1- THE DYING SUN

Sir James Jean.,

Barely, scarcely ‫بمشکل‬

A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth,
but most of them are so large that hundreds of thousands of earths could
1Fillup ‫مي رکھنا‬,
be 1packed inside each and leave room to 2spare; here and there we find ‫ ں‬2extra, unused,
1Big, huge ‫بہت بڑا‬, 2 hold, have capacity
an 1immense star large enough to 2contain millions and millions of
‫ے‬
for, comprise ‫اپناندرسمانا‬,
earths. And the total number of stars in the universe is probably
ً
Perhaps, possibly ‫غالبا‬,
something like the total number of grains of sand on all the seashores of
the world. Such is the littleness of our home in space when 1measured Smallness ‫چھوٹا پن‬,
1Calculate ‫ماپنا‬, 2mass, stuff ‫مادہ‬,
up against the total 2substance of the universe.
These millions of stars are wandering about in space. A few Roam, move, loiter ‫رس گرداں رہنا‬
form groups which journey in company, but most of them travel alone. In team, in group ‫مل کر‬,
And they travel through a universe so immense that it is very, very rare
event indeed for one star to come anywhere near to another. For the most Seldom, uncommon ‫نا یاب‬,
part each star makes its 1voyage in complete 2loneliness, like a ship on an 1Journey ‫سفر کرنا‬, 2solitude ‫تنہا‬

empty ocean. In a scale model in which the stars are ships, the average Typical ‫نمونہ‬,
ship will be well over a million miles from its nearest neighbour. From
this it is easy to understand why a star seldom finds another anywhere Rarely, infrequently ‫شاذونادر‬,
near it.
We believe, however, that some two thousand million years ago
this rare event took place, and that another star, wandering 1blindly Happened ‫رونماہوا‬,
through space, 2happened to come near the sun. Just as the sun and 1Rashly ‫انرھا‬, 2chanced

moon 1raise 2tides on the earth, so this second star must have raised 1Produce ‫پيدا کرنا‬, 2waves ‫لہريں‬,

tides on the surface of the sun. But they would be very different from the Top ‫سطح‬,
little tides which the small mass of the moon raises in our oceans; an
immense tidal wave must have travelled over the surface of the sun,
at last forming a mountain so high that we can hardly 1imagine it. As ‫ے‬
Founding ‫اتنبلند‬,
the cause of the 2disturbance came nearer and nearer, the mountain 1Think, fancy ‫تصورکرنا‬, 2churning, disorder

would rise higher and higher. And before the second star began to move ‫الٹ پلٹ کرنا‬,
away again, its tidal pull had become so powerful that this mountain was Attraction ‫کشش ثقل‬,
ِ
torn to pieces and threw off small parts of itself into space. These small Strong, vigorous ‫مضبوط‬, cast off, throw
pieces have been going round the sun ever since. They are the planets, away ‫ُجدا کر ےک پھینک دینا‬
great and small, of which our earth is one. Heavenly bodies ‫سيارے‬,

The sun and the other stars we sec in the sky are all extremely hot
— far too hot for life to exist on them. So also no doubt were the pieces Very much, greatly ‫بہت زيادہ‬,
of the sun when they were first thrown off. Gradually they became Have being, have existence ‫وجودرکھنا‬,
cooler, until now they have very little heat of their own left, their Slowly, steadily ‫رفتہ رفتہ‬,
1
warmth coming almost 2entirely from the 3radiation which the sun Warmth, warmness ‫حرارت‬,
4
pours down on them. In course of time one of these cooling pieces 5gave 1Heat, cold ‫حرارت‬, 2fully, totally ‫مکمل طور پر‬,
birth to life. We do not know how, when or 'why this happened. It 3sending energy in rays; ‫اشعاع‬, 4throw down
started in simple 1organisms, whose living power consisted 2chiefly in ‫ڈالنا‬, 5Produced ‫پيدا کيا‬
their being able to 3reproduce themselves before dying. But from these 1Beings, bodies ‫زندہ وجود‬, 2mainly, mostly
1
humble 2beginnings came a 3stream of life which, growing ever more ‫زيادہ تر‬, 3procreate
‫دوبارہ پيدا کرنا‬
and more 4complex, has in the end produced beings whose 1Simple ‫معمویل‬, 2start ‫آغاز‬, 3watercourse

‫دھارا‬, 4complicated ‫پيحپيدہ‬,

1
 1Mostly ‫زيادہ تر‬, 2focused on ‫مرکوز ہور‬,
lives are 1largely 2centred in their 3feelings and 4ambitions, their sense
3spirits,motivation, desires ‫احساسات‬,
of beauty, and the religions in which lie their highest hopes and
4longings ‫خواہشات‬,
noblest desires.
‫ ں ے‬2look, appear ‫لگنا‬,
1Sureness ‫يقي‬,
Although we cannot speak with any 1certainty, it 2seems most
1 1Probable ‫امکان ہونا‬, 2humanity, mankind
likely that the 2human race came into 3 existence in some such way ‫ے‬
as this. Standing on our little grain of sand, we try to discover the ‫انسان‬ ‫نسل‬, 3being ‫مي‬ ‫وجود ں‬,
1Aim, end ‫مقصد‬, 2enclose ‫گھي لينا‬,
nature and purpose of the universe which surrounds our home in ‫ں‬
space and time. Our first feeling is something like fear. We find the Horror, terror ‫خوف‬,
Fearful, horrible ‫اؤن‬‫ڈر ے‬,
universe frightening because of its immense distances which we do
not understand, frightening because of the stretches of time so great Expanse, vastness ‫پھيالؤ‬,
that we cannot imagine them, making the whole of human history so
very small in comparison. frightening because of our extreme Contract, judgment ‫ مقاابلہ‬,
loneliness, and because of the littleness of our home in space — a
millionth part of a grain of sand out of all the sea-sand in the world.
But above all else, we find the universe frightening because we
cannot find any sign that life like our own exists anywhere in it Symbol, signal ‫عالمت‬,
except on the earth. Indeed, for the most part, empty space is so cold Mostly, generally, unusually ‫عالمت‬,
that all life in it would be frozen. Most of the matter in space is so hot Icy, frosted ‫منجمد‬,
as to make life on it impossible. Life does not seem to have any part
in the plan of the universe which produced our planetary
system. Calculation shows that there can be only very few such Of planets ‫سياروں کا‬,
systems in space. Yet, so far as we can see, life of the kind we know Up to a certain time ‫جہاں تک‬,
on earth can exist only on planets like the earth. It needs 1suitable 1Proper ‫مناست‬, 2environment ‫ماحول‬,

physical 2conditions for its 3appearance, the most important of which 3emergence ‫ظہور‬,

is a 1temperature at which 2substances can exist in a liquid state. 1Degree of heat ‫درجہ حرارت‬,2material ‫مادہ‬,

Fluid, flowing ‫مالع‬,

The stars themselves are far too hot for this. We may think
of them as a 1collection of fires 2scattered through space, 3providing
1Group ‫جھرمٹ‬, 2spread ‫بکھرے ہوے‬, 3give
warmth in 4surroundings where the temperature is at most some four
degrees above absolute zero, that is, about 484 degrees of 1frost on ‫مہياکرنا‬, 4 Neighbourhood ‫گردونواح‬,
the Fahrenheit 2scale. In the immense stretches of space 1beyond the
2 1Freezing ‫حرارت‬, 2Level, balance ‫پيمانہ‬,
Milky Way, it is colder still. Away from the fires there is this 1un-
1distant ‫دور‬, 2Constellation ‫کہکشاں‬,
imaginable 2cold of hundreds of degrees, of frost; close up to
1Unthinkable ‫ناقابل تصور‬, 2frost, chill ‫رسدی‬,
them*there is a temperature of thousands of degrees, at which all
solids melt, all liquids boil.
Dissolve ‫پگھلنا‬,
Life can exist only in a 1narrow 2belt surrounding each of these
fires at a certain distance where the temperature is neither too hot nor 1Thin, limited ‫تنگ‬, 2strip ‫پٹ‬,
too cold. Outside these belts life would be frozen; inside it would be
burnt up. A rough calculation shows that all such temperature belts,
within which life is possible, all added together, make up less than a Estimation ‫اندازہ‬,
thousand million millionth part of the whole of space. And even
inside them, life must be very rare, for it is extremely t unusual for
suns to throw off planets as our sun has done. Probably only one star
in 1100,000 has a planet going round it at the right distance for life to Uncommon, rare ‫غي معمویل‬,
‫ں‬
be possible on it.
2
 The Dying sun

1. How is it that a star seldom finds another star near it?

Ans. The universe is very vast. Each star in the universe travels in complete loneliness. Each star
is millions of miles away from its nearest neighbour. That is why it seldom finds another star near
it.

2. What happened when, according to Sir James Jeans, a wandering star, wandering through
space, came near the sun?
Ans. When a wandering star came near the sun, it created a huge wave on the surface of the sun.
Later on, this wave changed into a huge mountain.

3. What happened when the wandering star came nearer and nearer?
Ans. As the wandering star came nearer and nearer, the mountain of the tidal wave on the surface of
the sun rose higher and higher. At last, its tidal pull became so powerful that it broke the mountain
into pieces.

4. What are planets and how did they come into existence?
Ans. Once a wandering star came near the sun and raised a tidal wave on its surface. When it
began to move away from the sun, the wave was torn into pieces. These pieces started revolving
around the sun. They are called the planets and our earth is one of them.

5. Why is no life on the stars?

Ans. There is no life on the stars because they are extremely hot. They do not have moderate
temperature which is necessary for life. If life existed on the stars, it would burn up.

6. Write a note on the beginning of life on the earth.

Ans. With the passage of time, the earth became cool. It developed moderate temperature
which is necessary for the existence of life. Then life came into existence in the form of o rganisms.
They were only able to reproduce themselves before dying. In this way, life beg an on earth.

7. Why is the universe, of which our earth is a part, so frightening? Give as many reasons as you can.

Ans. The universe is frightening for us because of its immense distances, great stretches of time, the
littleness of the earth and our sense of loneliness in this universe.

8. What in your opinion should be the conditions necessary, for the kind of life we know to exist
on other heavenly bodies? Do such conditions generally exist?
Ans. Life needs water, air, food, and a suitable temperature at which the things can exist in a liquid
state. Generally, these conditions do not exist anywhere except on the earth.
 2- USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Darrel Barnard ft Lon Edwards
1gain ‫ فائدہ اٹھانا‬, 2very much ‫بہت زيادہ‬,
All of us have 1benefited 2greatly from the use of scientific method in 1be about ‫ےک متعلق ہونا‬, 2continuation ‫بحایل‬,
solving problems such as those 1dealing with the 2maintenance of
health, the 1production and 2preservation of foods, the 3construction of 1output ‫پيداوار‬, 2conserving ‫محفوظ کرنا‬,
our homes, and the 4improvement in 5communication and 3building ‫تعمي‬, 4 betterment ‫بہيی‬, ‫ر‬
‫ں‬
transportation. Not only have our ways of living changed, but people 5message, contact ‫پيغام‬,

themselves have also been changed. Today we are better able to explain
1
happenings which used to be,2considered 3strange and 4mysterious. 1event ‫واقعہ‬, 2think, deem ‫سوچنا‬, 3unusual
5
Although there is still need for improvement, we are now generally ‫انوکھا‬, 4strange ‫پرارسار‬, 5usually ‫عام طور پر‬,
less fearful than our fathers and grandfathers were. We are also more
1
critical in our thinking than our 2ancestors. 1censorious, fault-finding ‫تنقيدی‬,
2forefathers ‫آباواجداد‬,
This lesson should help you understand how the use of
scientific method has improved living conditions and changed people.
It should also help you understand how you can make better use of the
scientific method in your everyday living.
Better Control of Disease: If you had been born two hundred
years ago, you would have had about one chance in eight of living to be
one year old. In other words, in those days about seven out of eight
babies died before reaching their first birthday. Suppose you had been Assume ‫فرض کرنا‬,
an unusually strong little fellow and had lived through that first year. Uncommonly ‫غيمعمویل طور پر‬ ‫ ں‬,
Very likely, before you were six years old, you would have had ‫ے‬
Possibly, probably ‫امکان طور پر‬,
smallpox, and by the time you reached the age of twelve, you would
1 1surely ‫بالشبہ‬, 2red fervor ‫رسغ بخار‬,
undoubtedly have had measles, whooping cough, 2scarlet fever, and
diphtheria. Even then your battle for life was not over. Yellow fever,
malaria, typhus, cholera, typhoid fever, and even influenza, once
started, spread through a community. Life was most uncertain. A Area, region ‫عالقہ‬,
ً
person who lived to be more than thirty years of age was indeed Surely, certainly ‫يقينا‬،‫بالشک‬
ِ
1
fortunate. It is 2unbelievable that such conditions could have 3existed 1lucky ‫خوش قسمت‬, 2incredible ‫يقي‬‫نا قابل ں ے‬,
so short a time ago. Today babies are born in hospitals where there is 3present ‫موجود ہونا‬,

little likelihood of their getting a disease. Young people are treated to Possibility, probability ‫امکان‬,
protect them against smallpox, diphtheria, and typhoid fever. Today a
person can expect to live to be almost seventy years old. In other Look for, hope ‫توقع کرنا‬,
words, more than thirty years have been added to the expected length
of man's life. These changes have been made possible by use of the
scientific method to solve such problems as the causes of disease and
its prevention. Stop, control ‫روک تھام‬,

Better 1Sanitary Conditions. It is difficult to 2imagine what 1clean ‫صفان‬, 2think, conceive ‫خيال کرنا‬,

sanitary conditions in some of our larger cities were like only one
hundred years ago. Into the narrow, unpaved, and poorly drained city covered with stone ‫کچا‬,
1 2
streets household garbage and other refuse were thrown. Animals 1Waste, rubbish ‫کوڑا کرکٹ‬, 2junk, waste ‫ب‬‫ے‬
wandered through the streets, feeding upon the garbage. Outdoor toilers ‫کار‬,
were common , many of them situated where human wastes drained
into wells from which people obtained drinking water.
Today our city streets are paved and well drained, and they are
cleaned regularly. It is against the law to throw garbage in the streets.
‫برروکا ے‬,
Conveyed in sewers ‫پان‬
Sewage from all
5
 ‫ے‬
Throwing away ‫کوٹھکابلگانا‬,
sections of a city is carried through sealed pipes to disposal plants.
Through the use of the scientific method it has been demonstrate that Show ‫ظاہر کرنا‬,
unsanitary conditions cause the spread of diseases like typhoid fever, Dirty, unclean ‫گندہ‬,
cholera and dysentery. Today most city governments have departments 1Cleanliness ‫صفان‬, 2stop ‫روکنا‬,
of 1sanitation which keep the cities clean and thereby 2prevent the spread
of certain diseases.
A century ago it was common practice in many cities to bring
water by the bucketful for household use. Water had to he carried a Pailful ‫بالٹ بھر‬,
‫ے‬
considerable distance from the well to the home. It was, therefore, used Large, big ‫کاف‬,
very sparingly for bathing and cleaning purposes. Often it came from Thriftily, carefully ‫کفائت شعاری ےس‬,
sources that contained disease—producing germs.
Towns and cities today have water systems that usually provide
water enough for household use. One of the most important problems in
‫ر‬ ‫ر‬
the growth of cities has been to provide sufficient water to meet the many Development ‫ترف‬, ample ‫کاف‬,
needs of an increasing population. Los Angeles has solved the problem
by bringing water to the city from the Colorado River, 544 kilometers
away. Carried through a pipe line, or aqueduct, a thousand million litres Channel, conduct ‫پختہ نالہ‬,
of water are delivered to the district daily. This is a 1remarkable 2advance Supply ‫دینا‬,
‫ر‬
1Notable ‫نمایاں‬, 2development ‫ترف‬,
from the bucket system of supplying homes with water.
More Food and Better Food. Changes have taken place, too, in
our eating habits. Through the use of science we have learned that it is
healthful to eat many kinds of food, and we have learned how to provide
ourselves with a variety of foods throughout the year. People who lived a Wholesome ‫صحت بخش‬,
century ago probably enjoyed eating as much as we do today, but they Diversity ‫تنوع‬,
could not have as many different kinds of food. Most of their foods had
to be produced on their own farms or in their own gardens. Since fresh
vegetables could he obtained only during the growing season, people
living in cold climates had none during the winter months. 1Thrifty Get ‫حاصل کرنا‬,
housewives 2preserved their home-grown vegetables and fruits by Clime, weather ‫آب وہوا‬,
‫پس انداز ے‬, 2conserve ‫محفوظ‬
1Careful ‫کرن واال‬
canning, 3pickling, or drying them for use during the cold weather. Meats
were preserved by salting and drying or by freezing when the weather ‫کرنا‬, 3preserve ‫اچارڈالنا‬,
was cold enough. Seafoods were generally available only along the coast,
fish and shell-fish could be eaten soon after they were caught.
Regardless of where people live today, they can obtain some fresh Shore, seaside ‫ساحل‬,
fruits, meats and vegetables throughout the year. By the quick-freeze
method, vegetables, fruits, seafoods, and meats of various kinds can Fe Disregarding ‫ےک قطع نظر‬,
preserved so that they are both nutritious and enjoyable. Modem methods Fast, rapid ‫جلد‬,
of 1selecting, 2grading, and 3processing foods have removed the 4risk or
danger of 5poisoning from canned foods, 5dehydration, or the removal of Healthful ‫غزائیت بخش‬,
1Choose ‫چننا‬, 2class ‫درجہ بندی کرنا‬, 3manage
water from such foods as milk, eggs, potatoes, and apples, has proved a ‫ے‬
‫مي گيارنا‬
‫عمل ں‬, 4danger ‫خطرہ‬, 5pollute ‫زہر‬
practical method of preservation. ‫آلود ہونا‬, 5removal of water ‫خشک سازی‬,
Our eating habits are not the only things in our lives changed by
the use of science. Because we have used science to learn more about the
processes and materials in our surroundings and about the methods of
controlling them, we have been able to improve our ways of building
houses, our methods of communication and transportation, and even the Environment ‫ماحول‬,
way we spend our leisure time.
6
 Better Attitudes. By an attitude we mean the way we feel toward Outlook, viewpoint ‫رويہ‬,
some idea or some event. If a person believes that wearing some kind of
charm will prevent him from having had luck, he will wear the charm, and Spell, amulet ‫جادو‬,
will feel uncomfortable without it. Feelings which involve fears such as this Restless ‫ب آرام‬,
‫ے‬
arc called 1superstitions. 2Superstitious people believe in signs of good or 1False notion ‫وہم‬, 2credulous ‫توہم پرست‬,
bad luck, and their lives are greatly influenced by such signs.
Superstitious beliefs are being overcome by using the scientific
method to demonstrate that there is no sound basis for them. Few people
‫ر‬
today believe that diseases are caused by evil spirits. Though 1astrology Real, solid ‫حقیق‬, ground ‫بنیاد‬,
2
and fortune-telling are still Practised, they do not influence the lives of
as many people as they once did. It has been learned that there is always 1Horoscopy ‫علم نجوم‬, 2wealth effective
as good natural reason for everything that happens to people. As a result, ‫قسمت کا حال بتانا‬,
most people no longer fear black cats, broken mirrors, and the number 13.
By the scientific method it has been demonstrated that ideas
are not necessarily true because they have been believed for a long time.
Ideas must now be supported by facts in order to be acceptable to the
scientist or to people who use the scientific method. Certainly, surely ‫الزیم طور پر‬,
Pleasing , agreeable ‫قابل قبول‬,
The discoveries of scientists have helped people develop an attitude
of open-mindedness. They are more 2willing to look for new truths than
1

to 5assume that what has been considered true will always be true.
Because people have had to change their old ideas as a result of new 1Broad-mindedness ‫ذہٹ کشادگ‬ ‫ے‬ 2ready

discoveries made by scientists, they are less likely to accept conclusions ‫آمادہ‬, 5Presume ‫فرض کرنا‬,
as final.
Liable to ‫گ طرف مائل‬,
Results ‫نتائج‬,

7
Exercise: QUESTIONS / ANSWERS
1. How has the scientific method helped us in our fight against disease?
Ans. The scientific method has helped us a lot in our fight against disease. Today babies are born in
hospitals where there is very little chance of their getting a disease. Science has discovered new
methods of prevention and treatment of diseases. Thus, it has helped us control the diseases.
2. Write a note on the better sanitary conditions available in our fight against disease and compare them
with what they were like a hundred years ago?
Ans. Today, our city streets are clean, paved and well-drained. A hundred year ago, they were narrow,
dirty, unpaved and poorly drained. They had heaps of garbage.
3. What are the sanitary conditions like in our villages today and how would you improve them?
Ans. Today, our village streets are dirty, unpaved and poorly drained. They have heaps of garbage. The
Government and local people can improve them by mutual co-operation.
4. How has the scientific method helped us in the production and preservation of food?
Ans. The scientific method has increased the yield of the fields to meet the needs of the increasing
population. It has also helped us preserve our foods by drying, pickling and quick-freeze method.
5. We are now generally less fearful than our ancestors. What were our ancestors afraid of?
Ans. Our ancestors were superstitious. They believed in the signs of good luck and bad luck. They were
afraid of broken mirrors, black cats and the number 13.
6. How has the scientific method enabled us to get over the old fears?
Ans. Science has told us that there is a natural reason for everything that happens to people. Therefore,
people are no longer afraid of black cats, broken mirrors and the number 13.
7. What part did astrology play in the lives of men and women in the past? Give examples.
Ans. In the past, people acted upon the advice of astrologers. They took big decisions according to the
predictions of astrologers. They consulted the astrologers on all the important occasions of their lives.
8. Describe some of the superstitions still current in our country. How do they affect the lives who believe
in them?
Ans. Even today some people think that diseases are caused by evil spirits. Some people postpone their
journey if a cat crosses their way. Some people still wear charms to avoid bad luck. Such superstitions
have deep effect on the lives of the people who believe in them.
 3- WHY BOYS FAIL IN COLLEGE By Herbert E. Hawkes

Of the boys who do not reach their 1natural 2academic 3boundary during 1Usual ‫فطری‬, 2educational ‫تعليیم‬, 3limit ‫حد‬,
the course of their college 1career, but who fail to 2get through, there are 1Life ‫زندگ‬, 2pass, succeed ‫کا مياب ہونا‬,
two main classes: those who try, and those who do not try. Many boys Group ‫گروہ‬,
1 1Try ‫کوشش کرنا‬, 2gravely ‫سنجیدگ ےس‬,
attempt 2seriously to 3make good, and really have the 1native 2ability to 3succeed ‫کامياب ہونا‬,
do so, hot find it almost impossible to' sit at a desk and 1concentrate on 1inborn ‫فطری‬, 2capability ‫صالحيت‬,

the 2tasks 3assigned. There is the boy who sits down to study, opens his 1Focus ‫توجہ مر کوز کرنا‬, 2work, assignment

book, but before starting on his work says to himself, "I think that I had ‫کام‬, 3given ‫سو نپا ہوا‬,
1Make pointed ‫تراشنا‬, 2very much ‫بہت‬
better 1sharpen my pencil; it needs it 2badly." And when he has sharpened
‫شديد‬, 3see, look ‫ ديکھنا‬,
it, he 3observes that all his pencils need sharpening. And so on, until his
time is gone and nothing has been done. Such 1nervous habits are not
easy to 2uproot, and, so far as I can see cannot be eradicated by anyone 1Worried‫اعصان‬,
‫ے‬
2end ‫ختم کرنا‬,

but the boy himself. Others can see the difficulty, but the boy must take Remove, uproot ‫ختم کرنا‬,
himself by the collar and make himself 1cultivate a 2poise and 3calm that
4
smothers the 5fidgets. Until he does this, he does not really try, although 1Develop ‫ر‬ ‫ے‬
‫ترف دينا‬, 2-3composure ‫ذہٹ سکون‬,
he thinks he's trying and often spends more time in the presence of an ‫ب ے‬,
4end, control ‫ختم کرنا‬, 5restlessness ‫چيٹ‬
‫ے‬
open book than many a boy of equal ability who does good work.
A common 1cause of 2failure is : 3mistaken 4ambition for the boy 1Reason ‫وجہ‬, 2non-success ‫نا کایم‬, 3false
on the part of his parents. More often than I should wish, I find a boy who ‫غلط‬, 4wish, longing ‫خواہش‬,
is not showing any interest in his work, and who is not trying to do it with
any 1distinction, because he is following a 2direction, mapped out by his
parents, that runs counter to all of his interests and abilities. I have made 1Prominence ‫امتياز‬, 2trend ‫سمت‬,
a number of very warm enemies among the parents of college students Opposite, against ‫بر عکس‬,
by telling them that I am certain that 1the good Lord never 2intended their Sworn, dangerous ‫خطر ناک‬,

son to be a 3physician, or a 4dentist, or an engineer. It may be that the boy 1God‫تعایل‬ ‫ل‬
‫اّل‬, 2Propose ‫ارادہ رکھنا‬, 3doctor
has ability enough to be anyone of these things, but the long and short of ‫ڈاکي‬, 4doctor of teeth ‫دندان ساز‬,
it is, he does not want to be. He wants to be a theatrical manager, or a
businessman, or a book-illustrator. It may be 1unreasonable for the boy
to 2turn his back on a fine 1opening in the dental 2profession in favour
of business. But 3reason cannot control all of these matters. As well 1Absurd‫نا مناسب‬, 2reject ‫ردکردينا‬,
4 1chance‫موقع‬, 2avocation ‫پيشہ‬, 3wisdom
argued with a person that he ought to like 1onions when he 2detests them.
‫عقل‬, Reason, discuss ‫دليل دينا‬,
4
As a general thing, the boy wins out in such controversies. And he should.
Also, be it said, the parent whom I have offended usually comes around 1A vegetable ‫پياز‬, 2hate, dislike ‫نفرت کرنا‬,
after a term of years and tells me that his son was right and that he is Dispute , debate ‫تنازع‬,
1
thankful to me for 2taking the part of the boy in the argument. If such a Make angry ‫ناراض کرنا‬,
boy fails, it is because he cannot bring himself to try to do the work that
1Grateful ‫شکر ے‬, 2Support, favour ‫کا‬
‫گيار‬
is distasteful to him, and that he feels is leading him in the wrong
direction. If the college is alive to its work of advice, such cases are ‫ساتھ دينا‬,
caught before the failure is complete. ‫ب ے‬,
Unpleasant ‫ميہ‬ ‫ے‬
Another type of boy who does not try is the very bright boy who has always done his Aware, conscious of ‫خي‬
‫با ے‬,
school work without effort, and who has never learned what real application is. He 1supposes that
he can 2float through college with as little effort as he did through
‫ں ے‬
Intelligent ‫ذہي‬,

1Assume ‫ے‬
‫فرض کرنا‬, 2pass through ‫گير جانا‬,
9
school. I sometimes think that the bright boy who has always depended Rely, trust ‫بھروسہ کرنا‬,
on his ability to get things quickly, is the most pitiable object among all Pitiful, pathetic ‫قابل رحم‬,
our failing students. For it is almost a tragedy to see all of this Sad event ‫الميہ‬,
1
keenness going to waste, and to feel that the 2entire 3opportunity 1Intelligence ‫ذھانت‬, 2complete ‫مکمل‬,

which the college has to offer is 4passed up because of a too 5receptive ‫ںے‬
3chance ‫موقع‬, 4lost ‫ب کار‬, 5sharp ‫ذہي‬,
‫ے‬
mind. The cure for this sort of thing is again not easy, for it involves an Remedy, treatment ‫عالج‬,
entire change of attitude, and the forming of a completely new set of Establishing ‫اختيار کرنا‬,
habits. No one can do this but the boy himself. All that the rest of us
can do is to point out what is the matter.
The question of health, both physical and mental, is always one
1Proper ‫مناسب‬, 2health facility ‫طٹ سہولت‬,
of the reasons for 'failure. If an 1adequate 2health service is available in ‫ے‬
the college, and if proper cooperation exists between the teaching staff Help ‫تعاون‬,
‫ے‬
and the office of the college doctor, an immense number of failures can Great, huge ‫کاف‬,
1Avert ‫بچنا‬, 2incapability ‫نا اہیل‬,
be 1avoided, and, what is just as important, the reason for 2inability to
do satisfactory college work can be clearly understood by the boy, his Up to the mark ‫تسیل بخش‬,
parents and the college authorities. In the case of poor academic work, Officials ‫ارباب اختيار‬,
the reason for which is not 1apparent, it is my 2custom always tci ask 1Clear ‫واضح‬, 2habit ‫عادت‬,

the student to 1undergo a 2thorough 3physical examination. It is 1Experience ‫گيرنا‬‫ے‬

‫مي ےس‬,
‫ ں‬2complete ‫مکمل‬,
4
surprising to find out in how large a percentage of such cases the 3medical check up ‫طٹ معائنہ‬, 4astonishing
‫ے‬
university physician fords an adequate reason for the difficulty. ‫حيان کن‬,
‫ں‬
Tuberculosis, bad tonsils, sleeping sickness, poor digestion, various
forms of mental and nervous difficulty have been brought to light by
1Unaccountable ‫نا قابل بيان‬, 2ease, comfort
the doctor during the past few months, to the 1unspeakable 2relief of
the student and 3enlightenment of the 4faculty. 5Occasionally, one ‫آرام‬, 3knowledge‫علم‬, 4staff ‫سٹاف‬,
5sometimes ‫کبیھ کبھار‬,
meets an old-fashioned person like the father who told me a few
months ago that, although we had arranged to have his son's tonsils
1Expenditure ‫خرچ‬, 2agree to ‫اجازت دينا‬,
removed without 1expense, he would not 2consent to the operation. He
3 3declare ‫زوردينا‬, 4gullet ‫حلق‬,
asserted that God put those tonsils in his son's 4throat for some good
1Tolerate ‫سہنا‬, 2taking away ‫دور کرنا‬, 3take
purpose, and that he would not 1stand for their 2removal. Since the boy
was 3absorbing too much 4poison to 5permit proper application to his in ‫جذب کرنا‬, 4venom ‫زہر‬, 5allow ‫اجازت دينا‬,
college work, we had to ask him to go home. Of course, such cases are
1 1Very few ‫بہت کم‬, 2Continuously ‫مسلسل‬,
rare. But it is necessary to keep 2constantly in mind the simple fact
that there is no substitute for health, and that, however such a man may Alternative ‫نعم البدل‬,
know, it is not of much value unless he possesses the physical 1vigour 1Power, strength ‫قوت‬, 2to apply ‫استعمال‬

to 2bring it to bear on the world's problems. ‫کرنا‬

Nowadays, when most ambitious boys want to go to college,

the financial pressuie.is a very serious one. A few parents take the Desirous ‫مشتاق‬,
position that the boy should earn his way through college for the good Of money, fiscal ‫مایل‬,
of his soul. As a matter of fact, no boy ought to be compelled to earn
his entire way through college if it can in any way be avoided. Not Force ‫مجبور کرنا‬,
only does he get a mighty poor living by the process, but a mighty poor Complete ‫مکمل‬,
education as well. If the boy ought to go to college at all, he ought to be Very small income ‫روزی‬,
1
trusted to make good use of 2reasonable 3contribution from his
parents toward his expenses. Any parent 4owes this much to his son. 1Rely‫اعتماد کرنا‬, 2proper ‫مناسب‬, 3grant,
The boy did not ask his parents to bring him into the world. They are allowance ‫رقم‬, 4be in debt ‫واجب ہونا‬,
responsible for his being here, and consequently they have the
responsibility for giving him the 'best 1equipment possible 2to meet the ً
As a result ‫نيتجتا‬,
world's problems. 1Resources, amenities ‫لتي‬
‫سہو ں‬, 2face, cope with
‫مقابلہ کرنا‬,
10
 1
Nevertheless, many boys are 2cast 3entirely on their own 1Nonetheless ‫تاہم‬, 2leave ‫چھوڑ دينا‬, 3fully,
4
resources for their college expenses. And it is always to the 5detriment totally ‫مکمل طور پر‬, 4means ‫وسائل‬, 5loss,
damage ‫فرر‬,
of their health, or the value of their education, or both. Any boy can earn
a part of his expenses without hurting himself, and in my experience
many boys are 1willing to earn more than their share 2in order to save the 1Ready ‫تيار‬, 2so as to ‫ےک لن‬,
burden of their parents. But to see boys by the dozen take jobs lasting
from six o'clock in the evening till two in the morning, six days in week;
to see boys undergoing transfusion of blood to get money for their food Giving blood ‫انتقال خون‬,
and books, is 1heartrending 2spectacle. Many of our boys of finest 1Very painful ‫دلدوز‬, 2sight, scene ‫منظر‬,
ٰ
character and excellent ability are doing just this kind of thing. And Superb, first-class ‫اعیل‬,
inevitably it is an important reason for apparent failure. Most colleges do Necessarily, essentially ‫الزیم طور پر‬,
Lesson, assuage ‫کم کرنا‬,
all they can with scholarship funds to alleviate this situation, but even
Head of faculty ‫رس براہ‬,
when everything possible is done, every dean who knows his students 1Remember ‫ياد کرنا‬, 2forced ‫مجبور‬,
can 1recall many cases of boys who have been 2obliged to drop our for 3shortage ‫کیم‬,

the 3lack of a little money to see them through.

‫ے‬
There are always a goodly number of undergraduates whose A great many ‫کاف تعداد‬,
1 1Feel vain ‫غرور کرنا‬,2 wisdom ‫عقل‬, 3spoiled ‫ب جا‬
heads are turned and whose 2judgment is 3perverted by the ‫ے‬
1 ‫استمال کرنا‬,
attractiveness of 2athletic sports and 3literary (so called) activity. All 1Charm ‫ے‬
‫کشش‬, 2physical games ‫جسمان‬
of these 4features of college life have their place, and should receive the ‫کھيلي‬, 3of literature ‫ادن‬, 4elements ‫عنارص‬,
‫ں‬ ‫ے‬
support of those students who are interested in them. In my experience,
the awakening of a clear judgment as to what the college is for, is not as Arousing ‫بيداری‬,
difficult as is often supposed. If a boy is too much interested in these
1 1Irrelevant activities ‫رسگرمياں‬, 2main
side shows he ought to get out of the 2main tent and become
professional. But most of them really are not, and if reasoned with by a activity ‫اہم‬,
friend who knows youth and understands the importance of the college
opportunity, they will not allow themselves to be swept off their feet by
athletics. I do not think that this sort of thing is as serious a reason for
failure as do some of the critics of our colleges who see things from the Commentator, analyst ‫ناقد‬,
outside and at a long range.
A few lazy 1bluffers 2drift into college and usually drift our 1A cheat ‫دھو ےک باز‬, 2wander aimlessly ‫بغي‬
‫ں‬
again. Most of them have not found any serious interest in life; and some ‫مقصد ےکگھومنا پھرنا‬,
of them never will. it is usually wise to let them retire to the cold world Cruel, merciless ‫ب رحم‬,
‫ے‬
for a reason and find out by experience how much demand there is for a
lazy bluffer. Sometimes. they learn their lesson and return to do first rate
work. But the burden of proof is always on them to show that they mean Excellent work ‫شاندارکام‬,
business.
On the whole, the problem that the college dean faces calls for Need, demand ‫تقاضا کرنا‬,
about the same diagnostic ability as the physician's. He is helping the Ability to diagnose ‫تشخییص صالحيت‬,
‫مستقل ے‬,
Persistently, constantly ‫مي ےاج ےس‬
young men under him to see life steadily and see it whole. If he can save
boys from failure through foolishness. sickness and sin, he is doing his Error ‫غلیط‬,
part of the job.
11
 3. Why Boys Fail in College

1. According to the author there are some boys who fail because they do not try. Who are they? Can
we help them?
Ans. According to the writer, there are some students who fail because they do not try. These boys
suffer from nervous habits and they cannot concentrate on their work. We can simply point out their
problem.

2. How does mistaken ambition on the part of boys and their parents lead to the failure of the boys?
Ans. Such a boy cannot take interest in the subjects chosen for him by others. He does not work hard in
the field that is against his interest or taste. Consequently, he fails in his examination.

3. There are some boys who have done well at school but fail to make their mark at college. Who are
they? Do you have such boys in college in our country?
Ans. Some brilliant boys have passed their school examination with little effort. This becomes their
habit. At college, they do not work hard and depend too much on their ability and intelligence.
Consequently, they fail. We have a lot of such boys at college level in our country.

4. How does financial pressure lead to the failure of students described in the lesson? Do you have
similar cases in your country?
Ans. Some poor boys have to do part-time jobs to meet their educational expenses. They cannot give
proper time to their studies. So, they fail in the examination. In our country, many poor boys are facing
this problem.

5. To what extent does the question of health lead to failure at college? How far can the college
authorities with their medical officers help students in such cases?
Ans. Some boys often remain ill. They cannot work hard and fail in the examination. The college
authorities should arrange proper check-up and full treatment of such boys.

6. What place would you accord to sportsmen in colleges?

Ans. We should encourage the genuine sportsmen. But the sportsmen should also give proper time to
their studies because basically they are students. They should create balance between education and
sports.

7. There are some students who join college for the fun of it. Should they be allowed to stay?
Ans. Some students join college simply for the fun of it. They have no serious aim in life. They do not
take any interest in their studies. Such lazy bluffers should be left at the mercy of time to learn that
there is no scope for them in life.
 4- END OF TERM
David Daiches
1
I believe a school teacher wrote a book some years ago with title 2 1Trust ‫ ں ے‬2topic ‫عنوان‬,
‫يقي رکھنا‬,
1Group of words ‫الفاظ کا مجموعہ‬, 2say ‫بيان کرنا‬,
"Friday Thank God". That 1phrase 2expresses 3perfectly my 4attitude to 3totally ‫مکمل طور پر‬, 4behavior ‫رويہ‬, 5coming ‫آمد‬,
the 5arrival of the weekend during term time when I was a school boy.
The daily 1grind of school, with its 2abundant homework, its 3fierce 1Labour ‫ے‬
‫مشکل کام‬, 2ample ‫کاف‬, 3strong ‫شديد‬,
1
competition, the 2sense of never being able to 3relax, 4pressed 5heavily 1contest ‫مقابلہ‬, 2feeling ‫احساس‬, 3rest ‫آرام‬,
4crush ‫دبانا‬, 5 extremely ‫بہت زيادہ‬,
upon me in spite of the fact that I often enjoyed the actual classroom
1Rising ‫جاگنا‬, 2awareness ‫احساس‬,
work. 1Waking up in the morning with the 2knowledge that one simply
1Chance ‫امکان‬, 2change in the side ‫کروٹ بدلنا‬,
had to get out of bed, that there was no 1possibility of 2turning over for ‫ے‬
1More ‫اضاف‬, 2drowse ‫جھپیک‬, 3extending ‫پھيےل‬
an 1extra 2doze, and seeing the hours of school 3stretching 4ahead, was ‫ہون‬, before ‫آگ‬,
4

a 1dismal experience, 2especially on a Monday. We had a maid once who 1Sorrowful ‫افرسدہ‬, 2particularly ‫خاص طور پر‬,
would 1climb each morning with 2grim steps up to the 3attic floor where 1Go up ‫چيھنا‬, 2frightful ‫دہشت ناک‬, 3loft ‫باال خانہ‬,
Lionel and I slept in one bedroom and my sister Sylvia in another, and
1
announce in deep, 2funeral tones: "Lionel, David, Sylvia — time!" I 1Declare ‫اعالن کرنا‬, 2gloomy ‫افرسدہ‬, 3sound ‫لہجہ‬,
1Menacing ‫ڈراونا‬, 2walk ‫قدموں گ چاپ‬,
used to be waiting for that 1ominous 2tread on the 1uncarpeted attic
2 1bare ‫ننگا‬, 2Steps‫سيي ھياں‬, 3declare,
stairs, and the voice it 3heralded sounded in my ears like a 4summons
proclaim ‫اعالن کرنا‬, 4Call ‫بالوا‬, 5hell ‫جہنم‬,
to 5damnation. The 6anticipation was always worse than the reality; I 6foreknowledge ‫توقع‬,
don't remember ever being especially unhappy in class; but the
1
oppressive 2weight of the knowledge of a full day's school ahead 1Cruel ‫پريشان کن‬, 2pressure ‫بوجھ‬,
remained a 1characteristic 2sensation of my childhood and disappeared 1Particular ‫خاص‬, 2feelings ‫احساس‬,

only after I had left school and entered the university, where the smaller End ‫ختم ہوجانا‬,
number of classes to be attended and the freedom of the student to come Liberty ‫آزادی‬,
and go meant a completely new kind of academic world. To wake up on Educational ‫تعليیم‬,
a Thursday morning to feel the end of the week already lying ahead:
1Certainly
ً
Friday morning was 1positively 2rose-coloured. The last 'period' (as each ‫يقينا‬, 2charming, beautiful ‫دلکش‬,
of our lessons was called) on a Friday, whatever the subject, had its
special happy flavour of the end of the week, and one walked home from tang, relish ‫ذائقہ‬,
school on a Friday afternoon (however much homework had been
assigned for the Monday) with the tread of an 1escaped 2prisoner. Friday Given, allotted ‫ذےم لگانا‬,
night, with two solid days before school again, was the best night of the 1Run away ‫مفرور‬, 2captive ‫قيدی‬,

week; Saturday night, with still a whole day between it and Monday, was
pleasant in a quite different way; Sunday night was full of the threat of
Monday morning. Danger ‫خوف‬,
Sometimes there were 1unexpected 2respites — a half holiday to 1Unforeseen ‫غيمتوقع‬, 2break ‫وقفہ‬,
‫ں‬
let us attend a football match which some unforeseen 1circumstances Unexpected ‫غيمتوقع‬, ‫ں‬
had caused to be 2cancelled the 3preceding Saturday, or the sudden 1conditions ‫حاالت‬, 2Postpone ‫ملتوی کرنا‬,

4 3last ‫گذشتہ‬, 4 Discharge, termination

dismissal of school an hour or two before the usual time because of
‫ے‬
some unexpected 5crisis or 6celebration. But these were few and far ‫موقوف‬, 5Emergency ‫بحران‬, 6function ‫تقريب‬,
Yearly ‫ساالنہ‬,
between. Once a term we had the annual mid-term holiday, a Monday
Joyfully ‫پرلطف طورپر‬,
off,, which made a luxuriously long week-end (but it seemed to go just
as fast as ordinary weekends), and occasionally in winter if there had 1Incessantly ‫مسلسل‬, 2chill, extreme clod
been a 1continuous hard 2frost for some days we would get a whole day's ‫پاال‬,
1
'skating holiday'. These were 2blessed 3breaks in routine, but not, of 1Sliding on ice ‫برف پرپ ھسلنا‬, 2 holy ‫پاک‬,

course, 4comparable to the holidays we got at Christmas and at 3interval ‫وقفہ‬, 4as good as ‫مقابےلےک الئق‬,

14
 1Afterwards ‫بعدازاں‬, 2sadly ‫اندازمي‬ ‫افسوسناک‬,
Easter — three weeks each in my earlier school days, 1later 2tragically ‫ں‬
1 1Decrease ‫ر‬
‫کم کردينا‬, 2two weeks ‫دوہفن‬,
reduced to a 2fortnight and then (if my 3recollection of loss is not
3memory ‫حافظہ‬, 4cheat ‫دھو کہ دينا‬,
4misleading me) to a mere ten days. But 'the' holidays were the summer
Holidays ‫تعطيالت‬,
holidays, the two months' vacation we got in the summer time, and it was
these months towards which the whole year moved.
Two months seemed a long, long time in those days; indeed, I Look ‫دکھان دينا‬,
1Aims ‫مقاصا‬, 2hope ‫اميدرکھنا‬, 3constant
used to have the feeling that, for all practical 1purposes, I could 2look
forward to a period of 3permanent 4felicity. I would walk home across ‫مستقل‬, 4pleasure ‫انہتان خوش‬,

the Meadows in the July sunshine, wearing my summer school clothes of

grey cricket shirt, grey shorts, and red Wetson's blazer, and savour my Relish, enjoy ‫لطف اٹھانا‬,
‫ے‬
1Mindful ‫جان بوجھ کر‬, 2taste, tang ‫ميا‬,
happiness with 1conscious 2relish. I could hardly believe that three
1 1Hard ‫مشکل‬, 2passed ‫گيرگن‬,‫ ے‬3wished
strenuous school terms had indeed 2rolled away and the 3longed for,
dreamed of almost (it seemed at times) 4mythical summer holidays were ‫مطلوبہ‬, 4Legendary, imaginary ‫افسانوی‬,
1Complete ‫بالکل پورا‬, 2safe ‫محفوظ‬, 3hopeful
at hand, 1unspoilt as yet, lying 2intact and 3promising just ahead. It all
‫اميدافزا‬,
seemed too good to be true. Wishes didn't come true in this life — I knew
that: all my early childhood I longed desperately for a tricycle, which my Greatly, urgently ‫شدت ےس‬,
parents could never afford, and later the wish was transferred to a Pay for ‫استطاعت رکھنا‬,
bicycle, and there, too I was permanently disappointed. (I bought my first Changed to ‫بدل گٹ‬, hopeless ‫مايوس‬,
bicycle for myself when I was twenty-one with prize money I had won at
Edinburgh University). How often had I stood outside sweet shops with
empty pockets longing for a penny or two to 1materialize somehow or
1Takeplace ‫پورا ہونا‬, 2linger ‫موجودر ہنا‬, 3fringes
2
hung on the 3outskirts of a 4crowd around an ice-cream 1barrow ‫آس پاس‬, 4gathering ‫ہجوم‬,
2
wondering whether the ice-cream man would be 1miraculously 1Hand-cart ‫ر‬
‫ہاتھ گاڑی‬, 2thinking ‫سوچن ہون‬,
2
inspired to offer me a 'cornet' or a 'slider' free. These things never 1Supernaturally ‫معجزانہ طورپر‬, 2motivate

happened. (The few pence a week pocket-money we received was to be ‫جوش دالنا‬,
put into a money box and saved, and during our early childhood Lionel,
Sylvia and I never had anything to spend for ourselves). Yet summer and
the summer holidays did come; the school year did come to an end; and
one did find oneself at last standing by the trunks and suitcases outside
No.6, Miller field Place, waiting for the taxi (1glorious 2vehicle) that was
1Majestic ‫شاندار‬, 2van, car ‫بس‬, 3transport
to 3convey the family and its 4luggage to the railway station.
‫ےلجانا‬, 4 bags,baggage ‫سامان‬,

15
Answer the following questions:
1. What was the Daiches' attitude towards the week-end as a school boy? Why did he long for it?
Ans. The writer longed for the week-end anxiously. He was fed up with the monotonous routine and
laborious work of his school. He liked the week-end very much because it gave him freedom from the
tough routine of school.
2. What was his general view of school life?
Ans. Basically, he was a good student and he often enjoyed the actual class-work. But, he disliked his
school life because it was monotonous and laborious. The daily routine of school work heavily
pressed upon his mind.
3. He liked holidays for their freedom-freedom from what?
Ans. Daiches liked holidays because they gave him freedom from the monotonous routine and laborious
work of the school, tough competition and his sense of no relaxation. He liked holidays because they
gave him some time for rest.
4. How did he spend his summer holidays?
Ans. He spent these holidays in his village with his friends and family. He ate many things and enjoyed
long walk in the meadows. He also tried to complete his homework.
3. Wishes don't come true in this life, writes Daiches. What are the things he longed for but could not
have?
Ans. In his early childhood, he longed for a tricycle, ice-cream and sweets, but he could not get them.
Many times, he wished some coins to appear in his pocket suddenly. But, such wished never came
true.
4. What did he do with his pocket money?
Ans. The writer got only a few pence a week as pocket money. But he was not allowed to spend this
money. Rather, he saved it in a money box like his brother and sister.
 5- ON DESTROYING BOOKS
J. C. Squire
It says in the paper that over two million volumes have been presented to Books ‫کتب‬,
the troops by the public. It would be interesting to inspect them. Most of Soldiers ‫فوج‬,
‫ے‬ check ‫موائنہ کرنا‬,
them, no doubt, are quite ordinary and suitable; but it was publicly stated Common ‫معمویل‬, appropriate ‫مناسب‬,
the such as magazines twenty years old, guides to the Lake District, and Officially ‫رسالری طورپر‬, told, expressed
hack numbers of Whitaker's Almanac. In some cases, one imagines, such ‫بتاياگيا‬,
indigestibles get into the parcels by accident; but it is likely that there are Think ‫سوچنا‬, hard to understand ‫ناقابل فہم‬, by
those who jump at the opportunity of getting rid of books they don't chance ‫اتفاق ےس‬, occasion ‫موقع‬, discard ‫جان پھڑانا‬,
want. Why have they kept them if they don't want them? But most people,
especially non-bookish people, are very reluctant to throw away Particularly ‫خاص طورپر‬,
anything that looks like a book. In the most illiterate houses that one Unwilling ‫نارضامند‬,
knows every worthless volume that is bought finds its way to a shelf and Uneducated ‫ان پڑھ‬, useless ‫بکار‬, ‫ے‬
stays there. In reality it is not merely absurd to keep rubbish merely Reach ‫پہنچنا‬, foolish, silly ‫بہودہ‬,‫ے‬
because it is printed: it is positively a public duty to destroy it. Destruction ً
Waste ‫ردی‬, sheerly ‫محض‬, certainly ‫يقينا‬,
not merely makes more room for new books but saves one's heirs the Dispose ‫تلف کرنا‬,
trouble of sorting out the rubbish or storing it. Successors ‫وارپ‬, pick, select ‫چھانٹنا‬,
But it is not always easy to destroy books. They may not have as
many lives as a cat, but they certainly die hard: and it is sometimes
difficult to find a scaffold for them. This difficulty once brought me
almost within the shadow of the Rope. I was living in a small and (as Gallows ‫تختہ دار‬,
Shakespeare would say) heaven-kissing flat in Chelsea, and books of
‫آسمان کوپ ے‬,
Very high ‫ھونواال‬
inferior, minor verse gradually accumulated there until at last I was
faced with alternative of either evicting the books or else leaving them in Petty ‫معمویل‬, poetry ‫شاعری‬, slowly ‫آہستہ‬
sole, undisturbed tenancy and taking rooms elsewhere for myself. Now ‫آہستہ‬, gathered ‫ہوگئي‬
‫ں‬ ‫اکٹیھ‬, substitute
no one would have bought these books. I therefore had to throw them ‫متبادل‬, removing ‫خایل کرنا‬, total ‫مکمل‬,
away or wipe them off the map altogether. But how? There were scores peaceful ‫پرسکون‬, residence ‫کرايہ داری‬,
of them. I had no kitchen range, and 1 could not toast them on the gas- ‫ر‬
Efface, destroy ‫ہسٹ ےسمٹادينا‬,
cooker or consume them leaf by leaf in my small study fire — for it is Many ‫بشمار‬, ‫ ے‬stove ‫چولہا‬, bake, burn ‫جالنا‬,
almost as hopeless to try to burn a book without opening it as to try to Exhaust ‫استعمال کرےکختم کرنا‬,
burn a piece of granite. So in the end I determined to do to them what so
many people do to the kittens; tie them up and consign them to the river. Stone ‫پتھر‬, decide ‫پختہ ارادہ کرنا‬,
I improvised a sack, stuffed the books into it, put it over my shoulder, Deliver, give ‫حواےل کرنا‬,
and went down the stairs into the darkness. A big bag ‫بوری‬, fill ‫بھرنا‬,
It was nearly midnight as I stepped into the street. There was a
cold nip in the air; the sky was full of stars: and the greenish-yellow lamps
threw long gleams across the smooth, hard road. Few people were about, Chill, coldness ‫خنیک‬,
and here and there rang out the steps of solitary travelers on the way home Beams, rays ‫کرني‬
‫روشٹ گ ں‬, ‫ے‬
across the bridge to Battersea. I turned up my overcoat collar, settled my Single, only, sole ‫تنہا‬,
sack comfortably across my shoulders, and strode off towards the little
square glow of the coffee-stall which marked the near end of the bridge, Easily ‫آرام دہ طور پر‬, walked ‫پيدل چل پيا‬,
whose sweeping iron girders were just visible against the dark sky Light, shine, glare ‫چمک‬,
behind. A few doors down I passed a policeman who was flashing his Wide- ranging ‫پھيےل ہون‬, beans ‫شہتي‬,‫ں‬
lantern on the catches of seeable, noticeable ‫مرن‬,
‫ے‬
Light up ‫روشٹ ڈالنا‬, hook, latch ‫کنڈياں‬,

17
 1Underground room ‫تہہ خانہ‬, 2thought
1
basement windows. He turned. I 2fancied he looked 3suspicious, and I
4
trembled 5slightly. The thought occurred to me: "Perhaps he 6suspects I ‫سوچا‬, 3doubtful ‫مشکوک‬, 4quiver ‫کانپنا‬, 5a
have 7swag in this sack." I was not seriously 8disturbed as I knew that I little ‫معمویل سا‬, 6doubt ‫شبہ کرنا‬, 7stolen
could 9bear 10investigation, and that nobody would be suspected of things ‫چوری‬, 8worried ‫پريشان‬, 9stand
having stolen such goods (though they were all first editions) as I was ‫برداشت کرنا‬, 10search, probe ‫تفتيش‬,
carrying. 1Nevertheless I could not help the slight 2unease which comes ‫ے‬
1Despite, yet ‫اسےک باوجود‬, 2worry ‫پريشان‬,

to all who are 1eyed 2suspiciously by the police, and to all who are 1See,look ‫ديکھنا‬, 2skeptically ‫مي‬‫مشکوک اندار ں‬,
1 ً
detected in any 2deliberately 3furtive act, however harmless. He 1Discovered ‫پاياجانا‬, purposely ‫ارادتا‬, 3secret
2

4
acquitted me, 5apparently; and with a step that, making an effort, I ‫چوری چھن‬, 4let go ‫چھوڑدينا‬, 5outwardly ‫بظاہر‬,
1 1Stop, ‫ںے‬
avert ‫روکنا‬, 2fast, quick ‫تي‬,
prevented from growing more 2rapid, I walked on until I reached the
Embankment. Bank, edge, well ‫منڈير‬,
It was then that all the 1implications of my act 2revealed 1Meanings ‫مضمرات‬, 2show, display ‫ظاہرکرنا‬,
1Bowed ‫جھک گيا‬, 2protective wall ‫منڈير‬,
themselves. I 1leaned against the 2parapet and looked down into the
1 1Slightly ‫مدہم طور پر‬, 2 glowing ‫روشن‬, 3 twirl
faintly 2luminous 3swirls of the river. Suddenly I heard a step near me;
quite 4automatically l 5sprang back from the wall and began walking on ‫بھنور‬, 4Unconsciously ‫باختيار‬,‫ ے‬jumped up ‫اچھل‬
5

‫پڑا‬,
with, I 1fervently hoped, an 2air of 3rumination and 4unconcern. The 1Warmly ‫شدت ےس‬, 2look ‫انداز‬, 3reflection ‫سوچ‬
5
pedestrian came by me without looking at me. It was a 6tramp who had ‫ر‬
‫بچار‬, 4disregard ‫التعلق‬, 5walker, strider ‫پيدل‬
other things to think about; and, calling myself an ass, I stopped again. ‫ے‬
‫چلنواال‬, vagrant, drifter ‫آوارہ گرد‬,
6
"Now for it," I thought; but just as I was preparing to cast my books upon
the waters, I heard another step — a slow and 1measured sine. The next Throw ‫پھينکنا‬,
thought came like a 2blaze of 3terrible blue lightening across my brain: ‫ے‬
1Even, regular ‫نپاتال‬, 2 Flash, glow ‫روشٹ‬,
"What about the splash?" A man leaning at midnight over the 3horrible ‫خوفناک‬, 4Noise, sound ‫چھپاکا‬,
Embankment wall; a sudden fling of his arms: a great splash in the water. Throw, hurl ‫پھينکنا‬,
Surely, and not without reason, whoever was within sight and hearing
(and there always seemed to be someone near) would at once rush at me 1Grip, hold ‫پکڑلينا‬, 2chance, likelihood ‫امکان‬,
and 1seize me. In all 2probability they would think it was a baby. What
on earth would be the good of telling a London constable that I had come
out into the cold and come down alone to the river to get rid of a pack of
poetry? I could almost hear his 1gruff, 2sneering laugh: "You tell that to
the Marines, my son!" 1Rough, ‫حقارت ں ے‬,
hoarse ‫بھاری‬, 2mocking ‫آمي‬
So far I do not know how long I strayed up and down, Wander, walk ‫گھومنا‬,
1
increasingly 2fearful of being watched, 3summoning up my courage to 1More ‫ر‬
and more ‫بڑھن ہون‬, 2 horrid ‫خوفزدہ‬,

3gather ‫مجتمع کرنا‬, waver ‫دہکنا‬,

4
take the plunge and quailing from it at the last moment. At last I did it.
1Bulging ‫باہرنکےلہون‬, 2of round shape ‫گول‬,
In the middle of Chelsea Bridge there are 1projecting 2circular bays with
seats in them. In my agony of decision, I left the Embankment and Suffering, pain ‫کرب‬,
1
hastened straight for the first of these. When I reached it I 2knelt on the 1Rush, hurry ‫جلدی کرنا‬, 2bowed, bent ‫جھکا‬,
seat. Looking over, I 1hesitated again. But I had reached the 2turning- 1To be reluctant ‫ہچکچانا‬, 2decisive moment ‫اہم‬
point. "What!" I thought 3savagely, "under the 4resolute 5mask that you ‫مقام‬, 3madly ‫مي‬ ‫وحشيانہ انداز ں‬, 4firm ‫پکا‬, 5cover
show your friends is there really a shrinking and 1contemptible 2coward? ‫پردہ‬,
1Hateful, despicable ‫قابل نفرت‬, 2weakling
If you 3fall now, you must never hold your head up again. Anyhow, what
if you are hanged for it? Good God: you worm, better men than you have ‫بزدل‬, 3fail ‫ناکام ہونا‬,
1Scaffold ‫پھانیس‬, 2disappointment ‫مايوش‬,
gone to the 1gallows." With the courage of 2despair I took a heave. The
sack dropped sheer. A vast splash. Then silence fell again. No one came. Straight ‫سيدیھ‬,
I turned, home; and as I walked I thought a little sadly of all those books
falling into the cold torrent, settling slowly down through the 1pitchy ‫ے‬
Rush, flow ‫پان کا دھارا‬,
dark, and subsiding at last on the 2ooze of the bottom, there to lie 1forlorn 1Very dark, sable ‫گھپ اندھيا‬, 2mud, silt ‫مٹ‬,
‫ں‬
and forgotten 2whilst the 3unconscious world of men went on. 1Alone, lonely ‫تنہا‬, 2while ‫جبکہ‬, 3unaware

‫خي‬
‫ب ے‬,
‫ے‬
18
 Horrible bad books, poor innocent books, you are lying there still:
covered, perhaps, with mud by this time, with only a 1stray 2rag of your sacking 1Loose ‫آوارہ‬, 2torn piece of cloth ‫چيتھڑا‬,
1
sticking out of the 2slime into the 3opaque brown 4tides. Odes to Diana, Sonnets 1Hanging out ‫باہر کو نکال ہوا‬, 2mud
to Ethel, Dramas on the Love of Lancelot, Stanzas on a First Glimpse of Venice, ‫کيي‬, 3unclear ‫دھندیل‬, 4waves ‫لہريں‬,
you lie there in a living death, and your fate is perhaps worse than you deserved. Continuing death‫دائیم موت‬,
Entitled to ‫مستحق ہونا‬,
19

5- On Destroying Books
1. What sort of books were presented by the British public to soldiers?
Ans. People sent their useless books such as twenty years old magazines, guides to the Lake District and
back numbers of Whitaker's Almanac.
2. Was it interest of soldiers that prompted their action, or was it the wish to get rid of useless books?
Ans. No, it was not the interest of the soldiers that prompted this action. Rather, the people sent their
useless books to the soldiers just to get rid of them. It was not their love for the soldiers that prompted
this action.
3. Why should bad books be destroyed?
Ans. It is a public duty to destroy bad book. Only then new and good books can find their place in the
room. It also saves one's heirs from the trouble of preserving the old books.
4. Why is it difficult to destroy books?
Ans. Usually, people are lazy to dispose of useless books. These worthless books gradually accumulate. It
becomes very difficult to burn them leaf by leaf or throw them away somewhere. -
5. Why could not the author burn the unwanted books?
Ans. The writer could not burn unwanted books because he had no kitchen range. He could not toast them
on the gas-cooker. He could not burn them leaf by leaf on his small study fire. .
6. How did he decide to get rid of them?
Ans. He decided to do to his books what the people do to their kittens. He decided to pack them in a sack
and throw them in the river.
7. Describe the author's midnight venture to throw the books in the river and the suspicions which his
action were likely to arouse.
Ans. The writer put the sack of books on his shoulder and started walking towards the river at midnight.
Whenever someone saw him, he got afraid. He thought that he might be caught as a thief or baby killer.
At last, he reached near the bridge.
8. How did he muster up courage at last to fling them into the river?
Ans. The writer rebuked himself as a coward. He thought that if he failed at that time, he would never be
able to raise his head in front of his friends. In this way, he mustered up his courage and threw the sack
into the river.
9. Did he come to have a feeling for those books once he had got rid of them?
Ans. After throwing the books, the writer felt sorry for them. He thought that the innocent books would
be lying alone in the mud of the river. He thought that they did not deserve such a punishment.
 6- THE MAN WHO WAS A HOSPITAL
Jerome K. Jerome
1A part of body ‫جگر‬, 2defective ‫خراب‬,
It was my 1liver that was 2out of order. I knew it was my liver that was 1Licensed ‫مقررہ‬, 2hand bill ‫اشتہار‬, 3Different
out of order, because I had just been reading 1patent liver-pill 2circular,
in which were detailed the 3various 4symptoms by which a man could ‫منتلف‬, 4signs ‫عالمات‬,
tell when his liver was out of order. I had them all.
It is a most extraordinary thing, but I never read a patent Unusual, exceptional ‫غي معمویل‬,
‫ں‬
medicine advertisement without being 1impelled to the 2conclusion that 1Forced, urged ‫آمادہ ہونا‬, 2result ‫نيتجہ‬,
1 am suffering from the 1particular disease therein 2dealt with in its most 1Special ‫خاص‬, 2discussed ‫تزکرہ ہونا‬,
1
virulent form. The 2diagnosis seems in every case to 3correspond 1Fatal, deadly ‫مہلک‬, 2assessment ‫تشخيص‬,

exactly with all the 4sensations that I have ever felt. 3tally ‫مطابقت رکھنا‬, 4feelings ‫احساسات‬,

I remember going to the British Museum one day to read up the 1Cure ‫عالج‬, 2mild ‫معمویل‬, 3disease ‫بيماری‬, 4attack
1
treatment for some 2slight 3ailment of which I had a 4touch — 5hay ‫حملہ‬, type of disease ‫تپ کایہ‬,6think ‫سوچنا‬,
5a
fever, I 6fancy it was. I got down the book, and read all I came to read: 7aimlessly, in vain ‫ب مقصد‬,
‫ے‬
and then, in an unthinking moment, I 7idly turned the leaves, and began
to indolently study diseases, generally. I forget which was the first ‫ر‬
Casually, lazily ‫سسٹ ےس‬
1
distemper I 2plunged into — some 3fearful, 4devastating 5scourge, I 1Disease ‫بيماری‬, 2study ‫مراد مطالعہ کيا‬, 3 horrible

know and, before I had 6glanced half down the list of "7premonitory ‫خوفناک‬, 4damaging ‫تباہ کن‬, 5epidemic ‫قہر‬, 6see,
‫ے‬
symptoms," it was borne in upon me that I had 8fairly go it. look ‫ديکھنا‬, 7forewarning ‫پہےل ےسآگاہ کرن وایل‬,
8thoroughly ‫اچیھ طرح ےس‬,

I sat 1for a while 2frozen with 3horror; and then, in the 1For a moment ‫لمحہ بھرےک لن‬, 2still ‫ساکت‬, 3fear
4
listlessness of 5despair, I again turned over the pages. I came to 6typhoid ‫خوف‬,4 indolence ‫بدیل‬, ‫ ے‬disappointment ‫مايوش‬,
5

fever — read the symptoms —discovered that I had typhoid fever, must 6a disease ‫تپ محرقہ‬,

have had it for months without knowing it — wondered what else I had Thought ‫سوچا‬,
got: turned up St. Vitus's Dance — found, as I expected, that I had that
too, - began to get interested in my case, and 1determined to 2sift it 3to 1Decided ‫چھان ں ے‬,
‫پکاارادہ کرليا‬, 2examine ‫بي کرنا‬
the bottom, and so started alphabetically — read up again and learnt that 3fully,thoroughly ‫مکمل طور پر‬,
I was sickening for it, and that the acute stage would 1commence in Severe ‫شديد‬,
about another fortnight. 2Bright's disease, I was 3relieved to find, I had 1start, begin ‫رسوع ہونا‬, 2Nephritis ‫ورم گردہ‬,
only in a 4modified form and; so far as that was concerned, 1 might live 3relaxed ‫سکون محسوس کيا‬, 4changed ‫تبديل‬
for years. 5Cholera I had with 6severe 7complications; and diphtheria I ‫شدہ حالت‬, 5A disease ‫ہيضہ‬, 6acute ‫شديد‬,
seemed to have been born with. I plodded conscientiously through the 7problems ‫پيپيد گياں‬,
twenty-six letters, and the only 1malady I could 2conclude, had not got, Carefully ‫احتياط ےک ساتھ‬,
was housemaid's knee. 1Disease ‫بيماری‬, 2to find ‫نتيبہ نکالنا‬,

I felt rather hurt about this at first; it seemed somehow to be a

sort of slight. Why hadn't I got housemaid's knee? Why this invidious Unpleasant ‫ناگوار‬,
reservation? After a while, however, less 1grasping feeling 2prevailed, I 1Greedy ‫اللچ‬, 2predominate ‫پھا جانا‬,
1
reflected that I had every other known malady in the 2pharmacology, 1Thought ‫سوچا‬, 2science of pharmacy ‫علم‬
and I grew less selfish and determined to do without housemaid's knee. ‫االدويہ‬,
1
Gout, in its most 2malignant stage, it would appear, had seized me 1A disease of joint ‫گھنٹيا‬, 2harmful ‫مہلک‬,
without my being 1aware of it: and 2zymosis 1 had 3evidently been 1Alive to ‫باخز ہونا‬, 2name of a disease
suffering with from boyhood. There were no more diseases after
‫اختمار‬, 3clearly, manifestly ‫واضح طور پر‬,
zymosis, so I concluded there was nothing else the matter with me.

21
 I sat and pondered. I thought what an interesting case it must Thought, contemplated ‫سوچا‬,
be from a medical point of view, what an acquisition I should be to a Asset ‫رسمایہ‬,
class: Students would have no need to "walk the hospitals", if they had
me. I was a hospital in myself. All they need to do would be to walk
round me, and, after that, take their diploma. A certificate ‫تعليیم سند‬,
Then I wondered how long I had to live. I tried to examine myself.
I felt my pulse, I could not at first find any pulse at all. Then, all of Heart-beat ‫نبض‬,
sudden, it seemed to start off. I pulled out my watch and timed it. I made Suddenly ‫اچانک‬,
it a hundred and forty-seven to the minute. I tried to feel my heart. I
could not feel my heart. It had stopped beating. I have since been
1
induced to come to the 2opinion that it must have been there all the 1Persuaded ‫آمادہ‬, 2idea, feeling ‫ران‬,
time, and must have been beating, but I cannot account for it. I patted Explain, reason ‫سبب بتانا‬,
myself all over my front, from what I call my waist up to my head, and Tap, hit, strike ‫تھپتھپانا‬,
I went a bit round each side, and a little way up the back. But I could
not feel or hear anything I tried to look at my tongue. I stuck it out as
far as ever it would go, and I shut one eye and tried to examine it with 1Brought ‫نکالنا‬, 2point, top ‫نوک‬,
the other. I could only see the tip, and the only thing that I could gain
from that was to feel more certain than before that I had scarlet fever.
I had walked into that reading-room a happy, healthy man. I A type of a disease ‫رسخ بخار‬,
crawled out a 1decrepit 2wreck.
I went to my medical man. He is an old 3chum of mine, and 1Weak and tired ‫خستہ حال‬, 2broken ‫خستہ‬
feels my pulse, and looks at my tongue, and talks about the weather, ‫حال‬, 3friend, associate ‫يار‬,
all for nothing, when I fancy I'm ill; so I thought I would do him a good
turn by going to him now. "What a doctor wants", I said, "is practice. He Think ‫سوچنا‬,
shall have me. He will get more practice out of me than out of
seventeen hundred of your ordinary, commonplace patients, with only
one or two diseases each." So I went straight up and saw him, and he Common, ordinary ‫عام‬,
said:
"Well, what's the matter with you?" I said:
"I will not take up your time, dear boy, with telling you what is
the matter with me. Life is 1brief, and you might 2pass away before I
1Short ‫مخترص‬, 2die, expire ‫فوت ہو جانا‬,
had finished. But I will tell you what is not the matter with me. I have
not got housemaid's knee. Why I have not got housemaid's knee, I
cannot tell you; but the fact remains that I have not got it. Everything
else, however, I have got."
And I told him how I came to discover it all.
Then he opened me and looked down me, and clutched hold of
my wrist, and then he 1hit me over the 2chest when I wasn't expecting it Take hold, grip ‫پکڑلينا‬,
‫ر‬
— a 1cowardly thing to do, I call it — and 2immediately afterwards 1Strike ‫مارنا‬, 2breast ‫چھان‬,
ً
1Timidly ‫بزدالنہ‬, 2soon ‫فورا‬,
butted me with the side of his head. After that, he sat down and wrote
out a 1prescription, and 2folded it up and gave it to me, and I put it in Hit, blow, Strike ‫ٹکر مارنا‬,
my pocket and went out. 1Treatment ‫نسخہ‬, 2wrapped ‫تہہ کيا‬,

I did not open it. I took it to the nearest chemist's and handed it
in. The man read it, and then handed it back. Over, hand, give ‫کودينا‬,

22
 He said he didn't keep it. I said:
"You are a chemist?"
He said:
"I am a chemist. If I were a co-operative stores and family hotel General store ‫مختلف اشياءگ دکان‬,
combined, I might be able to oblige you. Being only a chemist hampers Together ‫اکٹھا‬,
me." Hinder, obstruct ‫رکاوٹ ڈالنا‬,
I read the prescription. It ran:
"I lb. beefsteak, every 6 hours.
Ten-mile walk every morning,
Bed at 11 sharp every night.
And don't stuff your Fill ‫بھرنا‬,
head with things You
don't understand."
I followed the directions, with the happy result — speaking Instructions ‫ہدايات‬,
for myself — that my life was preserved and is still going on. Saved, safe ‫محفوظ ہوگٹ‬,

23

The Man Who was a Hospital

1. How did Jerome K. Jerome come to suspect that his liver was out of order? What were the diseases
he thought he was suffering from on reading a book on the treatment of diseases?
Ans. One day, he studied a patent liver pill circular. He realized that he had all the symptoms mentioned in
that circular. So, he concluded that his liver was out of order.
2. What was the disease he discovered he didn't have?

Ans. After reading the symptoms, he concluded that he was suffering from all the diseases except one:
"the house maid's knee".
3. Was he pleased to find he didn't have it?

Ans. No, he was not pleased to know that he did not have it. He felt hurt. It seemed to be a kind of insult.
He wondered why he did not have it.
4. What was his first reaction?

Ans. He concluded that he was suffering from all diseases except one. He was shocked to know this.
He thought that he had very few days to live. At last, he thought that he would live the remaining
days of his life without the house maid's knee.

5. Why should he be an acquisition to the medical class?

Ans. He was suffering from all diseases except one. He was a hospital in himself. The students of
medical class might examine him. This could enable them to get their diploma.

6. Describe his visit to the medical man.

Ans. He went to the medical man and told his problem to him. The medical man checked his mouth
and felt his pulse. Then he butted his chest. Then he sat down and wrote a prescription for him.
7. He thought he was doing the doctor good turn by going to him. Why?

Ans. He was suffering from all diseases except one. He was a hospital in himself. A doctor needed
practice. He could get more practice out of the writer than out of seventeen hundred ordinary
patients. Therefore, the writer was doing the doctor a good turn by going to him.

8. What was the prescription given to him by the doctor?

Ans. The doctor gave him the following prescription.

i. One pound beef steaks every six hours.

ii. Ten-mile walk every morning.
iii. Go to bed at 11 p.m. sharp.
iv. And don't stuff your mind with the things you do not understand.
9. Describe his visit to the chemist.

Ans. The writer went to the chemist and gave-the prescription to him. The chemist studied it and gave it
back to the writer. He told the writer that he did not have the things written in that prescription.

10. What is the significance of the doctor's advice: don't stuff your head with things you don't
understand?

Ans. The doctor's advice is the crux of this lesson. It means that we -should not interfere with those things
which are beyond our comprehension. Otherwise, we shall get into trouble. The writer acted upon the
doctor's advice and thus he got rid of hypochondria.
 7- MY FINANCIAL CAREER
Stephen Leacock

When I go into a bank I get 1rattled. The clerks rattle me; the 2wickets 1Worried ‫پريشان‬, a small window ‫کھيگ‬,
1 2

1
rattle me; the 2sight of the money rattles me; everything rattles me. Worry ‫پريشان کردينا‬, scene ‫ منظر‬,
2

The moment 1 cross the 1threshold of a bank and 2attempt to 1Doorway ‫دہلي‬, ‫ںے‬ 2try ‫کوشش کرنا‬,
1
transact business there, I become an 2irresponsible 3idiot. 1 Deal with ‫کرنا‬, neglectful ‫غيذمہ دار‬,
2
‫ں‬
I knew this beforehand, but my salary had been raised to fifty 3stupid ‫احمق‬,
dollars a month and I felt that the bank was the only place for it.
‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬
So I 1shambled in and looked 2timidly round at the clerks. I have Stagger ‫ڈگمگاب ہون چلنا‬, fearfully ‫ڈرن ڈرن‬,
1 2

an idea that a person about to open an account must consult the manager. Seek opinion ‫صالح مشورہ کرنا‬,
I went up to a wicket marked "Accountant." The accountant was
a tall, 1cool 2devil. The very sight of him rattled me. My voice was
1Passionless ‫ب رحم‬,
‫ ے‬man, person ‫آدیم‬,
2
sepulchral.
Dismal, sorrowful ‫افرسدہ‬,
"Can I see the manager?" I said, and added solemnly, "alone." I
Gravely ‫متانت ےس‬,
don't know why I said "alone."
"1Certainly," said the accountant, and 2fetched him.
1Undoubtedly ‫بالشک‬, 2go and bring ‫جاکرالنا‬,
The manager was a 1grave, 2calm, man. I held my fifty-six dollars 1
1 Solemn ‫سنجيدہ‬, 2peaceful ‫پر سکون‬,
clutched in a 2crumpled ball in my pocket. 1Held, gripped ‫پکڑے ہون‬, 2twisted, folded
"Are you the manager?" I said. God knows I didn't doubt it. ‫مڑاتڑا ہونا‬,
"Yes," he said.
"Can I see you," I asked, "alone?" I didn't want to say "alone'
again, but without it the thing seemed self-evident.
Clear, obvious ‫صاف‬,
The manager looked at me in some alarm. He felt that I had an Fear, fright ‫خوف‬,
1
awful secret to 2reveal. 1 Terrible ‫خوفناک‬, tell, disclose ‫ظاہر کرنا‬,
2

"Come in here," he said, and led the way to a private room. He

turned the key in the lock.
"We are safe from interruption here," by said "sit down."
Disturbance ‫مداخلت‬,
We both sat clown and looked at each other. I found no
voice to speak. "You are one of Pinkerton's men, I
presume," he said. Guessed ‫خيال کرنا‬,
1 2
He had gathered from my mysterious manner that I was a
1Guessed ‫اندازہ لگايا‬, 2strange ‫پرارسار‬,
detective. I knew what he was thinking, and it made me worse.
"No, not from Pinkerton's," I said, seeming to imply that I came from a Spy, investigator ‫جاسوس‬,
1
‫ے‬
Mean ‫معٹ ہونا‬,
rival 2agency. 1 Opponent ‫دشمن‬, firm, institution ‫ادارہ‬,
2

25
 "To tell the truth," I went on, as if I had been prompted to lie about Motivate, impel ‫اکسانا‬,
it, "I am not a detective at all. I have come to open an account. I intend
to keep all my money in this bank." Aim, plan ‫ارادہ ہونا‬,
The manger looked relieved but still serious; he concluded now Relaxed, peaceful ‫پر سکون‬,
that I was a son of Baron Rothschild or a young Gould.
"A large account. I suppose." He said. Think ‫سمجھنا‬,
"Fairly large," I whispered. "I propose to deposit fifty-six Murmeer ‫رس گوش کرنا‬, intend ‫ارادہ کرنا‬,
1 2 3 1 2

3entrust ‫جمع کروانا‬,

dollars now and fifty dollars a month regularly."
The manager got up and opened the door. He called to the accountant.
"Mr. Montgomery," he said unkindly loud, "this gentleman is Harshly ‫سخت‬,
opening an account, he will deposit fifty-six dollars. Good morning."
I rose.
A big iron door stood open at the side of the private room.
"Good morning," I said, and stepped into the safe. "Come out,"
said the manager coldly, and showed me the other way. Unfriendly ‫رسدمہری ےس‬,
Shove, push ‫دھکيلنا‬,
I went up to the accountant's wicket and poked the hall of money
at him with a quick convulsive movement as if I were doing a 1conjuring Sudden ‫اضطر ےان‬,
2 1magical ‫جادون‬, 2Artifice, feat ‫کرتب‬,
trick.
My face was 1ghastly 2pale. 1Awfully ‫شديد‬, 2yellow ‫زرد‬,

"Here," I said, "deposit it." The tone of the words seemed to mean,
"Let us do this painful thing while the fit is on us." Mood, impulse ‫دورہ‬,
He took the money and gave it to another clerk.
He made me write the sum on a slip and sign my name in a book. Amount ‫رقم‬,
I no longer knew what I was doing. The bank swam
before my eyes. "Is it deposited?" I asked in a 1hollow,
2
vibrating voice.
1Dull, ‫کا ر‬,
flat ‫کھو کھیل‬, 2shaking ‫نپٹ ہون‬
"It is," said the accountant.
"Then I want to draw a cheque."
My idea was to draw out six dollars of it for present use.
Someone gave me a cheque-book through a wicket and someone
else began telling me how to write it out. The people in the bank had the
1
impression that I was an 2invalid 3millionaire. I wrote something on the
1Idea ‫تاپر‬, 2patient ‫بيمار‬, 3a very rich person
cheque and 4thrust it in at the clerk. He looked at it.
‫لکھ ر‬, 4throw, push ‫دھکيلنا‬,
‫پٹ‬
"What! Are you drawing it all out again?" he asked in surprise.
Then I realized that I had written fifty-six instead of six. I was too
far gone to reason now. I had a feeling that it was impossible to explain
the thing. All the clerks had stopped writing to look at me.

26
 Reckless with misery, I made a plunge. Careless, hasty ‫ب پرواہ‬,
‫ ے‬pain ‫دکھ‬,
"Yes, the whole thing."
"You withdraw your money from the bank?"
"Every cent of it."
"Are you not going to deposit anymore?" said the
clerk, astonished. "Never." Amazed, surprised ‫ہکا بکا‬,

An idiot hope struck me that they might think someone had Foolish ‫احمقانہ‬,
insulted me while 1 was writing the cheque and that I had changed my
mind. I made a wretched attempt to look like a man with a fearfully quick Worthless, miserable ‫مايوس کن‬,
temper. Temperament, disposition ‫مزاج‬,
The clerk prepared to Ready ‫تيار‬,

pay the money. "How

will you have it?" he
said. "What?"

"How will you have it?"

"Oh".... I caught his meaning and answered without even trying
to think.... "In fifties."
He gave me a fifty-dollar bill. "And the six?" he asked dryly. He Note, currency ‫نوٹ‬, in a dry tone ‫روکھے پن ےس‬,

gave it to me and I rushed out.

As the big door swung behind me, I caught the echo of a roar of Resonance, reverbiation ‫گونخ‬, closed ‫بند‬
laughter that went up to the ceiling of the hank. Since then 1 bank no ‫ہوگيا‬,
more. I keep my money in cash in my trousers pocket and my savings in
silver dollars in a sock.

27
 My Financial Career

1. What light do the following expressions throw on Leacock's state of mind when he entered the
bank: 'looked timidly round', 'shambled in'?
Ans. These expressions show that when Leacock entered the bank, he was very nervous. He lost self-
control. He did not know how to behave with the staff of the bank because it was his first
experience.

2. Why did the manager come to think that Leacock had an awful secret to reveal?
Ans. The writer insisted on meeting the Manager alone. Besides, he behaved in a mysterious manner. So,
the manager guessed that he had an awful secret to reveal.

3. What was the attitude of the manager toward Leacock on learning that he only wished to deposit
56 dollars in the bank?
Ans. The Manager felt relieved. However, his attitude towards Leacock was insulting. He harshly sent the
writer out. He asked the accountant to open his account.

4. What other blunders did Leacock commit after leaving the manager's office?
Ans. He behaved like an idiot. He threw the ball of money on the clerk. He wrote fifty-six dollars on
the cheque instead of six dollars.

5. After this misadventure in the bank where did Leacock keep his money?
Ans. After this misadventure in the bank, he decided never to deal with any bank. He started keeping his
dollars in the pocket of his trousers. He kept his coins in a sock.
6. Give as many examples as you can to show that Leacock was feeling completely lost in the bank
all the time he was there.
Ans. He behaved like an idiot. He insisted on seeing the Manager alone. While coming out of the office, he
stepped into a large safe. The Manager showed him the exit door. He threw the ball of money on
the clerk. Then he wrote fifty-six dollars on the cheque instead of six dollars.
 8- CHINA'S WAY TO PROGRESS
Galeazzo Santini
1Overlooked ‫فراموش‬, 2mixed ‫گڈمڈ کرنا‬,
For twenty-two years China lay 1forgotten and was even 2confused with 1
a small island - one of its 1provinces - and the 2flexible Chinese 3bamboo Part of a country ‫صوبہ‬, 2soft, pliant ‫نرم‬, 3a

curtain was 5countered by a Western curtain of rigid 6disregard. Then plant ‫بانس‬, screen ‫پردہ‬, 5resist ‫مقابلہ کرنا‬,
4
4
‫ر‬
6disrespect ‫ب مرون‬, ‫ ے‬surrounded ‫گھرا ہونا‬,
7
suddenly that one-fourth of mankind 7enclosed in the world's third largest
country was brought out of the memory attic, with a loud 1bang. The Storeroom ‫خانہ‬,
Chinese may have 2introduced the smile policy, but the 1Occidentals blast ‫دھما کہ‬, Make knownً ‫متعارف کروانا‬,
1 2

certainly launched the 3warm 4hug. The crowd of 5official visitors to 4western ‫مغرن‬,
1 2Definitely ‫يقينا‬, 3 hearty ‫دوستانہ‬,
2 ‫ے‬
Peking, performing a 6devoted quasi-pilgrimage, is now more 1numerous embrace ‫گےللگانا‬, governmental ‫رسکاری‬, loyal
5 6

2 3 4 ‫عقيدت مند‬,
than the battalions of traders who go twice yearly to the traditional 1
Canton 5Fair. Seventy-three year old, Chou En-Lai will end up Numberless ‫ب شمار‬, ‫ ے‬throng ‫لشکر‬, 3merchant
2
‫ر‬
dislocating his tight hand if he goes on shaking it at the present rate with ‫تاجر‬, conventional ‫روايٹ‬, show ‫ميلہ‬, Displace
4 5
6

delegations running into hundreds of people at a time, his eyes 1blinded ‫جانا‬ ‫جوڑہل‬,
1Daze ‫چند ھياجانا‬2continuous ‫مسلسل‬, 3light
2 3 4
by the constant flashing of the official souvenir photographers. The
queue of countries on the waiting list to 6recognize the People's ‫چمک‬, token ‫يادگار‬, line ‫قطار‬, accept ‫تسليم‬
4 5 6
5
‫کرنا‬,,
Republic of China is growing longer with the 1mounting 2awareness of 1 ‫ر‬
the 3absurdity of the past 4oblivion or a political 5guilt 6complex for Growing ‫بڑھٹ ہون‬, 2 knowledge ‫شعور‬,
‫ے‬
3Folly ‫بوقوف‬, 4disregard ‫بتوجیہ‬, 5 sin ‫جرم‬,
having kept China out of the U.N. for a long time. ‫ے‬ ‫ے‬
6phobia ‫احساس‬,
1
China is now the fashion around the world, and in no uncertain
terms. Everywhere politicians of the most 2conservative and 1bourgeois
1Doubtful ‫غي ے‬,
‫يقيٹ‬ ‫ ں‬2traditional ‫دقيانوش‬,
kind are attempting to 2rebuild for themselves a compromised 1career
1Middle-class ‫بورژا‬, 2re-construct ‫تعمينو کرنا‬,
by singing the 2praises of Mao Tse-Tung. ‫ں‬
1Passage ‫راہ‬, 2appreciation ‫تعريف‬,
An 1Exemplary Social Experiment. When 2confronting the
3
enigma of the Chinese planet, too many Westerners have forgotten the 1Ideal ‫مثا یل‬, 2face ‫سامنا کرنا‬, 3Dilemma,
Asiatic 1background and 2painful 3colonial history. But when the problem ‫معمہ‬,
4
Communists came to power in 1949 the 5vast 6majority of the country 1Context ‫پس منظر‬, 2troubling ‫تکليف دہ‬, 3of a
‫ر‬
carried on as it had been doing for the past 2,000 years, in an early Iron colony ‫نوآباديان‬, ‫ر‬
4socialist ‫اشيایک‬, 5great ‫وسيع‬,
1 2 3
Age economy. And on countless occasions during our visits to the 6large number ‫اکژيت‬,
agricultural communes we were 4proudly told: "Here we didn't even 1Wealth ‫معيشت‬, 2numberless ‫بشمار‬, ‫ے‬
have the life of the oxen and horses!" Compared to China in 1949 Russia 3chance ‫موقع‬, 4boastfully ‫فخرےکساتھ‬,
in 1917 did not have the 1grim 2inheritance of a century of a 1shattering In comparison with ‫ےکمقابےلمي‬,
‫ں‬
multi-colonial experience. Russia never 2suffered China's fate of such a 1Dreadful ‫خوفناک‬, 2legacy ‫مياث‬, ‫ں‬
sharp and 1pervasive Western 2impact that it was forced - together with 1Devastating ‫تباہ کن‬, 2undergo ‫مي مبتال ہونا‬, ‫ں‬
many other Asiatic civilizations - into a kind of national schizophrenia 1Extensive ‫وسيع‬, 2effect ‫اثر‬,
not just in terms of a split economy, but above all in terms of a split Culture ‫تہزيب‬,
culture and a split personality.
In China the 1individual has been 2rescued from the 3aftermath Divided ‫منقسم‬,
1Person ‫فرد‬, 2save ‫بچانا‬, 3results ‫اثرات‬,
of this 4unfortunate 5heritage by the newfound 6companionship,
4Disastrous ‫افسوسناک‬, 5legacy ‫مياث‬,
common purpose and discipline of mass-organization. Just as the ‫ں‬
‫ر‬
6association ‫دوسٹ‬,
Vietnamese have 1withstood American technology so the 2ascetic
3 1Faced ‫سامناکيا‬, 2hermit ‫درويش‬, 3warrior ‫جنگخو‬,
militant Chinese have gone 4straight to the 5roots of the problems that
have 6plagued Asian countries for thousands of years - the lack of food
4Direct ‫سيدےھ‬, 5basis ‫جڑ‬, 6worry, vex ‫پريشان‬,

29
 1Food value ‫غزائيت‬, 2flagrant ‫واضح‬, 3disparity
and low levels of 1nutrition, 2gross 3inequalities of 4income and
5
consumption, unemployment and a sense of social uselessness, and the ‫عدم مساوات‬, 4earning ‫آمدن‬, 5use ‫رصف‬,
1 1Careless‫اندھادھند‬, 2extension ‫تو سيع‬,
blind 2expansion of the cities.
1Regionalized ‫عدمارتکار‬, 2huge ‫بہت بڑا‬,
1Decentralized Economy. The 2gigantic Chinese social

experiment does not only concern Asia however, but the West too, which
has always claimed to have found the final answer to the problem of man
and civilization. For years the Chinese have been 1striving to make the
1Trying ‫کوشش کرنا‬, 2translator ‫ترجمان‬,
world realize, through their official 2interpreter and personal friend of
Mao, Edgar Snow, that there are other important things in life besides an
increase in GNP. In addition to ‫ےکعالوہ‬,

The Chinese model cannot be analysed according to its Examine ‫تجزيہ کرنا‬,
differences from the Western system. It 1involves an 2utterly different 1Call for ‫تقاضا کرنا‬, 2totally ‫مکمل طور پر‬,
1
approach. It is the 2creation of a new world and a new man. The cities 1Way of thinking ‫اندازفکر‬, 2production ‫تخليق‬,
show an 1absence of 2automobiles (which is "neither backwardness nor 1Not-existence ‫عدم موجودگ‬, 2‫ ر‬vehicles ‫گاڑياں‬,
1
delay, but a 2rejection," to 3quote Robert Guillain), advertising, neon 1Deferment ‫التوا‬, 2refusal ‫اسيداد‬, 3cite ‫حوالہ دينا‬,
signs, and the three 1fevers of money, 2alcohol and sex. Political control 1Passion ‫جذبہ‬, 2wine ‫رساب‬, 3People ‫لوگ‬,
over the 3masses not only stops the exodus from the countryside, but
even manages partly to reduce the populations of cities. Decrease ‫کم کرنا‬,

In the year 2000 China will still be a powerfully agricultural and

1
peasant country, for its 2modernization will have 3occurred without a
4 1Farmer ‫کسان‬, 2re-making ‫جدت‬, 3take
flight from the fields, which is the price paid by the West. In China too
the average size of farming concerns is growing through the system of place ‫واقع ہونا‬, 4exit ‫فرار‬,
communes, with 1subdivisions into production 2brigades and teams, but Institutions ‫ادارے‬,
1Further division ‫ذيیل تقسيم‬, 2team ‫دستہ‬,
the greater part of the peasant masses stay put and carry on their
1
traditional, 2intensive labour. Agricultural mechanization is being Stay ‫ايک یہ جگہ ٹھہرے رہنا‬,
introduced with 1considerable 2caution so as to 3avoid 4upsetting the ‫ر‬
1Conventional ‫روايٹ‬, 2thorough ‫شديد‬,
5
balance. But the 6essential point of the matter is that the agricultural 1A ‫ے‬
lot of ‫کاف‬, 2care ‫احتياط‬, 3abstain ‫بچنا‬, 4disturb
labourer, though possibly 7deprived of farming machinery, must not and ‫خراب کرنا‬, 5evenness ‫توازن‬, 6necessary‫ اہم‬, 7In
does not want to be urbanized, but is instead kept on the spot and want ‫محروم ہونا‬,
1
incorporated in local small industries. He does not 2flee to the cities
because the industrial mad passes through a technically-oriented 1Mix ‫شامل کرنا‬, 2run away ‫بھاگ جانا‬,
agriculture and a decentralized industry. Economic decentralization,
which is perhaps' the most important step in Chinese domestic policy
since the Great 1Proletarian cultural Revolution, has 2freed China from Local ‫گھريلو‬,
a traditionally 1cumbersome bureaucracy and developed 2local 1Of labourers ‫مزدوروں ےس متعلق‬,2 liberate ‫آزاد کرنا‬,
3
enterprise to the greatest possible degree of 4independence. The 26 1Inconvenient ‫تکليف دہ‬, 2domestic ‫مقایم‬,
Chinese provinces, which are as much as even 4,400 kilometres apart, 3business ‫کاروباری ادارہ‬, 4freedom ‫آزادی‬,

could for that matter, 1subsist on their own in the 2event of war, while Away ‫دور‬,
anybody 1invading the country would be 2literally 3drowned in a sea of 1Live ‫برس کرنا‬, 2incident ‫واقع‬,

people. 1Attacking ‫حملہ آور ہونا‬, 2actually ‫عمیل طور‬

This brings us to the human side of this Chinese experiment in ‫پر‬, 3immersed ‫غرق‬,
creation of a new world. It is simply a matter of providing that Thomas
Hobbes was wrong when he wrote in his "Leviathan" that "man's
condition is a condition of war with everyone against everyone." What
is taking place today in the world's most populous country is therefore
the education and reeducation of man, The heart of the matter is the need
to 1root out 2selfishness and bring into existence selfless, 1dedicated men
whose happiness 2consists of serving their fellowmen in the fullest sense 1Uproot ‫ے‬
‫اکھاڑ پھينکنا‬, 2self-regard ‫خودغرض‬,
of the human 1Devoted ‫مخلص‬, 2comprise ‫مشمتل ہونا‬,

30
community. In a humanism at the service of collective welfare, China is
1
striving to 2conceive modernization as part of a process of 1Trying ‫کوشش‬, 2frame, form ‫تشکيل دينا‬,
1 ‫ںے‬
embellishment of the 2land-scape, 3development of the people's cultural 1Beautification ‫سجاوٹ‬, 2land ‫زمي‬,
‫ر‬
life for the benefit of all instead of for the benefit of the placing the needs 3progress ‫ترف‬,
of man before those of the machine. •
Here is what the Peking "People's Daily" has to say 1commenting
on Mao's famous 2maxim: "3Rely on your own forces. National machines Remarking ‫ران دينا‬, 2saying ‫مقولہ‬, 3trust ‫بھروسہ کرنا‬,
1

and 1equipment are not entirely 2indigenous since they possess a number 1Tools ‫سازوسامان‬, 2native ‫ديیس‬,
of foreign features. They may replace foreign machines because they are Qualities ‫خصوصيات‬,
superior to foreign equipment, they don't require money or at any rate
very little, and are capable of doing great things. It takes much less time Need ‫فرورت ہونا‬,
to use indigenous equipment which, when not available, can be promptly
ً
prepared. Indigenous equipment can produce bigger, faster, better and Quickly ‫فورا‬,
cheaper results. Finally, it can 1stimulate the 2revolutionary 3spirit of the
1Excite
ً
masses and with this revolutionary spirit all difficulties can be overcome." ‫تحريک بخشا‬, 2radical ‫انقالن‬,
‫ے‬
3zest ‫جذبہ‬,

Overpower ‫قابوپانا‬,
Day in the Life of a 16-year old. How do the students live and
what do they think individually? Despite having to use an interpreter I
In spite of ‫ےکباوجود‬,
was able to find out. Here is the result of my interview with Je Wen-Siu,
a sixteen-years old girl who lives in the workers' district of Peng Pu at
Shanghai. She is a pupil in class 3 at the junior school. She will shortly
be taking her diploma. "How do you spend your day?" "I get up at 6
o'clock in the morning, do a few chores in the house, have breakfast and
go to school at 8. I finish at 11 o'clock. I go home and have lunch. At one Task, work ‫گھريلوکام کاج‬,
thirty I'm back at school again until 3 o'clock. Then I go back home and
work." "How much time do you spend on homework at home?" "Well
actually I do my homework at school. At home I go through the lessons
for about an hour. From 4 o'clock on I relax, reading the papers and Read ‫مطالعہ کرنا‬,
listening to the radio." "What news are you most interested in?" "All Rest ‫آرام کرنا‬,
political news which illustrate the national and international situation."
"What do you do when you meet with your girl friends?" I often go out Explain ‫واضح کرنا‬,
with girls and boys of my age. We do some sports and often play Ping-
Pong."
Table-tennis ‫ٹيبل ٹينس‬,
Chinese Women. From a Western 1angle there is a 2lack of
1Perspective ‫زاويہ‬, 2dearth ‫گیم‬,
femininity in the Chinese woman. No beauty products, no mention of sex,
either in films or literature. In the land of 1opium, 2drugs are nonexistent. Womanliness ‫نسوانيت‬,
1Drug ‫افيون‬, 2narcotics ‫منشيات‬,
Mao says that women hold up half the sky and women, for their part, are
determined to keep their half raised at the same height as that held up by Not available ‫ناپيد‬,
men. When the Chinese woman lists the social benefits, she enjoys — 8 Resolved ‫تہيہ کن ہون‬,
hour working day, free hospitalization and medical care, nursery and Advantages ‫فوائد‬,
infant schools, 56 paid days before child birth also without charge — she
always 1concludes by 2affirming that in the West women have not yet Child ‫شي خوار بچہ‬,
‫ں‬
succeeded in obtaining all this. "However, we Chinese are working so 1Infer ‫نتيبہ اخذکرنا‬, 2assert ‫تصديق‬,
that the women of the world can be equally happy and enjoy the Get ‫حاصل‬,
1
advantages we have." This 2radical change in women's conditions in
1Benefits ‫فوائد‬, 2basic ‫بنيادی‬,
china has given women a sense of 1confidence 2hitherto unknown to
1Self-reliance ‫خوداعتمادی‬, 2so far ‫اب تک‬,
them, a dignity and an 1undoubted 2awareness of 3carrying out an
important role. ‫ے‬
1Certain ‫يقيٹ‬, 2knowledge ‫آگیہ‬, 3perform

‫انجام دينا‬,
31
 Social Security Benefits. The monthly cost of living is 1officially Safety ‫تحفظ‬,
2
calculated for every region of the country. In Peking for example, it was 1Formally ‫رسکاری طور پر‬, 2estimate ‫اندازہ لگانا‬,
recently quoted at 12 - 14 Yuan a month (4.80 - 5.60 dollars) of which Lately ‫حال یہ ںمي‬,
10 go towards board and 3 - 4 for rent in State apartments. Many workers
are also housed within the factories. in the agricultural communes Room, flat ‫کمرہ‬,
housing is completely free. Certain small expenses such as cinema,
theatre, haircuts and work overalls are also sometimes non-existent.
All medical and hospital treatment is entirely free for every
Chinese worker or peasant,' while members of their family only pay 50
percent. A sick worker receives his total pay cheque for the first six Farmer ‫کسان‬,
months, after which he receives only 60 per cent. If, however, the patient
has money problems, then his company steps in with direct assistance.
Each plant, factory or agricultural commune has a health centre and a
first-aid station. Only in more serious cases are the sick sent to hospital. Aid, support ‫مدد‬,
Workers retire ar the age of 60, female workers at 50, or 55 if they do
clerical work. The factory can sometimes agree to keep a worker on after
he has passed retirement age. Pensions are related to work seniority and
vary from 50 to 70 percent of the worker's last 1wage. Each factory has
a 2cafeteria where the workers can cat three meals a day for 10 - 12 Yuan Be different ‫مختلف ہونا‬,
(4 - 4.80 dollars) a month. The cafeteria timetable is tied tip with ‫ں ے‬
1Salary ‫معاوضہ‬, 2canteen ‫کنٹي‬,

company and shift working hours. Nearly all plants boast nurseries and
kindergartens where children are looked after and fed under the control
of a 1dietician for a very 2modest sum (about one dollar a month). Have ‫رکھنا‬,
1Anexpert on diet ‫علم غذائيت کاماہر‬, 2small
Female workers are 3entitled to 56 days' rest on full salary before giving
money ‫معمویل رقم‬, 3eligible ‫حقدار ہونا‬,
birth to children. When a low-wage category worker finds he has to
maintain a large family, his expenses may exceed his income.
Go beyond ‫بڑھ جانا‬,
The Chinese regime has set up an assistance system
1
guaranteeing a 2minimum subsistence level. The company where the
worker is employed then intervenes and raises his salary to equal the cost Establish ‫قائم کرنا‬,
1Make sure ‫ضمانت دينا‬, 2least ‫کم ازکم‬,
of living. The commune deals with those peasants having wages that are
too low or who are unable to maintain their family owing to physical Intercede ‫دخل دينا‬,
1
handicaps. It uses money from a specially 2constituted fund comprising Handle ‫سنبھالنا‬,
2 percent of the community's annual wage. These assistance schemes in
1Defect ‫معذوری‬, 2formed ‫قائم کياگيا‬,
reality are 1rarely 2resorted to, because a family nearly always has more
than one source of income. Consisting ‫مشتمل ہونا‬,
1Seldom ‫شاذونادر‬, 2 use ‫استعمال مي النا‬,
‫ں‬
Industrial working hours are 8 hours a day, six-day a week,
leaving one day's holiday a week (not 1necessarily Sunday). 2Normally
there is one week's annual vacation, two weeks if the worker lives far 1Essentially
ً
‫الزیم طور پر‬, 2generally ‫عموما‬,
from his family, as well as two national holidays (May I and October 1).
There are two opposite worlds just as the two ways of considering
China's future are opposite. One is the rigid world of figures and
prospects based on economic facts as seen by the West. The other is the
world of faith, of the development of Mao thought throughout China,
with the little Red Book. As for Western economic laws, the endless Inflexible ‫سخت‬,
mass of 800 million people, who can be convinced, governed and Likelihood, hope ‫امکانات‬,
directed along the paths decided by the powers that be, might well Trust, belief ‫بھروسہ‬,
overthrow the whole Put an end to ‫ختم کرنا‬,
32
 1Argue ‫دليل دينا‬, 2hard ‫خشک‬, 3standard ‫پيمانہ‬,
problem from all sides. 1 Reasoning with the 2 dry 3 yardstick of
figures, the contribution of a dollar from each Chinese would Share ‫حصہ‬,
make roughly 800 million dollars and the contribution of a day's
work from each person would mean two million extra labourers
for one year without cost to the State. True, to increase by just one
metre per head the availability of cloth for even as few as 700
million Chinese, you would need enough cloth to go round the
world eighteen times while the purchase of a million and a half
1Corn ‫ے‬
tons of 1grain is only 2suffttient to feed the Chinese population for ‫اناج‬, 2enough ‫کاف‬,
5 days. The fact remains that when the number is not simply a
1 1Closeness ‫اکٹھ‬, 2strong ‫ٹھوس‬,
juxtaposition of persons, but a 2compact whole, then it tends to
become 'Tower". When Mao says that it is the people, and not things,
Reveal ‫ظاہر‬,
that are decisive, he is trying in fact to demonstrate that this 1 concept 1notion ‫تصور‬, 2Outwardly ‫بظاہر‬, 3ruined
2
apparently 3destroyed by modern technology is still a 4meaningful ‫تباہ‬, 4purposeful ‫اہم‬, ‫بامقصد‬
one.

33
China's Way to Progress
1. Why has the world changed its attitude towards China?
Ans. The Chinese have proved to be a very responsible nation of the world. They have played a very
important role in the international affairs. That is why the world has changed its attitude towards China.
2. Discuss Chinese agriculture system.
Ans. China has adopted commune system in agriculture. People work on their fields in the form of groups.
These groups share their resources according to their needs.
3. How does China rely on its own resources?
Ans. Chinese local machines have replaced the foreign machines. They are cheaper. They are showing
better results. They are also saving the foreign exchange.
4. Describe a day in the life of a Chinese student.
Ans. A Chinese student goes to school at 8 am. She comes back at 3 p.m. Then she listens to the radio and
reads the newspaper. In the evening, she plays with her friends.
5. Write a note on the Chinese women.
Ans. The Chinese women work shoulder to shoulder with men. They work eight hours a day and contribute
to the progress of the country. They also get maternity leave for 56 days. They enjoy more social
security benefits than the women of other countries.
6. What are the social security benefits provided to the Chinese workers?
Ans. In China, housing and medical treatment are free for workers. A sick worker gets paid leave for six
months. Female workers get 56 paid holidays for child-birth.
7. "It is the people and not the things that are decisive." Discuss.
Ans. People are more important than machines. People make machines and operate them. If people are
united, they can become a big power.
8. "The heart of the matter is the need to root out selfishness." Discuss.
Ans. We should root out selfishness. We should develop a selfless approach among people. We should
develop a sense of unity and responsibility. We should work together for collective welfare.
 9- HUNGER AND POPULATION EXPLOSION
Anna Mckenzie
Actually ‫واقیع‬,
What is it like to be really hungry! I expect that at some time you have
Active ‫رسگرم‬,
all come home after an energetic game of football or netball or after a
Engaged ‫مرصوف‬,
few hours when you have been too busy to eat, and said, "I'm 1starving!"
1Famish ‫بھوک ےسمرنا‬, 2starvation ‫بھوک‬,
But this 2hunger did not 3last long. if your meal was not ready for you,
3continue ‫جاری رہنا‬,
after a few slices of bread and butter you forgot all about those hunger
1 1Pain, stab ‫درد‬, 2losing ‫کھودينا‬,
pangs. But hunger does not mean 2missing one meal or even meals for
a whole day. It means never having enough to eat. It means, when you
have had something to eat at least as much again. It also means a
1 ‫ے‬
situation in which you are always 2wondering where the next meal is 1Gratified ‫مطمي‬, 2think ‫سوچنا‬,

coming from or even if there will be a next meal. Arthur Hoperaft of the
Guardian said of starving children after visiting a 1nutrition centre in
Kenya. "They are the children whose eyes 2stare as if blind, whose legs 1Food, nourishment ‫غذا‬, 2gaze ‫گھورنا‬,
and arms are like sticks of liquorice, who neither cry nor laugh and who A type of plant ‫سوس‬,
weigh 10 lb at the age of two years!"
Famine has been a problem since the beginning of time. The Scarcity of food ‫قحط‬,
early 1hunter suffered 2grave shortages during the winter months and one who preys ‫شکاری‬, acute ‫شديد‬,
1 2

quite often these were serious enough to mean starvation for him and Hunger ‫فاقہ کیس‬,
his family.
One of the first records of famine was 1carved in 2granite by an 1Engrave ‫کندہ کرنا‬, 2rock, stone ‫پتھر‬,
Egyptian Pharaoh. He said, "During my reign the Nile has not been in Rule ‫دورحکومت‬,
flood for seven years. 1Corn is 2scarce and food is lacking. Those who Food grain ‫اناج‬, short, scanty ‫بہت کم‬,
1 2

ran cannot even walk. The food bins are broken open and empty. It is the Box, container ‫گودام‬,
end of everything!"
We read in the Bible of many cases of famine. There were seven
1Neighbouring ‫گردونواح‬, 2village ‫ديہات‬,
years of famine in Egypt and the 1surrounding 2countryside during the
1Extensive ‫وسيع‬, 2devastation, ruin ‫تبایہ‬,
time of Joseph. 1Widespread 2disaster was only 3averted by the
4 3stop ‫روکنا‬, 4of the past ‫گذشتہ‬,
previous compulsory storage of food under Joseph's management ‫ ے‬2
1Ample ‫کاف‬, crop ‫فصل‬,
during 1plentiful 2harvests. Egypt was saved from famine by this
national effort but many people in the surrounding countries were left
hungry. joseph's own brothers came to Egypt from Palestine to buy grain.
From the birth of Christ to about 1800, there are records of
famine in Europe in 350 different years — one famine every five years.
In England during the same period there was at least one major famine
every ten years. These were general famines when a large area of the
country was affected but there were many more local famines. We can Common ‫عام‬,
get some idea of these famines from our 1folk-lore. The stories of 2Robin
Hood often involve local food shortages with Robin helping with 1Fables, legends ‫لوک داستان‬, 2plunder ‫لوٹنا‬,
transport of food, robbing the rich to feed the poor or poaching for them
from the Royal forests. Hunt, illegally ‫خالف قانون شکار کرنا‬,

But famines in Europe have been much less serious than in other
parts of the world. China had ninety major famines in one century. Nine
and a half million

35
people perished in a single famine which swept North China in the last Die, lose one’s life ‫ہالک ہوجانا‬,
century. The Russian famine in 1921-22 killed several million people. Many ‫کٹ‬,
Ten million died in the great- famine of Bengal 1969-70. As recently as
1942 in Bombay one million starved to death when the rice crop failed. Lately ‫مي‬
‫حال یہ ں‬,
In India in 1964-65 there was the worst famine of the century, owing to
the failure of the monsoon, and many countries gave aid on a large wale Because of ‫گ وجہ ےس‬,
and tried to help. However, imported food could not solve the problem. Help ‫مدد‬,
Even if there had been enough availability the ports could not 1cope with Seaport ‫بندرگاہ‬,
all the ships bringing the "2cargoes, and transport problems were so great 1Manage ‫ نمٹنا‬, 2load, good ‫سامان‬,

that the food could not have been distributed to many of the isolated and Give away ‫تقسيم کرنا‬,
hardest hit areas. A year later, India still faced an even worse threat of Distant, lonely ‫عليحدہ‬,
famine.
Famine may be caused by many things. It may be that there are
just too many people for the amount of food available. It may be that Quantity ‫مقدار‬,
crops have failed due to disease. Thousands, even millions, will die of
starvation because of famines caused by lack of rain. Shortage ‫کیم‬,

In fact, in the world of today, not only is there not enough food,
but each year there are many more people to eat it. The number of people
in the world is 1rapidly increasing rather like a 2gigantic 3snowball which 1Fastly ‫ ں ے‬2big ‫بہت بڑا‬, 3ball of snow
‫تيی ےس‬,
not only gets bigger as it rolls but goes faster as well. Half a million years ‫برف کا گولہ‬,
ago the population of the world was very small but since then it has
gradually increased, until by the birth of Christ the world population was Slowly ‫آہستہ آہستہ‬,
about 200 — 300 million. The numbers doubled by 1650 and by 1850
doubled again to 1,000 million. Now the world population is over 3,000
million. The population is increasing at a rate which would double the
numbers in only 40 years. A tremendous population explosion is taking Big, huge ‫بہت بڑا‬,
place. It has been calculated that unless the 1growth is 2checked in some Guessed ‫اندازہ لگانا‬
way, within two or three centuries there will only be enough room on the 1Expansion ‫اصافہ‬, 2control ‫روکنا‬,

earth for people to stand up.

The main reason for population increase is due to the number of
people who are born in any year being greater than the number who die
— that is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate. For
example, in the U.K. the birthrate for 1963 (number of births per 1,000
population) was 18.2 and the death rate (number of deaths per 1,000
population) was 11.6. The population is therefore growing at the rate
of.6.6 per 1,000 of the population.
In the past only a fraction of the babies born grew up. Now in A small part ‫بہت کم‬,
the industrial countries of the West, 19 out of 20 become adults. One Come of age ‫بالغ‬,
couple on an average need only produce just over two children to replace Give birth to ‫پيدا کرنا‬,
themselves and keep the population at the same level.
Among the Western nations the decline in the death rate has been Decrease ‫کیم‬,
1Break, gap ‫وقفہ‬, 2 Decrease ‫کیم‬,
followed after an 1interval by the 2reduction in the birth rate so that the
population is not now growing so fast. But even in these areas where Increasing ‫اضافہ ہونا‬,
ً
people have only a comparatively small number of children the low Proportionately ‫نسبتا‬,
‫ے‬
death rate means that the population is still growing fairly To a great extent ‫کاف زيادہ‬,

36
rapidly. hi the U.S.A., where on an average each woman has only three
children the population increases by almost half as many again every
generation. Offspring ‫نسل‬,
In Asia and the Far East, the death rate has been reduced rapidly
by modern medicine and 1epidemic. control. In 2Ceylon, for example, the 1Scourage ‫وبا‬, 2Sri Lanka ‫رسی لنکا‬,
death rate was reduced by one third in two years by greatly reducing
1
mortality from malaria. This was due to the 2discovery of 3DDT which 1Death-rate ‫موت‬, 2finding ‫ايجاد‬, 3poison ‫زہر‬,
killed off the mosquitoes which carry malaria.
Another example is yaws which until recently caused a great A skin disease ‫جلدی بيماری‬,
many deaths. This disease starts as little hard pimples which may join Spot, boil ‫دانہ‬,
together to make blotches. It then spreads all over the body, forming Marks, spots ‫داغ‬,
1
ulcers. 2Muscles are destroyed and bones 3deformed. The 4sufferer 1Sore ‫ناسور‬, 2thew ‫پٹھے‬, 3misshape ‫شکل بگڑ‬

becomes 5deprdsed and feels very ill. Soon after the discovery of ‫جانا‬, 4patient ‫مريض‬, 5sad, gloomy ‫مايوس‬,
penicillin it was realized that yaws could be cured in most cases by a
single injection and in many others by just two injections. Many
countries have carried out massive programmes to free their countrymen Big, huge ‫بڑا‬,
of yaws and in doing so have decreased the death rate rapidly.
The most important and the most difficult thing to achieve is a
desire among individuals to limit the size of the family. Get, gain ‫حاصل‬,
The study of the population growth indicates one of the greatest Person ‫فرد‬,
paradoxes of our time. The. group of countries best able to support a
rapidly growing population has a relatively low birth rate while the group Contradiction ‫باہیم متضا‬,
ً
least able to support their present population, let alone a larger one, has a Comparatively ‫نسبتا‬,
very high birth rate.
Let us look for a moment at this second group, often called the
underdeveloped countries, into which so many of the children of the
work) will be born. Everyone knows an under-developed country when Backward ‫پسماندہ‬,
he sees one. It is a country 1characterized by 2poverty, with beggars in
1Has this feature ‫جس گ يہ خاصيب ہ‬,
the cities and villagers 3eking out a bare 4subsistence in the 5rural areas.
2poorness ‫غربت‬,3earning ‫روزی کمانا‬,
It is a country lacking factories of its own, 6usually with 7inadequate
4livelihood ‫روزی‬, 5only ‫محض‬, 6commonly
supplies of power and light. It usually has poor roads and railways and
ً ‫ے‬
not enough of them. Hospitals and schools and colleges are few and far ‫عموما‬, 7insufficient ‫ناکاف‬,
between. Most people, particularly older people, cannot read or write.
The goods the country exports are nearly always 1raw material which are Specially ‫خاص طور پر‬,
much more subject to price 2fluctuations This will have a bad impact on
the economy. 1Unrefined ‫خام‬, 2Rise and fall ‫اتار چڑھاو‬,
The gap in living standards is bound to increase. In the past the Effect ‫اثر‬,
population has not only been reduced by famine and disease but also by Difference ‫فرق‬,
war. We have the power to 1abolish war if we have the 2will. But if one
group of people continues to get poorer and sees its families and friends 1End, eliminate ‫ختم کرنا‬, 2wish, desire ‫غرم‬,
suffering great distress and unnecessary death while another group of
people in the world gets richer, we are creating a situation which Plight, suffering ‫تکليف‬,
encourages the poor to make war on the rich.
The only long-term answer for these countries is to reduce their
birth rate. But as I have explained this will take time and is not easy to Durable ‫ديرپا‬,
achieve. What we must
Gain , attain ‫حاصل کرنا‬,

37
 do in the meantime is to keep alive as many people as we can and at In the meanwhile ‫مي‬‫اش اثناء ں‬,
the same time make every effort to encourage the limitation of Control, check ‫تحديد‬,
families.

38

Hunger and Population Explosion

1. What does hunger mean on a large scale as viewed by the author?
Ans. Hunger does not mean missing one or two meals. On a large scale, hunger means starvation. It means
never having enough to eat for a long period of time.
2. Describe some great famines of the past.
Ans. During the reign of prophet Joseph, Egypt faced a great famine. The famines of India, China and
Bengal were also great famines in history. Such famines killed millions of people.
3. How do famines occur?
Ans. Generally, famines occur when the crops fail due to flood, lack of rains, excess of rains, diseases
and worms. Over-population is also a big cause of famines. In these famines, the production of
the crops is not enough to meet the needs of the population.
4. What is the main reason for population increase today?
Ans. The scientific method has controlled the epidemics and many fatal diseases. Thus, it has increased our
survival rate. But we have not controlled our birth rate. That is why our population is increasing
rapidly.
5. What is meant by birth-rate and death-rate, and how do they affect the population of a country?
Ans. Birth rate is the total number of the people who are born in a country during one year. Death rate is
the total number of people who die during one year. If birth rate is greater than death rate, the
population of the country increases.
6. What have public-health measures to do with increase in population?
Ans. Science has given us the methods of prevention and treatment of diseases. The public health
measures have increased our survival rate. But we have not controlled our birth rate. That is why
our population is increasing rapidly
7. Account for the high birth-rate in under developed countries?
Ans. The under-developed countries do not have proper planning. They have poverty and ignorance. They
have lack of education and awareness. They ignore the fact that overpopulation can cause problems
for them. They do not keep balance between their resources and their population.
8. Why is birth rate not so high in the more advanced countries?
Ans. The more advanced countries have proper planning. They have education and awareness. They know
the fact that over-population can cause problems for them. They keep balance between their sources
and their population.
9. Give a brief account of the poor economic conditions prevailing in underdeveloped countries.
Ans. The underdeveloped countries do not have proper planning. They have high birth rate, low literacy
rate, poor industry and frequent load-shedding of gas and electricity. They have to get loans for other
countries again and again. The value of their currency decreases rapidly and steadily.
 10- THE JEWEL OF THE WORLD
Philip K. Hitti
1Line,rule ‫بادشاہت‬, 2a city of Syria ‫دمشق‬,
It was in 750 that the Uman-ad 1dynasty in 2Damascus was 1overthrown
1dethrone ‫تختہ الٹ دينا‬, 2Succession ‫تخت‬
by the Abbasid family; and 2accession of the Abbasids to the caliphate ‫ے‬
‫نشيٹ‬,
was 1signalized by a 2ruthless 3extermination of every member of the 1Mark out ‫ظاہر کرنا‬, 2cruel, pitiless ‫ب رحم‬,
‫ے‬
defeated house on whom the 4victors could lay their hands. 3wiping out ‫قلع قمع‬, 4winner ‫فاتح‬,

Among the very few who 1escaped was a youth of twenty, Abd-
al-Rahman, a 2striking young man, tall, 3lean, with sharp, 4aquiline 1Flee, run away ‫فرار ہونا‬, 2Attractive ‫پرکشش‬,
1
features and red hair — a youth of 2exceptional 3nerve and ability. It 3lank ‫دبال پتال‬, 4eagle-like ‫عقان‬,
‫ے‬
was he who made his way to Spain, fought his way to mastery, and kept 1Face ‫نقوش‬, 2special ‫ب مثال‬, ‫ ے‬courage ‫اعصاب‬,
3

in power there the Umayyad dynasty which was wiped out in the East. Rule ‫حکمر ےان‬,
The story of his escape is dramatic. He was in a Bedouin camp on Abolish ‫مٹا دينا‬,
the left bank of the Euphrates River one day when horsemen carrying the Wandering ‫بدو‬,
black 1standards of the Abbasids suddenly 2appeared. With his thirteen- A river ‫دريان فرات‬,
year old brother, Abd-al-Rahman dashed into the river. The younger 1Flags ‫ے‬ ‫جھنڈ‬, 2come into view ‫سامن آنا‬,‫ے‬
brother, 1evidently a poor swimmer, became 2frightened, 3heeded the Rush, hurry ‫جلدی ےس کون کام کرنا‬,
4
reassurances shouted from the 5bank that he would be 6unharmed if he 1Clearly ‫واضح طور پر‬, 2fearful ‫خوفزدہ‬,

returned; and swam back. He was killed. The older boy kept on and ‫يقي ے‬,
3attend to ‫توجہ دينا‬, 4surety ‫دہان‬ ‫ ں ے‬5brink
gained the opposite bank. ‫کنارہ‬, safe ‫محفوظ‬,
6

Reach ‫پہنچنا‬,
1Afoot,
friendless and 2penniless, he set out south-westward,
1On foot ‫پيدل‬, 2hard up ‫مفلس‬,
made his way after great hardships to Palestine, found one friend there
and set off again toward the west. In North Africa he barely escaped Difficulties ‫مشکالت‬,
assassination at the hands of the governor of the province. Wandering Hardly ‫بمشکل‬,
from tribe to 1tribe, always 2pursued by the 3spies of the new dynasty, he Killing ‫قتل‬,
4 1Clan ‫قبيےل‬, 2followed ‫پيچھا کيا گيا‬, 3secret
finally reached Ceuta, five years later. He was a grandson of the tenth
caliph of Damascus, and his maternal uncles were Berbers from the agents ‫جاسوس‬, 4at last ‫آخرکار‬,
district of North Africa. They offered him refuge. An African tribe ‫بربرنایم قبيےل‬,
Protection, shelter ‫پناہ‬,
In the south of Spain, across the strait from Ceuta, were 1stationed
Syrian 2troops from Damascus. He made his way to them and they Sea passage ‫آبناب‬,
accepted him as leader. One southern city after another opened its gates 1Encamp ‫پڑاو ڈالنا‬, 2groups of soldiers ‫فوج‬
‫ے‬
to him. It took him some years more to bring all of Spain to subjection, ‫ر‬
‫دسن‬,
but he persisted. The Abbasid caliph in Baghdad appointed a governor of
Spain to contest his rule; two years later that caliph received a gift from Keep on ‫مسلسل لگارہنا‬,
Abd-al-Rahman: the head of his governor, 1preserved in salt and camphor Compete ‫مقابلہ کرنا‬,
and 2wrapped in a black flag and in the letter of appointment. "Thanks,
he to Allah for having placed the sea between us and such a 1foe!" was 1Saved ‫محفوظ‬, 2covered ‫لپٹا ہوا‬,
the caliph's 2fervent 3rejoinder.
1Enemy ‫دشمن‬, 2aedent ‫پرجوش‬, 3reply ‫جواب‬,
In the process of 1subduing his 2adversaries Abd-al-Rahman
developed a well-disciplined, high trained army of 40,000 or more 1Defeat ‫شکست دينا‬, 2Enemy ‫دشمن‬,
Berbers. He knew how to keep their 1favour by 2generous 3pay. In 773, Skilled ‫تربيت يافتہ‬,
he 1discontinued the Friday 2sermon 3hitherto 4delivered in the name of 1Support,‫ حمائیت‬2lavish ‫فياضانہ‬, 3salary ‫تنخواہ‬,
the Abbasid caliph, but did not 4assume the caliph's 5title himself. He 1Stop ‫روکنا‬, 2speech ‫وعظ‬, 3till now ‫اب تک‬,
‫ے‬
given ‫دياجاب واال‬, 4adopt ‫اختيار کرنا‬,

5designation ‫خطاب‬,

40
and his 1successors down to Abd-al-Rahman III 2contented themselves 1Heir ‫ں ے‬
‫جانشي‬, 2satisfy ‫قانع ہونا‬,

with the title "amir". Under Abd-al-Ralman I, Spain had thus been the
first province to 1shake (Cr the 2authority of the 3recognized caliph in 1Throw off ‫جان چھڑانا‬, 2power ‫اختيار‬,
Islam. 3admitted ‫مسلمہ‬,

1Domain ‫سلطنت‬, 2strengthened ‫مستحکم کيا‬,

With his 1realm 2consolidated, Abd-al-Rahman turned to the arts
of peace, in which he showed himself as great as in the art of war. He
1Realm ‫سلطنت‬, 2waterway ‫آن گزرگاہ‬,
beautified the cities of his 1domain, built an 2aqueduct for the supply of ‫ے‬
pure water to the capital, ordered the construction of a wall round it and Building ‫تعمي‬,
‫ں‬
erected for himself a palace and garden outside Cordova in 1imitation of Build ‫تعمي کرنا‬,
‫ں‬
1Copying ‫طرز‬, 2forefather ‫آباء‬,
the palace built by an 2ancestor in north-eastern Syria. To his 1villa he
1Palace ‫ديیہ حويیل‬, 2foreign ‫غي ملیک‬,
brought water and introduced 2exotic plants, such as peaches and ‫ں‬
pomegranates. To a lonely palm-tree in his garden said to be the first Alone ‫تنہا‬,
imported from Syria, he addressed some tender verses of his own Lines ‫اشعار‬,
composition. Writing poetry ‫ترتيب دينا‬,

Two years before his death in 788 Abd-al-Rahman founded the

great Mosque of Cordova as a rival to the two mosques of Islam in Match ‫ہم مرتبہ‬,
Jerusalem and Makkah. Completed and enlarged by his successors, it
soon became the 1shrine of western Islam. With its forest of 2stately, Holy place ‫مقدس مقام‬, graceful ‫شاندار‬,
1 2

1
columns and its 2spacious outer court, this noble 3structure, 1Pillar ‫ستون‬, 2vast ‫کشادہ‬, 3building ‫عمارت‬,
4
transformed into a Chritistian 5cathedral in 1236, has 6survived to the 4changed ‫تبديل رکرديا‬, 5church ‫گرجاگھر‬,
present day under the 7popular name "La Mezquita," the mosque. 6remain ‫باف رہنا‬, 7accepted ‫مقبول‬,
Besides the great mosque the capital could already boast a bridge, over Feel proud ‫فخر کرنا‬,
the Guadalquivir (corrupted from an Arabic name meaning "the great
river"), later enlarged to seventeen arches. Nor were the interests of the Vault ‫محراب‬,
founder of the Umayyad 1regime limited to the material 2welfare of his 1Rule ‫عہد‬, 2prosperity ‫فالح وبہبود‬,
people. In more than one sense he 1initiated the 2intellectual movement 1Start ‫آغاز کرنا‬, 2scholarly ‫دانشور‬,
which made Islamic Spain from the ninth to the eleventh centuries one
of the two centres of world culture.

Caliph Abd-al-Rahman's court was one of the most glorious in Stately ‫شاندار‬
1Messenger ‫وفد سفي‬, 2Constantinople
all Europe. It received 1envoys from the 2Byzantine 3emperor as well as ‫ں‬
from the 4monarchs of Germany, Italy and France. Its seat, Cordova, ‫ں ے‬
‫بازنطي‬, 3-4ruler ‫شہنشاہ‬,

with half a million inhabitants, seven hundred mosques and three Dweller ‫باشندہ‬,
hundred public baths, 1yielded in 2magnificence only to Baghdad and ‫ر‬
1Be inferior ‫کمي ہونا‬, 2glory ‫شان وشوکت‬,

Constantinople. The royal palace, named al-Zahra, with four hundred

rooms and apartments housing thousands of slaves and guards, stood
northwest of the town overlooking the Guadalquivir River. Abd-al- Facing ‫رخ ہونا‬,
Rahman started its construction in 836. Marble was brought from
Numidia and Carthage; columns as well as 1basins with golden 2statues 1Container ‫تسلہ‬, 2figure ‫بت‬, 3Gifts ‫تحائف‬,
were imported or received as 3presents from Constantinople; and 10,000
workmen with 1,500 beasts of burden laboured on it for a score of years.
Twenty ‫بيس‬,
Enlarged and beautified by later caliphs, al-Zahra became the 1nucleus
of a 2royal 3suburb whose 4remains, partly 5excavated in and after 1910, 1Centre ‫مرکز‬, 2kingly ‫شایہ‬, 3outskirts ‫مضافات‬,
4remnants ‫آثار‬, 5dug out ‫کھدان گ گٹ‬,
can still be seen.
In al-Zahra the caliph 1surrounded himself with a 2bodyguard of 1Enclosed ‫گھرا ہوا‬, 2minder ‫محافظ‬,
"Slaves" which numbered 3,750 and headed his standing army of a
hundred thousand men. With their aid the caliph not only kept treason Betrayal ‫سازش‬,
and 1brigandage in 2check but reduced the influence of the old Arab 1Robbery ‫لوٹ مار‬, 2control ‫روکنا‬,
1 ‫ر‬
aristocracy. Commerce and agriculture 2flourished and the 1The elite ‫امرا گ حکومت‬, 2develop ‫ترف کرنا‬,

41
 1Heads ‫ذرائع‬, 2increased ‫کٹ گنا ہونا‬, 3return
1
sources of income for the state were 2multiplied. The royal 3revenue
‫ے‬
amounted to 6.245.000 dinars, a third of which 4sufficed for the army and ‫ماليہ‬, 4be
adequate ‫کاف ہونا‬,
‫ر‬
a third for public works, while the balance was placed in reserve. Never Remaining ‫باف ماندہ‬,
before was Cordova so prosperous, Andalusia so rich and the state so Wealthy ‫خوشحال‬,
triumphant. All this was achieved through the 1genius done man. He Successful ‫کامياب‬,
died at the 2ripe age of seventy-three. And he left a statement, we are 1intellect ‫ذہانت‬, 2Oldage, agedness ‫بڑ ھاپا‬,

told, which said that he had known only fourteen days of happiness.
As always, under any dynasty. sovereignty in the Muslim world,
West or East, was unstable. In Spain the Umayyad dynasty kept the Power, control ‫اقتداراعیل‬,
1
nominal rule from the time Abd-al-Rahman I 2 imposed it; but by Weak, unsteady ‫غي مستحکم‬, ‫ں‬
the time of the ascension of the next 1 outstanding 2 figure in the 1Trivial ‫معمویل‬, 2apply ‫نافذ کرنا‬,

dynasty, Abd-al-Rahman III, in the year 912, civil disturbances and 1Important ‫اہم‬, 2personality ‫شضيت‬,

tribal revolts had reduced the Muslim state of Spain to the city of Cordova
and its neighbourhood. Disorder, uprising ‫بغاوت‬,
1 2
The third Abd-al-Rahman, like his illustrious predecessor, was Surrounding ‫گردونواح‬,
1Famous ‫نامور‬, 2forefather ‫پيرسو‬,
a young man when he took office, being only twenty-three: and like
him also was a youth of intelligence and determination. One by one
lie reconquered the lost provinces, reduced them to order and Resolution, firmness ‫غرم‬,
administered . them with 1sagacity and ability. His 2reign lasted for fifty
1Wisdom ‫دانان‬, 2rule ‫دور حکومت‬,
years, from 912 to 961 an exceptionally long time for that day; it was
1
signalized, politically, by-the 2proclamation by the amir of himself as Extraordinarily ‫غي معمویل طور پر‬,
‫ں‬
caliph. With him the Umayyad caliphate in Spain begins. His reign and 1Prominent ‫نماياں‬, 2 declaration ‫اعالن‬,

that of his two immediate successors mark the height of Muslim rule in
the West. In this period, roughly the tenth century, the Umayyad capital Near, close ‫قريٹ‬,
‫ے‬
of Cordova took its place as the most cultured city in Europe and, with
Constantinople and Baghdad, as one of the three cultural centres of the
world. With its one hundred and thirteen thousand homes, twenty-one
suburbs, seventy libraries and numerous book shops, mosques and palaces Refined, polite ‫مہذب‬,
it 1acquired international 2fame and 3inspired awe and admiration in Outskirts ‫مضافات‬,
the hearts of travellers. It enjoyed miles of paved streets illuminated 1Gain ‫حاصل کرنا‬, 2repute ‫شہرت‬, 3rouse ‫اکسانا‬,
by lights from the bordering houses, whereas "seven hundred years Praise ‫تعريف‬,
after this time there was not so much as one public lamp in London," Lit ‫روشن‬,
and "in Paris, centuries subsequently, whoever stepped over his
threshold on a rainy day stepped up to his ankles in mud." Whenever Afterwards ‫بعدازاں‬,
the rulers of Leon, Navarre or Barcelona needed a surgeon, an Doorstep, doorway ‫چوکھٹ‬,
architect, a master singer, or a dress-maker, it was to Cordova that they
applied. The fame of the Muslim capital 1penetrated to 2distant
Germany, where a Saxon nun styled it "the jewel of the world".
1Reached ‫پھيل گٹ‬, 2remote ‫دوردراز‬,
Spain under the caliphate was one of the wealthiest and
most thickly populated lands of Europe. The capital 2boasted some
1

thirteen thousand weavers and a 1flourishing 2leather industry. From

1Densely ‫گنجان‬, 2have ‫رکھنا‬,
Spain the art of tanning and embossing leather was carried to Morocco
1Prospering ‫ ر‬2
‫ترف ر‬,
and from these two lands it was brought to France and England, as the ‫کرن ہون‬ animal skin ‫چمڑا‬,
word morocco indicates. Wool and silk were woven not only in Raised designing ‫ابھرواں نقاش کرنا‬,
Cordova but in Malaga, Almeria and other centres. The 1raising of
silk worms, 2originally a 3monopoly of the Chinese, was introduced by Muslims Show ‫ظاہر کرنا‬,
into Spain, where it 4thrived. Almeria also produced glassware and brass
1Rear ‫پالنا‬, 2initially ‫ابتدامي‬, 3full control
work. Paterna in Valencia was ‫ں‬
‫ر‬
‫داری اجارہ‬, develop ‫ترف پانا‬,
4

42
 1Ceramics ‫برتن سازی‬, 2famous ‫مشہور‬, 3pit ‫کان‬,
the home of 1pottery. Jean and Algarve were 2noted for their 3mines of
1A metal ‫سيسہ‬, 2gem ‫ہيا‬,
gold and silver, Cordova for its iron and 1lead and Malaga for its 2rubies. ‫ں‬
Toledo, like Damascus, was famous all over the world for its swords. The
art of inlaying steel and other metals with gold and silver and 1decorating Decorating, engraving ‫جڑنا‬,
1Beautify ‫سجانا‬, 2 design ‫نمونہ‬,
them with flower 2patterns, an art introduced from Damascus, flourished
in several Spanish and other European centres.
The Spanish Arabs introduced agricultural methods practised in
Western Asia. they dug canals, cultivated grapes and introduced, among Grow ‫اگانا‬,
‫ے‬
A type of fruit ‫خوبان‬,
other plants and fruits, rice, apricots, peaches, pomegranates, oranges,
sugar-cane, cotton and saffron. The south-eastern plains of the peninsula, Flatland ‫ميدان‬,
especially favoured by climate and soil, developed important centres of
rural and urban activity. Here wheat and other grains, as well as 1olives
1A tree ‫زيتون‬, 2farmers ‫کسان طبقہ‬,
and other fruits, were raised by a 2peasantry who worked the soil on
shares with the owners.
This agricultural development was one of the glories of Muslim
Spain and one of the Arabs' lasting gifts to the land, for Spanish gardens Durable, permanent ‫دائیم‬,
have preserved to this day a "Moorish" character. One of the best-known Quality ‫خون‬,
‫ے‬
gardens is the Generalife – a word which comes from the Arabic, Jannat
al’-arif’, "the inspector's paradise." This garden, "proverbial for its Famous ‫مشہور‬,
extensive shades, falling waters and soft breeze," was in the form of an Wide, vast, broad ‫وسيع‬,
amphitheater and irrigated by streams which, after forming numerous Stadium, auditorium, arena, - Water ‫آبپاش کرنا‬,
1
cascades, lost themselves among the flowers, 2shrubs and trees 1Waterfall ‫آبشار‬, 2bush ‫جھاڑی‬,
1
represented today' by a few 2gigantic cypresses and myrtles. 1Stand for ‫نمائندگ کرنا‬, 2huge ‫بہت بڑے‬,
The industrial and agricultural products of Muslim Spain were
1Local ‫گھر يلو‬, 2use ‫استعمال‬,
more than sufficient for 1domestic 2consumption. Seville, one of the
greatest of its river ports, exported cotton, olives and oil. The exports of
Malaga and Jaen included saffron, figs, marble and sugar. Through A fruit ‫انجي‬,
‫ں‬
Alexandria and Constantinople, Spanish products found markets as far
away as India and Central Asia. Especially active was the trade with
Damascus, Baghdad and Makkah. The international nautical vocabulary
of the modern world contains not a few words which testify to the former Verify ‫تصديق کرنا‬,
1Control ‫برتری‬, 2a store for ammunition
Arab 1supremacy on the seas—admiral, 2arsenal, average, 3cable.
The government 4maintained a regular postal service. It 5modeled ‫اسلحہ خانہ‬, 3wire ‫تار‬, 4establish ‫قائم کرنا‬,
‫ے‬
5designed ‫نمون پر بناياگيا‬ ‫ےک‬, 6making coins
its 6coinage on Eastern patterns, with the dinar as the gold unit and the
dirham as the silver unit. Arab money was in use in the Christian ‫سکہ‬,
kingdoms of the north, which for nearly four hundred years had no
coinage other than Arabic or French.
The real glory of this period, however, lies in fields other than
political. AlHakam, Abd-al-Rahman's successor, was himself a scholar
‫ر‬
Support, help, favour ‫رسپرسٹ کرنا‬,
and patronized learning. He was generous to scholars and established
twenty-seven Ike schools in the capital mosque by Abd-al-Rahman III,
rose to a place of preeminence among the educational institutions of the
world. It preceded both Al-Azhar at Cairn and the Nizamiyah of Come before ‫پہےل ہونا‬,
Baghdad, and attracted students, Christian and Muslim, not only from
Spain but from other parts of Europe, Africa and Asia. Al-Hakam
1 1Expand ‫وسيع کرنا‬, 2arranged ‫انتظام کيا‬,
enlarged the mosque which housed the university, 2conducted water to
it in lead pipes and

43
 decorated it with mosaics brought by Byzantine artists. He invited
professors from the East to the university and set aside endowments for Donations ‫عطيات‬,
their salaries.
In addition to the university, the capital housed a library of first
1 1Status ‫مقام‬, 2search ‫تالش کرنا‬,
magnitude. Al-Hakam was a lover of books; his agents 2ransacked the
bookshops of Alexandria, Damascus and Baghdad with a view to buying
or copying manuscripts. The books thus gathered are said to have Hand-written book ‫مسودر‬,
numbered 400,00, their titles filling a catalogue of forty-four volumes, List ‫فہرست‬,
in each one of which twenty sheets were devoted to poetical works alone.
Al-Hakam, probably the hest scholar among Muslim caliphs, personally
used several of these works; his notes on certain manuscripts 1rendered
them highly 2prized by later collectors. In order to 1secure the first copy 1Made ‫بناديا‬, 2valuable ‫گراں قدر‬,
of the "Aghani," which Al-Isbahani, a 2descendant of the Umayyads, 1Get, achieve ‫حاصل کرنا‬, 2heir, successor

was then composing in Iraq, Al-Hakam sent the author a thousand dinars. ‫ں ے‬
‫جانشي‬,
The general state of culture in Andalusia reached such a high level at this
time that the distinguished Dutch scholar Dozy went so far as to declare Famous, prominent ‫ممتاز‬,
enthusiastically that "nearly everyone could read and write." All this Passionately, excitedly ‫اندازمي‬
‫ں‬ ‫پرجوش‬,
when in Christian Europe only the 1rudiments of learning were known,
and that 2chiefly by a few churchmen. 1Basic things ‫باتي‬
‫ابتدان ں‬, 2mostly, largely
‫زيادہ تر‬,

44

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS

1. Give an account of the early career of Abd-al-Rehman 1, his dramatic escape and his adventures in
Africa.

Ans. Abd-al-Rehman's royal family was killed by the Abbasid troops. But he swam across the river and saved
himself. He went to Spain. With the help of Syrian troops, he became the ruler of Spain.
2. How did Abd-al-Rehman deal with the governor appointed by the Abbasid caliph to contest his rule?
Ans. Abd-al-Rehman killed the governor and sent his head to the Abbasid caliph. His head was wrapped in
a black flag with the letter of appointment.
3. What did the Abbasid caliph say on receiving the head of his governor?
Ans. He said, "Thanks be to Allah for having placed the sea between us and such a foe". This shows the fear
which he felt at that time.
4. What did Abd-al-Rehman do to make himself strong and to beautify his capital?
Ans. He developed an army of forty thousand Berbers. He built a wall around his capital. He beautified his
capital with many gardens.
5. Give an account of the all-round progress made by the Arabs under Abd-al-Rahman III.
Ans. During the reign of Abd-al-Rehman III, Cordova became the biggest cultural centre of the world. It
made great progress in pottery, glass-ware, silk and wool. That is why a German nun called it the jewel of
the world.
6. What did Al-Hakam do to promote learning and scholarship in his kingdom?
Ans. Al-Hakam was a great lover of knowledge. He opened 27 free schools in Cordova. He enlarged the
University of Cordova. He collected 400000 valuable books in the Library of Cordova. He invited
professors from foreign countries to teach in Cordova.
 11. FIRST YEAR AT HARROW
Si r Wi nston S. Churchi ll

Hardly ‫بمشکل‬,
I had scarcely passed my twelfth birthday when I entered the ‫ر‬
inhospitable 2regions of examinations, through which for the next Uninviting, unkind ‫ناسازگار‬, areas ‫عالق‬,
1 1 2

seven years I was destined to journey. These examinations were a great Doomed, fated ‫مقدرمي ہونا‬, ‫ں‬ suffering
‫ے‬
‫پريشان‬,
trial to me. The subjects which were dearest to the examiners were
almost 1invariably those I 2fancied least. I would have liked to have been 1Always ‫ہميشہ‬, 2like, wish ‫پسند کرنا‬,
examined in history, poetry and writing essays. The examiners, on the
other hand, were partial to Latin and mathematics. And their will
prevailed. Moreover, the questions which they asked on both these
subjects were almost invariably those to which I was unable to suggest a
satisfactory answer. I should have liked to be asked to say what I knew.
They always tried to ask what I did not know. When I would have
willingly 2displayed my knowledge, they sought to expose my Gladly, happily ‫خوش ےس‬, expose,
1 1 2

3 4 show
ignorance. This sort of treatment had only one result; I did not do well 4 ‫کرنا‬ ‫ظاہر‬, 3illiteracy ‫العلیم‬,

dealings, conduct ‫سلوک‬,

in examinations.

This was especially true of my Entrance Examination to Harrow. Admission ‫داخلہ‬,

The Headmaster, Mr. Welldon, however, took a broadminded view of
my Latin prose: he showed discernment in judging my general ability. Wisdom, insight ‫ذہانت‬,
This was the more remarkable, because I was found unable to answer a Extraordinary ‫غي معمویل‬,
‫ں‬
single question in the Latin paper. I wrote my name at the top of the page.
I wrote down the number of the question '1'. After much reflection I put Thought, thinking ‫سوچ بچار‬,
a bracket round it thus '(1)'. But thereafter I could not think of anything
Concerning ‫متعلقہ‬,
connected with it that was either relevant or true. 1Incidentally there ً
1Accidently ‫اتفاقا‬, 2stain, spot ‫داغ‬,
arrived from nowhere in particular a 2blot and several 1smudges. I 2gazed
for two whole hours at this sad 3spectacle: and then 4merciful 5ushers 1Smear, blot ‫داغ‬, 2look, see ‫ديکھنا‬, 3scene,
collected my piece of 6foolscap with all the others and carried it up o the sight ‫منظر‬, 4kind, tender ‫رحم دل‬,
5attendant ‫ماسي‬, 6 paper ‫کاغذ‬, 7 slight
Headmaster's table. It was from these 7slender 8indications of
‫معمویل‬, 8 Hint, sign ‫عالمت‬,
scholarship that Mr. Welldon drew the conclusion that I was 1worthy to
pass into Harrow. It is very much to his 2credit. It showed that he was a 1Deserving ‫قابل‬, 2honour ‫اغراز‬, 3Under,
man capable of looking 3beneath the surface of things: a man not below ‫نيچ‬,
dependent upon paper 1manifestations. I have always had the greatest 1Show,
2 exhibition ‫اظہار‬, 2respect
regard for him. ‫ر‬
‫احيام‬,
As a result ‫مي‬
‫نيتچ ں‬
‫ےک ے‬, eventually ‫آخرکار‬,
In consequence of his decision, I was in due course placed in
the third, or lowest, division of the Fourth, or bottom. The names of the
new boys were printed in the School List in alphabetical order and as my
correct name, Spencer-Churchill, began with an S', I gained no more
advantage from the alphabet than from the wider 2sphere of letters. I Benefit ‫فائدہ‬, field, area, domain
1 2
1
‫دائرہ‬,
was in fact only two from the bottom of the whole school; and these two,
I 1regret to say, 2disappeared almost immediately through illness or Field, area ‫حلقہ‬,
1Lament ‫افسوس کرنا‬, 2vanish ‫غائب ہونا‬,
some other cause.

47
 I continued in this unpretentious situation for nearly a year. Plain, ordinary ‫ب وقعت‬,
‫ے‬
However, by being so long in the lowest form I gained an immense Great, huge ‫بہت زيادہ‬,
advantage over the cleverer boys. They all went on to learn Latin and
Excellent, glorious ‫شاندار‬,
Greek and splendid things like that. But I was taught English. We were
considered such dunces that we could learn only English. Mr. Somervell Fool, dull ‫غٹ‬,
‫ے‬
— a most delightful man, to whom my debt is great — was charged with Cheerful ‫خوش‬,
the duty of teaching the stupidest boys the most disregarded thing —
Only ‫محض‬,
namely, to write mere English. He knew how to do it. He taught it as no
one else has ever taught it. Not only did we learn English parsing
thoroughly, but we also practised continually English analysis. Mr. Completely ‫مکمل طور پر‬,
Somervell had a system of his own. He took a fairly long sentence and Constantly ‫مسلسل‬,
broke it up into its components by means of black, red, blue and green
inks: Subject, Verb, Object, Relative Clauses, Conditional Clauses,
Conjunctive and Disjunctive Clauses! Each had its colour and its bracket.
It was a kind of drill. We did it almost daily. As I remained in the Third Exercise ‫مشق‬,
three times as long as anyone else, I had three times as much of it. I
learned it thoroughly. Thus, I got into my bones the essential structure of
Common, general ‫عام‬,
the ordinary British sentence — which is a noble thing. And when in
after years my school-fellows who had won prizes and distinction for Good, nice ‫اچیھ‬,
writing such beautiful Latin poetry and pithy Greek 1epigrams had to Compact, condensed ‫پرمغز‬,
come down again to common English, to earn their 2living or make their 1Saw, maxim ‫مقولہ‬, 2livelihood ‫روزی‬,
way, I did nor fed myself at any disadvantage. Naturally I am biased in
favour of boys learning English. I would make them all leant English: and Partial, unfair ‫جانبدار‬,
then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a
1
treat. But the only thing I would 2whip them for is not knowing English. 1Fun, ‫ے‬
joy ‫تفرتح‬, 2punish, beat ‫رسادينا‬,
I would whip them hard for that.
48
 ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. The writer says that the examiners ask questions which students cannot answer and not those
which they can answer. Is the complaint just?
Ans. No, the writer's complaint is not just. The questions in the examination are based on the syllabus.
The students should read the whole syllabus. They should prepare all the questions.
2. What sort of questions are asked by your examiners?
Ans. Our examiners ask us those questions which are based on the syllabus. They seek to ask questions
which are most important in their context. Mostly, they ask questions which have been asked time and
again in past examinations.
3. Why did Churchill not do well in examinations?
Ans. Churchill liked history, poetry and essay-writing. But his examiners were partial to Latin and
Mathematics. Churchill wanted to display his knowledge but they tried to expose his ignorance. He
wanted to be asked what he knew. But they asked him what he did not know. Consequently, he did
not do well in the examinations.
4. How did he do his Latin paper?
Ans. He wrote his name and question number. Then he put a bracket around it. Then a few drops of ink
fell on his paper. Then he looked at this scene for two whole hours. He did not answer a single question
5. Churchill was taught English at Harrow and not Latin and Greek. Was it a gain or loss?
Ans. Churchill was taught English. It was a gain for him. He learnt English thoroughly and became a
very good teacher of English and a very good orator.
6. What good did his three years stay at harrow do him?
Ans. Churchill's stay at harrow proved to be very useful for him. He learnt English grammar thoroughly.
The basic structure of English sentences went into his bones.
7. In after years how did the knowledge of English stand him in good stead?
Ans. He learnt English thoroughly. He became a good teacher of English. He earned his living by this
profession. The clever boys also came to him to learn English from him.
8. Write an appreciation or criticism of Churchill's views in regard to the study of Latin, Greek and
English and their value in earning a living.
Ans. Churchill believes that Greek and Latin are dead languages. English is an international language.
The clever boys should learn English first. Then they should learn Latin as an honour and Greek as a
treat.
 12- HITCH - HIKING ACROSS THE SAHARA
G. F. Lamb

If a giant were to pick England up and put it down in the middle of the Monster ‫جن‬,
Sahara desert, we should have quite a task to find it. The full Sahara area,
stretching almost the complete width of North Africa, is many times the Extending ‫پھيال ہوا‬,
size of Great Britain.
About half of this gigantic area is mainly under French control. Vast, huge ‫وسيع‬,
Very recently indeed, the discovery of oil beneath the sand has begun to
bring changes: but less than three years ago most of the area had for
1
countless years 2consisted of 3immense stretches of barren sand, 1Numerous ‫ب شمار‬, ‫ ے‬comprise ‫مشمتل ہونا‬,
2
4
intensely hot during the day, with few water Wells and little vegetation. huge ‫بہت بڑا‬, extremely ‫شديد‬,
3 4

Large parts were almost uninhabited. In other parts there were just a few Greenery ‫سيہ‬,‫ےے‬
1 2
towns very widely scattered, and occasional wandering tribes of Arabs Rare ‫کبیھ‬,
or Berbers. 1roaming ‫گھومنا‬, 2Clan ‫قبيلہ‬,

Hardly the land, one would think, in which to go hitch-hiking.

Yet this was just the mode of travel that Robert Christopher, a young Manner, way ‫انداز‬,
American, decided to adopt in the Sahara crossing which he began in
1956.
When he was a child, every time he was naughty, his foster- Mischievous ‫ارن‬ ‫رس ر‬,
mother used to 1threaten to send him to Timbuktu (an 2ancient city in 1Intimidate ‫ڈرانا‬, 2old ‫قديم‬,
the 1heart of French Africa). Instead of 2alarming him, the idea amused 1Middle ‫وسط‬, 2frightening ‫خوفزدہ کرنا‬,
in him a 1keen desire to see this 2distant place. 1Intense ‫شديد‬, 2far off ‫دوردرازکا‬,

By the time lie was a young man he was 1firmly 2gripped by the Tightly ‫مضبویط‬, occupied, obsessed ‫مغلوب‬,
1 2

wanderlust. His first adventure was to go round the world at the cost of
eighty dollars (about .1 28). After this, he determined that his next Resolved ‫ارادہ کيا‬,
journey should be to travel right across the Sahara from Algeirs, on the
north coast of Africa, to Timbuktu, which is near the river Niger in the
extreme south of the great desert.
ٓ
Across, beyond, through ‫ےک ار پار‬
The trans-Sahara journey began at a little town, Boussaada,
known to the natives as the "Port of the Sahara," for it is here that the
desert really starts. Christopher discovered that a desert truck was
leaving for the south 1shortly, and he 2arranged with the driver to be Soon, immediately ‫جلد یہ‬, planned
1 2

given a lift as far as it went. ‫منصوبہ بندی گ‬,

The conditions were agonizing. Three men — driver, greaser and Troubling, disturbing ‫تکليف دہ‬,
passenger sat side by side in the front seat, travelling ar a bare 32 Only, merely ‫محض‬,
kilometres an hour, while the temperature rose steadily. In two hours a Slowly ‫رفتہ رفتہ‬,
flask of cold water became hot enough to make tea.
1Soon, shortly ‫جلدی یہ‬, 2ammunition,
1Presently a fast moving 2weapons' carrier over took them.
Christopher stopped it and 3begged the lieutenant in charge to relieve arms‫اسلحہ‬, 3requested ‫التجا گ‬,
him from the misery of slowly baking to death at twenty miles an hour. Distress, agony ‫تکليف‬,
The lieutenant pointed out that strict military regulations forbade the Prevent, prohibit ‫روکنا‬,
carrying of civilians. Christopher replied by producing a permit from the
War Ministry giving him permission to join the French Foreign Legion
for a short period in order to collect material for an article. The Army, company ‫لشکر‬,
permission
50
 ‫ر‬
had later been 1withdrawn, but 2fortunately the lieutenant did not turn the 1Take-back ‫واپس لينا‬, 2luckily ‫قسمٹ ےس‬ ‫خوش‬,
paper over and see the "cancelled" stamp.
He was dropped at the town of Ghardaia, a typical desert city, Special, peculiar ‫خاص‬,
1
except that the flies are even more 2numerous and 3stickier than they are 1Besides ‫ماسوان‬, 2numberless ‫ب شمار‬, ‫ے‬
anywhere else. 3 ‫ے‬
glued ‫چپک جاب وایل‬,
"Anything that has the remotest relationship with food,"
Christopher states, "is constantly and completely covered with flies.... Continuously ‫مسلسل‬,
They have no hesitation in following the food right into your mouth, and Reluctance ‫ہچکچاہٹ‬,
I had to be 1vigilant until each 2mouthful was safely behind my teeth. I 1Alert, watchful ‫چوکس‬, 2morsal ‫لقمہ‬,

saw many children on the streets, but I got only a vague idea of what they Unclear ‫مبہم‬,
looked like, for they all wore a mask of files." Garb, veil ‫نقاب‬,
He was able to continue his hitch-hike to the south in the leisurely
manner that was so typical of the desert. On the day of his arrival he Comfortably ‫آرام ےس‬,
discovered that there was a truck due to leave at once for El Golea. This
truck was a new and powerful one, and carried all kinds of goods — pins
and needles, sewing-machines, pots and pans, machine parts. It weighed
Utensils ‫برتن‬,
ten tons.
For about ten miles outside the town the road continued. Then it
stopped. The route lay across an 1apparently 2trackless desert. None the 1Clearly, outwardly ‫بظاہر‬, 2Without track
less, the driver (named Hantout) picked his way with uncanny skill. ‫براہ‬,
‫ے‬
It was difficult travelling. At times the sand became too soft to
bear the weight of the heavy truck. It was then necessary to stop at once. Endure, carry ‫برداشت کرنا‬,
If the wheels had been allowed to spin they would have dug themselves Rotate, turn ‫گھومنا‬,
deeper. Ten-foot strips of steel mesh were dragged from the truck and Network, net ‫جایل‬,
placed together to make a runway for the wheels to bite on as the truck
moved. When it reached harder ground the strips were collected up and
dragged forward to the waiting truck. Christopher performed useful
service in helping the greaser with this arduous operation. Difficult, hard ‫مشکل‬,
The driver added to the discomfort of the journey by relating Work ‫کام‬,
‫ے‬
Distress, vexation ‫پريشان‬,
details of a recent case in which three English people had attempted to
cross a part of the desert in a car with only one day's water-supply. Their
car had become stuck in a sand dune, and three days later their bodies
were found dried up like leaves. They had drained the radiator in their Heap, mound ‫ٹيلہ‬,
desperate thirst, and one of them tried to drain the oil from the crank-
case. Hantout had been one of the search party, and he spared his listener Extremely serious ‫نہايت شديد‬,
none of the grim details.
The story came vividly to Christopher's mind on the second Sad, horrible ‫تلخ‬,
morning. The greaser announced that one of the two goatskin bags of Clearly, obviously ‫واضح طور پر‬,
water had burst during the night. Even if everything went well, the rest of
the journey would not be pleasant.
An outpost with a water-supply was found on one of Christopher's
maps, and they set off towards it. By dawn they had gone fifty miles and
dug out of five more sand dunes. Christopher was sick with thirst; and to
add to his misery he had jumped bare-footed from the driver's cabin on
one 1occasion, not realizing the 2intense heat of Pain ‫تکليف‬,
1Moment, opportunity ‫موقع‬, 2severe ‫شديد‬,
51
the sand. It was as if he had jumped into a bed of hot coals. With a scream
of pain he hopped back into the truck.
1Meanwhile, his thirst grew 2fiercer. 1Meantime ‫دريں اثناء‬, 2more intense ‫مزيد‬
"Everything was dead and dry and hot.... My mind was 3foggy. I ‫شديد‬, 3vague, unclear ‫دھندال‬,
was on fire, the inside of my head felt dried up, and my lungs hurt
from the hot air There were times when I tried to make myself faint, Lose senses ‫ب ہوش ہونا‬,
‫ے‬
but my head was pounding with such pain that it kept me conscious." Beating, thumping ‫دھمکنا‬,
The outpost was discovered at last and it contained a well full of
cool water. They drank until they could drink no more.
‫ناقابل ں ے‬,
They certainly needed it. The heat was incredible. In the shade Unbelievable ‫يقي‬
of the mud house the temperature reached 130°F, while out on the
sand the thermometer registered 165°F, which is nearly thirty degrees
higher than the highest temperature officially recorded.
El Golea, a hundred miles on, was reached without further
1
mishap. It was a 2fascinating little town, a true oasis, with so much 1Accident, misfortune ‫حادثہ‬, 2attractive,
water available that they hardly knew what to do witlt it. Every day of captivating ‫دلکش‬,
the week that he was there Christopher spent hours bathing in a little pool
half a kilometer from the centre of the town, shaded by palm-trees and
fruit-trees, or lying on the cool grass beside the pool, watching the birds Near ‫قريب‬,
feasting on the dates. What a contrast from the desert all around it! Eating ‫کھانا‬,

The journey from El Golea to In Salah was not without its

excitements. It was made in a heavy truck carrying ten tones of
ammunition, driven by a particularly able and experienced driver who Zeal, thrill ‫جوش وخروش‬,
made his way across the apparently trackless desert, was a source of Arms, gunpowder ‫اسلحہ‬,
1
constant 2amazement to Christopher.
1Continuous ‫مسلسل‬, 2surprise ‫حي ےان‬,
‫ں‬
During the next day Christopher suffered one of his worst
experiences. Bahemed assured him that it would be a good thing to
‫ں ے‬
mix a little wine with his water. Christopher was doubtful, but he risked Convince, satisfy ‫يقي دالنا‬,
it.
The result was 1disastrous. During the 2heat of the day they were 1
lying in the shade of the truck, the two Arabians asleep. Wanting Devastating, ruinous ‫تباہ کن‬, warmth ‫تپش‬,
2

something from the driver's cabin, he got up to get it. As he was

climbing up he was suddenly overcome by a strange sickness. His head
started to pound, and he found himself 1shivering 2violently. He knew he
was going to collapse, so he made a desperate effort to avoid the blazing Trembling ‫کانپنا‬, greatly, extremely ‫زور ےس‬,
1 2

sand. His fall as he blacked out, fortunately, woke the other two, and
‫ر‬
Luckily ‫قسمٹ ےس‬ ‫خوش‬,
they dragged him completely into the shade.
For an hour he could not speak. His two companions took off
Friend ‫ساتیھ‬,
their turbans and poured water on them, using them to rub his body
gently in order to keep his temperature down. When he recovered his A head dress ‫پگڑی‬,
senses they gave him as much water as he could drink.

52
 The quality of the water is not the only respect in which In Salah
differs from El Golea. The latter town, with its shady swimming-pools 1Lush, thick ‫بہت زيادہ‬, 2conquer, defeat ‫فتح‬
and its 1luxuriant trees and plants, has 2triumphed over the barrenness of ‫کرنا‬, 3existence, life ‫بقا‬,
1Fight, struggle ‫مقابلہ‬, 2trespassing,
the desert. In Salah is fighting a desperate battle for 3survival, and perhaps
covering ‫حد ےس تجاوز کرنا‬,
losing the 1contest. The sand is constantly 2encroaching on the town.
"Parts of the town are being swallowed by the desert. It is a Engulfed ‫نگل جانا‬,
frightening thing to see. Man has tried by every means to hold it back, but
‫ے‬
in spite of his efforts, the desert keeps tightening its strangle-hold. Palm- Terrifying, horrifying ‫کرن وایل‬ ‫خوفزدہ‬,
trees that once lifted their branches high above the dunes are now like
bushes, and some of them are completely covered. I bent down and picked
dates off some of them. Many people have had to leave their homes.
Storm fences do little, if any, good." Barrier, stockade ‫باڑ‬,
A truck was leaving shortly — a big, dirty, clumsy-looking oil- Soon ‫جلدیہ‬,
truck. This time the driver and greaser seemed reluctant to take him.
Although they finally agreed, they did their best to go without him. It
turned out that they believed him to be a French-man, and they disliked
the French. When they found that he was American they became friendly
at once.
It was unbearably stifling in the driver's cabin. Christopher was
Intolerably ‫ناقابل برداشت طورپر‬,
completely overcome at one point, and when a midday stop was made at
a little mud-building outpost, he staggered inside, to the astonishment of
Amazement, surprise ‫حي ےان‬,
‫ں‬
the French officer quartered there, and lay down on the floor to be ill.
Fortunately, he had recovered by the evening, and was able to continue
the truck journey.
Tamanrasset was reached at last; and here Christopher made one
of his most valuable contacts. This was Professor Claude Balanguernon,
Links, relations ‫تعلقات‬,
a remarkable Frenchman who has devoted himself to helping the Tuareg
Prominent, distinguished ‫ممتاز‬,
people. He succeeded in convincing them that education would be useful Persuading ‫قائل کرنا‬,
to them. Then most wisely, he adapted himself to their habits and Adjusted ‫ڈھال لينا‬,
customs, so that he could help them to get the most from their own natural
way of life, rather than persuade them to adopt Western habits unsuited
Convince ‫قائل کرنا‬,
to their land and traditions.
Unsuitable ‫غي موزوں‬,‫ں‬
Balanguemon acted as Christopher's guide, host, and friend while
he was in Tamanrasset. With his assistance Christopher was able to spend
a week in the encampment of the Tuareg Amenokal (King), an
Camp ‫خيمہ‬,
experience which he found fascinating. The Tuaregs, though their life is
1
primitive, are a people of great 2dignity, extreme 3honesty, high 1Old, ancient ‫قديم‬, 2honour, greatness ‫وقار‬,
intelligence, and with quite an ancient history. In 4preparation for this 3rectitude ‫ايمانداری‬, 4arrangement ‫تياری‬,
visit Christopher learnt to ride a camel, a task which he found more
difficult than it looks. During his first lesson he was thrown over the
animal's head three times, and once over its rear. Back ‫پشت‬,

It was on this formidable type of transport that he was to continue

his Sahara journey. There were no more trucks. Dreadful, horrifying, terrifying ‫ڈراونا‬,

53
 Balanguernon arranged for one of his most educated pupils, a
young Tuareg noble named Boubaker, to act as guide for the first few
days of the 1280 kilometres journey from Tamanrasset to Timbuktu. The
start was made at dawn, Boubaker and Christopher each on a camel, with
a third carrying Christopher's supplies. It would probably be two or three Edibles ‫سامان خوردونوش‬,
weeks before the next village was reached, so it was essential for him to
take enough food and drink to last that time. Out in the burning desert
there are no villages to turn to if food runs short.
The most difficult and dangerous stage of the journey now had to
be endured. It began when Christopher was handed over by the leader Tolerate, bear ‫برداشت کرنا‬,
of a big caravan to a small group who were willing to go to Kidal, about Group, company ‫قافلہ‬,
560 kilometres from Timbuktu. The little party, two Tuaregs, a slave,
and Christopher, began by setting out to find a well which was on their
route, in order to replenish their water-bags. They reached it at last and Refill ‫دوبارہ پھرنا‬,
it was bone-dry.
There was only one tin of food left in Christopher's pack, and the Bundle ‫پارسل‬,
four of them shared the beans it contained. His guides carried no food at
all, and very little water. By the time darkness came, Christopher's water-
supply was down to one litre. At this point twenty large vultures were
discovered, and these stood watching the travellers with interest "making A large ugly bird ‫گدھ‬,
up their minds whether they wanted white or dark meat for the meal they
were sure they would soon by eating."
Discouraged, desperate ‫مايوس‬,
The vultures were to be disappointed. The four men went to sleep
early — a desert custom when travellers are hungry or thirsty — and next
morning were still alive. They had just enough water left to make one
cup of tea each and then set off for the next waterhole, about five hours Well ‫کنواں‬,
distant.
When they reached it, just before the hottest part of the day, they
found that this too, like the previous hole, was completely dry. The next
waterhole was two days away and the travellers now had neither food
nor water.
The future looked grim.
There was just one chance of survival. One of the six camels Life, existence ‫زندگ‬,
could be killed. The decision was made — Christopher being asked to
pay his share of the cost, to which he willingly agreed. Strangely enough, Happily, readily ‫بخوش‬,
as soon as a camel was picked for the slaughter it seemed to know what Kill, butcher, behead ‫ذبح کرنا‬,
was to happen and started screaming at the top of its voice. Cry, shout, yell ‫چالنا‬,
Prey, scapegoat ‫شکار‬,
When the victim was killed, the liquid in its stomach was caught
in a water-bag by the slave. It would be hard to think of a less appetizing
‫اشتہا ں ے‬,
drink than the greenish fluid, like thin blood, produced from this source. Enhancing appetite ‫انگي‬
Even the Tuaregs made faces as they drank it. Christopher could not
1
tackle it, 2parched though he was, until he had boiled it: and even then 1Undertake, handle ‫سنبھالنا‬, 2dry, scorched
he had to hold his nose while he drank it. Somehow, he got it down. ‫خشک‬,
Together with the camel's flesh, the unappetizing liquid kept them going Unpalatable, unsavoury, tasteless ‫بدمزہ‬,
for another two days.
54
 The region through which they were passing was known as the
Land of Thirst and Death, and the name was well chosen. It was an area
notorious for sandstorms as well as for dried-up waterholes. Christopher Infamous, ill-famed ‫بدنام‬,
soon experienced one of them. Shortly after the midday stop on the
following day, the camels all instinctively turned off their course to the Naturally, innately ‫فطری طور پر‬,
right, making for the nearest depression in the waste of sand. The reason Hollow, cavity ‫گڑھا‬,
presently became clear to Christopher as he gazed at the horizon.
"It was incredible. The dunes seemed to be on fire, the peaks Skyline, view, vista ‫افق‬,
were melting away and the whole horizon was changing shape. Then as Tops ‫چوٹياں‬,
it started to get dark I heard a sound like wing blowing through the leaves Liquefy, thaw, defrost ‫پگھلنا‬,
of a tree."
His companions made signs for him to hide himself behind his
camel and cover his head. He did so, but the force of the storm when it Signals ‫اشارے‬,
struck was too great to be avoided. "Even with the camel's body as a
1
shield, I could feel the 2impact of the wall of sand that came 3streaming Shun, keep, away ‫بچنا‬,
along the earth. The wind found even the smallest opening in my clothes, 1Protection, defence ‫ڈھال‬, 2effect ‫اثر‬,

and the sand felt like little needles." ‫ںے‬

3flowing, running ‫تيی ےس آنا‬,

There was nothing he could do but crouch down waiting for the
storm to finish, while the sand steadily piled up on top of him. He found Bend, stoop, kneel ‫پنجوں ےک بل بيٹھنا‬,
himself recalling a true story that just such a sandstorm, many years
earlier, had completely buried a huge caravan of 1200 camels without Remembering ‫ياد کرنا‬,
leaving a trace of them.
The present storm fortunately was less drastic, and lasted only
half an hour. But they all had seventy-five millimeters of sand
completely covering them; and it did not need much imagination to
understand how a party could easily be buried and suffocated.
Kidal was the last town on his route before Timbuktu itself; but
there were still over 450 kilometres of grim desert to be crossed. This
proved to be the loneliest and most arduous stage of the whole desert
crossing.
The stress of desert travel had affected him physically. His hand
Tension, strain, distress ‫بار‬,
had become so cracked that he could hardly use his camera. To add to
Broken ‫پھٹا ہوا‬,
his troubles, he took his camel one day across a huge slab of rock on a
Stone ‫پتھر‬,
slight incline. Then he realized that it was covered with tiny stones. His
camel fell heavily, knocking him off its back; and though it was not
really injured, it was so shocked and frightened that he could not ride it
for some time, but had to follow it on foot.
Another little incident served as a reminder that the desert has
many ways of destroying its victims. Christopher was helping to gather
stones to place in the fire, for the kettle or pan to stand on. He picked up ‫چاب ے‬,
one large rock to find a four-foot snake coiled under it. It uncoiled Teapot ‫دان‬
rapidly and struck, but he managed to jump back Just in time to avoid Twisted ‫کنڈیل مارے‬,
the 1deadly fangs. The guide's slave killed it with a stone, 2indicating by
1 1Fatal,lethal ‫مہلک‬, 2show, reveal ‫ظاہر کرنا‬,
gestures that it was a very 2poisonous 3specimen.
1Signs‫اشارے‬, 2venomous ‫زہر يال‬, 3kind,
A day later he caught his first 4glimpse of Timbuktu. He had
reached his goal at last and his Journey had taken him across 3200 pattern ‫قسم‬, 4view, glance ‫جھلک‬,
kilometres of desert.
55
 This was the end of his main journey; but it was by no means the
end of his adventures. The stay in Timbuktu had enabled him to recover
some of the weight he had lost in the desert, and he was beginning to feel
fit and well. He experienced a 1curious 2longing to see some more of the 1Strange,
queer ‫عجيب‬, 2desire, wish, craving
strange and 3mighty desert before leaving the country, perhaps for good. ‫شديد خواہش‬, 3vast, huge, gigantic ‫بہت بڑا‬,
A sudden decision was made. He sent a telegram to Professor For ever ‫ہميشہ ےکلن‬,
Claude Balanguemon in Tamanrasset, and then flew rapidly eastward by
plane, partly across the Land of Thirst and Death across which he had so
painfully toiled. From Agades he travelled north to meet Balanguemon,
partly in a hired jeep with a French Lieutenant, partly by camel. Labour, struggle ‫سخت محنت کرنا‬,
The arrangement was that the Professor would drive south in his
jeep from Tamanrasset to a well at In Abbangarit, where Christopher
would wait for him. If Christopher had not after all reached it by the
appointed day, then Balanguemon would continue south on the primitive
road towards Agades.
Unfortunately the caravan with which Christopher was travelling
insisted on making a lengthy detour to water their camels at a well, some Old, ancient, primal ‫قديم‬,
distance front the road. The American insisted on getting back to the road
again as soon as possible, expressing himself vigorously to the leader by Indirect, course ‫چکردارراستہ‬,
signs as they could not speak each other's language. But by the time they
got hack to the road two days had been lost.
The caravan presently left the route, but a boy acted as a guide to Forcefully, strongly ‫پرزورانداز ےس‬,
lead Christopher to the well at In Abbangarit. It was reached just at
nightfall, and the following morning the boy went hack, leaving
Christopher alone to await the arrival, as he supposed, of the Professor Soon ‫جلدیہ‬,
from the north.
There is no village at In Abbangarit. The only building is a bordj, Beginning of night ‫رات کا آغاز‬,
which is a simple mud structure consisting of a roof and four walls, with
one hole to serve as a window and another to serve as a door. The well
is about 275 metres away.
When he reached it he had a shock. There was water there all
right — but it was a good 46 metres below, and there was neither rope
nor bucket! ‫ے‬
Blow, upset, disturbance ‫پريشان‬,
He returned to the bordj and searched his pack. The only possible
container to bring up the water was a small metal teapot, which would
carry about half a cupful of liquid at a time if a line was tied to the handle
and the 1spout 2plugged up.
A line tied to the handle ..... but where was the line!
Fastening together all the available bits of cord and articles of String ‫رش‬,
1Nozzle, projection, outlet ‫ٹونٹ‬, 2stop up
clothing he could at first make only 8 metres. On an inspiration he tore
the turban he was wearing into four strips. Still the teapot reached no ‫بند کردينا‬,
more than half-way down the well.
‫اچانک ے‬,
Impulse, idea, ‫آبواال خيال‬
What else? His sleeping-bag? No, for it was now the winter
season, which meant that the nights were bitterly cold, although the days,
by normal standards,

56
were still unbearably hot. Without a sleeping-bag or blanket he would
freeze to death.
That night he lay in his sleeping-hag picturing himself dying of
thirst and hunger if the Professor did not arrive in the next day or two.
He had with him a small recording machine. The notion of death Idea, thought, impression ‫خيال‬,
suggested to him that it might be a good idea to record his last thoughts
for the benefit of those who found his body. The set was battery-operated,
with thin wire as the recording medium.
Wire!
It dawned on him suddenly that here was the 'rope' he needed to Occur to mind, come to mind ‫ذہن ںمي آنا‬,
reach the water in the well. The wire was very thin, little thicker than a
human hair, but it was about 305 metres long. By putting several strands
together, it should be possible to make a line strong enough to bear the
weight of a small teapot half-full of water.
The 1scheme worked. Seven strands of wire, 2laboriously twisted Plan ‫ترکيب‬, arduously, strenuously ‫محنت‬
1 2

together, just reached comfortably to water-level in the well. ‫ےس‬,

The liquid brought up in the teapot was not particularly inviting Appealing, tasteful ‫پرکشش‬,
— it was like a mixture of mud and Sulphur — but it was drinkable, and
it would save him from dying of thirst. He spent the whole morning
drawing up potful after potful, and was able to collect five, 23 litres to
take hack to the bordj.
The following evening as he sat outside the bordj, staring only
half-consciously at the horizon, he noticed a small sandstorm blowing
vaguely in his direction. Could it be the dust raised by a Car? No, there Ambiguously ‫مبہم انداز ںمي‬,
was too much of it for that.
There was indeed too much dust to be raised by a small jeep; but
it was a rescue party none the less. Two big Desert Patrol cars came
roaring up to the bordj; and Death reluctantly departed.
Claude Balanguemon and a friend arrived a few hours later in the
jeep. What had happened was that they had missed sneering Christopher
Diversion, deviation ‫راستہ ےس ہٹنا‬
during the unfortunate two-day detour. They had later been misdirected
by a native who thought Christopher had returned to Agades. When they Misguided ‫غلط راہ پر ڈالنا‬,
reached Agades and discovered the native's error, Balanguemon realized
that Christopher must have missed them on the road, and that he was
probably waiting at In Abbangarit, short of food. He very sensibly got in
touch with the Desert Patrol and they sent out four trucks to cover the Wisely ‫عقلمندی ےس‬,
desert north from Agades, and in particular to visit In Abbangarit.
His foresight saved Christopher's life, and enabled the hitch-
hiking journey across the Sahara to end in a return to the Hoggar region Anticipation,
‫ے‬
prudence, forethought ‫پيش‬
‫بيٹ‬,
instead of in a sandy grave in the heart of the desert.

57
 ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS

1. Give an idea of the size of Sahara. How does it compare with England?
Ans. The Sahara Desert is many times the size of Great Britain. If a giant puts England in the middle of the
Sahara, this country will be lost in the desert. It will be difficult to find this country again.
2. What had Christopher's foster mother to do with his desire to see distant places?
Ans. During Christopher's child-hood, his foster-mother often threatened him to send him to Timbuktu if he
made mischief. Instead of frightening Christopher, this threat aroused the desire to see the distant places.
3. How did he manage to get a seat in the weapons carrier?
Ans. He had a permit from the war ministry which allowed him to travel with the soldiers. It had a cancellation
stamp on its back. But fortunately, the army officer did not see this stamp and allowed him to get into
the weapons carrier.
4. What was the most noticeable feature of the desert city, named Ghardaia?
Ans. Ghardaia was a typical desert city. It was full of sticky flies. These flies covered everything. They
followed the food into the mouths of the people.
5. How did they manage to drive the heavy truck in the trackless desert with its soft sand?
Ans. Sometimes, it became very difficult to drive the truck on soft sand. So, they spread ten-foot strips of
steel under the wheels of the truck to make a runway for it. Christopher also helped them in this task.
6. What did the driver of the truck tell Christopher about three Englishmen who had attempted to cross
the desert?
Ans. The driver told Christopher that three Englishmen had tried to cross the desert.
Their car was stuck in a sand dune. They died of thirst. Three days later, their bodies were found.
These bodies were dried likes leaves.
7. Give an account of the little town, named El Golea, and compare it with In Salah, bringing out
the difference between the two.
Ans. El Golea is a true oasis. It has many fruit trees, springs of water, green fields and birds. In-Salah is also
an oasis. But it is losing its green spots. Sand is encroaching upon it.
8. What do you know of Professor Claude Banlanguernon?
Ans. He was a French professor. He had devoted his life to the education of the Taureg people. He became
Christopher's friend and guide. At the end of the hitch-hike, he saved Christopher's life.
9. Describe the events leading to the killing of a camel. What sort of water did they get from its
stomach?
Ans. While travelling, all the members of the caravan ran out of water. The water holes were dry. So, they
slaughtered a camel to get some water from its stomach. This water was greenish and stinky. It had a
very bad taste.
10. Describe the journey through the land of Thirst and Death.
Ans. This place was notorious for sand storms and dry water holes. Here, Christopher faced a severe sand
storm. He hid himself behind a camel. Thus, he saved his life.
11. Describe the stay at in Abbangarit. How did Christopher manage to get water there?
Ans. At ln-Abbangarit, Christopher waited for the professor. He stayed in a mud-room. He ran out of water.
The water in the nearby well was very low. He tied a tea-pot to the wire of his recorder and succeeded
in taking out some water from the well.
 13- SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING
Patrick Pringle

Pasteur discovered germs, and Lister killed them. These two men together
revolutionized the theory and practice of medicine.
Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, discovered that disease was Find out ‫دريافت کرنا‬,
caused by living organisms so small that they could not be seen with the
naked eye-micro-organisms, or microbes, or bacteria, or germs; the Microbes ‫جراثيم‬,
words all mean the same thing. Joseph Lister, an English surgeon-later
Lord Lister, the first medical peer-applied Pasteur's discovery to surgery. Fellow, person of the same status ‫ہم مرتبہ‬,
Since germs are alive, germs can be killed. They can be destroyed
by heat or poisoned by certain chemicals, called antiseptics; carbolic acid
is one, and that was the germ-killer Lister used. Previously surgeons had, Germicidal, germ-killer ‫جراثيم کش ادويت‬,
without knowing it, infected their patients on the operating-table with Formerly, before ‫پہےل‬,
germs, chiefly from their surgical instruments. Lister sterilized his Contaiminate, cause infection‫آلودہ کردينا‬
instruments with carbolic acid, and used carbolic acid to kill the germs on ‫جراثيم‬, tools ‫آالت‬,
his hands, on the patient's skin, and even in the air in the operating-theatre.
Then he could cur his patients open without fear of infecting them with
the germs of disease.
Lister's aim was the prevention of disease. The object of his
antiseptic method, as it was called, was to stop germs from getting into Stopping, checking ‫روک تھام‬,
the body. The cure of disease was a more difficult problem, for here the
germs were already inside the body. Certainly they could be killed by the Remedy, treatment ‫عالج‬,
same antiseptic method: but it was soon found that a chemical that ً
Surely ‫يقيينا‬,
destroyed germs also destroyed the cells of the body. Injecting carbolic
acid into the blood was tried, and quickly abandoned for it did more harm Inoculate ‫ٹيکہ ےکذريےع داخل کرنا‬,
than good. To kill all the germs the dose would have had to be strong Give up, stop ‫ترک کرنا‬,
enough to kill the patient, too. Amount of medicine ‫خوراک‬,
It was a bacteriologist named Metchnikoff, a pupil of Pasteur,
who revealed the true nature of the problem. He discovered the body's Expert in germ studies ‫علم جراثيم کاماہر‬,
natural armour against disease—the leucocytes, or white cells of the Show, disclose ‫افشا کرنا‬,
blood. He showed that when germs enter the body they are immediately White cells of the blood ‫خلن‬
‫خون ےک سفيد ں‬,
ً
attacked by 1hosts of white cells from the whole 2neighbourhood, which At once ‫فورا‬,
1Crowd, mob ‫بہت زيادہ‬, 2surroundings ‫گردو‬
rush to join battle with the invader like soldiers answering a bugle-call.
‫نواح‬, attacker ‫حملہ آور‬,
He showed that disease was, in fact, a fight between the leucocytes and
the germs—and a fight to the death, for it ended only with the death of
the germs or the death of the patient.
Carbolic acid and all the other known antiseptics did more damage to the
leucocytes than to the germs. The problem was to find something that Harm ‫نقصان‬,
would attack only the germs, and to help, not destroy, the fighting
leucocytes.

61
 The problem was still unsolved in 1906, when Alexander
Fleming passed the finals of his medical examination and joined the staff
of the Inoculation Department of St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington. Injection ‫ٹيکہ لگانا‬,
Alexander Fleming was born on a farm near Darvel, in Ayrshire,
on August 6, 1881. He was the youngest of a family of eight. His father
died when he was seven years old, and his eldest brother, Hugh, took
over the management of the farm. Alexander was then still going to the
village school. At ten he went to Darvel School, and stayed till he was Arrangement, administration ‫انتظام‬,
twelve. That was the age-limit. The question was then discussed whether
he should continue his education or go back to the land. It was decided
to keep him at school, and he went to Kilmarnock Academy. At fourteen
he went to London, and for the next two years he studied at the Regent
Street Polytechnic.
Three of his brothers were already in London when he arrived.
One of them, Thomas, had studied medicine at Glasgow University, and
was a qualified oculist. Two others became opticians. And back in
Eye specialist ‫معالج چشم‬,
Scotland one of his sisters married a Darvel doctor, and another a
veterinary surgeon. The Flemings, born on the land, were becoming a
medical family. But when Alexander left the Polytechnic, at sixteen, he Of animals ‫حيوانات کا‬,
was to take a job as a clerk in a shipping firm in Leaden-hall Street.
There was not enough money for him to study for a profession or trade. Heritage, inheritance ‫وراثت‬,
Fleming worked in Leaden-hall Street for four years. Then, at
twenty, he received a share in a legacy. It was not large, but enough for
him to train for a career with better prospects. His brother Thomas was
then in Harley Street: and according to Fleming himself, "My brother Chance, likelihood ‫امکانات‬,
Thomas pushed me into medicine."
There were twelve medical schools in London, and Fleming
knew nothing about any of them. He chose St. Mary's for no better reason
than that he had played water-polo against the Hospital team.
For eight years Fleming worked in Wright's laboratory; for eight
years he sought to find a means to aid the leucocytes in their fight against
invading bacteria. Then, in 1914, he joined the R.A.M.C., and came face Help, support ‫مدد کرنا‬,
to face with one of the main medical problems of the First World War: Attacking ‫حملہ اور‬,
the treatment of infected wounds.
By 1914 Lister's antiseptic method of surgery had been largely
1
replaced by what was called the 2aseptic method. Instead of chemicals
1Changed ‫بدل ديا‬, 2free from germs ‫جراثيم ےس پاک‬,
heat was used to sterilize instruments, clothing and other operating-
theatre equipment. The purpose was the same, to prevent germs from Disinfect, purify ‫جراثيم ےس پاک‬,
getting into the wound. In peace-time this was adequate for most Aim, object ‫مقصد‬,
surgical cases; but in the treatment of war wounds prevention was not Suitable ‫موزون‬,
enough. In nearly every case the wound was infected before treatment Stop ‫روکنا‬,
could be begun. Thus the surgeon's problem was the same as that of a Polluted ‫جراثيم آلودہ‬,
physician treating disease: he had to try to kill the germs without
damaging the leucocytes that were already fighting against them.

62
 There was no solution—and the problem was tremendous. For Huge, big ‫بہت بڑا‬,
1War ‫جنگ‬, 2things that blast ‫دھما کہ‬,
the first time in 1warfare high 2explosives were used 3extensively, and
3widely, greatly ‫ بہت زيادہ‬,
wounds that were not infected were rare indeed. The surgeons were
unprepared. Thanks to the antiseptic and aseptic methods, infection in
ٰ
surgical cases had become the exception instead of the rule; now it was Exeption ‫استث ےٹ‬,
the other way about again. "We have in this war gone back to all the
septic infections of the Middle Ages", said the Director-General of the Infected ‫جراثيم زدہ‬,
Army Medical Service.
Medical officers treated infected wounds by the only method Cure ‫عالج کرنا‬,
they knew, with chemical antiseptics. They applied carbolic acid, iodine, Used ‫استعمال کيا‬,
and other chemicals to open wounds in an attempt to destroy as many
germs as possible. They could not destroy all the germs, but thought that
if only some were killed it would be better than none.
Meanwhile Fleming, a medical officer himself, was still working
with his old chief. Sir Almroth Wright had been made a Colonel in the
Army Medical Service, and had set up a research laboratory at Boulogne.
There, with the help of Fleming, he set to work to tackle the problem of
wound infection.
Wright and Fleming discovered that the treatment being used was
doing more harm than good. Each of the chemical antiseptics was more
harmful to the leucocytes than to the germs: and in some cases the
antiseptic 1actually helped the germs to grow and 2multiply. And Wright 1Really ‫ںے‬
‫واقیع‬, 2increase rapidly ‫تيی ےس اضافہ ہونا‬,
and Fleming both 1insisted that the method was 2basically wrong – that 1Persist ‫ارصار کرنا‬, 2originally ‫بنيادی طور پر‬,
the surgeon's aim should be not so much to kill the germs with an outside
agent as to help the leucocytes do their natural germ-killing work.
Experiments were made with different chemicals, and one after
another became fashionable and then gave way to the next. And at the
end of the War, which had killed about seven million men, the problem Popular ‫مروجہ‬,
was still unsolved.
Fleming, now thirty-seven, went back to St. Mary's and
continued research. And in 1922 he discovered an antiseptic—not a
chemical like carbolic acid, but a natural antiseptic manufactured by the
body. Prepared ‫تيار کيا‬,
He made the discovery by what he modestly called an 1accident.
He was suffering from 2catarrh, and began to examine his own 3nasal Humbly ‫انکساری ےس‬, 1chance ‫اتفاق‬,
secretions. In these 4secretions he discovered a substance that destroyed 1chance ‫اتفاق‬, 2Cold, flue ‫نزلہ‬, 3of nose ‫ناک‬

microbes on the culture plate. He called it lysozyme. ‫گ‬, Liquid stuff, fluid ‫مواد‬,
Lysozyme proved to be of little practical use in the treatment of
disease, but the discovery was of considerable importance: for it was the ‫ے‬
Great, utmost ‫کاف‬,
forerunner of penicillin.
Herald, precursor ‫پيش رو‬
Lysozyme was not a chemical but a natural antiseptic; and
1
unlike chemical antiseptics, it destroyed germs and yet had no 2harmful 1In contrast to ‫ےکبرعکس‬, 2injurious ‫نقصان‬
effect on the leucocytes. It was, in fact, the first antiseptic discovered
‫دہ‬,
that was harmless to the cells of the body.
Penicillin was the second.
63
 The discovery of lysozyme did not bring Fleming popular fame,
but it raised his position in the world of science. The medical profession
began to pay more attention to what he said: and at this time he had quite Heed ‫توجہ‬,
a lot to say on the subject that had occupied his mind ever since the First
World War. Chemical antiseptics were fashionable again, and Fleming
once more reminded doctors of the greater importance of the natural
defences of the body.
In 1928 Fleming was appointed Professor of Bacteriology in the
l university of London and in the same year he "hit on penicillin. The Discover ‫دريافت کرنا‬,
phrase in his own. "The very first stage in the discovery." he says. "was
due to a stroke of good fortune." But only the first stage.
In his laboratory at St. Mary's he was carrying out a series of
experiments on the common germ called staphylococcus. He was ‫ے‬
growing colonies of the germs on plates spread with agar. The plates Groups ‫کاف تعداد ںمي‬,
were kept covered, but to examine them under a micro-scope he had to
take the covers off. "As soon as you open a culture plate," he said
afterwards, "you are asking for trouble. Things drop from the air. One of
those bits of trouble happened to be penicillin. A 1mould 2spore, coming 1Fungus ‫پھپھوندی‬, 2a germ ‫بيج‬,
from I don't know where, dropped on the plate."
1Presumably
the spore of the mould, or 2fungus, was blown in 1Probably ‫شائد‬, 2mould ‫پھپھوندی‬,
through the window. It may have come from the 1larder of a 2forgetful 1Store ‫نعمت خانہ‬, 2careless ‫غي محتاط‬,
‫ں‬
Paddington housewife – for this particular mould commonly breeds on Nourish ‫پررورش پانا‬,
damp bread, cheese, and preserves. It grows best when the conditions Wet, moist ‫گيال‬,
are cool and damp and the summer of 1928 was very cool and damp.
Having settled on the culture plate, the mould began to grow. And
almost at once the microbes round it began to disappear. Vanish ‫غائب ہونا‬,

Fleming put aside the work he was doing and began to Give up ‫ايک طرف رکھ دينا‬,
investigate. He made a pure culture of the mould, and tried its effect on Probe into, examine ‫تحقيق کرنا‬,
other bacteria. Some grew right up to it; others, like the staphylococci,
stopped short, 1inhibited by its 2antibacterial action. 1Stop, check ‫روکنا‬, 2germ-killing ‫جراثيم کش‬,

The next step was to produce the anti-bacterial substance free of

the mould. Fleming did this by plating the mould on a meat broth. It Soup ‫شوربہ‬,
grew on the surface as a felt-like mass, and turned the broth yellow. After
a week's growth the fluid was strained through a fine filter and tested for Sift, filter ‫چھاننا‬,
its anti-bacterial properties. The results were as favourable as before, and Qualities ‫اوصاف‬,
Fleming knew that he had discovered another natural antiseptic with far
greater possibilities than lysozyme. He called it penicillin.
Further experiments showed that, in its effects on germs like
staphylococci, penicillin was about three times as strong as carbolic acid
and all the other chemical antiseptics, it had no toxic effect at all on
leucocytes. Theoretically it looked like an ideal germ-killer— the Harmful, poisonous ‫زہر يال‬,
antiseptic that had been sought ever since Pasteur discovered germs. In
practice there was one big 1obstacle: in its 2crude form penicillin was
1Hurdle ‫رکاوٹ‬, 2raw, unrefined ‫خام‬
64
unstable, and it could not be used in the treatment of disease until a
means was found of concentrating it. Condense, thicken ‫مرتکز کرنا‬,
That was a chemist's job, and Fleming was a bacteriologist.
He tried to concentrate the drug, but failed. He lacked both the
training and the equipment needed for the job. He published his findings, Apparatus ‫آالت‬,
and continued to 1proclaim his 2faith in penicillin; and he kept his original 1Declare, announce ‫اعالن کرنا‬,2 belief ‫اعتقاد‬,
culture of the mould. It can be seen today, dried up but still
recognizable, in a place of honour in the Museum of the Medical School Identifiable ‫قابل شناخت‬,
of St. Mary's Hospital.
So it seemed that penicillin was, like lysozyme, just another
laboratory success. And regretfully Fleming turned to other things. Sadly, sorrowfully ‫افرسدگ ےکساتھ‬,
Meanwhile a fresh attempt had been begun to solve the
problem of concentrating penicillin. It was made at Oxford by a team
headed by Professor (now Sir) Howard Florey and Dr. E. B. Chain.
The Oxford team included trained chemists as well as
bacteriologists, and had all the equipment that Fleming had lacked; yet
it was a long, hard struggle before they succeeded in producing a
practical concentration of penicillin. The first human cases were treated
in 1941, and the problem then became a matter of production. One of
the Oxford team went to America, where new methods of manufacture
were discovered, and in 1943 penicillin reached the Eighth Army in Egypt.
In the words of Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, "The healing of war
wounds was revolutionized." Penicillin arrived just in time to save Recovery ‫مندمل ہونا‬,
countless lives. It was easily the strongest weapon yet forged in the
fight against disease. Make, produce ‫بنانا‬,

While penicillin was being hailed as a wonder drug, the name of Greet, welcome ‫استقبال کرنا‬,
its discoverer was hardly known outside the medical profession. Then Sir
Almroth Wright wrote a letter to The Times telling the world who had
made the discovery. And Fleming became famous.
He was knighted in 1944, and awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine
in 1945. Government and universities all over the world showered him
with honours. He had to travel widely, attend functions, make speeches, Bestow ‫نوازنا‬,
received thanks—often personal expressions of gratitude from people
who owed their lives to his discovery. In Italy once, at a medical Gratefulness, thankfulness ‫تشکر‬,
gathering, an unknown man in short-sleeves pushed himself and his
three children forward to reach Fleming. "If these children are alive,"
He said, "they owe it to you." Then, pointing to Fleming, he told his
children, "Never forget to ask God in your prayer to bless this man."
But Fleming protested that such gratitude was not due to him.
"Everywhere I go people thank me for saving their lives," he said, "I Complain, object ‫احتجاج کرنا‬,
don't know why they do it. I didn't do anything; Nature makes penicillin.
I just found it." it was not just modesty that made him say this. It was a
restatement of his belief in the healing power of Nature. He protested Meekness, humility ‫انکساری‬,
vigorously against the idea that penicillin was a man-made
Strongly, powerfully ‫مي‬
‫ پرزورانداز ں‬,
65
invention. 'I have been accused of inventing penicillin, but no man could Charge with, blame for ‫الزام دينا‬,
have done that. Nature, in the form of a lowly vegetable, has been Plain, ordinary ‫عام‬,
making it for thousands of years. I only discovered it." And always he
insisted that he discovered it by chance.
"Happy is he who already belonged to history in his own life-time,"
said Lord Moran, referring to Fleming, but Fleming was not happy in the
limelight. "I am a simple bacteriologist," he said; and as soon as he could Fame ‫شہرت‬,
slip away he went back to his laboratory at St. Mary's and got back to
work.
The Americans visited the laboratory and were amazed. One said Astonished ‫حيان‬,
‫ں‬
it was "like the backroom of an old-fashioned drug store." He found it
hard to believe that penicillin could have been discovered there.
Fleming laughed, and in Detroit, where he was shown over the last word
in research laboratories—a gleaming, dustless, air-conditioned, sterilized
sanctum—he shocked his hosts by saying, "Wonderful, but penicillin
could never have been discovered in a lab like this." When they saw the
point they could not deny it. Their culture plates were never
contaminated, for the air was too pure: there was no way in for spores Polluted, infected ‫جراثيم آلودہ‬,
of a common mould.
Fleming's achievement was not only the discovery of
penicillin. As the Surgeon-General of the United States Forces said,
"Fleming, like Pasteur, has opened up a whole new world of science."
He founded the antibiotic—that is, growth inhibiting treatment of
disease. He provoked others to seek new antibiotics, and all research- Excite, urge ‫اکسانا‬,
workers to be on the lookout for them, particularly in moulds and fungi;
and out of these researches, which but for Fleming would not have been Except, beside ‫ماسوان‬,
started came new drugs, made by nature and at last discovered by man, of
which the best known at present is streptomycin. Fleming himself
regarded this as the most important result of his work. Even before Consider, think ‫سمجھنا‬,
penicillin was in general use, he said, "The greatest benefit penicillin has Advantage ‫فائدہ‬,
conferred is not to the drug itself but the fact that its discovery has Grant, give ‫عطا کرنا‬,
stimulated new research to find something better." Arouse, inspire ‫اکسانا‬,

Sir Alexander Fleming died in 1955 at the age of seventy-three. His

work will never die.

66
 ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS

1. What are antiseptics and what is the antiseptic method?

Ans. Antiseptic are those chemicals which are used to kill germs. Antiseptic method is the method of killing
the germs by using chemicals. It is also the method of preventing the germs from entering the human body.
2. What was the chief defect of antiseptic method?
Ans. Antiseptic method killed the germs. But it also killed the white blood cells. Sometimes, its overdose
could kill the patient. Thus, it did more harm than good.
3. What part is played by the white cell in the blood of -a. human body?
Ans. White blood cells are our natural defense against infection and diseases. When germs enter our body,
the white blood cells attack them and kill them.
4. Give an account of the early life of Fleming.
Ans. Fleming was born in 1881 in Scotland. His father died when he was only seven years old. He studied at
Regent Street Polytechnic. In 1928, he became a professor of bacteriology at the University of
London.
5. Describe how Fleming discovered penicillin.
Ans. He discovered penicillin just by chance. One day, he was doing his experiments on germs. His culture
plates were uncovered. Some spores of fungus fell on culture plates and killed the germs. This was a
natural antibiotic. Fleming called it by the name of penicillin.
6. In what respect is penicillin better than the chemical antiseptics?
Ans. Chemical antiseptics kill the germs, but they also kill the white blood cells. Penicillin kills the germs
without harming the white blood cells. In this respect, penicillin is better than chemical antiseptics.
7. What did you know of the Oxford team?
Ans. Oxford team included many trained chemists and bacteriologists. They had all the necessary equipment.
They worked very hard and finally produced a practical concentration of penicillin.
8. How did they make penicillin more effective?
Ans. They worked very hard and finally produced a practical concentration of penicillin. In 1943, they used
it for the treatment of injured English soldiers in Egypt. It proved to be very useful and saved countless
lives.
9. Write a note on penicillin as a wonder drug?
Ans. Penicillin killed the germs without harming the white blood cells. Even it strengthened the white
blood cells. It became the strongest weapon against infection and disease. It was used for the treatment
of fatal wounds and saved countless lives.
10.Was Fleming proud of his discovery?
Ans. No, he was not proud of his discovery. He said that nature produced penicillin and he had only
discovered it. Moreover, he had discovered it by chance.
11.Why couldn't penicillin have been discovered in the research laboratories of America?
Ans. Penicillin could not have been discovered in the laboratories of America because they were very
clean. Those laboratories could not allow any mould spores to fall on culture plates.
12. Fleming's achievement paved the way for other discoveries in the medical field. What are
they?
Ans. The discovery of penicillin paved the way for many other discoveries in the medical field. The
scientists worked hard and discovered streptomycin and many other antibiotics.
 14- LOUIS PASTEUR
Margaret Avery
1Common ‫عام‬, 2status ‫حالت‬,
Pasteur was born in quite 1humble 2circumstances, at Dole in the Jura
district of France in 1822. His father as a young man had been one of
Napoleon's conscripts and had won the Cross of the Legion of Honour
1Bravery ‫بہادری‬, 2devotion ‫وفاداری‬,
on the field of battle, for 1valour and 2fidelity. Thus the son was
1 1Lucky ‫خوش قسمت‬, 2have ‫رکھنا‬, 3forefathers
fortunate in 2possessing 3forbears of 4character and strength. There is
much 5evidence of the 6influence of the father on the son; Pasteur ‫بزرگ‬, 4qualities ‫کردار‬, 5proof ‫ثبوت‬, 6effect ‫اثر‬,
showing time after time the strength of his devotion to France. He was Dedication, fidelity ‫وفاداری‬,
perhaps even more of a patriot than of a scientist, e.g., in 1848, when Nationalist ‫محب وطن‬,
1Disordered ‫انتشارواال‬, 2 enlist ‫بھرتی ہونا‬,
Europe was politically 1upheaved, Pasteur 2enrolled himself in the
National Guard and seeing one day in the Place due Pantheon, a sort of
altar 1labeled "autel de la patrie" 2promptly 3placed on it all his worldly 1Marked ‫جن پرليبل لگاہواتھا‬, 2quickly ‫فورا‬,
wealth-150 francs. Again, in 1870 he was returning from Germany to 3put ‫رکھ دی‬,

France, and at Strasburg, heard that France was on the verge of war with
1Hastened ‫تيزی سےگيا‬, 2greatly ‫کافی‬,
Germany whereupon he 1hurried to Paris and was 2exceedingly
1 1Hopeless ‫مايوس‬, 2army ‫فوجی‬, 3rulers ‫حکام‬,
disappointed when the 2military 3authorities 4refused to enroll him in
the National Guard — on the score that a half 5paralysed man was useless 4debt ‫انکار کرنا‬, 5disabled ‫مفلوج‬,

in the army. (He had a 1paralytic 2stroke two years before, in 1868, and 1Of paralysis ‫فالج کا‬, 2attack ‫حملہ‬,

never shook off the physical effects, though after two years he was able
to continue his mental work as well as ever before.)
However, to return to his boyhood — when he was two years old
the family moved from Dole to Arbois, where his father bought a small
tannery, and here Pasteur was sent to school at the Communal College A leather factory ‫چمڑا‬,
where at first he showed no interest whatever in books or study but
devoted his attention to fishing and making sketches of his 1companions. Dedicate ‫وقف کرنا‬,
However 2directly he 3grasped the fact that his education was a great 1friend ‫ساتھی‬, 2Presently ‫جلدہی‬, 3realize ‫سمجھ لينا‬,
drain on the family funds, he set himself in earnest at school and soon Enthusiasm ‫جذبہ‬,
developed the passion for work which marked the whole of the rest of his remaining ‫باقی ماندہ‬,
life.
The College at Arbois did not teach philosophy and so, after a
time, Pasteur went on to Besancon, a bigger place, with better educational
provision. Here he graduated in Science and Arts and was given a post Facilities, services ‫سہولت‬,
on the College Staff.
He was already much interested in Chemistry — too much so for
the professor of that subject at Besancon, whom Pasteur used to
1
embarrass with 2unanswerable questions. The Professor in question 1Confuse ‫پريشان کرنا‬, 2unsolvable ‫ناقابل جواب‬,
disapproved of saying "I don't know" and used to try to keep Pasteur "in Dislike ‫ناپسند کرنا‬,
his place" by telling him that questions were to be asked by the Teacher
of the Scholar and not vice versa.
In 1842, i.e., when he was twenty, he went in for the entrance
examination to the great Ecole Normale in Paris and came out fourteenth
on the list, whereupon he refused to enter, being so disappointed at not
getting a higher place. He took the Higher position ‫بہتر پوزيشن‬,

69
examination again in the following year and was fourth on the list, which
apparently more or less satisfied him. Outwardly ‫بظاہر‬,
At this point one may say a word about his private affairs. In 1848:
at the age of twenty-six he became Deputy Professor of Chemistry in the
University of Strasburg, and here he met his future wife, who was the
daughter of the Rector of the Strasburg Academy. They were married in
1850, and it seems that Pasteur was so buried in his work on the 1wedding Engaged, busy ‫مگن‬,
day that he 2entirely forgot the 3ceremony and had to be 4fetched by a 1Marriage ‫شادی‬, 2totally ‫مکمل طور پر‬,

friend. The marriage, however, was 5extremely happy, and the wife seems 3function ‫رسم‬, 4brought, got ‫الياگيا‬, 5greatly

to have been an important factor in her husband's work. ‫بہت زيادہ‬,

In 1860, the French Academy offered a prize for the solution of

the problem whether 1spontaneous 2generation was or was not a fact, and
Pasteur entered for the 1competition, and 2settled the matter once and for 1Natural ‫بےساختہ‬, 2production ‫پيدائش‬,
all in the negative, proving that if a 1substance be 2sufficiently heated to 1Contest ‫مقابلہ‬, 2resolved ‫حل کرديا‬,

destroy all life and if the air in contact with it be filtered, so that it is free 1Matter ‫مادہ‬, 2greatly ‫کافی حدتک‬,

of germs, then the substance does not alter, i.c., bacteria do nor develop
in it. As usual, his opponents said they had obtained opposite results, so
Pasteur asked for arbitration, and the Academy appointed a Commission, Oppose ‫حريف‬,
before which Pasteur and his adversaries were to repeat their Decision, settlement ‫ثالثی‬,
experiments. On the appointment day, Pasteur appeared 1loaded with Opponents, rivals ‫مخالفين‬,
2
apparatus. His opponents, however, had none; they said the weather was Tests ‫تجر بات‬,
1packed with ‫لدا ہوا‬, 2Equipment, tools ‫سامان‬, `
unfavourable and they would like to wait. The Commission very
reasonably refused; Pasteur did his experiment successfully and won the Hostile, bad ‫ ناسازگار‬,
prize. In the course of these experiments Pasteur found that some germs Properly ‫معقول طور پر‬,
are very difficult to destroy by heat; e.g., milk developed bacteria even
after several minutes' boiling, but after raising the temperature 10°C
above boiling point, he found that no bacteria were left alive. This work
on spontaneous generation was of great value because it stimulated, other
scientists to study the habits of germs, and much of our modem Living ‫زندہ‬,
knowledge of these invisible but very active plants sprang from Pasteur's Excite ‫اکسانا‬,
discoveries. Unseen ‫غير مرئی‬,
Appeared ‫پھٹا‬,
This brings us on to 1870, when France and Germany were
1
plunged into war, and Pasteur ever 2intensely a lover of France, was
filled with 1sorrow and 2anxiety, and with 3loathing of Germany, he Entered ‫داخل ہوئے‬, earnestly ‫شدت سے‬,
wrote to the University of Bonn, which had bestowed on him the degree 1Sadness ‫غم‬, 2worry ‫پريشانی‬, 3disguest ‫نفرت‬,
of Doctor of Medicine, asking that his name should be removed from the Confer ‫دينا‬,
Faculty of the University, and returning his diploma, of which he speaks
thus:-
"Today the 1sight of this 2parchment is 3odious to me, 1Seeing ‫ديکھنا‬, 2document ‫دستاو يز‬, 3hateful
and I feel 4offended at seeing my name .... Placed under 4angry,
‫مکروہ‬, annoyed ‫ناراض‬,
the patronage of a name doomed henceforward to
Fated, destined ‫مقدر ہونا‬,
execration by my country, that of Rex Guilelmus
Having offered himself as a soldier where now he was refused on
the score of physical 1incapacity, this 2unconquerable man turned to the
sword of Science and took up the study of brewing, in order to discover 1inability ‫نااہليت‬, 2unbeatable ‫ناقابل تسخير‬,
a method whereby France might Fermentation ‫شراب کشيد کرنا‬,

70
 1Produced ‫تيارکی گئی‬, 2transmitted ‫منقتل کرديں‬,
produce beer as good as that 1manufactured in Germany. He 2imparted
his discoveries to the English brewers as well as to the French, with the
rather illuminating remark, "We must make some friends for our beloved Enlightening ‫روشن خيال‬,
France." In 1876 this work was published in a book called "Etudes sur la Dear ‫پيارا‬,
Biere," which has been translated into English and is the best known of
Pasteur's books in England, where it has been of tremendous value in the
brewing industry. Huxley once said that Pasteur's work on fermentation Great, huge ‫بہت زيادہ‬,
alone saved France more than enough to pay the Indemnity of the Franco-
German War. Damage, compensation ‫ہرجانہ‬,
However, Pasteur's work on fermentation did not stop short here;
it had far more important effects on medicine, surgery, and public health,
for it was the staring-point for Lord Lister's work on inflammation of
wounds, which in those days caused endless trouble after operations, Swelling, sore ‫ورم‬,
often making amputation necessary and frequently even this was not often ‫اکثر‬,
enough to save the patient's life. About 33% of deaths from major
operations occurred in pre-Listerian days, with the result that surgeons Take place ‫واقع ہونا‬,
were unwilling to operate except as a last and desperate resort. Not ready, hesitant ‫آخری حربہ‬,
Now Pasteur's discovery that fermentation was due to bacteria set
Lister wondering whether inflammation was not also a type of
fermentation due to bacteria getting into the wound. And as the result of
a series of brilliant researches he proved that this was so, and that, if only
germs were 1excluded from wounds, inflammation was 2averted. Excellent ‫شاندار‬,
1Drive out ‫خارج کردينا‬, 2stop ‫روک ديناق‬,
The 1antiseptic method in surgery has led on to the 2aseptic
1Germ-killing ‫جراثيم کش‬, 2puring of germs
method of today, where the ideal is to keep the patient's skin free from
germs, so that the living tissues need not be soaked in carbolic, which ‫جراثيم سے پاک کرنا‬,
tends to destroy the tissue as well as the germ. Hence though the Drench ‫بھگودينا‬,
1
instruments and the doctor's hands and everything else are 2rigorously Incline towards ‫مائل ہونا‬,
disinfected, the wound is not thus treated, unless it be an old wound, 1Tools ‫آالت‬, 2carefully ‫صحيح طور پر‬,

already 1infected. The 2enormous value of this work is shown by the fact
1Polluted ‫جراثيم زدہ‬, 2great, huge ‫بہت زيادہ‬,
that the death-rate today in major operations has fallen to about 1%.
To return to Pasteur—the achievement by which he is best known
to the man in the street, viz., his work on disease, was led up to by an
investigation into which he was almost forced by the French Namely, in other words ‫ دوسرے الفاظ ميں‬،‫يعنی کہ‬,
Government. This was the result of a 1mysterious 2epidemic of silkworm Research ‫تحقيق‬,
1Enigmatic ‫پراسرار‬, 2scourage ‫وہا‬,
diseases which for fifteen or sixteen years had been devastating the silk-
industry in the South of France. Now, the keeping of 1silkworms was one
of the chief home-industries of the 2peasantry of the part of France. Destroy ‫تباہ کرنا‬,
Practically every family set aside the best room in the house for the 1Pest ‫ريشم کا کيڑا‬, 2 Farmers ‫کسان‬,
1
rearing and 2tending of silkworms: the women got up even during the
1Keep, raise ‫پالنا‬, 2look after ‫ديکھ بھال کرنا‬,
night to supply the worms with fresh mulberry leaves and to see that the
temperature of the room was just right; and in that region the common
greeting on meeting a friend is said to be not "How do you do?" but "How
are your silkworms doing?"
Until 1849 the industry had 1flourished 2consistently, but in 1849
1Prosper ‫ترقی کرنا‬, 2constantly ‫مسلسل‬,
the moths were attacked by disease. It was thought at first that the eggs
were a fault, and fresh Insects ‫کيڑے‬,
71
ones were brought form other countries and for one season, this cured
1Breed ‫نسل‬, 2offspring, children ‫بچے‬,
the disease; but it reappeared in the first 1generation of 2descendants of
these imported worms, and so the inhabitants were driven to import Settlers, dwellers ‫باسی‬,
fresh eggs each year. Soon, however, the disease spread to neighbouring
countries, until Japan was the only silk-producing country free from the Surrounding ‫گردونواح‬,
disease. This reduced the silk growers to despair, thousands of families Depression, hopelessness ‫مايوسئ‬,
were faced with ruin, and things were so serious that in 1865 the Devastation ‫تباہی‬,
Government asked Pasteur to investigate the disease. At first he refused, Probe into ‫تحقيق کرنا‬,
on the ground that he was a chemist and not a 1naturalist and had never
1Botanist, zoologist ‫حيوانات ونباتات کاماہر‬,
touched a silkworm in his life, but he 2pleaded 3ignorance in vain. "So
2argue, state ‫عذدپيش کرنا‬, 3unawareness
much the better," replied M. Dumas, who bore the message from the
Government, "you will only have the ideas which come to you from your ‫العلمی‬,
own observation." This coupled with his sympathy for the people of the Viewing, survey ‫مشاہدہ‬,
devastated region, overcame his reluctance, and he set out for Alais, a
town in the silk district. Unwillingness ‫تذبذب‬,
Now earlier observers had noted microscopic grains or
"corpuscles" in the bodies of the diseased worms, but nobody had Particle ‫ذرہ‬,
succeeded in finding a remedy, until Pasteur suggested collecting the Cure, treatment ‫عالج‬,
eggs, laid by each moth separately and only keeping those derived from Got, gained ‫حاصل کئے گئے‬,
healthy parents. The only way in which this could be done was by use of
the microscope, and Pasteur realized that this instrument would be a
1Horrifying ‫خوفناک‬, 2farmers ‫کسان‬,
strange and 1terrifying thing to the 2peasants, so he tried to reassure them
by telling them that this little girl of eight years old was quite at home
with it. In addition, he directed the silkworm rearers' attention to the need
of avoiding over-crowding, un-cleanliness, over-heating, and
1 1Unhygienic ‫غير صحتمندانہ‬, 2enfeeble ‫کمزور‬
unhealthy conditions generally, since these 2weakened the insects and
made them more 3liable to the disease. ‫کردينا‬, 3open, exposed ‫خطرےميں‬,
This treatment, though it was not at once adopted, was very
successful in decreasing the epidemic. It has been estimated that before Guessed ‫اندازہ لگايا‬,
Pasteur came to the rescue, France had lost forty million francs through
silkworm disease. An even more important result of this work was that
it led Pasteur on to study the infectious diseases of the higher animals, Infective ‫وبائی‬,
including Man.
It was during his work on the silkworm that Pasteur suffered from
a stroke, the physical effects of which he never shook off. It has been
attributed to overwork on the silk problem. Providentially, however, his Luckily ‫خوش قسمتی سے‬,
mind was not injured, and in 1877, at the age of fifty-five he began to
study the cattle-disease named Anthrax. It had already been suggested Carbuncle ‫کاال پھوڑا‬,
that this was due to a germ, and Pasteur finally proved the truth of this
theory and, further worked out preventive treatment. He cultivated the Protective ‫احتياطی‬,
anthrax bacillus in such a way that it became only mildly poisonous and Breed, rear ‫پالنا‬,
proved that these weakened germs introduced into an animal's blood
gave rise to only slight symptoms of anthrax and protected the animal Sign, signal ‫عالمت‬,
from taking the deadly form, much in the same way as vaccination Lethal, fatal ‫مہلک‬,
prevents smallpox. This protective treatment ha, safeguarded millions of Preventive ‫حفاظتی‬,
sheep and cattle from the disease. Reports from France and Protect, secre ‫بچانا‬,
72
Hungary show that on many farms the death-rate from anthrax has fallen
from 10% to 1% amongst sheep and from 5% to less than 1% among
cattle.
And this brings us to the next stage of Pasteur's work —that on
1Control, conquer ‫قابوپانا‬, 2hatred ‫نفرت‬,
human diseases. 1Overcoming his 2dislike of seeing suffering, he visited
hospitals, collecting infectious matter from patients, examining it
microscopically and identifying the germs associated with various Linked, related ‫کے متعلق‬,
diseases, e.g., at the time the Maternity Hospitals were devastated by
1 1Maternity ‫زچگی سے متعلق‬, 2terrifying ‫خوفناک‬,
puerperal fever in every country, and an 2appalling number of women
died from the disease. Pasteur discovered its germ, and an interesting little
episode is recorded by M. Roux in connection with the discovery. "One Event, incident ‫واقعہ‬,
day, at a discussion on puerperal fever which was taking place at the
Academy of Medicine, while one of the most distinguished 1authorities Famous, eminent ‫مشہور‬,
1Experts ‫ماہرين‬, 2forcefully ‫وضاحت سے‬,
was 2eloquently 3descanting on the causes of epidemics of this disease at
3discuss, comment ‫تبصرہ کرنا‬, 4trude on,
Maternity Hospitals, he was suddenly 4interrupted by Pasteur as
follows:- 'It is nothing of all that which causes the epidemic; it is the cut in ‫بات کاٹنا‬,
doctor and his belongings which carry the germs from diseased to the
healthy woman.' And when the speaker replied (with the superiority
which we can all imagine) that he was afraid they would never discover
that microbe, Pasteur rushed to the black-board and drew the germ,
saying, "Stop, here is its picture." Nowadays, thanks to Pasteur and Lister,
epidemics of this disease in Maternity Hospitals are unknown.
We now come to how he discovered the method of making
vaccines, i.e., weakened germs, which can be inoculated in measured
quantities into human beings as a cure or preventive of the disease caused
by the ordinary un-weakened germ.
He had gone away from his laboratory for a holiday, in 1879,
whilst working at fowl-cholera, and on his return found all his
1
cultivations of the genus dead or dying. He 2proceeded in 3inoculate Bird ‫پرندہ‬,
1Culture, breeding ‫پرورش کئے گئے جراثيم‬,
various birds with those dead or dying germs and found that the birds
2move ‫آگے بڑھنا‬, 3inject ‫ٹيکہ لگانا‬,
showed signs of illness but recovered. The idea then occurred to him of
inoculating them with a fresh lot of virulent germs of chicken-cholera, Come to mind ‫ذہن ميں آنا‬,
and he was 1amazed at the result, viz., that the birds still 2resisted the Fatal, mortal ‫زہر يال‬,
1Astonished ‫حيران‬, 2fight, oppose ‫مدافعت کرنا‬,
disease, though others, which had not been previously dosed with the
1
exhausted germs died. So he arrived at the method of 2attenuating Formerly ‫پہلے‬,
1Weakened ‫کمزور‬, 2weaken, enfeeble
germs, i.e., of cultivating them so that they were weakened, and also at
the fact that such germs inoculated into a healthy animal produced a mild ‫کمزور بنانا‬,
type of illness which protected the animal from attack by the virulent form
of the disease.
The first human disease to which Pasteur applied inoculation was
Hydrophobia or Rabies, the horrible illness produced by the bite of a
"Mad" dog. To give one sonic idea of its horrors, one need only read such
descriptions as the following, of a child of five, admitted to a French
Hospital. "The unfortunate little patient presented all the 1characteristics
cat hydrophobia: 2spasms, 3restlessness, 4shudders at the least breath of 1Signs, properties ‫عالمات‬, 2fit, cramp ‫دورہ‬,
air, an 5ardent thirst, 6accompanied with an absolute impossibility of 3discomfort ‫بےآرامی‬, 4quiver ‫لرزہ‬, 5severe

swallowing, convulsive movements, 1fits of 2furious rage. The child died ‫شديد‬, 6along with, with ‫کےساتھ‬,
after twenty-four hours of horrible suffering 1suffocated by the 2mucus 1Spasm ‫دورہ‬, 2fierce, intense ‫شديد‬,
which filled the 1Stifle, choke ‫دم گھٹنا‬, 2fluid ‫تھوک‬,

73
mouth." As a matter of fact, its germ has never been found, but it was
known that the part of the body affected in hydrophobia was the nervous
tissue, and Pasteur tried taking some of the nervous tissue of an animal
which had died of the disease and attenuating it, which he found could be
done by exposing the spinal cord of rabid rabbits to dry air, which Mad ‫باوال‬,
weakened it until after fourteen days it was harmless. The attenuated
1Make ‫کردينا‬, safe, 2protected ‫محفوظ‬,
spinal cord introduced into dogs 1rendered them 2immune to
hydrophobia, but the treatment was not tried on human beings till 1885,
when a boy, Joseph Meister, was brought to Paris for treatment from a
little place in Alsace. He had been bitten by a mad dog two days before.
Now, human beings do not as a rule develop hydrophobia for a month or
so after being bitten, and Pasteur, being as usual extremely anxious to
ward off suffering, undertook the treatment of the boy by inoculations,
which were continued for ten days. Meanwhile the boy was hardly ill at
all and played about the laboratory very happily, though Pasteur was
1 1Overwhelmed ‫مغلوب‬, 2worry ‫پريشانی‬,
devoured by fears and 2anxiety about the results. However, the boy was
absolutely cured, and two months later a shepherd, who had been bitten Completely, totally ‫مکمل طور پر‬,
by a mad dog, was similarly cured, and three months later three hundred
and fifty cases had been treated, with only one death. By 1899, more than
twenty-three thousand people had undergone the treatment, and the
number today must be larger still. The deaths amongst these- ere less than
1/2%, and there is no doubt that many of the rest were saved from a
terrible death by Pasteur's work.
But though this was the last of Pasteur's great discoveries, its
results were by no means confined to the cure of hydrophobia, for the Limited, restrained ‫محد ود‬,
fame of his success stirred up other scientists to try similar methods of
cure for other diseases, and in the ten years between 1880 and 1890 they
discovered the germs of consumption, diphtheria, typhoid, lock-jaw, Name of a disease ‫تپ دق‬,
cholera, and Malta fever.

In 1893 the antitoxin which cures diphtheria was discovered, and Antidote ‫ترياق‬,
also the protective treatment for cholera. Before the discovery of the
antitoxin 30.4% of diphtheria patients died; now 8.3% die. In 1894-95 the
germs of plague and of the tsetse-fly disease in animals were found. In
1896-97 the protective inoculation treatments for typhoid and plague
were discovered with the result that in Great War there was
extraordinarily little typhoid in our Army compared with the amount of
the disease which had occurred in earlier campaigns, such as the Boer War, battle ‫مہم‬,
War. In India during 1913, 93% of the British garrison were inoculated, Troops ‫فوج‬,
and deaths from typhoid fell from usual 300 — 600 to only 20.
In 1898 — 1900 it was proved that malaria and yellow fever were
conveyed by mosquitoes. Now malaria each year kills millions of men Spreading quickly ‫بے قابو‬,
and weakens millions more. It was rampant in England, under the name
of ague till comparatively recently, it was banished by draining the Exit, eliminate ‫نکال دينا‬,
malarial districts. Now that we know the cause of the disease we can fight
it in two ways by destroying the breeding-places of the mosquito and by
protecting man from the bite of the mosquito. Thus, every puddle of
Pool, pond ‫تاالب‬,
standing
74
water, every pond, etc., should be drained or oiled, and all cisterns and A reservoir ‫پانی کا ذخيرہ‬,
wells should be kept closed in a malarial district, for the mosquito lays
its eggs in water. Windows and doors must have wire-gauze shutters. Covers, filters ‫شٹر‬,
Valuable ‫قيمتی‬,
Beds must be protected by mosquito nets. Finally, quinine is invaluable
as a preventative and cure. It was this knowledge that enabled the
Americans to construct the Panama canal, after the French had failed
1Huge, great ‫بہت بڑا‬, 2ruin, harm ‫تباہی‬,
hopelessly with 1enormous loss of life and money owing to the 2ravages of
malaria and yellow fever.
In 1903 — 05 Bruce showed that sleeping-sickness, which
devastates Central Africa, was conveyed by a species of tsetse-fly. In 1905
in Uganda it caused 8,003 deaths. In 1910 the number was reduced to
1,546.
It is impossible even to catalogue the list of the medical Arrange ‫مرتب کرنا‬,
discoveries which have sprung from Pasteur's work and especially since
the Great World War, which forced us to deal with many hitherto little-
known diseases and conditions and so to greatly increase our knowledge
of them. For example, at the beginning of War tetanus (lock-jaw) was
tremendously common amongst our wounded because the soil of Greatly ‫بہت زيادہ‬,
Belgium and Northern France is full of the germs of the disease: hence
arose the custom of giving every wounded man a dose of anti-tetanus
serum, which reduced the number of cases of tetanus to a tiny proportion.
As an expression of world gratitude, the Pasteur Institute was
built in Paris with subscriptions which came from all parts of the world. Thankfulness ‫تشکر‬,
It was opened in 1888, and was the joy of Pasteur's few remaining years. Donations ‫عطيہ‬,
It had been well said that Pasteur "brought the facts of disease and
death from the 1realm of the 2supernatural and 3miraculous into the
1Field,area ‫شعبہ‬, 2occult ‫مافوق الفطرت‬,
realm of the natural. Disease and death were the great mysteries, where
3fantastic ‫معجزاتی‬,
the occult held sway. The malign and mysterious influence of the moon
caused 1lunacy: there was the evil eye with its 2morbific powers; in
1Madness ‫پاگل پن‬, 2causing disease ‫علت زار‬,
fever and in 'epilepsy the body was possessed by demons: tuberculosis
was the King's Evil, to be cured by the "Sovereign touch." Far more than
all other men, Pasteur abolished for ever these superstitions." Ghosts ‫جنات‬,
Pasteur died in 1895, at the age of seventy-three, and was buried End, eliminate ‫ختم کرنا‬,
False beliefs ‫عوہم پر ستياں‬,
in the Institute.

75
 ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS

1. Describe the early life of Pasteur.

Ans. He was born in 1822 in France. Initially, he was not a very good student. But later on, he developed a
sense of responsibility. He graduated in arts and science. At the age of 26, he became a deputy professor
of chemistry at the University of Strasburg.
2. Give some instances of Pasteur's patriotism.
Ans. Pasteur was more a patriot than a scientist. During the Franco-Prussian war, he tried
to join the French army. But he was rejected on medical grounds. He donated his 150 francs to the
French army. He returned his degree to Germany because it was now an enemy country.
3. What do we mean by spontaneous generation?
Ans. Spontaneous generation means the production of living things from non-living things. It also means that
bacteria can develop in a substance all by themselves.
4. How did Pasteur prove that spontaneous generation was not a fact?
Ans. Pasteur boiled some milk above 100 degree. Thus, he killed all the germs in it. Then he kept it in a
sealed container. No bacteria developed in it. In this way, he proved that spontaneous generation was
not a fact.
5. Describe the importance and popularity of the silkworm industry in France. What help did
Pasteur render in curing the silkworm disease in his country?
Ans. During Pasteur's time, silkworm industry was very popular in France. Even the
people gave more importance to their silk worms than to their children. The disease of silk worms
crippled the French economy. Pasteur gave important instructions to people. The people acted upon
his instructions and the industry flourished again.
6. How did Pasteur discover the treatment for the cattle disease, Anthrax?
Ans. Pasteur cultivated the germs of Anthrax. He weakened them. He injected these
weak germs into the animals. These animals recovered in a few days. This protective treatment saved
millions of animals.
7. How did Pasteur discover the method of making vaccines?
Ans. He inoculated some birds with weak germs. The birds showed of signs of disease, but they recovered.
Then he inoculated them with strong germs. They survived this attack. In this way, he discovered the
method of making vaccines.
8. Give an account of Pasteur's treatment of Hydrophobia and how he cured the first patient suffering
from it.
Ans. He inoculated the patient for ten days with the weak germs of rabies. After ten days, the patient
completely recovered.
9. How did Pasteur show the way to other scientists? Give an: account of the discoveries?
Ans. Pasteur's discovery showed the way to other scientists. They prepared vaccines for many diseases like
diphtheria, typhoid, lock-jaw, cholera etc.
 15- MUSTAFA KAMAL
Wilfrid F. Castle
Complete, whole ‫مکمل‬,
The war was over. Throughout the entire Near and Middle East the
Welcome, greet ‫استقبال کرنا‬,
armies of the democracies had been hailed not so much as 1conquerors,
but as 2deliverers. The Turks themselves were only too glad to be able 1victorious ‫فاتح‬, 2liberator, rescuer ‫ناجی‬,
to lay down arms after almost continuous fighting since 1911. A Surrender, yield ‫ہتھيارڈالنا‬,
government formed from the old Liberals was in power in Istanbul, its
members and the Padishah himself alike eager to 1collaborate with the
Allies; their 2conception of the best interests of the nation was that of 1Cooperate ‫مل کر کام کرنا‬, 2idea, notion, ‫خيال‬,
1
loyalty to the 2Armistice and 3co-operation with the 4occupying forces 1faithfulness ‫وفاداری‬, 2truce ‫ عارضی صلح‬,
of the conquerors. At Istanbul the old British Embassy was now the 3collaboration ‫تعاون‬, 4seizing ‫قابض‬,
British High Commission, supported by military and 1naval
2
detachments. Allied officers were 3supervising the police and the 4ports 1Of navy ‫بحری‬, 2units ‫فوجی‬, 3watch, oversee
and the normal machinery of the government was practically ‫نگرانی کرنا‬, harbours ‫بندرگا ہيں‬,
4

1 1Replace ‫کی جگہ لينا‬, 2proposal‫مشورہ‬,

superseded by orders and 2suggestions from the Allies.
At this time far away in Eastern Anatolia, one Kiyazim 1Unconquered ‫غير مفتوح‬, 2remains, leftover
Karabekar with some 1undefeated 2remnants of the Ottoman Army, ‫باقيات‬,
began to 1obstruct the Allied control officers, refusing to 2disband his 1Hinder, obstruct ‫روڑے اٹکانا‬, 2dissolve,
men. Week by week little 3encounters increased; it was 4apparent that disperse ‫منتشر کرنا‬, 3fight, clash ‫لڑائی‬, 4clear,
the Turks were 5steadily growing bolder. Even in the streets of Anatolia obvious ‫واضح‬, 5 slowly, constantly ‫مسلسل‬,
1Attitutde ‫رويہ‬, 2fear, horror ‫خوف‬,
towns their 1bearing changed. This caused 2consternation not only
among the Allies but in Istanbul itself. Someone must go as the
representative of the Padishah and deal with the situation on the spot— Agent ‫نمائندہ‬,
a strong capable soldier was wanted. Every indication seemed to point Signal, mark ‫اشارہ‬,

to one man as being suitable for the work, and Mustafa Kamal was the
Object, protest ‫اعتراض کرنا‬,
man. At first the British High Commissioner demurred, but his
Reject, cancel ‫مسترد کرنا‬,
objections were for once overruled, and Mustafa Kamal sailed on the
Beach ‫ساحل‬,
15th of May, 1919, for the north-east coast of Anatolia as Governor-
General of the Eastern Provinces. 1Scarcely had the small 2steamer 1Barely, hardly ‫بمشکل‬, 2ship ‫بحری جہاز‬,
bearing Mustafa Kamal entered the Black Sea than the authorities of Carry ‫اٹھانا‬,
Istanbul became 1suspicious of his 2intentions and issued orders for the 1Doubtful, uncertain ‫مشکوک‬, 2aim, intent ‫ارادہ‬,
ship to be intercepted. But it was too late. Stop, check, intervene ‫راستے ميں روکنا‬,

The very same day it became clear beyond all doubt that the
Allies had 1condemned the Ottoman Empire to be 2partitioned to the 1Punish ‫سزاکافيصلہ سنانا‬, 2divide ‫تقسيم کرنا‬,
very walls of Istanbul. On the 15th of May, the Admiral of the British
Mediterranean Fleet informed the Ottoman governor of Izmir that this
great seaport and the rich province of Aydin were to be occupied by the Capture ‫قبضہ کرنا‬,
Greeks. The Ottoman troops were 1hurriedly 2withdrawn into barracks quickly ‫تيزی سے‬, pull back ‫واپسی کا حکم‬,
1 2

and the Greek Metropolitan raised the Cross as the first Greek soldiers Priest, bishop ‫پادری‬,
Alight, dismount ‫جہاز سے اترنا‬,
disembarked.
To all Turkish patriots these events meant that there was only Nationalist, loyalist ‫ محب وطن‬,
one policy to be pursued. Even those most friendly to the Allies were Follow ‫اپنانا‬,
1
infuriated by this foreign occupation of the richest and most 2essentially 1Enraged, angry ‫آگ بگولہ‬, 2necessarily,
Turkish of their provinces. Turkish patriotism was no longer 1vague and basically ‫الزمی طورپر‬,
2 1unclear ‫مبہم‬, 2Unsettled, disputed ‫غير فيصلہ شدہ‬,
undecided, it was a flame burning in the hearts of
 78

men and women of all classes - a flame of indignation not of hatred. Even Anger, rage ‫غصہ‬,
during cruel wars the Turks and the Greeks never hated each other, and
among the Greeks there was little 1enthusiasm for the Anatolian 2adventure. 1Zeal, fervor ‫جوش وخروش‬, 2undertaking
A 3magnificent Greek Royalist officer - loanne Metacas - 4protested strongly ‫مہم‬,3Great, glorious ‫شاندار‬, 4object, oppose
to his Government, but the 5invasion continued. ‫احتجاج کرنا‬, attack ‫حملہ‬,
5
..
In a heavy storm Mustafa Kamal's small ship staggered towards the Sway, lurch ‫ڈگمگانا‬,
landing stage at Samsun on the coast of Anatolia. At Amisa he met Ali Faut,
the commander of a small army corps centred on Ankara, and at a secret Unit, troops ‫فوجی دستہ‬,
meeting of the patriots he sketched out his plan of resistance. First of all, Defiance ‫منراحمت‬,
guerilla bands must hold up the Greeks, and covered by these irregulars the Group ‫گروہ‬,
patriots must build up the National army, but without any help from Mehmet Guerrilla, unofficial ‫غير منظم‬,
IV or any one at Istanbul. "As the Sultan and the Central Government arc in
enemy hands we must set up some temporary government in Anatolia," he Transient, short-lived‫عارضی‬,
continued, "A congress of delegates to represent the real, free Turkey should
Representative ‫مندوب‬,
be called as quickly as possible." Meanwhile Mustafa Kamal set out to tour
the villages, preaching resistance and in every place appointing
representatives to form centres of patriotic revolt. Yet even the energy and
personality of Mustafa Kamal would not have been so effective had not news Rebel, mutiny ‫بغاوت‬,
arrived that the Greeks were advancing. Everywhere the local Turks vowed
that death was preferable to rule by Greeks. Moreover, the Allies who had
made these plans were far away while near at hand was an un-disbanded
Turkish army corps at Diyarbekir. Men came crowding back to the ranks with United, allied ‫متحد‬,
guns and ammunition 1raided from the Allied arms 2dumps.
1Loot, plunder ‫لوٹ مار کرنا‬, 2store,
As soon as Mehmet heard of these activities he ordered Mustafa stock ‫سٹاک‬,
Kamal to return. The patriot's reply was a long personal telegram to the Job, business ‫سرگرمی‬,
Padishah urging him, as leader of his people, to come over to Anatolia and
himself take the lead against the Greeks and all the foreign enemies—it Egg on, beg ‫اکسانا‬,
would be Mehmet's last chance to save himself, the 1Throne of his 2fore-
fathers and the Turkish nation. But Mehmet's 3conception of the best 1Command, rule ‫تخت‬, 2ancestors‫آباواجداد‬,
interests of Turkey was co-operation with the powerful conquerors. In these 3Idea, concept ‫تصور‬,
1
circumstances the only 2imaginable reply to Mustafa Kamal's invitation Benefits ‫مفادات‬,
was a 1peremptory 2command: the 3rebel must report himself immediately 1Condition ‫حاالت‬, 2likely, thinkable ‫ممکن‬,
to Istanbul. Back along the wire went the most 4momentous telegram in the 1Final, decisive ‫اٹل‬, 2order ‫حکم‬,
history of the Ottoman Empire: 3revolter ‫باغی‬, 4very important ‫بہت اہم‬,

I shall stay in Anatolia until the nation has won its Independence.
Liberty ‫آزادی‬,
Mehmet IV could see no other way to regain the provinces of
Anatolia for the throne than by subtlety. With a sudden movement he
unexpectedly 1proclaimed himself 2willing to 3summon a government Cunning, cleverness ‫چاالکی‬,
pleasing to the Nationalists. The 4delegates in Anatolia could transfer their 1Announce ‫اعالن کرنا‬, 2eager ‫تيار‬, 3call
activities to Istanbul, put Mustafa Kamal's ideas into practice and yet no ‫بالنا‬, 4representatives ‫مند وبين‬,
longer stand in 1opposition to the Padishah, the 2Shadow of God. The
patriots,. could scarcely imagine their state without a Sultan as its head Hostility ‫مخالفت‬, reflection ‫سايہ‬,
1 2

sooner or later, grasped at these promises—almost all but Mustafa Kamal

himself Understand ‫سمجھنا‬,
79
who fought hard for a parliament in Anatolia. He suggested that it should
sit in the upland town of Ankara, where it would be centrally situated, Highland ‫پہاڑی‬,
well protected, free, absolutely independent of the Allies in a thoroughly
Turkish town associated with the history of the Turks and their Totally ‫مکمل طورپر‬,
forefathers. But for once he was defeated and Mustafa Kamal was left
almost alone when on the 19th of January, 1920, the National Assembly
assembled in the "City of the Sultan" and began the 1hopeless 2task of Gather ‫جمع ہونا‬,
trying to work up resistance under the very eyes — and guns — of the 1disappointing ‫مايوس کن‬,2Work, job ‫کام‬,

Allies.
While the delegates were wasting their time on the Bosphorus,
Mustafa Kamal was making exceptionally good use of the freedom Extraordinary ‫غيرمعمولی طور پر‬,
which the absence of the talkers had given him. For the next few weeks
Allied agents were kept busy reporting large armed formations seen in Grouping ‫تشکيل‬,
the 1interior: regular troops of the old 2Imperial army, armed 3peasants, 1Centre ‫اندرونی‬, 2 royal ‫شاہی‬, 3farmers ‫کسان‬,

women transporting ammunitions and supplies as Turkish women had

done in the days before Islam. The position was becoming really serious
for the Allied Army of Occupation stationed here and there near the
coast. in her diary, an American medical practitioner 1chronicled the 1Note,register ‫درج کرنا‬, 2Decline,
daily 2deterioration of the position in Anatolia: worsening ‫زوال‬,
1Gradually ‫مسلسل‬, 2killing, bloodshed ‫قتل عام‬,
"The firing gets worse 1steadily ... a general 2massacre of the
Armenians is expected .... All night along the skies are red-lighted in
1Dreadful
‫خوفناک‬, 6gun ‫توپ‬,
every direction by the 1raging tires, and the 2canons roar and the
1
heavens shake .... The whole city is 2overhung with clouds of smoke. 1Firmament, sky ‫آسمان‬, 2covered ‫گھرا ہويا‬,

The Turks are bolder all the time. Surely this is because they realize that
this is the end for them, and are desperate." Dangerous ‫شديد‬,
Every day brought fresh men and new 1equipment. The 2Allies 1Tools, stuff ‫سامان‬, 2friends ‫اتحادی‬,

began to withdraw their troops from the interior. They evacuated the Quit, vacate ‫خالی کرنا‬,
important Baghdad Railway junction at Estishehir, where immediately Quickly ‫فورا‬,
the patriots transformed the railway depots into ammunition factories. Convert ‫تبديل کرنا‬,
The Allies replied by putting Istanbul under a collective arrest and
1
dissolving "the National Assembly." Leading Patriots hid or 2escaped 1Dismiss ‫توڑ دينا‬, 2flee, run ‫نکل بھاگنا‬,
into Anatolia, where they made straight for Ankara to join Mustafa
Kamal. There on the 23 s of April, 1920 the revolutionary Turkish Grand
National Assembly met with Mustafa Kamal as President. Its first act
was to make clear to the world the position of the new Turkish
Government. The courage of its words is astonishing. Wonderful ‫حيران کن‬,

"The Grand National Assembly sitting in Ankara will preside

Fate, luck ‫مقدر‬,
over the destiny of Turkey as long as the capital is in the hands of the
foreigners. It has appointed an Executive Council, which has taken in
hand the government of the country, Istanbul, the Sultan, and the
Government being in the hands of the enemy, all orders from there are
1 1Spontaneously ‫خود بخود‬, 2break, disobey
automatically null and void. The nation's rights have been 2violated.
The Turkish nation, though calm, is 3determined to 4maintain its rights ‫پامال کرنا‬, 3resolved ‫پر غرم‬, 4keep ‫جاری رکھنا‬,
1Autonomous ‫خود مختار‬, 2free ‫آزاد‬,
as a 1sovereign 2independent state."
At last as the month of May, 1920 was drawing to its close the
Allies published the terms of peace which they were willing to make Conditions‫شرائط‬,
with Mehmet IV. A
80
small and helpless Ottoman Empire was to be entirely under the Totally ‫مکمل طور پر‬,
supervision of the Allied powers; all the Arab provinces were to become Control, charge ‫نگرانی‬,
Mandated Territories; the whole of Eastern Anatolia was to be added to
the state of Armenia; around Izmir was to be a large Greek district;
Cicilia was to go to the French; the Ottoman capital itself was to be an
international centre under the control of Britain, France and Italy. Only
Remote area ‫دوردراز‬,
the immediate hinterland of Istanbul was to remain of the once extensive
"Turkey in Europe." Vast, wide ‫وسيع وعريض‬,
The terms if widely accepted would have been the death sentence Fully ‫مکمل طورپر‬,
not only of the Ottoman Empire but of what was now correctly described
as Turkey. By entertaining the very idea of signing a treaty based on Think, ponder ‫غور کرنا‬,
such terms, the Ottoman Government at Istanbul was 1branded by the Pact, bond ‫معاہدہ‬,
1Mark ‫ٹھپا لگانا‬,2pawn, tool ‫گٹھ پتلی‬,
patriots as a 2puppet government of 3traitors and 4dotards, and almost
3renegade ‫غدار‬, 4idiot ‫خبطی‬,
the entire Turkish nation accepted the Turkish government at Ankara.
There was no one to enforce the terms of the treaty, in the event
of Mehmet signing it. On the 21" August, 1921, the Greeks attacked. In Carry out ‫نافذ کرنا‬,
the mountain country above the Sakarya river, some fifty kilo-metres
west of Ankara the two valiant people fought almost man to man for
fourteen days under the burning heat of the sun, the Greeks attacking Daring, bold ‫دلير‬,
.with 1reckless 2abandon, the Turks hanging 3grimly on the heights,
Mustafa Kamal now their Commander-in-Chief. By the 4111 of 1Rash ‫بے پراوہ‬, 2wildness ‫جوش‬, 3firmly ‫پرغرم‬,
September the critical moment had come: the Greeks were at the end of
their 1strength. On the 12' they crossed the Sakarya and began to 2retire Decisive ‫اہم‬,
steadily, but there was no question of the Turks immediately following 1Force, might ‫قوت‬, 2retreat ‫پسپاہونا‬,

up their advantage. It was not till the end of August, 1922 that Mustafa
Kamal was able to sound his famous battle-call: "Soldiers: Your goal is
the Mediterranean. Forward."
Six days later the advance guard of Turkish National forces drew
within sight of the Mediterranean. There lay Izmir crowded, and Soldiers ‫فوجی دستہ‬,
1
overflowing with 2refuges. There were ships for the Greek soldiers but
1Fullof ‫لبريز‬, 2escapee, fugitive ‫مہاجر‬,
none for the Greek and Armenian population, crazed with fear. In the
1
harbour 2towered the Allied battleships, powerless to do anything Mad, wild ‫پاگل‬,
except to take away as many refugees on board as possible. The Greeks 1Port, dock ‫بندرگاہ‬, 2raised high ‫بلند ہونا‬,

alone were at war with the "rebel" Turks. On ship ‫جہاز پرسوار‬,
A long line of decorated cars entered Izmir on the 9 th of
September, 1922, on the either side an 1escort of 2cavalry. In the leading
1Bodyguard ‫حفاظتی دستہ‬, 2horsemen ‫گھڑ سوار‬,
car was Mustafa Kamal, Commander-in-Chief of the Free-Turkish
Forces and "Saviour of Turkey." Three days after the change of
government, fire broke out in several parts of the city at once and the Liberator ‫نجات دہندہ‬,
greater part of Izmir was reduced to ashes.
Mustafa Kamal now realized that he must at last persuade the
Ankara Government to make an end of the puppet show in the old Influence ‫مائل کرنا‬,
capital. He proposed that the Sultanate should be abolished. The Grand False show ‫پتلی تماشہ‬,
Turkish National Assembly gave the verdict: End, eradicate ‫ختم کرنا‬,
Judgement ‫فيصلہ‬,
81
 “By the Unanimous Vote of the Grand National Collective, a greed ‫اجتماعی‬,
Assembly of Turkey, the Sultanate is abolished."
On the 4th of November, 1922, Riffat carded out a coup d'etat at
Istanbul. On the following day the Ottoman cabinet resigned office and
was not replaced.
For a few days Mehmet stood his ground - the ruler of a palace
and a private • park. He felt he could trust no one but an old conductor of Depend ‫بھروسہ کرنا‬,
the royal orchestra, whom at last he sent to Sir Charles Harrington to Musicians ‫سازندے‬,
crave British protection for "the Emperor of powerful Emperors, Refuge Entreat, implore ‫درخواست‬,
of Sovereigns, Distributor of Crowns to the Kings of the Earth, Master of
Europe, Asia and Africa, High King of the Two Seas...."
It was the 17'" of November, 1922. A British motor ambulance
drew up at a side-door of the palace where Mehmet was staying. Some
baggage was brought out of the palace and placed in the car. An elderly Luggage ‫سامان‬,
man followed. A British Officer took the old gentleman's umbrella as
he entered the vehicle. The door was closed and the ambulance drove
away. The last of the Sultans was on his way to exile: A greater
Sovereign than all the Ottoman Sultans was now in the seat of power at Expatriation ‫جالوطنی‬,
Ankara -the will of the Turkish people expressed through a leader who
was at one and the same time both dictator and democrat. Despot ‫آمر‬,

It was the end of an age. On the 20 October, 1923, the name of

the Ottoman Empire was 1wiped from the 2slate of history. A salute of 1Delete,
a hundred and one guns proclaimed the foundation of the Turkish remove ‫مٹادينا‬, 2welcome ‫سالمی‬,
Republic with Mustafa Kamal as the President and General Ismat Inonu Announce ‫اعالن کرنا‬,
as the Prime Minister.
The Great Reformer
On 1assuming power, Mustafa Kamal's first 2object was to
1Take on ‫اختيار کربا‬, 2aim, end ‫مقصد‬,
educate the people. This was a gigantic task, for state education was
unknown in Turkey. Therefore there were two problems: to teach the Big, great ‫بہت بڑا‬,
masses and to train as many teachers as possible.
People, public ‫لوگ‬,
As he was determined to break down this barrier, Mustafa
Hurdle ‫رکاوٹ‬,
Kamal declared the old script to be abolished and replaced by the
Roman script. Thereupon he set out on a series of tours round the Words, text ‫رسم الخط‬,
country to demonstrate, chalk in hand; how the new script should be Trip ‫دورہ‬,
used. The whole population went back to school. Nor was Mustafa Show, clarify ‫بتانا‬,
Kama' a lenient master. He tested people on the most unexpected
occasions, naming a day, not far ahead, by which everyone was to have Kind, humane ‫نرم مزاج‬,
learned the new script.
Once he had simplified the Turkish script, Mustafa Kamal
Made it easy ‫آسان بناديا‬,
started upon a rather more difficult task—that of simplifying the
language. This was urgently necessary for two reasons: first, because
educated speech under the Ottoman Empire had been a mixture of Immediately ‫فوری طورپر‬,
Turkish, Arabic and Persian and second, because he realized that the
1
elaborate 2modes of address and flowery phrases were out of place in
1Detailed ‫بليغ‬, 2style, method ‫انداز‬,
the modern world. Accordingly he set up a committee for the
1
purification of the language by 2substituting genuine Turkish words
for those of Arabic and Persian origin. 1Clearing‫پاکيزگی‬, 2replace, alternate ‫بدل دينا‬,
Source ‫اصل‬,
82
 In the new world created by him there was no need for the old
1
titles and 2nobilities which meant nothing to the new nobility of effort. 1Designations ‫خطابات‬, 2lords ‫نواب‬,
The word "Pasha" was abolished: every man became Bay, hitherto a title
of some honour; women became Bayan.
No less 1revolutionary was the 2abolition in 1925 of the national 1Radical ‫انقالبی‬, 2ending ‫خاتمہ‬,
head-dress, called the Fez. The Fez was in origin Greek, but it had come
to be associated closely with Turkish life. When the wearing of hats was Related ‫تعلق ہونا‬,
made 1compulsory there were 2barely enough to go round, so that the 1Essential ‫الزمی‬, 2hardly ‫بمسکل‬,

houses of the foreigners were ransacked and men even went about in Search thoroughly ‫تالشی لينا‬,
Paris models. It was reported from Izmir that in a village near by, the
peasants unable to obtain bowlers, or caps, discovered in the closed shop Get, attain ‫حاصل کرنا‬,
of a departed Armenian haberdasher a stock of ladies' summer hats, and
seizing the entire selection, wore them, ribbons, feathers and all.

Finally, to complete this account of Kamal's reforms, we must

1
mention that which was most 2striking, namely the abolition of the 3veil.
As early as 1923 he had addressed the people of western Anatolia on the 1Tell ‫ذکرکرنا‬, 2wonderful ‫موثر‬, 3purdah ‫پردہ‬,
subject of women's rights. "Our nation has decided to be strong," he had
said, "and our absolute need today is the higher education of women.
They shall be instructed in every field of science and receive the same
degrees as men." Mustafa Kamal prepared the country for the change by
a tour of the towns and villages during which he addressed himself
1
principally to the 2menfolk. 1 Mainly, chiefly ‫خصوصا‬, men ‫مرد‬,
2

No less great was the economic advance. In 1919, there was only
one railway in Turkey, and judged by modern standards no roads at all. Progress ‫ترقی‬,
Mustafa Kamal inaugurated great development and construction
schemes both for railways and motor roads. In 1919, there were 150 Start, launch ‫شروع کرنا‬,
factories in Turkey, in 1933, 2000, while the Turkish Five-Year Plan,
inaugurated in 1934, encouraged heavy industry still further. The banking
system was organized and the Ottoman public debt (taken over from the
Loan, dues ‫قرضہ‬,
Sultanate by the new Republic) was reduced to one-tenth of its former
size. All this was achieved without further borrowing.
Earlier ‫پہال‬,
The changes in all branches of Turkish life have been
1
stupendous. It would be no 2exaggeration to say that at the time that
1Amazing ‫حيرت انگيز‬, 2averstatement ‫مبالغہ‬,
Mustafa Kamal set to work, the mental and political development of the
masses in Turkey was on a level with that of the people of Western
Europe in the mid-eighteenth century. The Turks have now traversed in
Travel over ‫سفرکرنا‬,
a few years the road which the people of Western Europe took 150 years
to travel. The thorough democratization of the nation, and the
1 Making democratic ‫جمہوری بنانا‬,
awakening of the people and the 2unchaining of their powers has been 1Awareness ‫بيداری‬, 2releasing ‫آزادکرنا‬,
the work of Mustafa Kamal.
83
 ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. What was the attitude of the Turkish government towards the Allies after World War I?
Ans. The Turkish government decided to co-operate with the Allied Forces. The King showed loyalty to
the Armistice. He thought that it was in the interest of the nation to co-operate with the Allied Forces.
2. Why was Mustafa Kamal sent to Anatolia?
Ans. The King decided to cooperate with the Allied Forces. But the patriots of Anatolia was still fighting
against the Allied forces. Therefore, the King sent Mustafa Kamal to Anatolia to crush this rebellion.
3. What was the reaction of the Turkish patriots to the intention of the allies to partition the Ottoman
Empire?
Ans. The Allied Forces decided to partition the Ottoman Empire. The patriots got angry when they came
to know about this decision. They decided to fight against the Allied Forces and get freedom from them.
4. Write a note on Mustafa Kamal's activities in Anatolia.
Ans. In Anatolia, Mustafa Kamal met Ali Faut and joined the freedom movement. He visited many areas
and convinced the people to join the freedom movement.
5. Why did Mehmet order Mustafa Kamal to return to Constantinople?
Ans. The King had sent Mustafa Kamal to Anatolia to crush the rebellion against the Allied Forces. But
Mustafa Kamal himself became a rebel and started fighting against the Allied Forces. The King realized
his mistake. So, he ordered Mustafa to return to Constantinople.
6. What was Mustafa Kamal's reply?
Ans. He said, "I shall stay in Anatolia until the nation has won its independence". He also invited the
King to come to Anatolia and lead the patriots.
7. How did Mehmet try to regain Anatolia for himself?
Ans. The King played a Political trick. He invited the patriots to come to Constantinople and join the
government. Many people swallowed the bait and came to Constantinople. The number of Mustafa
Kamal’s supporters decreased.
8. Why did his plan fail?
Ans. His plan failed because only talkers joined his government. Meanwhile, Mustafa Kamal visited many
areas and organized the people. He also convened (arranged, organized) the Grand National Assembly in
Anatolia.
9. What were the terms offered to turkey by the Allies?
Ans. They decided to partition the Ottoman Empire. Anatolia was added to Armenia. Izmir was given to
Greece. Cecilia was given to France. Istanbul came under the joint control of Britain, France and Italy.
10. Give an account of the Greek attack and its defeat.
Ans. On august 21, 1921, the Greek forces attacked Turkey. They fought for two weeks. At last, they
were badly defeated by the Turkish patriots.
11. Give an account of the departure of Mehmet from Istanbul.
Ans. On November 17, 1922, a British ambulance came to King Mehmet's palace. Mehmet got into it and
went to the-British Embassy. He took political asylum there.
12. Describe the reforms introduced by Mustafa Kamal with reference to (1) the position of women,
(2) removal of illiteracy, (3) change in dresses, (4) adoption of the Roman script and (5) the industrial
and economic development.
Ans. He introduced the following reforms:
1) He encouraged the Turkish women to get higher education. He abolished their veil and encouraged them
to contribute to the progress of the country.
2) He went from village to village, with chalk in his hand. He inspired the people to get education.
3) He abolished the "Fez" which was the Turkish national head-dress. He made the wearing of hat compulsory.
4) He simplified the Turkish language and adopted the Roman script.
5) He introduced a five-year plan for the economic development.
13. Sum up in a few sentences the work of Mustafa Kamal as a great nation-builder.
Ans. He increased the literacy rate in Turkey. He simplified the Turkish language and adopted the Roman
script. He introduced a five-year plan for the economic development. Under his leadership, Turkey made
great progress.