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    Levey 1962 Full Text PDF

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    TRANSACTIONS AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY HELD AT PHILADELPHIA VOR PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE MEDIAEVAL ARABIC BOOKMAKING AND ITS RELATION TO EARLY CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY MARTIN LEVEY Yale University THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY INDEPENDENCE SQUARE PHILADELPHIA 6 Stream, 1062 Copyright © 1902 by "The American Philtophical Soclety UNIV siguiorvets LEIDEN Library of Congres Catalog (Cand Number: 6216117 PREI Very little effort, in the past, has been made to study the relationship of Arabie chemistry and alchemy to the truly original and #lmarkable development of its con- temporary, pharmacological science. ‘To this end, the ‘materials of a significant text on chemical technology hhave been studied together with those found in pharma cological texts, both in manuscript and in print, Where possible, names of botanicals and other materials of the technological text have been traced in the literature of chemistry and the materia medica from the earliest literate times down into the Arabie period and later, ‘The etymology of these terms and thefr goographic di tribution are of interest particularly for study of the paths of transmission of science from 3500 nc. ot. Further, this study from source materials was made to assist the student of mediaeval science in his under- standing of the scarcely known technological aspect of Arabic culture. The translation, as much as possible, is riven with the view that it is the techniques and i terials used which must, above all, be clarified. [tis for the professional Arabist to cary on further detailed ‘work in the philological dificulties of Arabie techn logical vocabulary exhibited in this text, as well as in the peculiarities of North African dialectal expressions of the eleventh century ‘The major manuscript studied, fike most ofthe others used, is frequently lacking in diacritical marks, thus waking it dificult to ascertain the reading and meaning of rare technical terms. In transiterating Arabic words, the Library of Congress system has generally” beet followed. In the case of the diphthongs, au and aw have been used interchangeably. The same is true for ai and ‘ay. For simplification, the plurals of raf! and mithgal hhave been anglicized but leftin italics, The word ditham, since itis so common, has not been iealicized. ‘Value of weights. The grain is a unit of weight. The cearat equals 4 grains, A dicham equals 16 carats and is slightly Tess than 32 grams, Seven mithgals equal 10 PACE dlishams. An ounce equals 12 dithams, A raf! equals 12 ounces. One danig equals 1/6 of a disham. One ésar equals 4.5 mithgas, Where a reference book or article has been divided nto sections and each section numbered, the reference given refers to this mumber. Otherwise, the reference is to the page, eis a pleasure to acknowledge the many Kindnesses and the expert assistance given to me by Professor Noury Al-Khaledy. Mile Berthe van Regemorter was kkind enough to give me helpful suggestions in regard to the art of bookbinding. To Professor G. K, Bosch, 1 owe thanks for allowing me to read her manuseript on the twelfth chapter of the ibn Badis text before its publication. Professor Bruno Kisch shared some of his expert knowledge of weights with me as well as his library. Dr. Jerry Stannard was very kind in reading the typescript. To Mary MeGlinchy Levey belongs the credit for many ideas which are now unidentl cause of their complete absorption and throughout the work. Tam also grateful to my col leagues in other than mediaeval science who in many ‘conversations and in onerespondence offered assistance jn many fields upon which this work touched and in other tangential matters, I am indebted to Temple University for assistance, and to the American Philo- sophical Society for grants for research which always seemed (© come at an urgent moment in the course of the work. Completion of this work would have been very difficult without the support of the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (RG 7391). Finally, I wish to thank the Ins lute for Advanced Study fora year of quict study where Tthoughe about and commenced this work. 1 dedicate this work to Susan Levey and to Peter Levey. M.L. CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN MEDIAEVAL ARABIC BOOKMAKING Manny Levey CONTENTS Introetion 1 Teentaal work isan 2 The ery lalanie book 3. Manuerpts ured Blac ink, . Coloret ink 3 Mitte of dyes aad coor & Menlic and sere inks 9. Krasares from paper aad farhiveat 10. Gle adherenee of gol an vers plishing 11, Manufseture of paper and te Unting 12) Bookbinding and its tone coring af pape, gon leather erape (On the importance of the pea and writing. 13 (On the prepiation of rot inks 15 On the preparation of glaut sks ® (On the preparation af sinating inks and plates 21 (On the preparation a 2 (On tinting of dyes and colors 2 ‘On gilding and ee use of ale, capper ad in inks” 32 (a recording secrete Ss On eran Be On the manaiaciaee‘f gla, dlreace of gold and Ever, poling inetroments a ‘On the! manfaceare of pape sd ite dng » ‘On the art of binding books in leather and the fools.) 1 in: Tansation of al Says of Bokhnding od 13, Chemial apparatas ad poses, oy tein st 14, Chimicals in Arabi echtology and their sourcon--. 31 tibia 5 15, Testing the purty of inter 12 Closary 38 stalation a ee tnntseron of ibn Ui, 13 Iden oe INTRODUCTION {CHNOLOGICAL WORKS IN ISLAM. Study of the technical arts of mediaeval Islam has received scant attention compared with other branches of this rich culture.t One af the major reasons for this circumstance is that historians of technology are often insufficiently versed in the necessary range of languages ‘and philology. Another cause lies in the difficulty that relatively few works have survived from the Golden Age of the Muslims, approximately ninth to ewelfth ‘Much of che Arabic chemical literature is alchemistic in nature. Because of this, the student of the manu- scripts is given a distorted view of the actual chemical knowledge of these people. There is, however, a small hhumber of texts, in sharp contrast to the alchemical writings, which are devoted to the erafts of the time, These deal diroctly with or are tangential to tech- nology and are of importance comparable to that of the alchemical works. Owing to their highly praetical dis- position, a much clearer view of the extent of Muslin chemical knowledge is thus imparted to the reader ‘The latter type of literature is represented by the presently studied work of Muza ibn Badis, 22. a. 1025, on bookbinding. Although the treatise is deficient in some aspects ofthe subject, it is, nevertheless, a rich repository of practical chemistry in the fields of tanning and dyeing of leather, manufacture of glues and their Tora general darusson ofthe fac of eukvaton ofthe study of he history of technology, ef. White, Lys Ir Techaalogy and invention inthe Mite Ages, Sprelua 18: 141-199, 1940 uses as adhesives and vehicles for paints, and the prep= aration of inks of many types for application to diff ent writing materials ‘Another work is given in translation in the appendix, eis by a master craftsman and is devoted largely t0 bookbinding, Since the ibn Badis manuscript has little fon the actual art of bookbinding, the addition of this work should prove to be complementary to the former work. Its author is al-Sufyani, a North African? It was written in a.b. 1619. In addition to bookbinding, there are included descriptions of covering of the boards with leather, solution of gold and its application, manu: facture of glue, dyeing of leather, and engraving of leather. The eodex form gf book (mushaf, from the E ‘was known in early Arabic times. a fa i that during Mubarimaul’s lifetime, the Koran pages were kept between wooden boards’ (lauhami ot daf- fotani). Later Zaid ibn Thabit, before the end of the seventh century, copied it into book form. Fortunately, the Arabs in Sa'da, South Arabia had Gf reviwofP, Rian tex in Reowe Ajriine Ot: 183-154 12h Arnold, W., a A. Groban, The Filen bok, 30, New York, 192 Erpctius, Th, ed, AL-obte, To'rakh at-actintn, 18, Lag, Hatavy 1625) Sars, lola bookbinding Landon, 1925, Adams, B, ‘Turkish, "Arabic, and. Pesan. bookbag Archie far Bucbindere, 190 Mh Gray Ey, Llama Bate Bede Usps, 924 6 LEVEY: MEDIAEVAL ARAB BOOKMAKING fan excellent and flourishing leather industry! Large tanning works, a necessary concomitant for a book binding industry, were also to be found in Kharran, Jurash, Sana, Zabid,* Bulehara,* Egypt? Maghrib. and Spain.’ It was in San’ where the white and yellow + striped Cordovan feather avas produced to rival the famous Morocean leather of alvTa'it, ‘Taf leather mentioned in-one of the texts t0 be discussed.” Not only was leather a major product of this city but the region was known also for its excellent bindings. Tt was recorded in 985/6 that al-Muqaddasi, the bookbinder, received two dinars for a binding of the Koran in Yemen. In the Muslim Empire, bound books ‘were very expensive although copying i supposed to hhave been done very quickly. Bookbinders, book- sellers papermakers, and others who relied on the book trade flourished in this period. The bookstores were frequented by the intelligentsia just as in earlier and Tater times, ‘The Fihrist, in 987/8, mentions bookbinders who were well knowa.! The famous practitioners of the art Tisted are ibn abi alHarish, who bound books in the library of al-Ma’man (early ninth century), Shi alMiqrid alUjaifi, Aba esa ibn Shirn, Dimysna abA‘car ibn al-Hajjim, Ibrahim and his son Mubam- mad, and al-Husain ibn al-Saffar. The bindings of ‘these men have been lost. Milions of volumes probably existed in the Golden Period of the Muslims. In Cordova alone, the library boasted of 250,010 books. Owing to the depredations of various groups many libraries were burned and other- D. Hy ey AFHomant, Sila Jatat ab-sArab, 113, Leiden, 1884-1891, “Grohmana, Ao, AUgemcine Rinfkrung in die orabichen abyrt be Corbas Papyrorune Rosner, Series Arabic I pat Ty Ste Wien, 1974. In Sane alone there wre at Feast thirty-three famercy at the en of te tenth entry iTAmetton HF and D.S, Margot, tease, tbo Misha swat (1080) Kid tae obama, in eis of thee ABBE (aliphote 42228, Oxford, 1920/1 Pecker, C,H, Beige aur Geckichte Kgyptens anor dem Islam V 182, Senssburg, 1902/5 Tunes, Ex AlSaiiw’s KR&b abistias' Hakbie duwval almogiib sls, Mision Seetifque Marecaine 1: 9, Pati, {8d6/1: Sprenger ‘Ay Die Post aad: Rederouten des Orient, hndlnger sd. Runde d. orgentinder 3¢ 149 M186, Grohmann, Ar Bibliothekeo und 1ibllophilen im Islamischen Corint, Pesan su Zutbnrdtihriqen. Jdsu des Base lance des Getouies der National-ilatet ie Wien, 431-482, Wiens thn dis in chapter 12 gives the method of tanning of feather in THA, de Gorjo, M. J, Biuthecapographoras trabicoram, 122, Leiden, 1870. "Aout Quin Hosni M, a-RSghib o-ffahios, Auda derahebndgbt we muboonratoskshaar® 1270, Cato, 1287. A fin binding of Ku vellum in two boards done at THU fs mene lone ve de Gow, op i 3: 100; Pritt: 26, 2 Fit 121. Stor te famous caligeapher and bookbinder, Abu'-Hasen ‘att Hill of Taga (413 9.3/8.0. 1022), 0 Rice, D. Sy ‘The weigue tal Bowed manascrpt in fle Chester’ Best) vary, Dublin, 1985. wise destroyed. The library of the Fatimids in Cairo swas sacked in A, 1068, Ti was not the first time this library was mutilated, Te had been done a number of times previously by Christians and Arabs. The library at Tripolis was burned by the Crusaders, that of the ‘Abbasids in Baghdad by the Mongols. The library of the Grand Master of the Assassins in Alamut burned jn Ax, 1257 as did that in Medina in 1237 43. SOME MANUSCRIPTS USED IN THIS WORK “The manuscript (1) upon which this study is mainly based is in the Oriental Institute, University of Chie ago, catalogued as \12060. This is a copy made in 1908, by M. Sidi, a scribe in the Kutubkhane Khedive, fof a’manuseript then inthe brary of Ahmad Beg ‘Taimar and now in the Egyptian Library in Cairo. Tt swas purchased by the Institute from Dr. B. Moritz in Berlin in 1929. Tt is equivalent to MS Landberg 637 in Berlin which is dated 1228/1813 and i called Umdat abeuitab wa’uddat dhawi abaibad. Its author was al-Mu‘izz ibn Badis (ca. a.p. 1025). The full citle is “Boole of the Staif of the Scribes and Implements of the Discerning with a Description of the Line, 1 Pens, Soot Tnks, Liq, Gall Inks, Dyeing, and Details ‘of Bookbinding.” Only the first ninety-throe pages are relevant to the title. There are other copies of this manuscript," in whole or in fragmentary condition Those examined were (2) Gotha 1384 (67 fol.), (3) Gotha 1355 (56 fol), (4) Gotha 1356 (1 fol.), and (5) Gotha 1887 (13 fol.). Some of the difficulties have been clarified by explanations in a variant manuscript, (6) A29809, of the Oriental Institute. This copy was completed in January, 1671 “The author of the text, ibn Badis (A.p. 1007-1061) a royal patron of the arts wat born in alMansGrivyah, near Qairawan, of the North African Dynasty of Zirides. He was a powerful and high-minded prince, a friend to the learned, and prodigal of gifts. “The other manuseript of which a translation is given is (7) Sinotat tasfir ab-kutud wo-bill at-dhahab by abo alAbbis Ahmed iba Muhammad alSufyini. This ‘text in 1919 was published in Fes (19 pp.) and a second dition in Paris in 1925 by Prosper Ricard. The manu- script is dated 1029 Ax./a.p. 1619. The author, Hammer-Pargaal, J. v, Grcickle der Hebane, Darmsta, 1842; len hie Ubersiehe der Literturgschicte der Arab, Denkec 6. Ke Abed d Wasonch. 4 Wien, Phl-Bit Ke 2 asst Gab S178, 963. For physical deseription, of Levey, M. M. Keck, and H Hadad, Some motes on chemical tcislogy ia uo eeveath ean tury Aiabic work on bookbinding, Zs 47: 299-243, 1986. I hae been mentioned by Bosch, G. Haas botbindings tefth to Ebenfoonthcenaree, Univ. of Chicago thei, chap. 2, Chicago, 1962; and Karsbcth, J Das arabseke Papier, Wie, 1887. MedeSlane, B. MacGuckin, ed, Zon Khalliten’s bigrophical itonory 32 386-588, Paris, 1838; same coe, Ton Kheldum, iste des Berbires ot des dynasties Musndmanet AL 201, Alger 1857 Haast, Rend, Reawe Aficaine Ot: 83,1920. ‘vols $2P14, 198), fortunately, has not been able to procure a copy of the 1925 edition, The 1919 edition has been used in this atudy. Further manuscripts have been examined on this subject—(8) Berlin 5565 (Sprenger, 1939). No tile is given nor is the author Fisted. Siggel believes that it is a fragment of a “manuscript of Zain ad-Din *Abdur- tahman b. a, Bakr ad-Dimashgi al-Jawbari,” and is similar to MS Berlin $563 (MS Wetzstein 1656) en- Uitled Kitab abmukhua fe kashf atasrar wa-hath al-astdr ‘and Gotha 1374: The latter is called Kitab al-mubiuar {Se kashf dbasrar and is by the same author, (0) Berlin 5567 (Werzstein 1375). The title of this work is “Uyun alhaga'ig wa-idah alara'iq by abi Qasim Abmad allraqh: Copy is dated 963 a.t/a.p. 1556, (10) Yale 1379, I¢ is entitled APnujam al-shavigat by M, ibn abi alKhair al-Urmayani, [eis of the si teenth century but the copy is dated 1715. A variant of this manuscript (11) Landsberg 379 was also con- sulted. ‘The following fragments which include descriptions ‘of the preparation of ink have also been utilized: (12) Gotha A 1327, (13) Gotha A 1388, (14) Gotha A 1349, and (15) Gotha A 1162. (16) A manuscript which proved to be of value be cause of the large number of plant substances men- tioned is that authored by al-Kindi called Agrabadhin, ‘Aya Sofya 3603." (17) Another text similar in value to the preceding is the Cod. Or. $76 Leiden, Minkaj al-bayan fima ‘yasto%miluha al-insin by ibn jazla (d. a.v. 1100) (18) ALdustaral-bomaristant by Abs al-Fadl Da‘od b. a, alBayan al-lera'li (13th cent.) Munich 808, Gotha 2031, and text published by Sbath in Bull. de L'Inst. @'Bgypte 15: 13-78, 1933. Translation and ‘commentary of this work are being prepared for pub= Tication by the author. References are to the page num- bets of the printed text of Shath, (19) Fe aladwiya al-mawjada fe hull moban by M. ibn Zakariytal-Razi, Not foliated. Cushing collection, Yale University Other manuscripts used are given in the notes 4. BLACK INKS Tn Badis divides his recipes for black inks into soot inks (chap, 2) and tannin inks (chap. 3). ‘The former include the preparation of Chinese, India, Kufic, Persian, Iraqi, and Nafuran inks. The major difference ‘among these inks is the material from which the soot Sage, Alfred, Katalog der arghschen alcemisschen Hon crf Dowtchondss Hee der Offenichen Weseschafiichor ‘Biknthey PaikerStotsbiotck Bertin, 125, Beri, 189 Shee, Ay Keats dar leh Hiss. Devtsck: Hes. der ehemats ere bili om Gath, $6, Belin, 1980. ‘fam indebted to Professor Fuat Sensi of Istanbul Univer- sity for eling muy atetion eo thie imporeant work. Te Se beng Dprepared for publication. INTRODUCTION 1 is propared. These are generally obtained from various botanicals, In the case of India ink, the important is gredient is a black sublimate from a mixture of vege table and animal oils, Gum arabic isa common additives sar is also used particularly in Traqi ink. Very mildly acidic solutions of dilute vinegar or yoghurt were used to arrest or slow down formation of mold. This must have heen a very serious problem to the Arabs in North Af 'No mention is made in the text of the more refined Indian and Chinese method in which plants were ured with a limited access of air and the smoke ‘conducted through long tubes of paper. The soot de posited at the end of the tube farthest from the fire ‘was collected as the finest product for ink. Ina few ‘eases later on, notably with the heating of sulphur for its soot, recipes call for the pot on whose bottom the s00t is t0 be deposited to be placed very close to the fire 0 that a minimum of air is circulated under it. ‘The most common black pigments are not men- wed. ‘These are lampblack of various sorts and a natural black earth, Their preparation was oo well known to be discussed.” ‘The gallnue and ferrous sulphate inks described. are still used today. This type of blue-black was highly developed in a much earlier period for papyrus. Tbn [Bade describes the preparation of many different types fof tannin ink. Tannin is obtained mainly {rom the gallnut of terebinth and tamarisk. The vitriol with Which it is used comes from such distant countries as Egypt, Cyprus, and Persia. Gum is generally used, sometimes with glair. ¢ ‘A number of specialized inks include an ink which ‘can be used immediately after preparation, a dry ink and an ink for travelers, a cheap ink for the common people, an ink which does not require fire for its prep- aration! and inks for religious books. In one recipe, pomegranate rind in addition to gallnut is used to ‘prepare ink. 5. COLORED INKS Black inks were almost always used by the Mustims for writing. Colored writing fluids for pen and brush were employed for rubrics, capitals, flourishes, lines, line finishing, embellishments on page borders, and pic torial decorations, Some of the colored inks were sed ‘on leather. Although some fine miniatures are to be found in Arabic manuscripts, there were not many since the pictorical art was not only discouraged but repressed to a large extent among Muslims. There can bbe no doubt that many of the colored inks described in, this chapter served mainly in the early illumination of the beautiful Arabie seript and decorative designs in @Thompton, D. V., Je. and G. H. Hamilton, eda De arte “lund (ah anonymous Fourteenth century eatin), 2, Newt Haven, 1955. 1 Wocd and other fuels have been scare nd expensive in some parte of the Neat East for many years 8 LEVEY: MEDIAEVAL ARAB BOOKMAKING the Muslim book, 1t may be inferred that the brush primarily was meant to be used with the paints in this chapter. ‘They eould not have been used with the fig preparations in the next chapter, Colored inks, according ¢o ibn Bact, fall into three rroups, ved, yellow, and green, Although ather colored Inks are described such as violet, white, blue, and pink, these three were evidently considered the’ most im- portant. Peacock blue inke made with gum is men- tioned. Blues which are transparent tend co be lean and ‘opaque when laid with gla, There is nothing in the manuscript to indicate that the author was aware of this. In Latin texts of the eleventh century and later, the well-established practice was to temper blaes wit lair. Gum tempering was less generally recommenced than tempering with glair In later mediaeval times, gum tended to displace lair. The gum was largely used for brush work while the glair was for tempering pen colors. Not many glair recipes are found in ibn Badis, The use of some type of um was much more common. The compromise of the tase of glair plus gum is more apt to be found in iba Bids than glair alone. Some of the other pigments used are of interest. One fof these, “yellow arsenic,” is orpiment. Although orpiment, As, is found in nature, its preparation was ‘well known to the alchemists, Cennino in his work, T Librodall Arteo Trattatodella Pistura (carly fifteenth century), states that orpiment is artificial, meaning that it was made by the chemists of his day. Other grolden colors are deseribed by ibn Badis. ‘Verdigris was a very common green pigment, i fact, it was one of the basie materials of illimination in the carly mecliaeval period. In ibn Bais, this isthe favorite green in spite of the fact that botanical greens are much better since verdigris is much more reactive with, the commonly used orpiment2" Holmyard® has shown, that Mary the Copt in Egypt (ca. third or fourth century) knew that vinogar and copper produce the pigment verdigris. An exact procedure for its man facture which would control the variation in the color of verdigrs is not provided by the ancient literature. ‘The two most important red pigments were einnabar and, rod lead. Classical writers as Pliny and Isadore used rnin for cinnabar as well as for other red materials. (Minium s the source of the Latin and S Heriggham, C. Jy, The look ofthe av of Comino, Cons’, The Lek and Seockholm papytl ate conesrned with dyes Many af hese were intended to imitate the colors of gold ad Slver esthrloty My fat Pete dele chine et ontens ‘neyen-dge, 1-13, Piri 1889; Herthclot, Mey Ler onigines de Foackemte, 0-88, Paris 1885. These pany arc cr 30 ‘2 Thompson, D. Vr Jes and G. H. Hanlton, eds, De are ittaminan te 6, New Haven, 1938 ‘= Hoimrd, EJ The ler of the crown and the nature ef eatin, Arekion 8: 161-167, 1927, Thomo, DV Jr Ae ficial vrolion im the middle agen, Tecbweal “Sac 2: 0468, 1938 ltalian miniare, "to miniate,” “to rubricate” manus scripts. Miniatura then gives the English "miniature," ‘Much confusion is found i the Latin terminology for innabar. The preparation of red lead, PbO, is well known in many manuscripts. Tis orange color when pure is very difficult to preserve" It is of further interest that some recipes contained lac. Gum, however, is always present. It seems to have been used partly for its rich Iustrous finish. The pur pose of a solution of gum or oil in ink is both to hold the writing in a state of suspension and to act as an adhesive, This was not always clearly understood $0 that gum is found in recipes for inks which are active chemically and so do not require an adhesive, In the case of papyrus, parchment, and certain sized papers, the ink frequently acted as a paint. In this event, the zum was essential, Less important properties of um are that it retains'a certain viscosity for a time when proper cate is taken and that it serves to protect plant derived matter from more rapid decompesition ‘Some ofthe ink recipes inthis chapter contain gallnut in spite of the fact that the tannins have a deleterious effect on the colors although a small amount prevents, the formation of mold. 6. Hos ‘The figs, ink-soaked wool or felt wads, were meant for use with the pen. They wore made’ in a greater variety of colors than those pigments prepared for the brush. The inks for fig were prepared in essentially the same manner as were those used for the brush, Gold-colored inks were very common. ‘These were prepared from the yellow pigments of various botani cals There does not seem to be much reason for the in sgredients in some recipes, For example, in the prepara tion of a white fig, to white lead and mica are added gum arabic, gum tragacanth, and fish glue. Tt would not only be difficult to use but almost impossible 10 keep. Another recipe has the two gums together with la. Te may be recalled that gum tragacanth swells enormously in water so that when ic is used as a tem peta the colors should be bound with a minimum of it ‘The proportions in the recipe do not bear this out. Gum tragacanth contributes little to the optical effect but is effective as a binder. It is ikely that ibn Badis himself was not a practicing craftsman in this art 1, MIXTURES OF DYES AND COLORS FFor mixtures the basic colors are given as white from white lead, black from soot ink, red from cinnabar and red. lead, green from verdigrs, yellow from orpiment and red from realgar ‘The text is concemed not only with the mixing of these so-alled basic pigments but also with cheir tint Gf ote A, Thompson and Hamilton, eb el ing by the use of white lead “to give a multiplicity of dyes,” or by adding yellow arsenic or indigo litle by Tittle, Mention of bono-white is not made a all. In the Middle Ages, it was sometimes used in place of white ead since the latter was so reactive with orpiment and also verdigris, The anonymous author of the De arte illuminandi staced, “but it is not a good plan to lise orpiment on parchment, because by its odar it re- duces white lead, red lead, and geeen (0 a sort of metallic color..." Bone-white, however, is a poor pigment in covering power and is bulky to tse. ‘A medium is not always uscd in the tinctures de- scribed. This may possibly be due to the fact that ums would tend to mack a slight change in coloration 8, METALLIC AND SECRET INKS For calligraphic writing, the color and luster of metals is frequently desired. Metalic inks are prepared in two ways, (1) by the use of actual metals and (2) ccoloring matters to which a metallic luster is imparted by special treatment. Gold ink was made by ibn Badis by using finely pulverized gold, from leaf or filings, ia various media Which do not detract from the metallic luster. Gum ‘ragacanth is an excellent vehicle in one recipe Silver ink is made with silver in essentially the same way. A substitute for silver in a recipe is given as tin (or lead). The amalgam is formed and is then pul- verived; the gums are then added, Another recipe for a silver substitute includes unslaked lime and glue, The best metallic inks in the nineteenth century were still made with pulverized gold or silver in the same way. Tin the mediaeval period there were countless rules for gilding.® Gold size is not mentioned by ibn Badis nor did he know of work with a mordant whose purpose iis co lay a determinate shape in unburnished gold ‘The text contains a number of recipes which are un- related to metallic pigments and belong to an earlier section ‘There are two recipes for copper inks. Copper inks, ‘of course, cannot retain their color for long in the ‘atmosphere. Sympathetic inks are generally defined as those fluids which when subjected to a certain treatment, tither change color, vanish, of appear. ‘The recipes given by ibn Badis belong to the last category. They Include the use of yoghurt, sal ammoniae, milk, and ‘white vitriol as the primary’ inks. The secoudary mace- Fials are gallnut solution, ashes of paper, and boxthorn. Heat i sometimes required. These inks are of litle practical value ‘Thompson & Hanillon, 9. et . eer The mawagetere of nk 4S, Phil, 1892; David, ‘The mr of xb, Nem York, 196 ‘a Chaper 18'of De arte minona thd chap 3 INTRODUCTION ° 9, ERASURES FROM PAPER AND PARCHMENT ‘Many of the recipes in this section of the text are for merely covering the spot desited in the manuscript Vinegar solutions, yoghurt with salt in wool, and salts tare used to remove inks, A rough eraser is made of “qlbmiya scum from a melting metal” with the sharp- ness of citron, This is then employed to rub out the writing. ‘Most of the ink used by the Arabs was soot ink which «id not react chemically but penetrated the paper physically. ‘This inke is dificult’ to remove as is the tannin type. Since carbon inl was so difficult to dis- charge, the Arabs simply covered it, as they die with ‘other inks with a type of paint preparation. A manuscript gives a recipe for erasure fluid. Was is melted and then saturated with inosnss. This i wed when neces, Thes, sehen you put icon the writing, smear FeAs often as the spot is whitened, retien to aather spot tunel a trace of writing docs not remtin This was simply a covering procedure, not actual ‘eradication, Another one different in effect is, Take Yemenite alum, galt and sulphur in equal, parts. Soak them in vinegar until dey. When dry, it eke dough. Work ion in layers, Leave it inl ies wiped. Armonia had been tel earlier ‘Then the layers on the ink are removed. There doesnot remain & trace of the ake® 10. GLUES, ADHERENCE OF GOLD AND SILVER, POLISHING. ‘The two main types of glue used are fish glue and snail glue, In mediaeval times, it was not enough to tuse glue on the gold leaf itself. "The gotd size from fish fand snail ghies has sufficient gelatine for adherence to parchment, However, it may not be sufficient co insure against any chipping off under the burnishing. There- fore, gikling experts applied adhesive to the parchment or paper. Tn some recipes throughout the text, honey is em- ployed. A little of i is sulicent to keep the binders, as gum, size, and glair, slightly moist in order to avoid fexceasive brittleness when dry and to maintain a slight flexibility. "This helps to prevent eracking. Sugar is a hygroscopic substance which can be employed for this purpose. However, in this text, itis fairly certain that ‘sugar is used only for the formation of its tiny crystals which when dey give a sparkle co the ink Tho Badlis does not give definite instructions on the making of fish glue. This is because it was so common. * Tt was made from the skins, bones, and entrails of various species of fish” Gluc was also obtained from scraps of hides, The detailed procedure is given in the MS orl 5865, fol. 13h = Ts Gf Conn, op ity ea. 108, STheopie sce noe 30, ‘Thompson and Hamilton, 10 text, An elaborate description of the preparation of slue is given by a craftsman, alSufyani. See appendix. For polishing Cennino# used haematite burnishers ‘The teeth, he says, of dogs, lions, wolves, cats, leapards, and of all clean carnivores are also good. ‘These were well polished to round off any sharp exiges. 11, MANUFACTURE OF PAPER AND ITS TINTING Paper is manufactured in the text from lax. There isa fairly full deseription particularly showing the care exerted in the operations. It is one of the earliest de scriptions in Arabie:® Paper, however, was. known much earlier, Originally, paper came from China over a caravan route through Central Asia and Persia. At Samarkand, the route divided, one branch going to Kashgar and the other to Serinde, At the latter, paper from the sixth century has been discovered. Paper. making was later developed fully in the Islamic world when, in 751, Kao Hsien-chih was defeated and several Chinese papermakers were captured and pat to work, Samarkand had! abundant erops of flax and hemp as well as sufficient water From here paper came to the West although the transmission took about 500 years. ‘What may be the oldest sample of European paper, although there is as yet incomplete proof, isa dct ‘ment dating from 1109 in Palermo, It is aa order in Greek and Arabie concerning a salt mine near Castro Giovanni issued by the wife of Roger Taf Sicily. According to ibn Badis, the flax is soaked in quick lime, rubbed with the hands, and spread out in the sum to dry. Te is then returned to fresh quicklime, This i repeated a number of times. Then it is washed free of the ‘quicktime many times, pounded in a -mortan, ‘washed, and introduced into molds of the proper micas. ture, Care is exerted so that the thickness of the paper is regular. Ie is then left to dry. Te is treated with rice water or bran water. Starch is also used for this pure ‘pose. [also helps to glaze the surface of the paper 12, BOOKBINDING AND ITS ‘TOOLS; COLORING oF PAPER; GLUE FROM LEATHER SCRAPS Part of the text is concerned with the binding of books and the necessary tools. ‘There is a brief de- scription. The leather for binding is declared to be more desirable when well tanned and soft. Procedures are siven to correct improperly tanned! leather, When the leather is dyed, alum is used as a mordant. Tannin and iron compound are used 10 color leather Hletngham, oe chap. 135,16 » Karabatek, Jy Newe Quellen aur Ppiergeachchte, Mit ons er Samvmluns der Pepys Bsr Rusach 6:99, AS ise, {pitam As On the oitn of paper, 19 ts New York, 1936, “The Aisinah (canonized ca. 300) metans Roper abich may be paper. Mish Sat. 8,2 fi) ‘ LaMantia, Gy It prima documento in eorta (Contes Ade Inide) eset in Sci, Palme, 108. {For tools wed in decoration, ‘Vf. Fache, J, Lo dorve et la decoration de wlinves, 78. Pas 1988 EY: MEDIAEVAL ARAB BOOKMAKING black, Carthamus is employed together with galt, a ‘mixture mainly of sodium and potassium carbonates, ‘The coloring of paper was practiced in the time of ibn Badis. The text outlines a simple procedure. In a later manuseript, it is given in more detail: On the dyeing of paper. If you wish to dye paper red, then take ten dirhams of Iudt and the sume ammount of soda. These are kept warm, Sweet water is poured on the sal, then cooked until half of thas evaporated. Te is elaifed, then the 2k is added tot. A. small amount of baa is aided, then dint Si 2 ad TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT OF IBN BADIS| 1s ink. Take fasward" tar soot, gum of seammony, gum arabic," and soot’ of sap of the pine," of each one a part. Knead with water of the gum, It can then be sed. (8) Description of India ink, Take com's butter and any oil—as much as the cow's butter, and the same amount of oil of the ben-nut tree," elove,* violet, the Jagat" andl whatever oil iis, Then you put iin a vessel iacoard, apinlazl. ‘This stone wae known {0 the carly Sumerians (aA, 385-385) and Egyptigos (habla middle tian). Ta ada, st was wellknown nasal a fers (Gy, 186). The Arabic tnnalaton of Diocores gives lasuerd 4s arin showing what waa generally mupposel 10 be the ‘origin of this stone. Galen (11-225) considera Iaeward a9 = tinea with deterive proper “Laoword ie desert ina Ras Sit abate “There ie only ‘oe type Tea dae blue stone in which theresa Ile edad Possessing shining golden cyen” The lster, of course elets to ny spangles of intlued pyres Cf. Ruska, J ALRist Buch Gcheimnis er Gcheimnase, Queen. Sludon | Gach. Natur whsrnchjlen und dr Medici 6286, Neri, 1987 Tn Bact, apis lat is ifereaiated from lapis arenas. Hiller, Ie Die mineralogic Analaia Boctins de oot, Quelle a. Stadion Guich d. Noturotsenschafon wad der Madiciy 9: 131719, elo, 1941. Boetius aye that lapis lazuli sede An fo Gree Ia Latin, ceralos Topic He ile ae of many ol sources in his stineraiony. dubia sganga, This ete gus resin obtained by inci son fom the root of pnt found im Chinn and Sy Tt Roo important place in the Muli pharmacopoeia aes cathartic (Rinse Us S86"889). Cel (IIT: 20, 6) ue meamnony ieee of Iumbrioes, Resin of seamen was known in anit Meso tai as coming from miley juice of the roa Me is gree Jay or rowaish green Le was se a8 8 pugative (of BAB, 1 Fh). Does (1:10) peseribed ita exper wih four or om pesiary of wool i the uterus ta al the embryo, of lpeory nd rrache ™ fom arab. Thin the gun ofthe fl In Egypt the later is the eaca sperocarpa Hoctst = Mmeas gummifra Forse Ta southern Morocco, iis the Acacia gummera Wills ia ths Oriene, eis the Aetia sea Wild, = Afimora qloica A grabica Wild, (fat abba, 396) sijenaslor = pine. The pine vas very common in ancient, Mesopotamia (#2 or #E1.P4R in Sum. and bureshy of sith in‘ Aki, Levey, 128; DAB, 288). "The burasha ves ac fori eae al drugs, Turpentine from the ne nas wad at ex Pectocant for tho eVey feet, beat, lange, anus, an swellings ‘The Arable word ins teanaation from the, Grech evay Za 112498). Is found in Theoph. (IT 9) sho new the distin tion betes ‘the tale and female nee [tie also Knows in iow (F 69) and Serapion (488). Ie wns ths well know te ‘Mustns via «Abd. atsRazatq (520) and a LD, (1817, 1381) and inthe Tabje aida (238) "bia Cf. a-ChAih, 294-286 I ip Aforings abies Perm se ardingeo Leelerc in IB. (226) iv my nao be 2 ploygospori Gaert. (Bone, Ey Rami cidenriestion dev plates mi tinales’ mentions par Dioscoride-y Jone ‘82 288-284) iow (IVE 181) clined that ie resembiedtaavsk: Galea (Xt 845) used tae for akin tineaen, In Greely i eal idee mai or in Latin’ glans wvguentaria or glondlae “AK Thee type of lows. RAP is als the Persian mame: ‘Maim, (G08) states thatthe Egypte call al-anthdr, Tee slag called absvedma end ob-babaea. The Arabe wed this 2a Antgpastctic and dioeie (Tht abahlal 422). I, he (39) “otes Ghat who wed i with vinegar for bad ssh "logs. Perhaps ol of the leanings of 8 grain plant or fee (ometimes dates) fallen froma tree. (CJ. Lane, Doay) 16 LEVEY: MEDIAEVAL ARAB ROOKMAKING Over it put another vessel? Light a fire under the former vessel whick contains oil and fat or whichever cil you wish until it becomes like vapor, all of it aly, and has risen into the upper vessel. There is a subliz mate on the under side of the cover, I is gatherel and used with this oi] as the first ink was used. This black substance is good for dyeing the hair black, Description of another adia ink. ‘Take two parts of cedar or dried fruit of the pine,® or of them together, Put it into a new clay vessel® and put it into an oven! tuntil it becomes charcoal Ie is taken out the next ‘morning and pulverized a day on a stone.” It is soaked with water of cooked myrtle! and a litte of vitriol "ar. Prom the Persian name of « mountain near Hamada, in Pers, about 180 league west of Ilehun (Steigaan) whey the eee geome "tame absntar agate. Sanutar = fet of the pine. I ia well own in Sie Neo Ss = a baking oven, atm Sas, Myris comminis L. 0 ancient Mesopotami, oem was emplayed as a aroma astringent A nfion of the ‘eri hah aa, waste Tor eucorea ad prolapse lene In pode fou wus tel for rane msl ers (DAB, 300). Myrtle was ik wedi ets ey fumigation I approximately the ats century nce ie mee well own in medicine (Lewy, (28,150). The olde mada te own, inthe Stern cir scrip sven restos wtich inhaded the akia of = water aiuker tmenechdallerhel, plant, pulses allay barey, pone eat rot fesrie! Sum. 61 SPR) Alt ole taptins Thos es lui sete, Dios (1: 112) meations it gon, to dye he bai, for eye inlfamatione, for eisypeayy an thers. Ch 1.0, (@) end al Razeay (1) for nae ste In the Arable Dtiod. The Tabforabahtah (11) saya that it's azo allel of otha (alain al-Razeta, 1). Synonyay are mere in Tare, nar Pee (ag 9). Mai, According (0 a-Rist (100 century), thre ace Sve nl Bick itl gts, gman sr, 26 alan (Ch alRid 81.) ‘Those are described chewiere in the tome to (op, 87-88) as laos (sald)” “alas whieh whe sel {pita which i reen visio, and srt, which ss Ye va” ‘There i'a confusion of tems for vittl In alla aed other Avabic writers, The tema comes from the Pesan a ole Line) lat: etamontin o atone alertam) ‘The white virial (abst) aby) peotedly the double gulpce of stuminium and potas, Tt was wel ke tte Grace (os erern) andthe anatase Te te Arabic shabh. Foray 2480, 110 is known 6 white vit (ates (xansra) is epaced according taal a oon “Take white pure alum. Diolve and purify ie Dial weed and veri. Mix them with water othe piel etd ieave int beak ‘uigan (yaar) is eupicnlpate or blue vito. This was equal conta et green vil, coe aint. Pa vas probably’ de co the fac tat the vcr ae Wes th ease with ahmoxt all other cents tin antigulys were impones ‘The methods of reperaton ox gen iy at Rae (8) ate this, For example gaint wea prepara folows? “Disco ‘viol in water. Partly i, Throw on i copper ing and et Unt ee green. Pury. Pur ina spp vee Dawley i Mer you hve put aba iam f Sranmonae ee ok nha made according to the mentioned description. It is completely pulverized with water of myrtle, and puls verized with water of gum in such quantity that there is for every rajf of pulverized charcoal ink two ounces of water of gum, If a little more is added, ie ts not harmed. If it is too hard, take the gum from i and koead it. Pat it in layers and leave it in the shade. Te ‘comes out beautifully, Description of Kufic ink. Take the tind of pomee franates” and procure wood to buen it. Take the ash and knead it with yoghurt! and a little of the moist ened gum, Then make it into cakes and dry it in the sade. This is then the best type of ink. Description of another Kufic ink. Take Greek galle ‘nuts and burn them until they bocome charcoal. “Then pulverize i¢ with water of the summer gum, (9) Make it into cakes and dry it in the shade, It comes out well Description of another Kufc ink. Take what you wish of the seed of dates Then put it in a vessel and 1 ie better when vitro a disgolved that ite paved, put into copper vest and disoved afte «hal dirham of aie slum chloride hs been pati ten diam of nl sl Another type, Take yellow vii, het ral puny Aad the same quantities of verdigrs and vt, Leaver ome dag ‘aul ie dso and is een. Puy it. Let come sol "To prepare acta take vical at Iya purify te At the sme quantity of romsalron, Cookie vigor hl puny fe Outzair,oFcoeothar ia Paracelsus ix probably not a vttiot bout iste prwiet ofthe ealention ef blue vito, or pork Deroide of ron. Finally, the colors given muy tiene te oe Dustes and no the major eutances themscives (Main, 10, Pabfat abated, 18), “Throughout the rest js probably meane 1 he grees vitriol saleo Dine (11:8) und Galen (112258) ‘rama. tis found in Galen, Ras, Serspion, ibn Sins, and in other materia media as 9 stormatie,for far, bumowsy, aed far other almenes (See Main, 78; Levey, St, 108, 12). The rind of pomegranate ism asiingent. Ie phasmaenogsea oes tree many, It was used in ancient Mesopotamia als the dpe ig of purple with Murex and ion alte Tompuom, Re Gy our, Regul Asiatic Saity BL, WS: Layardy Ae thy Nine and is romans 2298, London, 1849, Two hain spose of tone sranate Sum, NU.'OR. Ad, ARK, moma) were knows The Tore common was Pics pronatm Li was called immo Hele. iow, (1: 10) poe the Creeks po. hh eos feoa the Indosur stew 1-1. (1058) gives cently the sae ses (Chala Cayo 234) ‘iatem dais, Yogurt, an importane milk prduct io a. hot climate fas bean Known allover the Neat Eas for thousnads of das. ft has adhesive proper “Sify ra Grovk gull Te was well know in Babsooian induscy as shocmul's yall and alsin tscine (DAB, 208, 272). Tn Canning, it oocupied an important pace the aoe incrave of goo eather for religious parpowes (Levey, 10, 11,7, 112). Cf Serapion (210), ab-Razebg (658), 1, Be (1964), and Main (295) -"af these f Dion, (1 104). Ie as wed a fetvifage and intestinal aatingene by the Arabs: Ae to Quetee Snfetorte D.C ie all contain wp 0 6 feet tae a The dr cami (om Parsan) was made from gallu aed arowatie drugs as muastle (Tabft aba 360) "tame. [ese oan stringent sae for sows lets and fn colin for eve leer Cf eB (224 fl, ein. lute its mouth, Puc it ina warm furnace” a day and a hight until it is burned, Then take it out. When it is tooled, open the vessel and take out the seed which hhas become fike ash.® I is well pulverized and sieved* with the thick burned material. ‘Then gum is taken and kneaded with ic twioe'every day. It is made into cakes and then deid in the shade, ‘Description of Persian ink, Take the soed of the date that has been ripened in vinegar. Put it in a clay. vessel. Take as much as you wish. Lute the vessel with cay of the art" The luting is done after a cloth hhas been put aver the mouth. It is set down until it dried a little. Then, if it is desired, the firewood is Fit, Te is shaken” from’ morning to night, If desired, it is introduced into the furnace for the two kinds of glass.” When itis taken out of the fie, it is set down until ie is cold. Then it comes out black like charcoal, tis then ‘made into cakes as desired. Description of Iragi ink. Anemones! are taken and stuffed into thin vessels! and busied in the dung™ of ‘asses until melted, watery, and dissolved. Then paper sheets are burned. What has been burned is gathered twith the liquid and semoved to dry in the shade, Then 2 dicham of itis taken, a dirham of gum arabie, and ‘amd, Cf. 1.8. (1061). Sheil ft late with lay fin ek jubmch cy of the art, 1 was commonly used by ‘Arabic elchemisty atl cheniste Co mle apparatus a and ‘Rrteright Rina! mentioned i frequently ia hs book on the repuction of perfumes (OLKGind? 27 88, Sy 35,39, 82, 835 Infect this lay was une st Himes o coves am entire vessel Dee fove placing itt the oven. [one fora al Kige fvended the ‘ay with dang, bar and ine, Most frequent sth elay 0 be fou to texts dealing vith sinlation where the alembic and Sih must be tightly scaled together belore the operation. Cf al aa (6) ‘Marat = to shake orto ste. inthis may be = spec type of las furnte. °C gingdig sng. shi) sometimes the mane is made move etnies shagtagobmurmn (Dione. 1: 170). Thi probably “tne corner which x widespeead i Palestine and Sri. ‘Theoplrastus (VIe8, VI: 7) mentioned ta did Serapion 27). Te noportant ses ne 0 dnt see described in 1 By (0529), and in Tubfot etahiai (441). Cf alo al-Razzaq (106, 941) an Tocw {itty 118), Other Arabic names are sari, lai, lt, Konnue eldauah; and fegtigav-nasmin o-mdtath In AE, WCE Ryeanda aad Marta, cognate co the Syne rtht — trembling Cle Da(14). Ty Babylon and among the Arab rap we for head pain, disnses of the ulerus, stoppage of ruin wom, and dysmenorthes. gout dgag. Thin wee was 8otancant ¢o be heated, was hi enough to cou the surrounding heat othe solation, va ifns he sponcancows oxidation ofthe surrounding Tung pve off enough Ia forthe esetion eared This was one way Br eekieving a cemperatare within.» cesta range before the fhermomeree was invented. The thos common tethor which find been in tava cary athe fourth millnsiunt mc, n Sumer tres by using diferent typen of ovens a farnaces. The early hemi were well aware that these were cape of yielding ‘iterent degrees of Rent, Cf. Levey (20-29) fora descipion of ‘any Heating aparatas and their developmental iporcnce in ‘ing the growth of eat. ‘TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT OF IBN BADTS, uv one-half dirham of pulverized gallnut. These are pul- Verized together with white of the egg. Tt is made into ‘ball. Then it is dried as has been mentioned, (10) put into the inkwell as needed with water of sorel.% This, is the best wator for it. Description of Nafuran ink. A large apparatus is constructed without holes of openings. Its middle is made as a square shelf, On the shelf is placed sanda- trac and barley. Then the fire in it is lt. The open- ing of the vessel is stoppered. Tei let until all of i is ‘burned, [eis left €0 grow cold. The door is opened and, the soot is gathered with leather sieves."” This is the Teather that is not utilized for parchment used in writing. This is the sieve of the miller. Then itis put Into a pot. Water is poured over it and it is set over a fire. If dissolved, then it becomes a liquid like, the acacia." "This would be the gum of the acacia." ‘When itis ripened, a bie of vinegar is poured on it and. {eft until ie is completed. Then a stone is smeared with water of camphor and it is spread out on it untit Desig, sorte or beet. This word js derived fom the Grosk wera, Latin seul, "Siclan.” Cf. Trophrasas, (VIL TE) and Dioes (ile 118) fr allied plants, Im Abe iti 0 aR Cy. Tabjotobebbeb (171, 37, 397); ai-Razzta (12, 313) ww (1388-860) Serapion (273) nF. 18 (698) anerfatemad, irate, its given a sorrel (atoll) or docket (gatence) It Jyes known by Galen (HL: 56) dba Mssawaih and fbn Sin. C. Daa (St and Levey (8) andar Te Be (1238) says that t wae wed by in Sins sad other a an emnenagoa, «dle for the eyes for fae {stn and internal Bemortages. J aleKindT (308) ad espe TaN ad fy eRe (821), eT (LD). ‘tnt, Tha was the most comin cereal ean a Babylonia. In che ceatsjt occurs ity timex more often than wheat cr emmes Te ens used medically for poise and gs a stomachie (Dy OP-T01): Darcy wae ao ase in Bafta fn fanning saltions {lavey, 109) eas known im materia mica alo tothe Gres {Dinu 185). For Must sage fT, D. (1321, 1322), Tut Aebbad (380) ant Mat (270) ose i ets kom als 08 al Som the Al st, Sho ealso a old Semitic word. anata rage 2 pani ‘grin pot wich cn be heated vera fie "0 fagigd oF agapil a the Saie of the acu. Te i noted ia Dione Es 101) a0 beady i "Theophrastus ((: 2) 8 bene, Serarion (6) knew tras tid 1. By (1138). Cf Mai. (12). Bebylona, cae bar was ased in tanning. (Levey, 112). Cf. ao DAB’ (238) Ibm Batar cosidred gap at the ume: tracted trom the poas. (C-. hy HTS8). “Spm egurd Ch Ly (1788, 1955), Maio. (278, 12). By gordo aoually meant tv eit of the acacia, Cf. Toph. (IVE BG). Dione. (Ills 13), Tuk abastad (io), Serapion (6), teeta 19). Te ie an Egyptian tree (M. By na) dene trabica Wil, srs notice Del. Other spies are to be fod a ‘fe Sudan It foam atingent ad hasbeen use 0 othe green ey. i aaa leo called gfe, Obsnind from Cinnamomun cam phos Nese. {labin IV: 108, 1081). See al-Kindt 242-216), fiticve i, 1868) sae tat hie te i grown in India. and Chinas The best ace the quitut and right (CY. Sontheimer TH: 130) “The bars campo from the cast comet of Sumatra tras the st brow tothe Wiest Some also probably came from Floren. J, Main. (208). Fora lng time camphor ae been in {hein jodi by the native jetioners ho peesribe it extrsally 18 LEVEY: MEDIAEVAL ARAB BOOKMARKING both are dey. Then as many layers as desired are made, Teis wonderful AA special ink essence is made for the king from soot of rehined storax," soot of the sandarac, and soot of taudanum™*—cither together or separate. Its soot is a Yery strong black. Another ink is made irom soot of bitumen" and also from soot of sulphur." If it fe des sired that the fig in the inkwell not be spoiled and ‘ec touring in Jegen, Formos, and Cental Chin) fein iene a Camper occurs ina wiriety of ements teh anne Tplemary, sage, and others There ae alae the Bena thyme, and buch eaunphors, Camphors are taiey cece fea dtllaton of the botanieale then sere sea factional dtilation, GJ. Agathe (1105) for wee ne, fom the Sori atts. The Arar diingulhed tees stom (com Strat oflcnal.) and liquil terse (ear gee, agian gris Mill) Steer, 0, Ayre and Slater ee, JR PAB, 385, Vide Tuiat ab abinh (8.238), Dees Ose Ba ey oe, 209; aRanasa 15, boyy ain ey 9), He was cued a a aromatic for thoes ra adam ox Thon. Ie ste resin from the plant Cu ladon fore elt, al other specie, It was know age, aoe to Dios. (1:97) 1 st be found inal Ranson GOO) ah, (GQ). Tabfotababtad (261), and Main (208): fers seit Bag, He setnsent antidyentra and in calla Ce DAB, 33S S44. Of leo 1B, (1990) and Play Gaye ar go ‘rigin of tdanon is Semitic (Catnoy, Sep 1s Dt cena contusion in he Geek (Dios. 1:12) ‘and Arabic leratre in regard to the bitumene, Coote edt halts Thi ie dscuse inthe Tubjatab-edbdb (SO) Cy Tce 48) ant at Razatg (276, 388, Gf Meim, (102, beta al Kind (138)5 1B (1114), Zt wa wae fa ary Segoe, ‘epartions as wal asin the bung of gull Saige at ‘aly cleo ond on tects aan sealant. or ne ee Babrlonin of, Levey “16, DAB (239), aad Por ae" t Bitnmen ond fetrleum i antiity, Leste, 1986. tn tka nad, 2, 170) bicamen was probably ebtsinal fom Balaceoee a imported to the indus Valley $00 yes ag Jit Salphar was wellknown in ancent Mesopotamia, ewe {38,127 128) (ore preparation and ures Retna, pharmacology. ‘Aristorle, Galen, ad el Rast anon ae oe i Dione, (V) danse ana simple, Suhr see oc fusion tines a ent deal for uur it was uoed meek ae wy India and sarler for itch and cuteneous ease Hippocrates and Calais ale used alps Cf Alster 210: Ray, passin, In Aleune (4) ‘cular Se deen hy ature is deacibed alike the nate af the areca When Tas ile to mercury and then dle, the auteer oot innabae, Ta the same way, when tered with cooper eae fepee (ove) was obec. "What fe dadeabe sie a buming and ts oilinens and whiteness dippeat oa with aie Aggh LP slobur i mentioned. Sulphur dneweey eh (asso) an le {here not be a bad odor, then take the ink and put it in a vescel. Then enough clear water is poured over it 1 cover it, Te is then filtered from its solution, Tes water is changed three days. It is then put into the ‘mortar and sorrel water poured on it, yoghurt or a bt of table salt and gum arabic. Then it is beaten in a ‘mortar until it has the consistency of glue. It is thes ut aside until needed. If it is desired to write with it some of it is dissolved in water THIRD CHAPTER OW THE PREPARATION OF BLACK GALLNUT INKS (11) Preparation of black shining ink. Tea parts of fallout are taken and pressed. On itis poured sie of the same water. It is then cooked until a sixth of the gallnut solution has disappeared, It is then purified. te is cooked in one-sixth of its weight of gum arabic, then boiled in a mild fre until one-thied has disappeared. Tt is then brought down from the fire and cooled, One can write with it Description of another ink. An ounce of acacia gall- hut i taken and pressed™ with an ounce of gues are ‘They are mixed and there is poured on it a measure of ‘water equal to eight times it, Tt is put ina flask in the sun for three days. Iv is filtered after that. Four dithams of Greek vitriol is put into it, and an ounce of the Ira if the Greek cannot be found. If itis summertime, it left in the sun four days. If it isin the winter, fe ie let ‘twelve days. It can be used to write with Description of another shiny ink. Two parts of gatle nut are taken and pressed. On one part pour six parts of water and on the other two parts of sweet water, On the first another six parts of water are poured, It is soaked a day and a night. The two are gathered to ether in a new pot and cooked until ite fourth die, appears or its third. Te is then taken down trom the fire. It is purified. There is taken for it two ounces of scrapings of gold. (12) It is pulverized and sieved, then sprinkled on. Tt is returned to the fire un boils, then removed from the fre and purified. Two ounces of pulverized gum arabic is sprinkled ‘on it while hot until ic is nicely melted. Then it ix put in a alas pot and used Description of instant ink.'® Gallnut of the tere- Anni atlotm. Many subwances were called sls by the Arab (Mam. 221), ALKGndt (718) awed alt fegsenehy be es "esis, Slt discus in 1. B. (2161) al-Ranatg (832), Dina (5 300), and Serayion (258) among cra, Salts ve sige ‘tocol in Alnune (St, 80-81), The table mt toed eG ‘mediaeval period in most places was obtatnel large oss fhe sea. Thit which was mined waa more expensive Recast ie ‘ransportation cose Slt wae generally pu haweur, CJ. Lavey (13) for Babylonian inortare. Many type of mortars ani verms relating fo thes wee knvnsin he eoeed ‘ra. aie ‘gif, Fern gull. Pousibly the coloration on the surface of impare gold expowed tothe ntanophre ie ota binth!*\—yellow green, is taken, Greek vitriol, and gum arabic—of each a mitigal. Iv is all pulverized and put into a vessel which is wide-mouthed. Two ounces of salt water are poured on it. It is well beaten. Tt can be used for writing immediately on paper and parchment. ‘This is the description of the Iraqi way. Desctiption of a black ink. Three ounces of gallnut are taken, an ounce of glass," and one and a half ounces of gum. The gallnut is pressed. On every part of it, tight parts of water are thrown. It is soaked init a day’ and a night; if more than that, i is better. Then it is put on a low fire until a third has disappeared. When the gallnut has deteriorated, then itis well cooked. The ‘gum is dissolved in water ‘before the cooking of the gallnut; itis completely covered until all of it becomes viscous like honey. When the gallnut is cooked, the gum is thrown on it. Tris left a fitele while until all of it is dissolved in it, After itis pulverized, the vitriol is put on it. If it is not enough, put more’ on it. Never ‘throw the gum on it unless it has been soaked. Preparation of a dry ink. Green gum is well pul- verized until it becomes like collyrium, A part of iis taken, and a part of the gum arabic, The gum arabic is dissolved with water. One half part of vitriol is taken. (13) All of it is gathered with glair of egg, gall- nut, and gum arabie until it becomes Tike dough, Te is ‘made into a ball and put into a vessel. He sure that no wind and dust reach it. Tt remains for a long time. When it is needed, it is put into a vessel. Drip water fn it from another vessel in a needed amount until it is dissolved. Then one ean write with it Preparation of ink for the common people. Green gallnut is taken and pressed in quarters and thirds. It is put ina narrow mouthed flask.” Then water is poured on it. Te is then placed om the fire, A low fie i8 used. ‘When half of it disappears, itis clarified, To waite with it, for every raf! of water of the powdered gallaut use five parts of the solution prepared and one half ounce of green vitriol." Write with it. "ts a-bufm. Teeth was used a. detersive substance in Babylonia Levey, 120). Cf. DAM (288). The but tee usualy the Piaacie Toren Les Samm "LA Gd EAR Batata = Syr betta Heb, for. wos wed nly foe rheumatin’aitd focal pains, Hippocrates use the frit by fand vera. Of. Theoph, (II-V), Dose. (1, Tula aba (298), Maim. (66), dabie (VE ota) 2 When dy, the glass gives sparing appearance to ink, = From gar. "game, Tila ea flask which can be heated. It may have a saeco moth, nj otha. Green viol = wieol of Cyprus (obj ak suirug). Cf. Ducroe (188) Te was unknown t9 Discord. See also FB. (1080), Mim. ({40). Te was wal nwa tothe Baby Tonians (D4, 169 11) who works ix meat and estes. The sitrolof the lather worker war alled komme arp, In Ping, i ie etromentu satrium, ln Syl, it chan. Cf Ray (113) for ealubactory, sulphate of ion, in. Rasarancsamnch haga. In Duero (183), 3) agar is shabrak in presen iy rug commeeee The latter term i alo one aed By Jd hia Kush at Surhaw ft gure Si amis, Cp. 3, 98 inf ‘TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT OF IBN BADIS 19 Preparation of ink of the myrobalan.® Yellow myrobalan is taken and pressed with seed. It is pat into a thin vessel after it has been measured. Then pour on it two-thirds its weight of water. Tt is put in the warm sun for four days. ‘Then it is purified and gum arabic is put into it. It is returned to the sun and Jeft until dissolved, ‘Then a little water of yellow iol is added and a bit of pulverized green vitriol. It is stired and then used to write with, Preparation of a sunny ink without use of fre, Ten

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