Scala Operator

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical
manipulations. Scala is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators –

 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Assignment Operators

This chapter will examine the arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment and other operators
one by one-

Arithmetic Operators

The following arithmetic operators are supported by Scala language. For example, let us assume
variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then –
Operator Description Example

+ Adds two operands A + B will give 30

- Subtracts second operand from the first A - B will give -10

* Multiplies both operands A * B will give 200

/ Divides numerator by de-numerator B / A will give 2

% Modulus operator finds the remainder after division of one B % A will give 0
number by another

Try the following example program to understand all the arithmetic operators available in
Scala Programming Language.

Example:

object Demo {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
var a = 10;
var b = 20;
var c = 25;
var d = 25;

println("a + b = " + (a + b) );
println("a - b = " + (a - b) );
println("a * b = " + (a * b) );
println("b / a = " + (b / a) );
println("b % a = " + (b % a) );
println("c % a = " + (c % a) );
}
}
Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and
execute this program.

Command

\>scalac Demo.scala
\>scala Demo

Output

a + b = 30
a - b = -10
a * b = 200
b/a=2
b%a=0
c%a=5

Relational Operators

The following relational operators are supported by Scala language. For example let us assume
variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then –

Operator Description Example

== Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then (A == B) is not true.
condition becomes true.

!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are (A != B) is true.
not equal then condition becomes true.

> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right (A > B) is not true.
operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right (A < B) is true.
operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the (A >= B) is not true.
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value (A <= B) is true.
of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
Try the following example program to understand all the relational operators available in
Scala Programming Language.

Example:

object Demo {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
var a = 10;
var b = 20;

println("a == b = " + (a == b) );
println("a != b = " + (a != b) );
println("a > b = " + (a > b) );
println("a < b = " + (a < b) );
println("b >= a = " + (b >= a) );
println("b <= a = " + (b <= a) );
}
}

Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and
execute this program.

Command
\>scalac Demo.scala
\>scala Demo

Output
a == b = false
a != b = true
a > b = false
a < b = true
b >= a = true
b <= a = false

Logical Operators
The following logical operators are supported by Scala language. For example, assume variable A
holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then –
Operator Description Example

&& It is called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non zero then condition (A &&
becomes true. B) is
false.

|| It is called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non zero then condition (A || B)
becomes true. is true.

! It is called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a !(A &&
condition is true then Logical NOT operator will make false. B) is
true.
Try the following example program to understand all the logical operators available in Scala
Programming Language.

Example:

object Demo {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
var a = true;
var b = false;

println("a && b = " + (a&&b) );

println("a || b = " + (a||b) );

println("!(a && b) = " + !(a && b) );

}
}

Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and
execute this program.

Command

\>scalac Demo.scala
\>scala Demo

Output
a && b = false
a || b = true
!(a && b) = true

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit by bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and
^ are as follows −
p q p&q p|q p^q

0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 1 1

Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows −
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
-----------------------
A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011

The Bitwise operators supported by Scala language is listed in the following table. Assume
variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then −
Operator Description Example

& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it (A & B) will give 12, which is 0000
exists in both operands. 1100

| Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either (A | B) will give 61, which is 0011
operand. 1101

^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one (A ^ B) will give 49, which is 0011
operand but not both. 0001

~ Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the (~A ) will give -61, which is 1100
effect of 'flipping' bits. 0011 in 2's complement form due to a
signed binary number.

<< Binary Left Shift Operator. The bit positions of the left A << 2 will give 240, which is 1111
operands value is moved left by the number of bits 0000
specified by the right operand.

>> Binary Right Shift Operator. The Bit positions of the A >> 2 will give 15, which is 1111
left operand value is moved right by the number of bits
specified by the right operand.
 >>> Shift right zero fill operator. The left operands value is A >>>2 will give 15 which is 0000
moved right by the number of bits specified by the right 1111
operand and shifted values are filled up with zeros.

Try the following example program to understand all the Bitwise operators available in
Scala Programming Language.

Example:

object Demo {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
var a = 60; /* 60 = 0011 1100 */
var b = 13; /* 13 = 0000 1101 */
var c = 0;

c = a & b; /* 12 = 0000 1100 */

println("a & b = " + c );

c = a | b; /* 61 = 0011 1101 */
println("a | b = " + c );

c = a ^ b; /* 49 = 0011 0001 */
println("a ^ b = " + c );

c = ~a; /* -61 = 1100 0011 */

println("~a = " + c );

c = a << 2; /* 240 = 1111 0000 */

println("a << 2 = " + c );

c = a >> 2; /* 215 = 1111 */

println("a >> 2 = " + c );

c = a >>> 2; /* 215 = 0000 1111 */

println("a >>> 2 = " + c );
}
}

Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and
execute this program.

Command

\>scalac Demo.scala
\>scala Demo

Output:

a & b = 12
a | b = 61
a ^ b = 49
~a = -61
a << 2 = 240
a >> 2 = 15
a >>> 2 = 15

Assignment Operators

There are following assignment operators supported by Scala language –

Operator Description Example

= Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side C = A + B will assign value of A
operands to left side operand + B into C

+= Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the C += A is equivalent to C = C +

left operand and assign the result to left operand A

-= Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A

operand from the left operand and assign the result to left
operand

*= Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A

operand with the left operand and assign the result to left
operand

/= Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A

with the right operand and assign the result to left operand

%= Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using C %= A is equivalent to C = C %

two operands and assign the result to left operand A

<<= Left shift AND assignment operator C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2

>>= Right shift AND assignment operator C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2

&= Bitwise AND assignment operator C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2

^= bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2

|= bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2

Try the following example program to understand all the Bitwise operators available in
Scala Programming Language.

Example:

object Demo {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
var a = 10;
var b = 20;
var c = 0;

c = a + b;
println("c = a + b = " + c );

c += a ;
println("c += a = " + c );

c -= a ;
println("c -= a = " + c );

c *= a ;
println("c *= a = " + c );

a = 10;
c = 15;
c /= a ;
println("c /= a = " + c );

a = 10;
c = 15;
c %= a ;
println("c %= a = " + c );

c <<= 2 ;
println("c <<= 2 = " + c );

c >>= 2 ;
println("c >>= 2 = " + c );

c >>= 2 ;
println("c >>= 2 = " + c );
 c &= a ;
println("c &= a = " + c );

c ^= a ;
println("c ^= a = " + c );

c |= a ;
println("c |= a = " + c );
}
}

Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and
execute this program.

Command
\>scalac Demo.scala
\>scala Demo

Output:
c = a + b = 30
c += a = 40
c -= a = 30
c *= a = 300
c /= a = 1
c %= a = 5
c <<= 2 = 20

c >>= 2 = 5
c >>= 2 = 1
c &= a = 0
c ^= a = 10
c |= a = 10

Operators Precedence in Scala

Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how an
expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example,
the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator −
For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher
precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.
Take a look at the following table. Operators with the highest precedence appear at the top
of the table and those with the lowest precedence appear at the bottom. Within an
expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.
Category Operator Associativity

Postfix () [] Left to right

Unary !~ Right to left

Multiplicative */% Left to right

Additive +- Left to right

Shift >> >>> << Left to right

Relational > >= < <= Left to right

Equality == != Left to right

Bitwise AND & Left to right

Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right

Bitwise OR | Left to right

Logical AND && Left to right

Logical OR || Left to right

Assignment = += -= *= /= %= >>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left

Comma , Left to right