Professional Documents
Culture Documents
surveys?
Corrosion monitoring The ultrasonic instrumentation used should
ensure that reliable ultrasonic thickness
Keith McLaughlin readings are recorded on site and later
transferred to a printer or a PC for analysis,
but how often is that true?
be a low technology task, given to operators Figure 2 Internal reflection of some sound
with lower qualifications and older
equipment. Modern ultrasonic instruments
with screen displays have automatic gain
control, digital measurement of the range to or
between echoes and on board data loggers to
store the results. Compare this with the older
units where the thickness reading was taken by
counting the divisions on a graticule across the
screen, gain was adjusted manually and data
logging was a scribble on the back of a
cigarette packet.
27
Corrosion monitoring Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials
Keith McLaughlin Volume 47 . Number 1 . 2000 . 26±29
Figure 5 Correct metal thickness measured through the paint using is possible to obtain readings on surfaces
multiple echoes which are very hot but several problems are
encountered:
. The attenuation of the material being
tested increases dramatically with
temperature. A material that may be
tested quite easily at ambient
temperatures may require high power,
low frequency probes to penetrate
it at higher temperatures. This will
affect the resolution of the
measurement.
. It is difficult to maintain coupling at
elevated temperatures. Special non-
inflammable couplants are required
All this is fine on an uncorroded backwall but which can be difficult to use.
when the surfaces are heavily corroded it is . Special high temperature probes are
very difficult to obtain multiple reflections. required as standard probes would
Whilst the digital gauges designed to operate rapidly be destroyed by the heat. Even the
through paint have automatic gain controls special probes can only be in contact with
etc. to compensate for the weaker scattered the hot surface for short periods and then
signals, their adjustments are limited. An must be given a chance to cool down.
operator with a screen display can see the lack These ``high temperature'' probes use a
of repeat echoes and adjust the gain etc. to delay line of a heat resistant material but
obtain a valid reading (Figure 6). even this material changes its properties
When measuring the metal thickness under with temperature, so automatic zeroing
paint etc., the true thickness of the metal is from the probe face or echo to echo
measurements are required to eliminate
measured by the time interval between repeat
errors.
echoes. In practice, it may be difficult to
. The velocity of sound in the material
obtain repeat echoes on heavily corroded
changes with temperature. To measure
surfaces, so an instrument with a screen
accurately, calibration must be carried
display should be used to allow adjustments
out on a test block of known dimensions
to verify that the correct echoes are
heated to the same temperature. An
measured.
alternative is to correct the erroneous
readings taken with an ambient
High surface temperatures temperature calibration by using velocity/
Thickness readings are frequently required temperature tables for the material being
whilst the plant is still operating. With care, it tested.
It is possible to obtain a relatively accurate
reading even at high temperatures but not
Figure 6 A 3mm deep pit in unpainted plate. Not detected or
simply by purchasing a high temperature
measured using multiple echoes with automatic gain. The A-scan
probe. Many other factors have to be
shows the defect and allows further adjustment to measure the pit
considered.
depth
Equipment solutions
The problems outlined above may result in
the unwary operator obtaining totally invalid
readings. Some equipment manufacturers
have recognised this and have introduced a
new generation of ultrasonic thickness gauges
to overcome these problems (see Figure 7 ±
The Eclipse TG2 A-Scan thickness gauge).
The features to look for when purchasing
equipment are:
28
Corrosion monitoring Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials
Keith McLaughlin Volume 47 . Number 1 . 2000 . 26±29
Figure 7 The Eclipse TG2 A-Scan thickness gauge . A large high resolution A-scan
(oscilloscope) display.
. The ability to work with a wide range of
probe types.
. On-screen thickness readout.
. Echo to echo measurement
. Automatic gain control
. Last reading, ``hold'' or echo freeze
(to retain a fast reading, e.g. on a hot
surface).
. Storage/printout of calibration data.
. On board data logger.
29
Sponsors
The Anti-Corrosion Methods & Materials Internet Research Register reports on current and recently
completed research world-wide. We aim to provide a service to researchers in industry and academia,
managers and administrators. Research may be linked to an academic course of study or project, be
independent, or organisation-based R&D. The Register aims to be comprehensive in its geographic and
subject coverage. It seeks to maintain a sound balance between theory and practice and entries which
report on applied research are particularly welcome.
The benefits of registering your research: This Internet Research Register provides the academic and
research community with pre-publication information and the potential for further networking, alongside
early information on new areas for application and development in the field. It allows registrants to:
* ensure that they are not duplicating research that is already underway;
* identify possible research methodologies;
* identify peers for collaborative research projects;
* identify possible sources of funding for research;
* identify types of research currently underway;
* identify areas where further research is required.
All entries are validated by the Internet Research Register Editor, Dr William Shiwei-Guan, Director
R&D, Madison Chemical Industries Inc, Canada.
No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the research presented within this Register. The
opinions expressed herein are not necessarily those of the Editors or the publisher.
© MCB University Press, UK and Reed Technology & Information Services, UK.