and industrial development. Indian
scientists have been successful in securing good technological advances for India. Industrial and
technological advancement has now made India capable of exporting the know-how and help to
the lowly developed nations of the Third World. With a large percentage of skilled manpower
India has emerged as a potential power it today stands at the take off state. With Rocket
technology, Satellite technology and Atomic technology and increased percentage of industrial
output, India’s chances of playing a more active role in international affairs have brightened.
However, still there is long way to go before India can hope to be a recognized developed
country.

The progressive globalization of the world economy, and India’s new economic policy
(1991) of privatization and liberalization, has opened up new dimensions of multilateral
economic diplomacy of India. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) was established in 1995
with India as a founding member. These new developments in India’s multilateral diplomacy
were in addition to the economic diplomacy which was already in existence within the
framework of the BIMSTEC, SAARC, ASEAN, IBSA and BRICS. These new, elaborate and
complex functions of multilateral diplomacy have made it necessary for India to develop new
structures and specialized personnel within the Ministry of External Affairs. Today, India is
attempting to boost its economy through multilateral trade and economic negotiations and
regional and bilateral trade agreements. India like other countries of the world is signing Free
Trade Agreements and Preferential Trade agreements with other countries and trade groups for
market access and greater economic clout. Thus, Economic Development is one of the basic
factor of the Indian foreign policy. Progress in this direction alone can make Indian foreign
policy capable of securing the goals of national interests.

Political Traditions

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Political organisation, political tradition, structure of government and enlightened

leadership also contribute to the shaping of an effective foreign policy. The experience of Indians
during the British rule has been its significant element. The quasi independent international
entity status of India tacitly recognized by the British Government particularly after 1919, helped
the process of origin of Indian foreign policy within, of course, the broad ambit of Britain’s
imperial policy. The experience thus, gained by India in the sphere foreign affairs has been a
helping factor in the making of foreign policy of independent India. Synthesis of the values of
Democracy and Socialism during the course of her renaissance in late 19th and early 20th
centuries has been a determinant of India’s rejection of both Western model of Democracy
(Liberal-Capitalist-Democratic system) and Communism. However, positively it has helped the
Indian foreign policy to have faith in and to work for securing compatible friendship and co-
operation both with the western democratic and the communist countries. India is a democratic
country and established institutions of democratic political structure such as an elected
Parliament, political parties and a free press make their due impact on foreign policy. Negotiated
treaties and international agreements become legally binding on the state, but are not part of the
domestic law unless passed by an Act of Parliament. Interest groups concerned with foreign
relations exist inside and outside of Parliament. The tradition of peace, truth and non-violence
enabled India to insist on peaceful settlement of International disputes and encourage
disarmament. India’s assertive and continued stand against signing the discriminatory nuclear
non-proliferation treaty, NPT, as well as the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (signed by several
countries in 1996) is guided by our commitment to nuclear-weapons-free world without any
discrimination.

Philosophical Factor

The philosophical basis of Indian foreign policy includes an account of such moral ideals
and values of India. Mutual love and faith in national and international peace and friendship with
other countries are regarded as possible and practical values by India. India’s commitment to
world peace, anti-colonialism opposition to racism, commitment to democracy, secularism and
peaceful co-existence etc are certain philosophical values that emerged during the freedom
movement. During the British rule India considerably developed relations with other countries to
improve world peace and freedom and condemned colonialism and racial discrimination. India’s
foreign policy belonged to none of the schools of thought.

The philosophical foundations of India’s foreign policy are, in fact, quite conspicuous.
India has been the seat of a hoary civilization and a meeting place of great cultures. In view of
such a philosophical tradition and its reflection on the personality of Nehru, the chief architect of
independent India’s foreign and domestic policies carries attention. It is but natural that India
should prefer the golden mean or the middle way between the two competing international
ideologies of the day-Western liberal democracy and Russian egalitarianism. Indeed as the then

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vice-president of India, Dr. Radhakrishnan said: “India is profoundly convinced that power
politics at any time meant misery to mankind in a shrinking world, with disaster to humanity.”

Historical Factor

History of India is also an abiding and significant influence on the foreign policy making.
British imperialism in India, and our struggle for freedom against colonialism and Imperialism
has had direct impact on India’s foreign policy. India’s full support to freedom struggle in Afro-
Asian countries and fight against racial discrimination was the outcome of our history. Further,
the long and rich but complicated historical experience of the people of India has been a
conditioning factor of Indian foreign policy. Having experienced the exploitation and sufferings
under the yoke of British imperialism, Indian foreign policy stands totally committed to fight
against Imperialism, Colonialism and Racialism. The historical links between Britain and other
countries of the commonwealth have been positive factors in the maintenance and development
of relations with the commonwealth countries. The history of national movement, the ideals and
principles that governed the Indian national movement toward freedom, the history of India’s
pre-independence foreign relations and the unfortunate effect of the Partition of India have been
highly influential factors in the making of Indian foreign policy. Relations with Pakistan and the
consequent pressure on Indian foreign policy have been largely due to the impact of history of
partition of India. Kashmir dispute with Pakistan has been a factor in India’s relations with the
super-powers. India’s support for National Liberation Movement in Asian and African countries
has been governed by the ideals of her own struggle for independence.

Cultural Factor

The cultural values and traditions are always influential in the policies of a nation
because the policy-makers in their attitudes, orientations and observations are always governed
by these values. Indian foreign policy too bears the influence of India’s cultural values. The
importance that Indian foreign policy gives to world peace, peaceful means settlement of
disputes, mutual respect for each other’s rights, non-interference and toleration towards others
and peaceful coexistence, is due to the impact of Indian culture. Panchsheel is a major principle
of Indian foreign policy and it clearly stands deeply influenced by Indian culture. Faith in Indian
culture and pride in Indian civilization has been the sources of India’s commitment to follow
independent foreign policy and play a leading role in international relations. The cultural
traditions of Shrutis and Dharma Shastras, Buddhist and Jainas traditions of peace and non-
violence as well as Arthshashtra tradition of real politics show their influence on the evolution of
India’s foreign policy at various stages of development. The adoption of non-alignment as a
policy stance can be traced to the cultural tradition of judging issues on their own merits and
deciding accordingly without any preconceived bias. Equation of right means and right ends is
another significant Indian tradition. Mahatma Gandhi indeed insisted on the purity of means to
achieve noble ends. He was deeply impressed by Manu’s Dharmashastra which lays down, “one

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should not do a good thing by following a bad path.” Nehruvian policy of peaceful rise of India
was a derivative of this deep cultural legacy. 1954 proposal by Nehru at the UN general
assembly for universal disarmament was for furthering the goal of a peaceful world order.
Indian desire to have friendship and co-operation with all the nations derives strength from the
secular character of Indian culture.

National Interest

A nation state’s interests or national interest, are the predominant factors which lead to
the solidifying of the Foreign relations and strategies affairs policies and mechanism for the
whole national sate. National Interest was indeed the most important governing principle of our
foreign policy. It refers to interests specific to a nation sate, including especially survival and
maintenance of power. The two components of national interest were fully comprehended by
India’s Foreign Office and sought to be protected and promoted by our foreign policy. It was
guided by the country’s internal as well as external security. Indian took effective measure for
short term as well as long term security, though it is doubtful if long-term measures were really
effective because in 1962 China inflicted a humiliating defeat-like situation in the north-east.
Secondly, national security depends on international peace, which in turn will be possible if a
new world order based on cooperation is established. Right from the day India signed the UN
Charter, India has been striving hard for a conflict-free world order based on peace, cooperation
and understanding among sovereign members of international community. The indigenous
corporate capitalist interests (immaterial of the adjectives we might choose to characterize them)
today frame the agenda for the Indian state in the international scenario, whether pro-US or
otherwise. We cannot simply isolate one aspect of the Indian capitalist interests and generalize it
to grasp their hydra-like nature. Competition and collaboration are inherent in the capitalist
political economy. Thus, the idiom of National Interest is paramount for any nation state which
is defined as the attainment of power and the maintenance and expansion of power.

Military Strength

Military strength of a country has direct impact on its foreign policy. A country with
weak military machine will normally be at a disadvantage even at peaceful negotiations. The
military strength of a country enables it to successfully negotiate with enemies. India has the
fourth largest military establishment in the world. India’s nuclear military strength acts as a
deterrent against external threats. For sometime after independence, India was militarily a weak
nation. Our armed forces followed British tradition and strategy. India’s security needs made us
largely dependent on the West, particularly Britain. But, after the 1962 debacle in India-China
border war, we decided to be on our own in matters of defense. India broadened the scope of
market to buy weapons. Our defense personnel were trained to meet any situation from any
quarter. Within a short period of time, India’s defense forces, using tanks and planes made in
India, successfully repulsed the Pakistan attack in 1965. India did not seek any military alliances,

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and followed the policy of non-alignment as we opportunity to conduct a nuclear test in 1974.
After keeping its nuclear option open (1974-1998) for several years, India finally conducted five
nuclear tests in 1998. Prime Minister Vajpayee declared India to be a nuclear weapon state, and
also committed India not to conduct any more tests. Vajpayee Government’s bold decision
surprised the international community, but India had exercised its sovereign right. Condemnation
by many countries, including USA was short-lived and world powers came to terms with a
nuclear India whether or not countries formally recongnised India as a nuclear weapon state.
Even after agreeing in 2005 on civilian nuclear deal with India, the US continued to describe
India as a “state with advanced nuclear technology.”

Ideological Basis

The ideology of Gandhism, with its emphasis upon peace, non-violence, brotherhood of
man, internationalism and non-interference, in the affairs of others has been a source of big
influence on Indian foreign policy. The Indian foreign policy objectives of peace through
peaceful means and co-operation with all have clearly been influenced by Gandhism. Coming to
the particular ideologies, Indian foreign policy has been influenced by the ideologies of: Anti-
Imperialism, National self-determination, Non-interference in the affairs of other nations,
Peaceful co-operation among nations and International peace. The framework within which India
has sought to pursue these has been Non-alignment. Nehru, the founder of India’s foreign policy,
was deeply incorporate a synthesis of the virtues of Western liberal democracy and the Soviet
socialism. He wanted to keep away from the evils of both. He, therefore, decided not to blindly
follow the principles of foreign policy of either of the two.

Nehru was deeply impressed by British Labour Party leader and a professor of Political
Science H.J. Laski’s ideology was a synthesis of Liberalism and Marxism. Indirectly, the policy
of non-alignment was also a result of the synthesis of Liberalism and Marxism. But, it may be an
oversimplification to believe that India’s policy was only influenced by Nehru’s ideology. It was
also influenced by Indian philosophy of humanism and universal brotherhood. It is this ideology
which must get credit for India’s attempts at friendship with both the power blocs during the
Cold War days. As mentioned earlier, Gandhiji’s ideals of truth and non-violence were also
sought to be incorporated by Nehru while shaping Indian foreign policy.

Domestic Milieu

Domestic milieu is an important determinant of Indian foreign policy. The cultural,

historical and political factors can also be included in the study of domestic milieu of Indian
foreign policy. Besides these principles, ideas and resolutions of the Congress, the impact of
other political parties of India and the role played by Indian Civil Service in the making of
foreign policy can be analysed as part of the domestic milieu. Along with this the domestic needs
of the people of India have also been the determining factors of Indian foreign policy. One of the
major structural components of the Indian state is the ruling elite. India emerged as an
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independent nation with broadly three-tiered ruling elite: the political leadership of the Congress
including the political executive, the civil services, and the officers of the armed forces. The
foreign policy resolutions adopted by the Congress served as important inputs of Indian foreign
policy. The broad-based structure of Congress Party provided the opportunity for various groups
and people of different regions of India to fight collectively the struggle for Independence. This
feature became responsible for the attempt of Congress to avoid extreme doctrinal ideologies or
power groupings and adopt a composite outlook. The Indian Civil Service and Indian Military
elite too influenced the making of Indian foreign policy, yet their role stood overshadowed by the
Congress and the political elite. Religious Divisions and Ethnic Separatism (especially northeast
states and Tamil separatism) are the affecting parts of the domestic milieu. Class-Caste
Stratification is another element of the domestic milieu. Thus the Domestic factors are becoming
increasingly important in India’s foreign policy. For example, the government was unable to sign
the Teesta water-sharing agreement with Bangladesh because of domestic factors.

International Milieu

Foreign policy making is done in the light of prevailing conditions in the international
politics. In any case, foreign policy is the sum total of decisions taken by a country to regulate
the behaviour of other states. The Second World War had a big impact on the power structure at
the international level. The decline of the power of formerly powerful European nations, the rise
of USA and USSR as the two superpowers, the emergence of cold war and the alliances, the
emergence of Atomic Bombs, the forming of UNO, etc. combined together to give a new look to
the international environment of post-war era. The rise of India as a sovereign independent state
in 1947 and the coming of successful communist revolution in China signaled the rise of Asia. It
was in such an International milieu that India undertook the task of formulating her foreign
policy. The Cold War system (1945-1990) did not leave any country’s foreign policy unaffected.
The frequent use of Veto in the UN Security Council was a direct result of the Cold War politics.
As far as India is concerned, the adoption and propagation of the policy of non-alignment was a
clear response to the international milieu represented by a bipolar world and the Cold War. The
détente between the USA and China (1971), expulsion of Taiwan from the UN on the initiative
of America, and strategic relationship that developed between USA and China since
1971(Bangladesh War) had direct impact on the foreign policy of India. This continuum of
adjusting to the international environment was further reflected after the end of cold war.
Reorientation of India’s foreign policy and adoption of look east policy was necessitated by the
fall of Soviet Union, which worked as a balancer in the international politics. India’s successful
testing in 1998 of nuclear weapons was justified as a necessary response to the fast changing
international environment. With this balance gone India had to move swiftly to develop its
relations with all major powers. The evolution of Indo-US and India-EU relations in the post
cold war period affirms the adjustments in Indian foreign policy due to change in international
environment. International organisations and the expression of world public opinion on serious

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international concerns like poverty, human rights, climate change and terrorism also have
powerful impact on foreign policy of India.

Conclusion

It is clear from the above analysis that foreign policy of India is determined by a number
of basic factors which is discussed in this paper. As most of these significant factors are of
changing nature, so with their evolution or transformation, foreign policy of India also keeps on
changing. The multifarious objectives of India’s foreign policy achieve a blend of national and
international interests. India has sought to achieve its security and socio-economic advancement
while at the same time working for peace, freedom, progress and justice to all nations and
peoples. In short it can be said that apart from the national determinants of foreign policy,
international environment also plays an important role in the formulation and orientation of the
Foreign Policy of India. Non-alignment, adherence to peaceful procedures for settlement of
differences, support to the initiatives for disarmament, and active participation in international
bodies constituted notable principles that flow from the objectives of the country’s foreign
policy. Thus, the success of Indian foreign policy is clearly linked with all the influencing
factors.

All in all, India seems to have done pretty well in formulating and implementing a
foreign policy behind which the nation stood united and which projected the country as a peace
loving, mature, democratic, and law abiding country in the realm of world. Finally, the analysis
proved that India’s foreign policy like that of any other country is the product of the complex
interplay of a variety of factors.

References:

 Foreign Policy of India, K.R.Gupta and Vatsala Shukla, Atlantic publishers &
Distributers, 2009.
 The Making of India’s Foreign Policy, Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya, Allied
Publishers Private Limited, 3rd Edition Reprinted 2006.
 South Asia Security, Manan Dwivedi, Kalpaz Publications, 2009.
 Foreign Policy of India, N. Jayapalan, Atlantic Publishers and Distributers, 2001.
 Foreign Policy of India, V.N. Khanna, Vikas Publishing House, 6th Edition
Reprinted 2009.
 India and the Dynamics of World Politics, Reetika Sharma, Ramvir Goria and Vivek
Mishra, Pearson Publication, 2011.

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