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INTRODUCTION
This module focuses on the accounting and reporting of cash and cash
equivalents. Cash and Cash Equivalents' is an asset that appears on the
statement of financial position of a business and includes currency (coins and
bank notes) held by a business (in hand and in bank accounts) and cash
equivalents.
In this chapter, the reader will learn how to identify cash and cash
equivalents. Also, they will be able to learn reconciling the cash records of the
book of the company and the bank.
Learning Objectives:
1. Define cash and identify the items that can be included in the “Cash and
Cash Equivalents” classification.
2. Understand the accounting for petty cash funds and cash
shortages/overages.
3. Understand the basic internal controls for cash.
4. Prepare a bank reconciliation.
5. Prepare a proof of cash.
Definition of Terms
Cash – It comprises cash on hand and demand deposits.
Cash equivalents – These are short-term, highly liquid investments that
are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to
an insignificant risk of changes in value.
Cash items
a. Cash on hand – Undeposited collections of currency and checks such as
bills and coins, customer’s checks, manager’s checks, traveler’s checks,
bank drafts and money order.
b. Cash in bank – Demand deposits such as savings account and checking
account.
c. Cash fund – Fund set aside for current operation such as petty cash fund,
payroll fund, dividend fund, interest fund, tax fund, revolving fund and
change fund.
Cash equivalents
An investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a
short maturity of, say, three months or less from the date of acquisition.
Equity investments are excluded from cash equivalents unless they are, in
substance, cash equivalents, for example in the case of preferred shares
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- Moreover, checks received from the drawer but are dated after the
reporting period should not form part of the cash in bank balance.
Reversal of the previously recorded collection should be made.
8. Stale checks
- Checks issued but not encashed within six months from the time of
issuance become stale. Accordingly, the drawer may issue a stop
payment order to the bank.
- If the amount is immaterial, stale check is recorded by the drawer as
miscellaneous income. If the amount is material and that liability is
expected to continue, cash is restored and liability is set up.
9. Cash short or over
- Cash shortage that is traceable to a cashier or custodian is accounted
as a receivable from the employee held liable for the shortage.
- If the shortage cannot be traced, then the amount is debited to loss
account or miscellaneous expense.
- Cash overage that is traced to be the money of the cashier or
custodian, the amount is accounted as payable to the employee
claiming the overage.
- If the overage cannot be traced, then the amount is credited to
miscellaneous income.
b. Fluctuating system
- Petty cash fund is debited during establishment and replenishment
of fund and whenever the fund balance is increased.
- Petty cash fund is credited whenever the fund balance is
decreased.
- Expenses are recorded whenever expenses are paid using the
petty cash fund.
- No adjusting entry is necessary at the end of the accounting period.
- Journal Entry:
A check is drawn to establish fund.
Petty Cash Fund xx
Cash in Bank xx
Payment of expenses out of fund
Expenses xx
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Answer:
a. Included g. Included
b. Included h. Included
c. Excluded i. Excluded
d. Excluded j. Excluded
e. Included k. Excluded
f. Included l. Included
Reconciling items
Book reconciling items
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Answer:
a. Book – Deduction
b. Book – Addition
c. Book – Addition
d. Book – deduction
e. Bank - Addition
f. Book – Addition
g. Book – Addition
h. Bank – Addition
i. Bank – Deduction
j. Bank - Deduction
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Solution:
Disbursemen
January 31 Receipts February 28
t
Balance per book 200,000 800,000 720,000 280,000
Note Collected
January 60,000 (60,000)
February 100,000 100,000
Service charge
January (8,000) (8,000)
February 2,000 (2,000)
NSF Check
January (20,000) (20,000)
February 30,000 (30,000)
Adjusted Book Balance 232,000 840,000 724,000 348,000
Receipt
January 31 Disbursement February 28
s
Balance per book 330,000 700,000 530,000 500,000
Deposit in transit
January 80,000 (80,000)
February 220,000 220,000
Outstanding Check
January (178,000) (178,000)
February 372,000 (372,000)
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Illustrative Problems
1. These are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible
to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of
changes in value.
A. Cash and cash equivalents C. Current investment
B. Treasury bills D. Cash equivalents
3. Which cash fund is included from the cash and cash equivalent balance?
A. Fund set aside for acquisition of equipment and machinery.
B. Fund set up in a bank exclusively for payment of employees’
compensation.
C. Fund for the redemption of preference shares.
D. Fund established for settlement of long-term obligations.
4. Which of the following would not form part of the cash and cash equivalent
balance?
A. Customer’s postdated check
B. Drawer Issued stale check
C. Undelivered check
D. All of the foregoing
6. All of the following can be classified as cash and cash equivalents, except
A. Bank drafts
B. Commercial paper due for repayment in 90 days
C. Investment in equity securities
D. Redeemable preference shares acquired and due in 60 days
7. A cash in bank with credit balance that should not be offset against other
bank account in another bank.
A. Bank draft C. Stale check
B. Compensating balance D. Bank overdraft
8. The journal entry to record payment of expenses from the petty cash fund
would include a
A. Debit to expense C. Credit to cash on hand
B. Credit to petty cash D. None of the foregoing
9. In reconciling the cash balance with the book balance, which of the
following would not cause the bank balance shown in the bank statement
to be lower than the unadjusted book balance?
A. Interest credit to the account of the bank.
B. Cash on hand
C. Deposit in transit.
D. NSF checks from customer returned by the bank
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14. As of December 31 of the current year, an entity had various checks and
papers in its safe. Which item should not be included in its cash account in
the year-ended balance sheet?
A. US $20,000 cash.
B. Past due promissory note issued in favor of the entity by its President.
C. Another entity’s P150,000 check payable to the entity dated December
15 of the current year.
D. The entity’s undelivered check payable to a supplier dated December
31 of the current year.
15. Which item should be excluded from cash and cash equivalent on the
current year-end balance sheet of an entity?
A. The minimum cash balance in the entity’s current account which is
maintained to avoid service charges.
B. A check issued by the entity on December 27 of the current year but
dated January 15 next year.
C. Time deposit which matures in one year.
D. A customer’s check denominated in a foreign currency.
16. At December 31 of the current year, an entity had cash accounts at three
different banks. One account balance is segregated solely for payment
into a bond sinking fund. A second account, used for branch operations, is
overdrawn. The third account, used for regular corporate operations, has a
positive balance. How should three accounts be reported in the December
31 classified balance sheet?
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18. Burr Company had the following account balances at December 31, year
2: Cash in banks P2,250,000 Cash on hand P125,000 Cash legally
restricted for additions to plant (expected to be disbursed in year 3)
P1,600,000 Cash in banks includes P600,000 of compensating balances
against short-term borrowing arrangements. The compensating balances
are not legally restricted as to withdrawal by Burr. In the current assets
section of Burr’s December 31, year 2 balance sheet, total cash should be
reported at
A. 1,775,000 C. 2,375,000
B. 2,250,000 D. 3,975,000
19. Trans Co. had the following balances at December 31, year 2:
Cash in checking account P35,000
Cash in money market account P75,000
Treasury bill, purchased 11/1/Year 2, maturing 1/31/Year 3, P350,000
Treasury bill, purchased 12/1/Year 2, maturing 3/31/Year 3, P400,000
Trans’s policy is to treat as cash equivalents all highly liquid investments
with a maturity of three months or less when purchased. What amount
should Trans report as cash and cash equivalents in its December 31,
Year 2 balance sheet?
A. 110,000 C. 460,000
B. 385,000 D. 860,000
20. Perth COMPANY reported the checkbook balance on December 31, Year
1 at P8,000,000. In addition, the entity held the following items in the safe
on that date:
Check payable to Perth COMPANY, dated January 2, Year 2 in
payment of a sale, not included in December 31 checkbook balance,
P1,000,000
Check payable to Perth COMPANY, deposited December 15 and
included in December 31 checkbook balance, but returned by bank on
December 30 stamped NSF. The check was redeposited on January 2,
Year 2 and cleared on January 5, Year 2, P3,000,000
Check drawn on Perth COMPANY account, dated and recorded on
December 31, Year 1 but not mailed until January 15, Year 2,
P2,500,000
Coins and currencies on hand P800,000
Three-month money market instruments P1,500,000
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21. Queen COMPANY had the following account balances on December 31,
Year 1:
Petty cash fund 50,000
Cash on hand 500,000
Cash in bank – current account
4,000,000
Cash in bank – payroll account
1,000,000
Time deposit
2,000,000
Cash in bank – restricted account for plant addition, expected to be
disbursed in Year 2 500,000
Cash in sinking fund set aside for bond payable
due June 30, Year 2
1,500,000
The petty cash fund included unreplenished December 31, Year 1 petty
cash expense vouchers of P5,000 and employee IOU of P5,000. The cash
on hand included a P100,000 check payable to the entity dated January
31, Year 2. In exchange for a guaranteed line of credit, the entity has
agreed to maintain a minimum balance of P200,000 in the unrestricted
current bank account.
What amount should be reported as cash and cash equivalents on
December 31, Year 1?
A. 6,940,000 C. 7,940,000
B. 8,940,000 D. 7,440,000
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7,400,000
Cash in bank per bank statement
8,180,000
Deposit in transit
1,200,000
Outstanding checks, including certified check of P200,000
1,500,000
Note collected by bank for the entity,
including interest of P100,000
1,100,000
Service charge for December 20,000
DAIF checks of customers returned by bank 500,000
Error in recording a check in the book. The correct amount
as paid by the bank is P100,000 instead of
P200,000 as recorded in the book. 100,000
Deposit in other bank closed by BSP
1,500,000
Currency and coins on hand 600,000
Petty cash fund 50,000
What is the total cash to be reported as current asset on December 31,
Year 1?
A. 8,730,000 C. 8,180,000
B. 8,080,000 D. 8,530,000
5,000,000
Manila Bank current account
4,000,000
City Bank current account (bank overdraft) ( 100,000
)
Asia Bank savings account for equipment acquisition 250,000
Asia Bank time deposit, 90 days
2,000,000
Cash on hand included the following items: customer’s check for
P35,000 returned by the bank December 26, Year 1 due to insufficient
fund but subsequently redeposited and cleared by the bank on January
10, Year 2; and customer’s check for P15,000 dated January 10, Year
2, received December 23, Year 1.
The petty cash fund compromised the following items on December
31, Year 1:
Currency and coins 5,000
IOU from an officer 2,000
Unreplenished petty cash vouchers 12,000
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25. True COMPANY had the following bank reconciliation on June 30, Year 1:
Balance per bank statement, June 30
3,000,000
Deposit in transit 400,000
Total
3,400,000
Outstanding checks ( 900,000
)
Balance per book, June 30
2,500,000
The bank statement for the month of July showed the following:
Deposits (including P200,000 note collected)
9,000,000
Disbursements (including P140,000 NSF check and P10,000 service
charge)
7,000,000
All reconciling items on June 30, Year 1 cleared through the bank in July.
The deposit in transit amounted to P1,000,000 and the outstanding checks
totaled P600,000 on July 31.
What is the cash in bank balance per ledger on July 31, Year 1?
A. 5,400,000 A. 5,550,000
B. 5,350,000 D. 4,500,000
26. In preparing its August 31, year 2 bank reconciliation, Apex Corp. has
available the following information:
Balance per bank statement, 8/31/Y2 P18,050
Deposit in transit, 8/31/Y2 3,250
Return of customer’s check for insufficient funds, 8/31/Y2 600
Outstanding checks, 8/31/Y2 2,750
Bank service charges for August 100
At August 31, year 2, Apex’s correct cash balance is
A. 18,550 C. 17,850
B. 17,950 D. 17,550
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Bank Book
Checks recorded 2,200,000 2,500,000
Deposit recorded 1,600,000 1,800,000
Service charges recorded 50,000 10,000
Notes collected plus interest 550,000
NSF checks 100,000
Balances 2,400,000 2,100,000
The deposit in transit on June 30
A. 100,000 C. 400,000
B. 300,000 D. 500,000
- End of discussion
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Answer Key:
1. D 11. B 21. B
2. D 12. C 22. C
3. B 13. B 23. A
4. A 14. B 24. D
5. D 15. C 25. B
6. C 16. A 26. A
7. D 17. D 27. D
8. D 18. C 28. D
9. A 19. C 29. A
10. B 20. D 30. B
31. C
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