Hydrogen Key Notes

Hydrogen JEE/NEET/AIIMS/OLYMPIAD/KVPY Chemistry
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Chemistry : Key Notes
Topics : Hydrogen
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Hydrogen is most abundant element in the universe.
 Naturally occur ring hydrogen exists in three isotopic for ms-protium
(1H1), deuterium (1H2) and tritium (1H3).
 (BEST mixture
Ordinary H is an equilibrium ONLINEofSTUDY
ortho SYSTEM)
and para hydrogen. In ortho hydrogen,
2
spin of protons are in same direction. While in para hydrogen, spin of protons are in
opposite direction.
In ordinary hydrogen 75% is ortho and 25% is para.

Means maximum properties of para are lower than ortho.
Deuterium (lH2) is known as heavy hydrogen.
 On commercial scale, hydrogen is manufactured by electrolysis of water or by passing
steam over hot coke at l000°C (Bosch process) or by decomposition of steam by heated
Fe at 550-800°C (Lanie’s process) or from hydrocarbons.
Ni /100°C
C + H2O 
→ CO + H2
Steam syn gas or water gas
catalyst/∆
CO + H2 + H2O 
→ CO2 + 2H2
syn gas ( water gas shift reaction)
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2 ↑; ∆H = 160.1 kJ
 Certain metals like palladium, platinum, iron and cobalt etc adsorb huge quantity of
hydrogen. This phenomenon is known as occlusion of hydrogen.
 Dihydrogen is relatively inert at room temperature due to high H—H bond enthalpy. The
H—H bond dissociation enthalpy is the highest for a single bond between two atoms of
any element.
 Dihydrogen is used in the manufacture of vanaspati fat by the hydrogenation of
polyunsaturated vegetable oils like soyabean, cotton seeds etc. The largest single use of
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dihydrogen is in the synthesis of ammonia which is used in the manufacture of nitric
acid and nitrogenous fertilizers.
 Hydrogen is having many allotropic forms
Example: Ortho and para Hydrogen, Nascent Hydrogen, Adsorbed Hydrogen atomic
Hydrogen.
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Note Water (H2O) is having four hydrogen bonds.
 Maximum concentration of ortho-H2 is 75% in an o/p H2 mixture at any temperature.

 o- and p-H2 can be separated by gas chromatography.
 o/p ratio in a hydrogen mixture will contain 100% p-form at 0 K while maximum 75%
ortho upto infinite temperature.
 o/p conversion involves the forbidden triplet-singlet transition in the nuclear spin state
so spontaneous transformation is very slow.
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 In ortho spin of protons in same direction while in para it is in opposite direction.
 Magnetic moment, vapour pressure and specific heat of ortho is more then para. While
conductivity is less.
About Hardness
Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of Bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium
while permanent hardness is due to the presence of soluble chlorides and sulphates of calcium
and magnesium.
 Complexing agents like sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium tripolyphos phate, EDTA
etc. do not remove Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions from hard water These complexing agents simply
make these ions ineffective.
 Permanent as well as temporary hardness can be remove by NaOH.
 It is solid phase but in gas phase O—H is 0.95 Å and O—O bond length
1.47 Å with 90° in solid to 111.5 in gas and 94.8 in solid into 101.8 in gas.
 Calgon, Na6(PO3)6 and zeolite/permutitative (Na2) process remove permanent hardness.
About Heavy Water

 Heavy water is having more melting point, boiling point. Density and less KW as compare
to water.
 Oxide of hydrogen are ‘6’ H2O, D2O, T2O, HOD, HOT, TOD
 The amount of hardness caused by the substances (soluble salt of Ca 2+
or Mg2+) in a certain volume of water measures the extent of hardness or degree of
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hardness. Contact
It is always expressed in terms of CaCO3. No: 9599223002
 The unusual properties of water in condensed phase (liquid and solid states) are due to
the presence of extensive hydrogen bonding between water molecules. This leads to high
freezing point, high boiling point, high heat of vaporisation and high heat of fusion in
comparison to H2S and H2Se.

 Heavy water, D2O is extensively used as a moderator in nuclear reactor and in exchange
reactions for the study of reaction mechanism. It is manufactured by the electrolytic
enrichment of normal water.
 Hydrides are the binary compounds of hydrogen with other elements. On the basis of
properties and type of bonding, hydrides may be of four types.
 Ionic or saline hydrides are formed by alkali and alkaline earth metals (except
Be and Mg) and some lanthanides. These are used as solid fuel and as a reducing agent.
 Covalent or molecular hydrides are formed mainly by p-block elements and by Be and
Mg. These hydrides may be electron deficient hydrides (e.g., BH3, AlH3 etc.) or electron
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precise hydrides (e.g., SiH4 , GeH4 etc.) or electron rich hydrides (e.g., NH3, H2O, HF
etc.)
 Metallic or interstitial hydrides are formed by d- and f-block metals and are usually non-
stoichiometric. (BEST ONLINE STUDY SYSTEM)
 In complex hydrides, H– acts as ligand and is attached to central metal atom e.g., LiAlH4,
BaBH4 etc.
H2O2
 H2O2 is prepared as
BaO2.8H2O + H2SO4 → BaSO4↓ + H2O2 + 8H2O
By the auto-oxidation of 2-butylanthraquinol : The most recent industrial method.
[O]
2-butylanthraquinol → 2-butylanthraquinone + H2O2
By oxidation of isopropyl alcohol : A little H2O2 is added to initiate the reaction.
Little H O +[O]
CH3CHOHCH3  2 2
Slight Pressure
→ CH3COCH3 + H2O2
 Peroxide and superoxides on reaction with water given H2O2.

K 2O2 + H2O → KOH + H2O2
Potassium peroxide
KO2 + H2O → KOH + H2O2 + O2

Potassium superroxide
 Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 is stored in paraffin wax coated glass, plastic or teflon bottles.
Small amounts of acid, glycerol, alcohol and H3PO4 may be used as stabilizers to check
its decomposition.
 H2O2 is a strong oxidising agent in acidic as well as in basic medium and also acts as
reducing agent towards strong oxidising agents in acidic as well as in basic medium.
 H2O2 is non linear, non-planar molecule. The —O—O— linkage is called peroxy linkage.
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Volume Strength of H2O2 Contact No: 9599223002
 ‘20 V’ H2O2 means at NTP 1 liter of H2O2 will give 20 litre O2.
V V
Normality = Molarity = Density d = M × 34
5. 6 11.2

17
Percent strength = ×V
56
Example : Find out normality of ‘10 V’ H2O2,
10
Ans : N =
5. 6
 Test for H2O2
An acidified solution of titanium salt when treated with H2O2, a yellow or orange colour
is developed due to formation of complex salt of per-oxo titanium.
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2Ti(SO4)2 + 2H2O2 + 4H2O → [TiO2(OH)H2O]2SO4 + 3H2SO4
 It decolourizes acidified KMnO4 solution.
 H2O2 on shaking with acidified K2Cr2O7 and little ether, blue colour is produced due to
formation of peroxide of chromium i.e., blue perchromate or CrO5.
 A filter paper with a black stain of PbS on bringing in contact with H2O2 solution turns
white.
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Hydrogen JEE/NEET/AIIMS/OLYMPIAD/KVPY Chemistry

In ordinary hydrogen 75% is ortho and 25% is para.

3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2 ↑; ∆H = 160.1 kJ

Note Water (H2O) is having four hydrogen bonds.

 Maximum concentration of ortho-H2 is 75% in an o/p H2 mixture at any temperature.

(BEST ONLINE STUDY SYSTEM)

About Heavy Water

Head office: Offline Coaching :

 Peroxide and superoxides on reaction with water given H2O2.

KO2 + H2O → KOH + H2O2 + O2

Head office: Offline Coaching :

www.helioseducore.com, Contact No: 9599223002

Head office: Offline Coaching :

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