Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Phonics PDF
Phonics PDF
I. Need Analysis
Do our students need instruction of phonics?
Students:
1. What do our students want to learn?
2. Do our students need to learn phonics?
3. What can phonics contribute to our students’ learning of English?
4. Will phonics help our students improve reading ability?
Teachers:
1. Do I know very well about the function of phonics?
2. What do we want to teach our students through phonics?
2. Can I remember all the rules of phonics?
3. Do I know very well the role of phonics in my instruction?
4. Do I really know for sure that phonics help my students improve reading ability?
In other words, phonics refers to associating letters or letter groups with the sound
they represent.
(2)
Phonics refers to a method for teaching speakers of English to read and write that
language. Phonics involves teaching how to connect the sounds of spoken English with
letters or groups of letters (e.g., that the sound /k/ can be represented by c, k, ck, or ch
spellings) and teaching them to blend the sounds of letters together to produce
approximate pronunciations of unknown words.
1
Despite the work of 19th century proponents such as Rebecca Smith Pollard,
some American educators, prominently Horace Mann, argued that phonics should not
be taught at all. This led to the commonly used "look-say" approach ensconced in the
"Dick and Jane" readers popular in the mid-20th century.
Beginning in the 1950s, however, phonics resurfaced as a method of teaching
reading. Spurred by Rudolf Flesch's criticism of the absence of phonics instruction
(particularly in his popular book, Why Johnny Can’t Read, 1955) phonics resurfaced.
The whole language emphasis on identifying words using context and focusing
only a little on the sounds (usually the alphabet consonants and the short vowels) could
not be reconciled with the phonics emphasis on individual sound-symbol
correspondences.
Thus, a dichotomy between the whole language approach and phonics emerged in
the United States causing intense debate. Ultimately, this debate led to a series of
Congressionally-commissioned panels and government-funded reviews of the state of
reading instruction in the U.S.
In 1984, the National Academy of Education commissioned a report on the status
of research and instructional practices in reading education, Becoming a Nation of
Readers. Among other results, the report includes the finding that phonics instruction
improves children’s ability to identify words. It reports that useful phonics
strategies include teaching children the sounds of letters in isolation and in words, and
teaching them to blend the sounds of letters together to produce approximate
pronunciations of words. It also states that phonics instruction should occur in
conjunction with opportunities to identify words in meaningful sentences and
stories.
In 1990, Congress asked the U.S. Department of Education to compile a list of
available programs on beginning reading instruction, evaluating each in terms of the
effectiveness of its phonics component. As part of this requirement, the US DOE
asked Dr. Marilyn J. Adams to produce a report on the role of phonics instruction in
beginning reading, which resulted in her 1994 book Beginning to Read: Thinking and
Learning about Print. In the book, Adams asserted that existing scientific research
supported that phonics is an effective method for teaching students to read at the word
2
level. Adams argued strongly that the phonics and the whole language advocates are
both right. Phonics is an effective way to teach students the alphabetic code, building
their skills in decoding unknown words.
By learning the alphabetic code early, Adams argued, students can quickly free up
mental energy they had used for word analysis and devote this mental effort to
meaning, leading to stronger comprehension earlier in elementary school. Thus, she
concluded, phonics instruction is a necessary component of reading instruction, but
not sufficient by itself to teach children to read. This result matched the overall goal of
whole language instruction and supported the use of phonics for a particular subset of
reading skills, especially in the earliest stages of reading instruction. Yet the
argument about how to teach reading, eventually known as "the Great Debate,"
continued unabated.
The National Research Council re-examined the question of how best to teach
reading to children (among other questions in education) and in 1998 published the
results in the Prevention of Reading Difficulties in Young Children (Catherine Snow,
et. al.). The National Research Council’s findings largely matched those of Adams.
They concluded that phonics is a very effective way to teach children to read at the
word level, more effective than what is known as the "embedded phonics" approach
of whole language (where phonics was taught opportunistically in the context of
reading materials). They found that phonics instruction must be systematic (following
a sequence of increasingly challenging phonics patterns) and explicit (teaching
students precisely how the patterns worked, e.g., "this is b, it stands for the /b/
sound")….
In 1997,… the National Reading Panel examined quantitative research studies on
many areas of reading instruction, including phonics and whole language. The
resulting report Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-based Assessment of the
Scientific Research Literature on Reading and its Implications for Reading Instruction
was published in 2000 and provides a comprehensive review of what is known about
best practices in reading instruction in the U.S. The panel reported that several reading
skills are critical to becoming good readers: phonics for word identification, fluency,
vocabulary and text comprehension. With regard to phonics, their meta-analysis of
hundreds of studies confirmed the findings of the National Research Council:
teaching phonics (and related phonics skills, such as phonemic awareness) is a more
effective way to teach children early reading skills than is embedded phonics or
no phonics instruction.
3
government policy that all children must have systematic, intensive phonics
instruction (Krashen, 2009).
To support such a claim, one would have to show that there are substantial
numbers of children who have learned to read without extensive phonics training (this
is easy to find), and also substantial numbers of children who cannot "learn to read by
reading," who require extensive phonics instruction. The existence of this second
group has never been demonstrated: To do so, one must find large numbers of children
who have been read to, who have substantial exposure to comprehensible and
interesting texts, and who nevertheless fail to learn to read (Krashen, 2002).
Reconsider:
Intensive phonics instruction (reading-like behavior)
Intensive, Systmatic Phonics—all major letter-sound correspondences taught in
order—assumes
(1) we learn to read by first learning the rules of phonics, that is, we learn to read
by sounding out words and reading out-loud ("decoding to sound").
(2) knowledge of phonics must be deliberately taught and consciously learned.
This is hard work. The major rules (Ehri): "long and short vowels and vowel and
consonant digraphs consisting of two letters representing one phoneme, such as oi, ea,
sh, and th. Also, phonics instruction may include blends of letter sounds that represent
larger subunits in words such as consonant pairs (e.g. st, bl), onsets, and rimes" (p.
180)(Cited by Krashen, 2009)
4
Phonics
1. Phonics instruction improves word reading skills, especially for kindergartners,
first graders, and older struggling readers.
2. Explicit, systematic phonics instruction is significantly more effective than
alternative programs providing nonsystematic or no phonics instruction.
3. Explicit phonics instruction is significantly more effective than nonsystematic
phonics instruction with children of different ages, abilities, and socioeconomic
background.
5
Proponents of various approaches generally agree that a combined approach is
important.
See also Liu, C. K. (2005). Phonics & K. K. and children's English pronunciation.
English Works (20), 22-24.
Phonics Rules
1. Every syllable in every word must contain a vowel. The vowels are: a, e, i, o, u, and
y (although y is a consonant when at the beginning of a word).
2. When "c" is followed by "e, i, or y," it usually has the soft sound of "s." Example:
city.
3. When "g" is followed by "e, i, or y," it usually has the soft sound of "j." Example:
gem.
4. A consonant digraph is two or more consonants that are grouped together and
represent a single sound. Here are consonant digraphs you should know: wh (what),
sh (shout), wr (write), kn (know), th (that), ch (watch), ph (laugh), tch (watch), gh
(laugh), ng (ring).
5. When a syllable ends in a consonant and has only one vowel, that vowel is short.
Examples: tap, bed, wish, lock, bug.
6. When a syllable ends in a silent "e," the vowel that comes before the silent "e" is
long. Examples: take, gene, bite, hope, fuse.
7. When a syllable has two vowels together, the first vowel is usually long and the
second vowel is silent. Example: stain.
8. When a syllable ends in a vowel and is the only vowel, that vowel is usually long.
Examples: ba/ker, be/come, bi/sect, go/ing, fu/ture, my/self.
9. When a vowel is followed by "r" in the same syllable, the vowel is neither long nor
short. Examples: charm, term, shirt, corn, surf.
6
II. Clymer’s 45 phonic generalizations
7
8
9
III. Other formats to present the rules
Vowel A
1. (_)a_—(be pronounced as a “short” vowel)
cat dad gas rat at as ad
2. (_)a_e—(be pronounced as a “long” vowel)
date case late sake page ate age
3. (_)ai_—(be pronounced as a “long” vowel)
wait rain jail paid fail aid aim (said)
4. (_)ay(_) —(be pronounced as a “long” vowel)
say day pay way days pays gays (says)
5. (_)al_—(be pronounced as //)
all call salt tall mall ball wall
6. (_)aul_—(be pronounced as // and “u” is silent)
fault Paul
7. (_)aught—(be pronounced as // and “ugh” is silent)
caught taught daughter
8. (_)aw(_)—(be pronounced as // and “w” is silent)
saw law jaw claw dawn lawn
9. (_)ar(_)—(be pronounced as //)
hard bark cart car bar jar
10. (_)are —(be pronounced as //)
care hare dare ware rare share
11. (_)air(_)—(be pronounced as //)
air hair pair fair chair
12. (_)a(_)ion—(be pronounced as “long” vowel)
station vacation occasion
Vowel E
1. (_)e_—(be pronounced as a “short” vowel)
bed let get set red pet net
2. (_)e_e—(be pronounced as a “long” vowel)
eve these delete impede Pete complete
3. (_)ee(_)—(be pronounced as a “long” vowel)
see bee meet keep need week sleep
4. (_)ea(_) —(be pronounced as a “long” vowel)
eat meat real lead team tea mean (great, head, instead)
5. c/sei(_)—(be pronounced as /i/ and “i” is silent)
receive seize deceive ceiling
6. (_)ew(_)—(be pronounced as //)
few new dew
7. (_)er(_)—(be pronounced as //)
term herb her alert
8. (_)ear_—(be pronounced as // and “a” is silent)
earn learn
10
9. (_)e—(be pronounced as //)
he be she (the breath)
Vowel I
1. (_)i_—(be pronounced as a “short” vowel)
pig hit kid sit fix tip hip
2. (_)i_e—(be pronounced as a “long” vowel)
hide like time wide kite wife ride
3. (_)ie—(be pronounced as a “long” vowel)
die lie pie tie
4. ch/shie(_)—(be pronounced as /i/ and “i” is silence)
achieve chief shield
5. (_)ir(_) —(be pronounced as //)
bird dirt girl first firm
Vowel O
1. (_)o_—(be pronounced as a “short” vowel)
hot job God not fox jog nod
2. (_)o_e—(be pronounced as a “long” vowel)
hope joke rope nose rode home rose
3. (_)oe—(be pronounced as a “long” vowel)
toe Joe
4. (_)oi_ —(be pronounced as //)
oil boil join coin moist
5. (_)oy(_)—(be pronounced as //)
boy toy joy soy
6. (_)oo—(be pronounced as // and “u” is silent)
too zoo coo tattoo bamboo
7. (_)oo_—(be pronounced as // but there might be many exceptions)
food boot tool moon fool cool tooth
good took hook hood look foot book
8. (_)ou_—(be pronounced as //)
our out loud found sound count
9. (_)or(_)—(be pronounced as //)
fork corn pork Lord (work word worst)
10. (_)ore—(be pronounced as //)
more wore core tore
11. (_)oar(_)—(be pronounced as //)
roar boar board
12, (_)o—(be pronounced as a long vowel)
so no go Jo (to, do)
Vowel U
1. (_)u_—(be pronounced as a “short” vowel)
cup cut bug hut but luck hug
11
2. (_)u_e—(be pronounced as a “long” vowel)
cute Duke huge tube mute Luke nude
3. (_)ui_—(be pronounced as a “long” vowel)
suit fruit
4. (_)ue—(be pronounced as a “long” vowel)
Sue blue glue due cue hue
5. (_)ur(_)—(be pronounced as //)
fur curl surf turn burn
B Bad
s sad
5. By designing materials for specific sound and symbol in each lesson
These materials or textbooks contain specific symbols so that each of the sounds
of English can have a unique symbol. These symbols are then taught and the
students will initially read text that utilizes these symbols.
6. By using a matrix
All possible combinations are represented on a spreadsheet (or matrix) with
medial spellings (a, e, i, o, u, y, ar, er, etc.) on the x-axis and the vowels sounds (b,
c, d, f, g, ch, etc.) on the y-axis. Students are taught ba, be, bi, bo and so on.
7. By synthetic methods
http://www.synthetic-phonics.com/phonics_methods.html
http://www.cceschool.org/hayes/Phonics%20Charts.htm
http://www.geocities.com/broomesroom/phonicstips.html
12