a LEVEY: MEDIAEVAL ARAB BOOKMAKING. the head of a rod and immersed in the sapanwood, then rubbed on the leather. This is done twice or thrice. ‘Then the leather is presseel and the dyeing is repeated. (75) Wool is dipped in the alum. It is necessary that the alum be moistened immediately before the dyeing. ‘There are varieties of alum; the best is that which is sour when tasted by the tongue. If it is salty, then it is not good. It is then soaked in whatever is desited; if it is sharp a litle water should be added until it i corrected. Then the wool of the brush is immersed in it and it is passed through the sapanwood, Te is rubbed well and left, soaked and then spread, This is repeated until the depth of desired redness is attained. It is then spread on the slab and the end of the straightedge is passed over it. If one is at hand, a piece of cloth, a hare woolen rag, a haircloth, or ‘some other thing is used, It is suspended until it's dry. If desired, it can be dyed black. It does not beautify it, It is wet-dlyed in the process of dyeing it black. Description of dyeing black. A. vessel glazed both, inside and outside with the best glaze is used to hold nail heads cleaned of rust. Tt is filled with vinegar and Jefe two or three days until it has reacted. Tt is better if pomegranate rind is usee. When this is done, then a small stick with a piece of wool or felt wrapped tightly about it is dipped into it. The dye is applied with it. Take care not to touch the hand or it will turn black. If iCdoes, then to remove it, dip the hand into lemon juice which also removes Sapanwood, (76) It is. re= peated once or twice. It is then rubbed, washed with: ‘out delay else it may be burned and thus wasted. When washed, it is then scraped and returned to the washing. ‘The dye goes on that which was traced. If it is desired to make a prettier black, then it is necessary 0 use yellow myrobalan™ juice or pome- nfo. The lemon has not as yet bee identified in Baby lonia. In Arabic des, thre parca were wast the rnd, pul, and seed, It had various uats in the Arabie materia evelcn ae onting to ibn Jami’, No meotion ie made of any ether par of the plant being used, The juice mentions ie probebly from the pulp. The lemon tx Citrus imam Onbecte ‘* hataj, There are four hinds of myrobatan, yellow, Indian (lack and small), Chebulic (Bick aad large), an the Chines (LB, 2261). Halle oF shidaj comes Team the Persian hao hich’ may, come fom the Sansirit arts (al-Ghasgh, 264), ‘The yellow kin is probably Torminaiactina Roxby (hara aut) Ie sa stage in the kronth ofthe Chebulie myrobalans as are the other myrobalans, The belleric myobalan (7: fellerce Roxb) fs bata at ai 125, Tubs ababa 43, 122, 126). Bmblic nlf is treated by al-Ghih C13), These were ine Greeks but were knows carly in India (Ainslie 286-241) “The “hee fut" of the myrobalan ate distinguished as fl tows: when very immature it ealed Taian, when bal nacre ‘and tll yellowish, Chines, an when yellow and quite mere Chebulic, The untipe trits contain 20°30 per cont gale sod tannic acids and a greenish ooo rain, myrobalanins he myo balanins are stil sod (Ducros, 1,14, 15) te intestinel assignee and purgatives as well as tanning agents, According to Dison ‘he Chebuc endl Indian types come from Terminals Chelle Resz, while the yellow ie from T, ering Rony” ALKindt Enew “enlaj the emblic myeobulan, i isk relpes Meyeshot (Mason, sranate juice which was obtained by dipping it in water until its color has come out. Tt is immersed in ‘the solution while eis wet. It is lee unei itis dey If i is desired to dye it yellow, then here are two of these colors, orange and yellow. As tothe orange, the ‘akkar goes with saffron. Leather is dyed with it The leather, however, should be all wet or completely dry $0 that itis noc spotted. IF it is desired to dye with “akkar alone, then the result is diferent. If i is salfron alone, then it is yellow. This color, all of it, is ime rerved in water of yellow myrubalan, When is soaked, the leather is softened. The hair brush is used to £0 ‘over it if iis to be multicolored. If i is Indian spike. ard, then the fibrous part is prepared in two ways One way, of Ragga, isto clear the color ofthe bait, Another type of this isthe Antiochan which has thick Jha and is dark brown in color If it sto be green, then itis dyed with brag. The ira? isa Nomer of a species of the cacumber. It js a greenish blossom. A twig of coda is rubbed with it. Then iis suspended’ on baskets tunder which old urine has been let. If itis desired to lye with i, the twig is put into the solution which will come outa’ beautiful blue. Te is tested with the finger If tis pale, add birdg. If its deep, then water is added, Its used to dye as the yellow was used. Tt comes out a beautiful blue, (77) Description of dyeing with ‘akbar. As to the ‘tabkar, in the beginning of the procedure, the best Carthamus, which is soft and penetrating, ix dried and pulverized in the mortar, and sioved with a hair sive. Tt is then Put in a vessel and water poured over it. Fhe hand is left in i¢ and ics sired well, Then a woolen hander: chief is put on a wooden frame and the Cartharmts fs poured onto it until the water flows out. Tt is returned. ‘Phe hand is introduced into it after the water is poured in, That water comes out from under ie. Tt is thrown away. Then water is poured on it and the hand im. ‘ersed in it until the hand is left clean, Then the hhandeloth is removed and tied up firmly and lefe on a stone. Another sone i laid above it, ora heavier stone whieh is sat on until all the water init has run out and a dry residue remains. The handeloth is untied. Sit and streich your legs. Then your lefe hand is put on the handeloth, A little Carthamus is taken, then the hael opened. It is 50 done with all of it until no more is left. That which was opened is returned. It comes out this way. Then thirteen dichams of the best wild galt are pulverized and ready boside you. Te is thrown on five dirhams of Carthamus and ic is all mixed with the hand. Then the same thing is done with five, more parts. It is all rubbed until the dye comes out in the hand. If the hands have been reddened by it, then koow that it has reached i Timit-with the gait, (7B) i aysthat thisiathe rt of Phitantbu Zia La a Euphoe Dace whieh has ao elation to the Termite, ts Aas cy of Arai, Va irda (ocaization 7). Tel the een flower of the mega agai The og (169) tah cuceberOtherwise, it is repeated until the hand is dyed and becomes red, Tt is returned to the carrier and water is run on it in an amount to cover it. A pot is left under itso that its water lows into it." The water that flows fut is taken to somethjng else. Every time the water diminishes above, water is added until the water coming down appears clear. Then it is removed. If desired, it is made with wine vinegar. Two ounces of the best wine Vinegar are thrown on and stirred with a rod. Water is Sprinkled on it with the hand. It is immersed in water ‘night until it settles, Ta the morning, the water in is decanted and used. If it is desired to use water of pomegranate, then four ounces of pomegranate seed is put in four raffs of water and left immersed for an hour. Ve is decanted and the same amount of vinegar is added. If the ‘abkar is handy, the water is decanted ‘and more poured on it. That will keep i “To return to the description of the drawing. When the leather is dry, it is necessary that the book be trimmed ‘equally with the cutter which is called the “trimmer.” “The books put between the hands to do this. Only some crafismen do as 1 am deseribing. A straightedge is put ‘Gagonally on the book. Its middle is marked. Then the straightedge is turned back to the other sides and the Same is done. Thits, in the middle of the book, a cross js formed. One leg of the divider is put down on the intersection of the cross. Lis other leg is opened to the fide of the book, This is the description of the binding, Nothing was leit unexplained and (79) unmentioned of the instruments for binding. Description of solution of glue from leather seraps™ from whatever animal itis. [ts hair is shaved and then tthe material is soaked in a vat or large pot. It is covered ‘with two spans of water. It is soaked until disintegrated, Then itis left on the fire until it grows cold. It is clari- fied with a woolen cloth sieve, A cover is put on until itis cold, Tt is cut into small pieces with the Knife, Tt is strung up in the aun, Tt comes out as very effective Tron ends like the heads of nails or similar, are put in water of myrtle, oF water of the rind of the pomegranate fr the macerated gallnut in water of myrtle or rind of walnuts. Any one is suitable, all of it or separately. Tt Je left ia the sun and stirred with a palm branch at ‘mes, Without vitriol that water turns black. If it is desired, itis thickened, From it there comes black dust. Te takes the place of soot. When desired, itis dissolved fonder to work with it, If itis desired, plant sugar* Tha ie filtering process ehrough the pores of an earthen: ware jars Here ie described a repeated washing and filtering es ‘ena Sumerian tablet of co, 2000 a,c glue ( SE.GEN) for leather “devoration is. made. fom Tefiover, Wether pieces (ZaG.n As) probably by a similar peooess. This pte was ap~ ‘Mfc toleather to make adhere to furniture, door, and cavits SCN was enon inary © liquid fora. Dyes were frequently {ied to the glue to be applied decoratvely to leather (Levey, 7, 5 subr ol-nabat. From anyone of a number of plants which ld get quit ANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT OF IBN BADIS 45 added to the gum to thicken it. Te is beautiful, If it is desired to make it smell, good clean frankincense fand saffron are added to thicken it. A thi mains which does not dissalve alone in humidity like Egyptian soot ink. When it is desired to write with ity it is powderized and put in the Jig which may be re- called. It is soaked with clear water of myrth Tn all these procedures, the lowing water is allowed to settle uniil i is clear to the extreme. It is necessary that there be near you a water vessel—its mouth Tike the mouth of the bugle—to make good the pouring into it. (80) ‘There is always soaked with water of lear myréle an inkwell fll of black ink. The odor of tthe fig becomes good. The color of the ink becomes pretty, and strength is added to it by addition. It fnyrtle is cooked in water in which sorrel has been ‘cooked, then itis better. The dry myrtle and the green fae the same in this process, If desired, itis pulverized, and, if itis desired, its leaves are left in their state. As to the rind of the pomegranate, it is not introduced in this work except when dry and as much as previously, It is better if it is older. The red anemones are also introduced in this work, i. the red of the blossom. The black is cut from it and thrown away. Only the red is used. Tn this work are also introduced the green St Jon's bread and leaf of the tamarisk. Any of these may be used to take the place of galinuts. If itis all gathered together, it is stronger. The effect of its print fn eloth comes out only with trouble. Inthe manner mentioned, things made from it are good since it enters into the work of collyrium. Description of a compounded ink. ‘The green myrtle is boiled, dried, and purified. Then one part of gallmt, fone part of gum, and one-fourth part of vitriol are each brought to an extreme fineness. They are brought to- ‘gether and on them water of myrtle is poured. It is Fubbed to the extreme. If they are all equal, for each isham of gallnut, a dirham of the best soot is taken or = fandir, Dios, (Ks 68) states that frankincense, gum of Bossellia Carter Bisdy, MBaver, fs grown is Arabia. Te had ‘many tee medicinally fem Fagin and Dabfonian ties on ‘fare A Kina knew Buadur is is perfumery recipes under the Wie ot fan (62)- 1, By (1978, 2072) ataes tae there ace may oem of inerage wseful in many dicetions. Jabir also discusel Trundle (640). ‘The Tubfatababbab (214) states that the best is frou Indi and Sei 1 al ln Sum # SENTG) in ALK, Binw, Probably the Tomaris eri Forse = T: arieaats Vobl. The word in Syriac fs haa Ts Nabyionia the wood wan deed for dishes 10 make eating tol, ad in mcne for the eyes, The ae was ured a a to mackie: The “water gum, and root were also wed medicinally UG. DAB, 222 fh). The tamarink leaves were used for washing {ilevey, 128). Dive. (lz 89) mentions tamatsk, dsc a ipsin tree whose infusion fe good for salves forthe exe jac Uhm Chaigh 69)- Malm. (9) states chat che "Wl is @ Ghicies of tamarik (Jara) whose ects (Gab) wath?) aco what TE putann eal edb "the savory." The Taft ohablab (25) kaya that uth ~ thot. This may be incorret since the ‘eter indicates rather the gall of the tamarisk, ‘Two species of TFowurie are tony grown in Iran and Iraq. Both of these are ‘ala various nays (Hooper, 175, 176). Js also Ducros (6),46 some other. It is brought together with two or three dirhams of flowing houey or flowing molasses. If the soot disappears and unites with the honey, more is added and rubbed well, then purified, and removed for the (81) time being. IV is shaken as often as a bit of it is taken. If itis left ina plate or something like it for a night, then a film comes out on it, It is necessary t0 mix i€ again. Thn Ghasin said that the gum dissolved with water and the sweet is not necessary. He said, “The sweet spoils the ink and moistens it” T ‘that in the case of the rind of the pomegranate, a man made it to soll it. Books, which were glued with it init, many of them, were ruined by the glue and also by the strength of the honey. He sad, “Like that is the pro- cedure with the rind of the gallnut. As to the things that are introduced into ink and do not glue such as the gallnut, myrtle, tamarisk, yellow myrobalan, and red part of the anemone of which the black is thrown away, ‘these are all found in the compounded ink.” It is said that if a small part of the pomegranate rind is used, alone or added to, only the inexpensive of the mixture need be used with it. That is why ie glues. When all of these mixtures are present together, it is better than each alone. Description of a compounded soot ink, Dry myrtle js put into water in which sorrel root and leaf have been ‘cooked. It is boiled, filtered, settled, and in it is soaked dry pulverized rind of pomegranate, Tt is heated once and cooled once so that it is not made too viscous in the water. If it becomes viscous, water of myrtle is added, then filtered, and allowed to settle. Then pow- dered gallnut is added. Tt is heated once down to the warmth of the sun. Tt is filtered and allowed to sett, Powdered vitriol is added to it and it is shaken for a day, (82) Then it settles from the morning on until utmost purity is achieved. Pulverized gum, not pow- dered, is added and also Egyptian ink—both are dis- solved in some of it, When they dissolve thickly, then all is mixed and raised into a glass vessel which is open at the mouth for air. It is shaken as days pass; then these waters are left to settle. To aid in this process, a woolen ot felt cloth is used for clarification. As the mentioned mixtures were made in water of myrtle, mixing after mixing, the same is done with the re- mainder of the mentioned mixtures introduced into this work until itis all gathered and again becomes a clear water. Ifthe water becomes viscous in the mixing, then water of myrtle is added until it flows, settles, ‘and becomes clear.‘ in the Clarification and settling. If a residue remains in the filter or on the fel, then clear water of myrtle is added. Tt is shaken and settled until all the strength is rex moved from the residue. If the waters collected are clear, it is made into a syrup in the sun or on a fire like the heat of the sun until it assumes normal vis- cosity for writing. If this method is followed, then no die say Y: MEDIAEVAL ARAB BOOKMAKING (TRANS. AMER, PHL, $0C. vitriol is added until all is put together except the Egyptian ink dissolved in water of myrtle, both of them clear to the utmost. Tt is all then made into a syrup which has strength for writing. It may be de- sirable to put in frankincense powdered to the extreme, and a little white sugar. If it is rock sugar, then it is better. It is put into a glass vessel having a. wide ‘mouth, (83) Its mouth is like the mouth of the bugle, not on the form of the water vessel which is mace up ‘of two glass sections. It is stirred every day. If some of it is taken to write with, then it is stirred alone and shaken until no sediment is present so that its thickness and thinness may not ever appear in the writing. This is the reason for it. There is always present pounded not rubbed gum which is thrown into the inkwell as often as the brightness diminishes, The fig of the ink well is stirred for some time so that there is no sediment in the inkwell. One does not write except with lig. The best of itis that felt which is between soft and hard. A lite circular piece is eut off and it is then brought t0- gether with a stitch in the middle. This should re dove in the middle three times. The liq becomes becween soft and hard, It is turned in the iakwell as often as one “writes, It is then safe from sediment and residue, When something syrupy gathers around the edge of the ink- well, itis scraped with a knife, Its thrown into a vessel of the ink and nothing is lost. The gum is to enhance the lustre; the gum accompanies the pen in writing. If the gum is excessive, it is necessary to add water and it is made as mentioned, This method that T have chosen isa general one followed for all inks and dyeings. ‘This book is finished with thanks to the genesous Allah and his overwhelming assistance, May Allah's prayers and peace come to our master Mohammed and on his family and companions. Thanks to Allah, the master of all the worlds, Note on Iaeward. (84) Generally, a little is probed ‘on white cloth. It is rubbed and the dust shaken out. If the cloth is dyed, then itis false.™ Or a little may be put in water, rubbed, and left an hour. If the water is dyed, then it is false. Or a litle of it may be kneaded in the hand with saliva, It is left until it is dry. Ie is shaken out. If it dyes its place, them itis false. If its place remains as the color of the hand, then it is genu- ine. Or itis formed and put on a copper sheet of on the back of glowing charcoal for an hour. Tf it burns or be ccomes black, then it is fale. If it remains in its condi- tion, then itis good. As to the test in regard to heaviness and lightness, the light one is false and the heavy is better. But this latter can be falsified with some stone, Te doesn't show except through the fire. Note on the testing of verdigris. The types are Iraqi, Emesan, Egyptian, and Gree. AIL are verdigris of > fanaa 294) A glass veal having u very wide mouth, ete follow a nuaber of aotes relating fo the text. Some, however, seem to be extraneot, Le, ersatz [kway not uncommon for the ancients, as i is today, to Taily expensive ingredicnt,copper with vinegar or with viteiol. The best is that obtained from the sprinkling of a copper sheet and then kneaded into a mass. Something is mixed with it to stand with it. Then it should not be used in drugs for the eyes. The one which is good is light of weight, ‘quick to break upas glass is broken up. There are int it white crevices. The Emesan type is inferior to the Iraqi, and the Egyptian is inferior to it, and the Greck is inferior to al Note on testing white lead." Some is Greek and ‘some North African, Essentially itis the flower of the lead which deteriorates by means of vinegar. The best of iis strong in whiteness; it does not tend toward blue: If some is rubbed between the fingers, it is found soft and heavy of weight. The falsified is the opposite of that. (85) Note on testing good mercury. This is the kind. that is always moving and white. If it is stirred with the finger, it will not separate, If the hand is put in it will not affect it, Te is free of odor, For the false, the Note on testing rosewater. If it is desired to know whether the Nisibus rose solution is good or false, sweet water is poured on a little bie of it. If it whitens like milk, then it is good. If otherwise then it is false Note on testing good opium. A bit of it is taken into solution with water and then filtered. If a residue remains, itis false; if otherwise, then it is pure, The ‘dior of the pure substance is strong, It is white tending toward red. In its taste it is somewhat bitter and dis- tasteful, The false is the opposite of that. Note on testing musk. There are many types of musk." Those known are five: Indian, Bahari, Tibetan, 9 cart ray ‘¥ajigan In Babylon there ware many uss forthe poppy gt,ovium. In’ Sum, itis SALLAM.BE-TUR A and in Aue ‘rar and other synonyms inion which acelow PAPA. PA = “ops of the poppy. Opium was ust forthe eye, ase stomach, sad in suppositories and enema. All parts othe plant were ‘sed forvariows purposes (DAB, 227). Ufie probably comes from the Pugaser somfrum L., tll grown in Tran aad Traq (looper, 147-188). Diosc. (IV; G4) discusses opium poppy sir Sacer, as an) important simple for the stomach and ‘menses. Compouncled with other simpley it is used almost over the pharmacological specu. In Arabic times. Main. (35) listed i a beng called almargad the soporte, 1B (116, 2120) fives many mecieal uses, Dutroe (8, 98) states thae opiate still eonsidered as a universal panacea, [tis usally eaten, hot smote. It is taken as paste or sweet Known as mos} or seen ‘He misk. Ie may have been woknown in Babylonia, I Fda on the contrary, ithad ts origin, According to Maswaih (398-399), ‘is one of the principle aromatis, i i gor for the heart Abin (72) exploye mute ia his perfumery ecg snd drugs frequency. Musk is mentioned in the Talmad Boot, Barocat 455 Veruthains, Borocht, Ber. 6. tb Masawaih (a. 877 ia Samnaera, i hie treatise on Sioape Aromat Subancs, mu tions musi as one ofthe major aromatics, Much of bis work was copied Tater by al-Nuwair. See Wiedemann 49: 26-30, Ask comes fom a similis word in Persia. Te fs a sctetion found ina Yyesiule ue the prepuce af the male Moschus maschierus common in lower Tibet. Mas, in his Murdj aldhata, (12398) sates ‘TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT OF IBN BADIS. av Tragi, and musk of the bad plant, The Indian is black’ of color tending toward a litle red. ‘The poor part of it is black without the red. The false part of it is that which tends to redness. If it stays for a long it heats up and worms develop in it. Its falsifica- tion is made to appear when it is pulverized in rose water and itis left until it is settled. If there is a sedi- ‘ment, and if the water is white or cloudy, itis true. If the water is poured out and there is no sediment in it, then i is false. As to the Iraqi it is blond in color. It ig pulverized and put into a container which is closed, If its odor is unusually strong and if there is in it no taste, itis good. If ie has a different taste, itis something else to which the taste belongs. Note on testing the Tibetan fanbift. AU musks have the attribute that they can be made fine by rosewater or by water (86) except the pure fanbift. It can be pul- verized by pounding but not by-rubbing. Tt is hard, heavy, and fatty of edor. ‘As to the Bahri, the tanbitt can be falsified with it. ‘The difference between them is that the tanbits is black and its crack is black; the Bahaei is lighter and its crack is white. It is inferior to the Iraqi. As to the musk of the plant, it is fathered from the bad of the Indian country. Tt'is imported. There is no test for it {or it is the most inferior of the musks. Note on testing butter. A bit of itis taken on a rod ‘and then brought near the fire. If it lows, then itis false. IF it is gathered up and is contracted, itis good. Ie can be falsified with something. If the fire smells of the known odor and there isin it an unusual odor, then it has been falsified with that uousual thing. A bit can be rubbed on the hand until itis warm and it smells, I there is in it something false, the oder of that will appear. Note on the testing of crude ambergris3 Te is left ‘on the fires if it boils, then it is falsified. If it does not boil then a residue is found in the lower part of the pot, Tts taste is determined; if it is salty, then it is falsified. As far as the feeling is concerned, the light one pure and the heavy is falsified and is oily. Tt has in it wide holes. The fish swallows it, then throws it back. ‘Thus it acquires a fatty smell and heaviness. As to the {hat the Tibwtan type ia better than the Chinese. Ainslie (1 228-230) states that in India mn baa long been ed aaa ti lant and antispasmodic 1 salto used in dyspepsia aa typhus 1.1. 12M) sates that musk i used also an an antidote to al alba and garan asada. It has an opposite eflect to that of ‘smphor. For mask compoubded,¢f. ubot ab ablab (280-30) ‘Unknown plant. Tee perhaps badsh oe buded al-GhAbal, 178) Badal ett Be (253) an tai, anlar. To the Arabs, its pharmacological value lay mainly in ts odoriferous property when aed to other dues. Msrvaih 400) thought amfvrgris tobe one of che five principle aromatie When used in eleetunres Masawaih states that itis remedy for humours of th aged CJ. Wiedemann (49: 30-82, $6, 340-352) and Masti (12333 f) for opinion of the Araba. Tt was stl ised as an aphrodisiae in Tonga. (of. Ainaie te 15-17) in the nineteenth cent ry48 LEVEY: MEDIAEVAL ARAB BOOKMAKING kneaded part, if what was pulverized is powdery, then it is falsified; if it is pulverized and has elasticity, i is good, Tt can be falsified with something which has Chastity. Abit of it is put on the fire. If its odor is fllowed to rise, and then if its powder is clear and soft Tike ash,” (87) then it is genuine, Tieit contracts like hair when itis burned, and in its feeling there isa litele hardness, then itis falsified, Note on testing aloeswood. ‘The best of it is black, heavy, and plate-like. When it is left on a glowing charcoal fie, it comes out cily. The false isthe opposite Of that, Aloeswood comes in various types, qagal, nak, rath, latin, m3, and saxfi The best is the gagal and the raid, It is taken while green and put in honey to keep its strength, It remains green. As to the nf, itis steamed. Thave not seen it until now. The sanft is the closest to the gtgal, The nabt is inferior to it. For that the dana js known as the huseaide Note on testing of theriac.™ A bit of itis taken and put on coagulated blood. Tt dissolves it. If it does not, ‘drop of mille makes it thick. ‘Note on the testing of the good Qayart™ camphor. Iis color is white tending toward this extreme. In the ‘arth, itis just about black. Tt is falsified with riyait fand ndza, ‘To distinguish them, the pure nds and the Qusirt ean be rubbed while the riytft cannot. It can, however, he kneaded; the odor is bad. Qasitri and nsx have a slight smell which is not bad; they do not have the ill nature. The Qasirr is easily rubbed but is not diminished when rubbed. The riya can also be rubbed but the rubbing is coarse and the cotor is white. When it has been in storage for a few days, a green is quived with which the Qusdrt is falsified. It is dl tinguished by its heaviness and coarseness in rubbing while the Qngari type is ight and soft in rubbing. Note on testing oil of balsam. A small amount is dripped into water, drop by drop. (88) If it spreads Tike other fats, then itis falsified, If i remains firm in its place, then it is genuine. Some of it may be put in fa cloth. If it remains fixed in its place in the manner ewas placed, then itis good, If it spreads, it is falsified. Or if it is touched with a rod and it is lit in the fire, then it burns and has a good odor. Tayi. From the Grok, @ypant. The Persian is dirytg (Lane), Jabir (Vie 171o, 1760, 177, 1889) discusses a therng of {ar drags and also one rade of ve which can be usd aan fmidote for poiwoas and snake bites (VI: 190z; VI: 1910). ‘i Many: typeof camplior are reserbed by authors quoted by 1.1 ISHS), Ria as the nae of King who supposed i Toreill the camphor named for him, QesWe ip the name of @ Country. Nasa isnot meationed a 1. B. varichsan, Various batsame are knows io India (, Ainalic (4: 26-28). Jl [may be the Beluumadendrow gleadense Kunth, at one time Ciedeed in Arabi northera Ethiopia, and Bgype. Tt is the Soo of Diose (I 19) ase for ointments for asthma, Fleur diftulties, sciatica, epilepsy, and other ailments. 1, PAGO) devotes 4 long section to the many uses of balan for igenton, searpion bie, facial te, and other diverse troubles Misi. (328) confased losin wich qegu Note on testing almond oll, Tt is soaked with hot bread. If its taste is good like the taste of the almond, then it is genuine; if otherwise, it is falsified. It may. also be rubbed on the hand, its odor smelled, and its taste investigated. If it does not resemble the taste of ‘the almond, then it is falsified. The color of it is that of almond oil, a yellow tending a little toward white. The false type is yellow tending toward a lictle redness. Know that. ‘Note on the testing of the buckchorn.#* The types of, buckthorn are Indian, sanaffiet, Meccan, and another Kind called zabal. The Indian may be falsified with the ‘sunafeet since it is close to it in properties. The dis- Yinction between them is that the Indian type shines jn a broken spot and has a light touch. It makes a {yellow mark on the probing stone, Tt has a bitter Taste. Tt can be falsified with a little mubarus, One ean distinguish between them. The bitterness of the Fehalan is a little annoying; the bitterness is at the first taste. The falsified, however, is strongly bitter without being astringent, and is heavy without being glittering. ‘The sunafitet can be falsified with the good Meccan type which is known as fair. They are distinguished with the use of the probing stone. If itis senafawt, then Tris less yellow than the Indian. ‘The Meccan tests green wich a litle yellow. In its taste, itis salty, (89) Note on the testing of the clove; walnut, myrobalan, and the costus®" These are each made fine, laws. The bikter almond is peobably ‘at in Ak, and adh in Spe. However lan is more ikely the sweet almond eeniigda= Minasha, The former ts the AK. cognate for the Hebe lagedh Nobu jw related to the Ar. fous (DAB, 254), he sweet almond bed siany mestcaal uses particulary in nfcctions and oils, The Hindus seems, did not use almonds Seimticnee (Ainslie 126-8). ALKindt (61) used ows together ‘Fu'jamine cil costs and savalwood to maken salve. Garbers Frebubly has confused the bieter with the sweet almonds in his Bfodeien te LBs (2040), Leclere does noc give the genus ated heden. Tu meiaeval Arabic times, almond particularly the ol ‘Tos wed for the stomach, to Increase tte sperm, forthe ites ines, and for all deynees, There is a large almond ezop in north (western Peraa, Iti eoggdatus communis L “S Ffatam, Lycumn, For three type ef... (680) wth Galen's statement. One is tndian, another i Arabic, and che third ie repre rom wood ofthe ish, barbeery thor, Cf. supra note 2s 1 quran Ic mative to India and Celebes (Ainslie H: 75-17). tea nmtn uae ig a8 an aromatic, The Persian name is Bist, The [Abie probably comes from the Grecke Ducros (184) ives (Manful today” as, Curgephyitus aromatics Toy carminalive, aerate, and condiment, Clove te one of the minor aroaties ‘htusawath 409) good for a death salve” Al-Kind (90) weed it eefayin (2) use it for palpitation ia heart preparations, 1, D. “7H8) declares that i ie good forthe stomach, heat, Fiver, and rom. Cf also Tubjot aaitad (38). ‘gust. Gusts the Arabiclorm of theGrock which mayhave come frome isthe ot basta “coraaer™ (fr Tie, bxsba). (ef Carnoy 4). The latter ig aoe Hkely. It is probably from Iclitem (anak). Dinse, (I: 16) liste costs, Soxssura lage {ee cob Clarke pethapa, a8 good for convulsion, in oint areate forthe ague, for parayti adas an antidote, Misawa (oT) uscd as an Uocense Al-KGndi (94) uses costs io Abaltg GRR Mtain G38) give Its aynooym as alustaj. In Te |ons $2, 4 196 kneaded, dried, and hidden, The way to know them is to throw one into water. It is left for an hour. If ie is falsified, it is dissolved; if it remains in its condition, itis good. Ginger® If it is, desired to distinguish in the do- mesticated ginger, the green and the dry types, then a Tittle of itis chewed. If its warmth tends to bitterness, then it is the dry. If its warmth is sweet, then it is the Chebulic type. If it is desired to know whether the domesticated Chebulic type is the green or the drys then the seed is broken up. If there is black inside the seed, it is the green type} if otherwise, then it is the dry. If its seed dissolves, it ig the green, The taste of ‘the green is good without bitterness. Somebody has said that the seed goes to pieces with a needle, This is not correct, “The water of the water lily.8* The good part of it retains the pure white, good odor like the odor of the ‘yellow water Ky in summer. In its taste, itis obviously Sweet and the fat is apparent. It tends toward being soft and weak. The falsified is the opposite of that. il of navijil® is oil of the coconut. The good and the ‘i7es), Lacere says que may resemble the present day Ack ld castes, In Arable times it wa used in impeige, quastan fever, alopecia, and in other ailments The Tubfal abba (330) Sixtch thar the most eatiable type i the white. In literary Tanguage, this word fs written with 3 A. HSGpjal, In ancient Mesopocari, Sum RURGLRINRA.SAR, and i 158), Te wae wed for the eyes snus scomachie: Diose, (Il: 160) mentions rent good for the stomach and bully, for the eyes, and aa an {agresfent of atidotes In Arabic times, graiaai (1186) bas it Uae for worm. Ginger {Ie Ih 1125) was usd jn the bath, a fysiuny av an apbyodisac, and stomach, Tt was used, essen iy, inthe sume way in India (Ainslie 4: 152-189). ayn (22) ‘employe ginger it a. medicine to improve the memory. Yonjait shomt i used today. Te is grown in Fran and Iraq. How eee is opeces fe the resin described in Malm. (953). Tt is the Soul Hetenswme Le Zang according to Ducros (117) is the Zinbir oicinate Rowe, tll used as a condiment, aromatic, Sphrodsise, and exetant, In North Africa it i skewitr Tubb ‘abiad, 143)."The Greck word comes from the Pall which in faa comme from a corruption ofthe Sanskr.ggavera from gna "Moray matter” beeause. the Traeteates of ginger resemble horny matter (Carey, 273). ‘Snndajor, The water lly oF nenupha is probably orignaly from tia, Naitafar or milnfar comes from the Petsian otigpor {Gelch is from the Sanghi nlapate "live fous." Nose indie ‘Stes both the bloe and white asides, Nympbuea caerlee Le fd Nes Le var, alba, Diose. (LUE: 152) mentions the yellow Sid white type, The white water Iiy, smpela, is effective for ysentery, forthe spleen, stomach, blade, and with pitch for ‘lopeca. The lotus, severed i Dios, (IV 119). The Arab UI. B., 2243) thought the water ly good for insomnia deco inde for pleura affections, and the Lungs, The Tua! abla (288) states that lar fs lao called abtajr "whe trader” since open its Hower by day ancl cloves it by night. The water Hy J ound today in. Mesopotamia, Europe, Siberia, and India (Hoopes, 144), Ducroe (38) states that the flowers of white Nymplisea, ovginally om temperate Aso, are used a8 2 10 freee ‘2 ri, The coconut foun Cocos nucifera L, wae unknows the Batylonians, Feyptiane and Greeks. I found in the East Inulien The Arable word comes from the Perisan nd whichis ‘TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT OF IBN BADIS, 49 {aleifed can be distinguished. If tis fre from fraud, it becomes hard in wintertime and its odor is good. That falsified with haliS does not become hard; its odor is Jess than the good one. Each has its own shape, One is ood and the opposite is bad. The latter should not be ised. ‘Note on the testing of saffron of which there is the Genovese which is western. OF the western, there is a type known as the “oiled.” Tis said that itis found in {ts place in this state. (00) And) itis also said that it tan be sprinkled with oil to make it oily, ‘The first statement is more preferred. One kind of iis “honeyed. Tes said that i is sprinkled with honey. As far as Tam concerned, this is impossible. Its valu is less than the fone, the pare Genovese, that is the western, Its crack is red to white asi it had been made roten. Its erack on its upper end is thik; the lower is pointed. If itis vie, it rubs quickly, When i is chewed i s bitter in taste and somewbat astringent. Tt burns the tongue a ttle. Tts odor is good and it dyes strongly. Its yellow toward red and its light of weight. When itis dried in the sun, it dries quickly. The falsified is heavy in sweight and its crack is even. When it is dried in the sun contracts and becomes soft. It can be kneaded under the hand as long as it is warm. When i is removed from ‘the sun and it is left in the air, it dries; then there is hot in it the briliance of the pure kind. When it is ground, a bit of it remains in the millstone; some of it FB stuck. Its yellow tends toward white, Its odor is weak. As to the North African, itis imported in the orm of discs. The pure part of it i light in weight in relation to the bad part. Its color is red to yellow. Tt is distinguished quickly. ts odor is good and strong, Tt js ground to red color the bad partis the opposite of this ‘The good Irag is light in weights its crack is thin And the end is round, Tt tends toward white as if there svere in i something spoiled. Its odor is stronger than That of the Genovese. ‘Then there is the Karak. Tt is inferior and there is tele of it Tt i not tested and it is not used, ‘The way to bring forth its falsification i by. smelting ic and leaving ein apiece of cloth, (91) Then there remains alittle of it. It docs not leave a coarse- hess in the mill Tf some of itis used co dye, it dyes ending toward green, Te is not a popular dye. lis odor isweak It is dissolved by water and lft. If precipitate settles fron it, then it is falsified Sapanwood is of two kinds, the Socotran and the other one. The Socotran ype is the hard one and can be falsiied, Te ie known that the Socotran is light, brighe where broken, tasteless, and strongly red when pulverized. The falsified is the opposite of that. "The “eyelense of the cow" is light. Tt is pected one ‘Fm Sol, navtei, Main, (257) states that i the nt ofthe Thun awa hind, and that Hi also eae b-aran) or Tis’ he latter, f coures, are mutilations of ri. The “Fudfetcbabieb (386) editors Renal aa Colin, blew that theft tution ofthe coconut is to be found im Serapion, ead of he ninth entry Uncrta.50 LEVEY: MEDIAEVAL ARAB BOOKMAKING layer after another. Its taste is bitter, In the inside of the “eye lense” is a black hard thing. The nearest to it is probably coagulated blood. The skin is smooth, soft in the rubbing. The falsified is the opposite of that. Laudanum.® If itis desived to distinguish the falsi- fied from the true, the latter is soft, tasteless tending toward astringency; its greenness is not bad. Tt is light in weight. When it is chewed, no sharpness is found under the teeth; there is no residue, The falsified is the opposite of that. Its odor is one already obtained its recollection is not strong. Note on testing of aloes.*® The types are of Socatra, Medina, Wa*za, and Hadramut. ‘The Socatran is the test is that, if it is quickly rubbed and has no it is good. If one breathes over it, the appearance of its color is as the color of the liver inside. When it is rubbed, its rubbing is yellow to saffron. Tt is in be- ‘woen lightness and heaviness. The Medina type is close to it except that its rubbing is green tending to a yellow, The Wa'a is bad in odor, easy to break, ‘medium in a mild heaviness, easy to tub except that it ‘turns to green, The Hadramut type is the most inferior of all. There is in it black tending toward green; it is bad in odor, heavy in weight. Tt is not ased except to ‘dye wool or ink of other things. * Note on the testing of blue bdellium." Tt can be falsified with what remains of myrrh. It comes from ‘that which was not extracted in a basket from its tre. Its test is that if it is buried its odor is smelled; it something like the odor of myrrh. The broken part of itis hard, red in color, bereft of odor. Its color is toward blueness ‘where broken, medium in heaviness. The broken part is smooth, Its taste is a little astringent, fon the testing of myrrh oil. It is called storax,® ‘or Mdhan. The Babylonians knew Jaudanum as ladune (Messner T 213). It isthe rein of the Acgeat plnaty Cletus Indanforus Lot abother spacies of Css. The Grotk (of. Dios 1:97) name, Mer, comes from the: Semitic (Casnoy, 136 181), Mishnaie Heb = Lac Iris one of the secondary sromatie in Masavaih (408). Laudanum was ied. by alRindl ina tilya recipe. Mair. (208) states tha isthe resi dig, ox fracced from the pleat ealled in. Greek, wife. eB, (0999) ‘mentions Jada to calm pain with rose ail on the fontanee of aa inane, or the stomach, and for tumors. The Tulfat alabiab (G4) states that anbar i equivalent to it, This isnot corset, Gesote 18, ‘ear. Used extensively in Arabic medicine. Baya (30) consdrcd it effective for lioness, ‘al earea A resin Iron he hate = mara Storax, Maim. (228) mentions two types, guid stone = naive sifla = ablubea and said store = mais mans AMER FL 90 a liquid. Its said that is ike the fd of the crushed mulberry. The eolor of the good part of itis white to Dic, es edor strong without taste. If there is some o it remains gli. Te docs not become dry Tf iis tak Ipetween the fingers, ie does not tice The falsied the opposite of this. Know it. The yellow amber of it is red tending to white. The test of the gem i tha, if it is warmed with rubbing on cloth, and then brought near straw, ie is attracted. Tt can be falsified with sandarac In that case, the sandaracavhen broken Js smooth and its blue. fs bie of iis put in the fr, then its elor is smelled. Fs similar 0 the odor ofthe “mastic gum of the lentsk tree.” Its yellow is deep in iv while ambergeis does not have a good odor. Note on the testing of henbane.® If itis desired to ow the gensinenss or falsenes, it can be seen from, cach of the solutions. Te can be dyed with white lead and it is sold. Its whiteness comes out when one washes je more than once with water; the white part is dis- solved. Ie dried in the air and its color, red, returns. Tehas an extremely good odor. Init put charcoal of wine. The quince and the charcoal are allotted equal Tes improved when you take it and make a wick of itis desired to perfume with it the fie is lit, then ie extinguished t0 make a good smoke. T have seen a small piece or a bigger one made out of myrobalan, and eut. Te is lefe in the container; the smoke emerges {rom a man’s house.e is good and pleasing. ie = nur . Atong the Arabs, here was much ‘inion ato what seran ys Tas oars fa Be C19) in note by Ledee Cf Toft ab-foa, (3) ‘Strona, Probably the aie ren from the Psocie LentleasL. (oot by Lecoe tn By 3109) 1 wa enya inthe Crock Satna metic for the stm: Teodor ease eld desirable (Dine. I 1 ogo. However, fmt trobsbiy twa ie Babylonian boron The Iter ey sl de tele Arie tines e319), wars ed 8 somchi for sbsraton, sto combat anaes Te Grek cin (Caoy, bani, Hyoscpumus miger, allus,oxreus L. (al-GHBfgi, 162) Banj iv also known as suibwran (Tulfo ababiab, 77). Tes 0 be feud ia the deserts of North Alriea, Egypt, Persia, an India ‘Saihur i olated 0 shabira ia AK” (ORGUR in Samm) which is probably the 7. niger Ly Te was used in Babylonia for swellings, the ung, fora poulte oa che neck and for headache. Shira = ‘Aram, shobrOnd (DAB, 250). Hlenbane seed (Ainslie 1 167-169) in Tada was ted to ince sleep and to keep the bowels open in the case of melancholy aad mania, The Persian je bch. Die. IV: 65) mentions ByostSamas, foxtpon, for seep, pai, in flammations, and out. I. B. (356) states that the Arabs used henane fr essay the same purpose,APPENDIX, ‘of Abi’-‘Abbas Abmed | a Saya Sindattasftr al-kutub woo-bil ab-dhahad (Art of Bookbinding and of Gilding) from the Arabic text published by P. Ricard, 1925. ibn Mohammed 1, The introduction is omitted because of its irrelevant religious, and absiruse nature. 2. Chapter om the manner of making the cover boards. ‘The cover board is the paper board which is covered by the leather of the book. To make it, you take a leaf ‘of paper and smear it with starch paste. You leave it ‘on your right. You smear a second leaf which is in front of it. Put the smeared side of the leaf on the smeared side of the second Ieaf and press it with your palms, Turn over the lower side to the upper. Notice if there are any wrinkles in it, Tf there are, then it is stretched. Make it flat with your palms until it is stretched to the utmost; not a wrinkle remains in the two surfaces and it is not soft. Then put down the two leaves which have been pasted to one another. Take two other leaves and do the same with them as you did with the previous two leaves until all the leaves are stuck face to face, two at a time. Spread them out ‘a warm place on the ground where there is no dust which might adhere to the pasted leaves. Wai the boards dry. Then divide them according to the umber of boards which you made. See how many are required of the number of leaves to be arranged to make the cover board. If you wish to make it thin, then subtract what you wish irom the number of leaves. Tf you wish to make it thick, then add what you wish according to a measure that seems proper to you. After that, take what you gathered of the leaves for every cover board; for example, it may be five, six, or seven leaves according to your desite, Lay them around you. ‘Take the frst leaf and flatten it on a wooden board oF stone surface. Smear it with paste, Puc it on your right. Daub the second one and put it beside it. Daub the third, the fourth, and so on to the last. Every time one is daubed, itis left beside the one before it. After that, take the first and spread it out on the mentioned slab upon which you smeared the leaves. After you have flattened it on the table, take the leat beside it which hhad been daubed just after it, and put one leaf on the ‘the side daubed with paste to the side daubed fof the other. You tub it with the pressing of your palms, After that, smear the upper dry side with paste also, Take the third leaf which had been previously ‘daubed and put them together, smeared face to smeared: face. Rub them with pressing. Smear also the dry side; it in the manner that you have pasted one to the last leaf. When you have rubbed it st with pressing, then take a leaf of the dry leaves and put it on the last leaf of the dry side. Rub on the dry Teaf; rub it hard with a thick block, for example, a “form for smoothing.” It is blunted at the edges. You rub it with its edge until the excess paste is extruded from betwoen the pasted leaves. Then remove it. Put it down in a convenient place as the board or paper or what resembles that. Make another cover board; put fone on another until you complete what you wish of the work of the cover board. Then take the prepared cover boards and put them between two thick boards of good wood. This isto exert pressure with the wooden boards after you have put sheets of paper between the cover boards. The size of the paper is larger than the evo cover hoards on the right, left, top, or bottom. The cover boards are tied strongly within the wooden press boards until you see water come out; ths is from the paste with Which the sheets were stuck together. Leave them in the wooden boards about a half or a whole day. Then, remove them from between the boards. Remove the paper which had been inserted between them, You will find them as you like and wish, Ask that grace may befall those who taught you. ‘Then spread them in a place having warm air, no the sun since the sun spoils the work. Leave them a night until morning breaks. In the morning, stand them up on their edges along the wall. When they are dey, then the utmost of goodness is attained especially if the paper is faultlessly good. There is no dampness in it due to water or moisture, or any deterioration in If there is no deterioration in it, it can take the rubbing after it has been covered with leather, until the side of i¢ appears like a glass mirror 3. Chapter on hoxwto te the quires of the Book, the pressing, the covering with leather, designing its center, hora to work the headband ‘The writer said that for whoever begins bookbinding after making the cover boards, there is a relationship, fone to another, of the pages of the book. Tt appears on the bottom of the leaf and at the beginning of that which follows. This determines how the quires are completed or tied at their edges, when finished, by the order of their gathering. You are certain of the eorrect- ness and completeness of the book when all the quires are begun one with another. Tt is wrapped in covering Teather like that found in the covered harem. After the Teather has been put on the book, it is placed on a smooth stone to prepare it for the pounding. The leather is pounded with a heavy iron weighing six rafls, or five or four. The purpose of that pounding is to make it even, The pounding is correct when the strokes are beside one another so that the book settles. Its paper is flexible so that some joins with the other according2 LEVEY: MEDIAEVAL to the strength of the pounding. This is because the pounding does to it what the pressing boards do not. ‘After that pounding, the wooden boards hold it firmly. If you work it in the wooden boards without pounding, then the wooden boards do pot help a bit. The paper, then, does not ever settle together no matter what the press is. If you work the book in the boards after pound- ing, in whatever press you gather it, the paper obeys you. Te is workable and fexible even if it is in the weak- ‘est of boards. Then you know this beneficial charac teristic, O Bookbinder. After that, denote the middle leaf of the quires by a special instrument. ‘Then all the quires are gathered leaning on their heads so that they are of the same related form and length, and all are in perfect register. If the writing on the sheets is higher fo lower on some, then those sheets are moved up one fon the other, the upper to the lower, into proper rela tion of the work to the desited condition in the circum- stances. After that, two lines are drawn on the spine of ‘the quires in the places where you will tie the book. ‘You introduce the needle with the thread in the spine ‘of the quire in the place marked with ink. The thread ‘with which you bind is fine and strong, well formed, tovisted on either three or four strands. The benefit of = this is the achievement of the correct proportion; it is ‘obvious to the bookbinder. The purpose is to gather the ‘quires of the book by sewing them to each other. If there are many quires so that it appears thick where it is sewn, then pound it where the thread is with a ‘mallet on’a slab until the thickened thread is thinned ut, It completes this part of the work. “Then the woosten boards hold the book in its thick ness. A measure of the width of two fingers from the spine of the book protrudes. ‘The quires are equalized, fas a group on their backs. Take care that the quires are lined up well. Near you there should be an iron tool Tike the curved blade knife of the shoemakers. With it you count the backs of the quires at one edge; then you record the number with certainty. Then you make the ‘count on the other edge. If you find the number is the same, then know that the quires have not slid at al. If you find one number to be less or more, then examine the lesser side, Search for that amount by which the side was less until you find it. When you find it draw back the board a little bit. Introduce the awl in the middle of the slipped quire and move it gently until i¢ ‘matches its neighbors. When all of them are equal, then tie the board, Put the glue on the backs of the quires and spread i€ with your forefinger until it settles be- tween the quires. Take the rubbing instrument in your hand. Introduce the tip of its end between the quires and Jet the glue flow between them with care but not deeply. Continue like that between the quires and ‘those following until you come to the end. ‘After that, pass the forefingers over it until you are sure that the glue has been extruded from between them, I mean all the quires. Then loosen the press tboard and pull all the book into the center of the board tuntil the quires are even with the edges of the board. ARAB BOOKMAKING TRANS, AMER. PHIL, SOC “Tie the board straight along the two sides. If the glue between the quires is excessive, it comes out and none remains except what is necessary for the operation, the backs of the quires with a tool until the ex cessive glue is removed. If something lumpy appears, then pound ic lightly until i settles and equatizes ‘After that, let the board stand by the wall on your right. Then pare the two hinges of the flexible leather so that there is no stiffness in it. Fold the hinges on the limiting edge of the side of the book as you wish it, fand according to the covering on the backs of the ‘quires, ie, the spine of the back. Tf the book has leaves with gilt edges or edggs which have colors made fast with gum arabie, then You may fear that you will damage the book while working on the two hinges. This may be caused by dampness from a trace of water so that the colors will run and have fan odor and stick to each other. In that event, put the folded parts of the two hinges away from the sides of ‘the bool in such a manner so that the hinges do not ‘come in contact with the writing. Thus it will not be harmed by the dampness. When you prepare the two hinges, both being wide, glue them to the book when they are dry, neither moist nor wet. If you wish to attach them both, then untie the press board. Loosen it carefully from the book, then pull the two hinges together with the two edges of the book. This is after the book has been set back a little from the front edge of the board, Tie the board firmly and evenly. Use an awl on the edges of the book until the glue is worked between the hinges and the book in a straight and even fashion. After that, do so from the spine of the book and the two hinges. Turn over the two hinges on it, ach of them on the other with awling and flattening. ‘Then smear three sheets with glue and put them on the spine of the book. Use the awl to help place them properly in regard to the hinges, the middle and the edges of the bools. Let the board stand in temperate air a day and a night. When it becomes dry and hard, pass a sharp blade over the exiges of the book and cut fff the excess paper gathered with the glue still sticking to the spine of the book. Untie the board and introduce the awl between the book and the board to separate it from the board. ‘When you have removed the book, measure ovo cover boards on it, This is after you have gone around the edges with the cutters; itis also after you have come down on the edge of the lined cover boards with the ‘cutting blade and cut them straight where they are 10 be fastened to the two hinges. Then put three drops of tlue on the hinges, or four of five drops, according to the size of the book. Put the cover board on it. Do the same with the other side. Put the book with its two cover boards between two thick checks, bound with pressure on the boards, Leave the book between the ‘two of them until the glue holding the cover boards to the two hinges dries. When it is dry, untie the book from the checks of the press; you will find it straight. ‘Then using the divider, measure it (the book) cor-rectly on three sides. Cut it from all sides; rub the cut pare with fller’s pumice until the cutting trace of the iron has disappeared. Wipe with your palm whatever ‘you have artfully done with the stone. Rub the stone On it; then you burish it to the limit. ‘When you complete the entting of it, take the meas- ure of one-half the right cover board ofthe book having three cover boards. Cut a tongue cover from it for the ‘written part of the book. Leis ealled the tongue (isdn), From what remains of the other haf ofthe cover board from which the Jisdn was taken, cut the fore-band ‘This is attached between the small cover board that at the end of the book and the large band that is at- tached to the beginning cover boar. ‘Aiter that, eazry on. Divide the front cover with a marker into two halves. Put the marker in the middle of the cover—it isthe art of the oriental bookbinder— fand make a line on it. After that, use the impressing tool according to the mark. Press it down evenly and be sure that the goflering tool comes down exactly on the marked line, ‘When you cover the front cover board with leather, rub i tothe right and to the lef. Take the cover boards off from the book and flatten them on a marble slab ‘with your hands. Let the stamp come down from di- rectly above the mark on the leather and tap it lightly ‘vith a small mallet. Do it gently o that the leather will hot be cut. Repeat the tapping with the mallet on the tool, When the glue appears excessive in spots owing to the tooling, press the leather to the right and to the left until the excess is smoothed out. The end of the goffering tol is applied to the leather with force wat, ‘when you remove it fom its place, the trace of its tip emains as a sharp edge just removed from wax, Re- peated tapping on the goffer causes an embossment Lind it males the imprine very smooth. When you com plete the stamping, turn the leather over on the edges Of the cover board When you complete the first cover board, flatten it fon a marble stone with your hands. Put the book down ‘on ic in the condition i¢ was in before the covering was applied. Attach the cover board. temporarily. ‘The feather may contract after drying and after the head- band is sewa so that the thread of the headband adds bale to the spine of the book. If you wish, fix the un= ‘bound book in the cover after you mark i, dry it, and line it inside. ‘Then if you find that the binding is small ‘on the book because of the sewn headband, let out the “amount of that excess tightening from the binding. Tf the book pages are short, and the bookbinder is thoughtful and intelligent, he knows what is too much or too little, what is hitting and not fitting. When you put the book down on the frst cover board, daub the flue on the thied cover board. Cover it with leather, ‘Complete the work on it as on the first, Put the small band down beside i after daubing it with glue, A meas te of one oF two fingers or less is between it and the ‘cover board. After that put the large band down on ic after you have glued and rubbed it. Then apply the APPENDIX 53 designing tool which is one-fourth the size of the large designing tool used in the mieldle ofthe first and second cover boards. Then, attach thinned leather to the edge of the other cover board and on the outer edge of the tongue. The small band is in the middle under the pared leather. You rub the work and decorate it. Don’t be disappointed in the leather; if there is looseness or bulging, then lessen it by rubbing when ‘you cover the second cover board. You rub it a bit in ‘the direction of the tool. Wrinkling in the decorated part disappears after pressing and rubbing with care, 4. Chapter om covering with leather Hang it [the leather'] on a reed or string in warm air bbut not in the sun beciuse when the sun is on it, as we said before this, the work is spoiled. Leave it on the reed until morning. If, on inspection, you find it can stand ‘rubbing, that is, if there is wetness and moisture in it, then it needs rubbing. Leave it until it dries even if it is a day or two or more. Then, when it is rubbed, it comes out softened as you wish it. If you desire, polish it more than that. Daub it with water. I it absorbs the water, then find someone to hold it on the slab while ‘you tub it s0 that ie does not slip on the stone, Rub it ‘back and forth with an oyster shell or with a suitable ‘wood burnisher made by the shaper. Then the results| are good. If some of the decoration is spoiled by the ‘vigor of the rubbing, then restore it by tapping the decorating tool with a mallet. It is thus returned to its old form as you want it. After you complete this aspect fof bookbinding, you line it either with leather or cloth. Leave it to dry and work on the sewing of the headband How to attach the headband: There should be near ‘you gum arabic dissolved in water like thick honey. From it, put some on the head of the quires on the edge under the strip on which the headband was sewn—in the manner that you put the thong on it. ‘The strip itself is of tanned leather which had heen smeared with gum arabie before that until dry. Start taking the Teather strip from it when you need it for the headband. When that gum which you have put on the spine of the book is dry, then the leather strip is wetted with your saliva and put down on that place whereon is the ‘gum arabie so that the two stick together by the glueing. "The needle with thread is inserted into the middle of the right quires after the end of the thread is made fast in the spine of the book in the back side from which place the head of the needle comes out. If you enter it in the middle of the other quire, go ahead in the same fashion with the sewing of the quire until you finish on ‘the last quice, Fasten the thread well on the last stitch; the sewing is then inseparable, Complete the remainder ‘weaving it with colored silk until you complete the ‘work of the headband from the two sides. After that, fix the cover boards on the book after you have smeared it with glue. Tie on the spine side with strong thread. Pat the book between two heavy tablets as was done previously. Press on them both with the board. Leavest LEVEY: MEDIAEVAL ARAB BOOKMAKING it between the two tablets, holding together and drying, Then you will find that it comes out straight as desired. Then exalted Allah leads you to success in the right way. May He be praised, 8. Chapter om description of solution of gold, its washing, ils soaking with glue, and description of writing with it ‘This is after itis dried. Take a leaf of the gold with which they write, and rub it well until it is ready. Tf there is little gold or more, like one or two mithgals, rub it in a glass dish having a flat, deep bottom. When hhoney becomes doughlike, rub it with wood of a light type until it is well prepared, Pour water on it; sti it Leave it for a short time, Pour water on it in another lass vessel; do so gently. Add other water to the gold; let it drip on the preceding first water. Repeat the pouring of the water and the dripping until the good of the honey comes out so that no sweetness is left in it. ‘Then raise the vessel containing the gold onto hot ashes until it is dry with no moistness remaining in it. ‘Then remove it and protect it from dust and insects which cat all they find with the smell of honey. Let us return to discussion of the water you clarified from the gold. Leave it in the vessel overnight, When ‘moraing comes, you find that the gold which flowed with the water, is stuck to the bottom of the vessel on the glass. The water of the honey floats on top. Decant the water from the gold which is stuck. It is not moved. When you decant the water from it, grasp it between your fingers and add other water to it. After an hour, Clarify it and let it drip into the vessel from which you write, It is a small glass vessel, pretty in appearance. Add to it what you wish of that dry dissolved gold, ‘more or less, in the amount necessary and desired for writing, Work gum arabic into it in a measure that ‘satisfies you, or fish glue if it is available, Soak it in water; make a wool fig and stir it with the pen. Waite fon paper what you wish with the pen. When it is dry ‘on the paper, rub it with an oyster shell. Do not forget to shake the fig and turn it upside down, If you wish to write with it on leather, then do not put gum arabi into it. Put into it fish glue, especially. If you write with it, leave it until it dries. Rub it with the oyster shell or with something like it as you like and desire. Allah is the helper, When you are through with the gold soaked with the glue, then watch it. Do not leave the glue in itor else it becomes thick, worms are created in it and flies eat it on account of the odor of the thick slue. Clarify it once or twice until the glue odor docs not remain. Remove it and keep it. We will give you a helpful note, Note [0]. Know that the fish ghie mentioned is of ‘two types. One is yellow tending toward red. You dis- solve it with water on a mild fire. The gold is soaked with it. Its preparation is from Achilles’ tendon, It is cooked as they cook the strong glue of the leather. You have watched how this was made. The second glue is (TRANS. ABGER, PHIL, s0¢, ‘an uncooked glue remaining as it was. Tt can be de« scribed as old dried soap. It comes wrapped one on top of the other. Tes color is ivory white. ‘The method of preparation is that you take a measure af what is wood for the gold work. You put it into water until ie is ‘moist. Then pound it on a marble stone. Fold it as one folds an amulet. Return, and beat it until itis stretched a second time; it becomes like a sheet of paper. Fold it also and beat it until it is stretched. Cut off small piece and put it in a little water, as much as is enough {for dissolution. Put it on a light fire, When it boils, it is dissolved. Take it down from the fire and rub it with your forefinger until it attains a dissolved gluclike vis- Cosity. Add more water to it and return it to the fire until it becomes like boiled olive oil, Leave it until it grows cold. Soak the gold with it. Stir it and stir the fig in it, Try writing on the leather with it, When dry, rub it, When you see that its color is shiny, wipe it with your finger. If the gold is wiped off, then know that it is because of too little glue. Then add more glue to it, as much as is proper. If you sce that the gold adheres to the leather and its color shines, then that is the desived. If you rub ittand see a disappointing color without any shine, then know that there is too mnuch glue and that the leather has not absorbed the glue. That prevents it from shin. ing. ‘Therefore, add more water without glue to it ‘Warm it so that it melts and dissolves its glue. Then add a bit of water to it and clarify it, Then the glue of it is diminished until there remains in it as much as is useful to you. When you write with it, the leather ab- sorbs the glue. Rubbing is useful to make the shine appear on it. Te will not wipe off from the leather ‘When you wipe it, then this glue is better than the other sslue, Only those men know it who have examined it and know its qualities. I shall give you a useful nate. Another Note [6]. In regard to. the mentioned fish sluc, everytime I recalled t0 you its cooking and the soaking of the gold in it, it meant in the warm season, As to the extremely cold period, if you soak the gold in it, it solidifies and does not flaw in the leather. If you soak it with water and then put it on the fire, then it Will flow. When it gets cold, it solidifies again until the fold color comes out from it. Ie appears to you that the water is important here. Te solidifies and does not flow until itis placed above the air of that fire whose ait is like the heat of summer, that is, the heat in the shade, not the heat in the sun itself. It is necessary for elegance that you hang the vessel of the gold containing the glue belonging to it over the fire in a fireplace. When the slue feels the heat underneath, it starts writing, Under. stand. Be intelligent and sharpminded. ‘The period of the cold will tell you all that I have described to you while experimenting. The soundness of the thing I have related to you will be shown correct. As to the shopkeepers, they do not know of the glue of the fish except the Sytian type which they haves As to this latter glue, I found it in possession of a man whoots 52, Pr. 1981 knows it. He said that while the shopkeepers had it, ‘the broker was prepared to sell it by the ounce. We de- scribed it to the man and another man in the same business who kriew it, They agreed that they would buy it at that price and divide it between them. When L found it with that mentioned mau he said, “Twill not sell it except at a raf for an ounce.” And I couldn't but take itat the price he asked, since I needed it, I started to take care of it and speak of it and be proud among those in the same business while they didn't know with what it was that I was ahead of them, There is fa saying, "The utensil helps.” It is said also, "The ‘utensil is half of the work or half of the skilled worker." ‘The exalted Allah is the director of truth, All of this treatment is with the glue of the white fish, Howevs for those who are contented with Syrian glue, then it suffices. Note [¢]. If you wish to cover with a certain leather you want fo use, you have to be careful that you never tuse the leather originating from on top of the spine unless you wash it with water. This is because the ‘anners, when they dye the leather using alum, will get fa dye color to shine more by permeating the leather ‘with oil. Then, its color comes out to the limit. Brother, you need as advice, which is best, that to make the ‘you have cut as big’as the caver of the ‘book, let it pass through your hands while you rub it jn the water. The oil rises to the surface of the water. ‘This water is decanted. The washing and rubbing are repeated so that it frees the oil on the surface of the water. Repeat it until it weakens the oil in it. This is because if you cover the book before washing it, and you let the gold flow on it, then the oil hinders the leather from the absorption'of the glue, Here, by the glue, I mean the glue of the fish. As to the Syrian glue, Ff you melt it, it has a special characteristic in a vessel. ‘You leave it until it solidifies in ‘When you wish to use it in gold, put a little water om it, as much as you used to soak the gold. Rub it an hhour with your index finger until it becomes like a white fig. Soak it with your gold. Write with it on Teather, washed or not. The work will come out the best, Rubbing of the gold is also done without washing the leather. As to my warning to you about washing the Teather when you soak it with fish glue, it is be- cause, if you rub it, the gold will peel off from the Teather but this glue is good even if you do not wash it. If you wish to dye leather a raisin wine color and then the dye comes out spotted, it is because the oil keeps it from some places. If yout wash the oil from it and cover the book with if, the color of the leather will isappear because of this. However, if you rub it, and repeat the rubbing, then you will get the color which the tanner did not because of the existence of oil init Ifyou wish, dye the leather a raisin wine color after you wash it with water, Press it well and stretch it well to prevent it from wrinkling. Dissolve a bit of vitriol ‘water and smear the leather with it. Not too much is APPENDIX, 58 needed when you have applied water to the leather. ‘When i¢ appears that it needs a darker color than that, repeat the smearing until its color is satisfactory to you. However, if there is litle water, you may be afraid, ‘that ie will disappoint you and darken the color on the first smeating so that it differs from that which you if the water is abundant, then smear it il its color satisfies you and it does not disappoint you. When you complete the dyeing on the leather, then introduce it into water and wash it well so that the dye does not streak it. Te darkens its color. Ifyou wash it, it prevents any further coloration. “The author says, “This is the last of what has occurred to my memory while writing. This is in the month di at-hijjak in the year ast. 1029. Description of dyeing leather with violet. You take: leather which has been tanned with white beam-tree, ‘Wash it well with water. Pare it with an iron tool unt i Sew it together until itis swollen like a leather sac. After that, soak it with an ounce of alum dissolved in water. Blow into it and rub it until the alum water goos into it. Empty the water on it ‘After that, soak it with water in which the good species ‘of sappanwwood (baqum haba) has been cooked. This has a good taste on the tongue. Then blow into it after soaking. When it swells, turn it in your hands, Turn it upside down, its bottom to the top and its top to the bottom, Open the mouth of the leather sac; it will be satisfactory to you. If not, continue the soaking until its color will please you. 6. Chapter om the description of decorating the leather for binding You take the pared skin and smear it with strong sslue on both sides. Then you place two unpared skins fon it, smeared with glue on the inner side. Leave it until it dries. Apply on it a shect of paper on which is marked with inke any design which you wish to use. ‘This is done by taking a sheet of thin paper, wetting itwith your saliva, leaving it until the salva is absorbed, and dries a little. Press that sketch, whatever itis you wish to draw—a design, an illustration, or anything clse relating to the book—with your thumb and your finger. Outline the sketch on it, remove it, and leave it until ie dries. Outline it with pen and ink’ until the de- sign is visible. When you have glued it on the previously mentioned leather, and it has dried, follow the sketch fand the impression of the described drawing with a ‘nrubasif like that of the blood leather. To decorate make ‘the impression on moistened leather to reproduce the design. If there are any blank spots in the work, fill ‘them ia, Try other leather also until the work pleases you. I finished this on the twenty-third day of Shiteal, ‘the more holy, in the year 1255 a.m. So be "The intelligent ones will understand this with simple directions, For others loud shouting will be necessary. ‘Another group will need cursing but not the stick. A. stick will be necessary for the last group.SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ‘The names or initials printed in bold-fued type before each sce indicated in the tet ‘Achundow. Achundow, Abdul Chalig, Die pharmabolagschen ‘Grandsadtie (Liber fandamentorum phurmasologae) dor Ab Mansur Muwafag bin Alt Haram, Ulstorsche Studien tts ‘dem pharmakolog. naive der Kalter Universitaet Dorp, 3, Halle, 1693, at-Alami,'“Abd asSalim bM. al*Alami, Diy annie fda ‘mufradato-Atalt Bs bghat Pas, Fea, 1318 1 slAimiwi. “Abdalbast b. M08" bM.b.tem, alAlnBul sabe SbaET, Abmetd fe adabalnaftd wal-wastf, MS Damascus, 1549, thot, Dawad alAntaki, Tadbbiat até ab atbab wa jam itheajababujab, Le Cee, 1281 1 Aimune. Rusia, J’, ed, teanal, Das Buch d.Aloune 1. 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Univ. of Wis thesis, 1980, ‘al, Zaki, Hasan, ALAA 6 fant abilamiya, A1-Kitab Xe 252-263, 196,to integrate (gold in honey to make liquid old) needle pure gold ebony citson furnace sass furnace colysium of Isfahan basin bac ine colored inks ‘0 open (che press) to loosen red lead sponge white lead plant carbonates ant finger (measure of length) spine (of a book) white igtimiya vessel copper vessel opium examination iron filings GLOSSARY 19 cool headband tm spread out to dees (leather) Doxwood sapanwood 1 oak teee5, acorns eu violet pleat BHO Dore yi nt Se divider ot + application of leather to the cover Dh board 1 bookbinding 3 eek estbeor care exeted on enter, ie} boolthinder’s press qieniel (put into pene Lat boarding Gn bookbinding) impression theriae el to bind a book Vtecust residue, precipitate apprenticeship to be softened the making supple of leather Lsbt ied pine cone humidiey Syrian mulbersy 58You. #41962 catey floral or round ornament to test to experiment rocket clay (2) vewel to write with liquid gold palm ewig onyx ody leather, usualy exelent father pomegranate flower ‘0 coagulate ide of a sheet of paper tannin ink peacock blue ink smyrobalan ink. sunny ink peacock-enfored ink foreiga ink rose-colored ink sain (a measure) GLOSSARY ghee ale ae ord valk ae sea we to harden (as glue) pumice stone polishing stone iron tool sod to reduee impressions iron tool for decorative impression to shake, to tir sieving doth to sew the quires together Doxwoord toca ont container (for dissolving glue) to dissolve pea (a size) souress, acidity hall mustard to sew a skin 10 undo the sewing (of a book) St. John's bread hardwood rape vinegar wine vinegar Chinese galanga 1 perfume (includes salon) sewing of a book ‘thread on spine of a brochure ilstan tar soot s00t of pine sap irkans (a unit of weight) ‘cover board of @ book to pound tomb ‘color of the dragon's blood bbalm-tre oil ‘coconut oil inkl trates paper or a hide) white nef or nf), a petroleum product 2 tool for impression, to impress, to deco to macerate (a mesic ‘small tool for stamping eather sa ammoniae indigo Tian indigo water ily cardamom ‘mortar (for pulvesization) to decint, to pour out to press out se of a sheet of paper GLOSSARY bait oh lelt Jabs by dade yale tamarisk leat fold leat sheet of paper or gold leat middle leaf (of a quive or book) gum ammoniac to embellish (a book by impression and stamping) ounce (a unit of weight) red ruby 6 wa, ail as By mall Syl