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ЖКТ №12 PDF
ЖКТ №12 PDF
100mg *3 times
daily – 2-8 weeks
side effects
• Nausea, vomiting
• Stomach upset
• Diarrhea or other gastrointestinal
disturbances
• Muscle pain
• Abdominal pain
EMETIC
The chemical substances that cause
vomiting influence chemoreceptors of the
trigger zone or stimulate the vomiting
center via a reflex. Agents that stimulate
dopamine receptors of this zone include
APOMORPHINE.
• The use of emetic drugs is very
limited. Sometimes, in acute
intoxications, if gastric lavage is not
possible, APOMORPHINE may be
used (it is injected subcutaneously).
• Also, APOMORPHINE is used for the
treatment of alcoholism to establish
a stable negative reflex reaction to
ethanol.
• Apomorphine is CONTRAINDICATED in
strong acidic and alkaline burns of the
stomach, in gastric and duodenal
ulcers, lung disorders associated with
possible bleeding and in severe
diseases of the heart.
• Apomorphine is not effective for
intoxication with vomiting center
suppressors (for example, drugs for
general anesthesia).
The main direction of
the effect of some
emetic and
antiemetic drugs
ANTIEMETIC DRUGS-
The administration of antiemetic
drugs should be done according to
the genesis of vomiting.
Prevention of Chemotherapy
induced nausea and vomiting
GALLSTONE DISSOLVING DRUGS
Cholesterol (CH) remains dissolved in
bile with the help of bile salts (salts of
cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
conjugated with glycine and taurine)
• CHENODEOXYCHOLIC ACID
(CHENODIOL) and
URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID
(URSODIOL) decrease CH content
of bile, enabling solubilization of
CH from stone surface.
• Dose: 450–600 mg daily in 2–3
divided doses after meals
• The drug helps DISSOLVE GALLSTONES
in those who cannot have gallbladder
surgery or who do not need the surgery.
• URSODIOL may be used with a
procedural device that fragments the
gallstone into smaller pieces; the
procedure, called lithotripsy, allows the
drug to dissolve the stones more
quickly.
• Dissolution of gallstones is a very slow
process: patient compliance is often poor.
However, medical treatment is now possible
in selected patients: Once treatment is
discontinued after stone dissolution,
recurrences are common, because bile
returns to its CH supersaturated state.
Repeat courses may have to be given.
• Because of these problems the pros and cons
of medical therapy must be weighed against
cholecystectomy
URSODIOL is also useful for certain
liver diseases of adults, children and
infants; the drug reduces itching and
other symptoms.
Antacids may interfere with the
absorption of URSODIOL .
Take URSODIOL at least 1 hour before
or 2 hours after an antacid dose!
Side effects
• difficulty breathing • hives
• severe stomach area • diarrhea
pain • headache
• cough or sore throat • constipation
• hair loss or thinning • indigestion
• joint or muscle aches • nausea
LAXATIVES
These are drugs that promote evolution
of bowels. A distinction is sometimes
made according to the intensity of
action.
• Laxative or aperient: milder action,
elimination of soft but formed stools.
• Purgative or cathartic: stronger action
resulting in more fluid evolution.
Many drugs in low doses act as laxative
and in larger doses as purgative.
MECHANISM OF ACTION/ All
purgatives increase the water
content of the faeces by:
• A hydrophilic or osmotic action,
retaining water & electrolytes in the
intestinal lumen—increase volume of
colonic content & make it easily
propelled.
• Acting on intestinal mucosa, decrease
net absorption of water and
electrolyte; intestinal transit is
enhanced indirectly by the fluid bulk.
• Increasing propulsive activity as
primary action—allowing less time for
absorption of salt and water as a
secondary effect
• Psyllium is obtained from plantage ovate or
Psyllium plant. Psyllium plant grows in the
region which has good exposure to sunlight,
and the soils are well drained and sandy.
• The Botanical name of Psyllium husk is
Plantago Ovata, and it is better known as
Isabgol in India.
PSYLLIUM is mainly used as a dietary
fibre to relieve symptoms of both
constipation and mild diarrhea and
occasionally as a food thickener.
Research has shown lowering of blood
cholesterol levels in people with
elevated cholesterol, and lowering of
blood glucose levels in people with
type 2 diabetes.
Psyllium Seeds
• Hypersensitivity
• Low galactose diet