Continuous-Wave

Modulation

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Modulation Index and Percentage
of Modulation

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 The modulation index should be a number
between 0 and 1.
 If the amplitude of the modulating voltage is higher
than the carrier voltage, m will be greater than 1,
causing distortion of the modulated waveform.
 If the distortion is great enough, the intelligence
signal becomes unintelligible.
 Distortion of voice transmissions produces garbled,
harsh, or unnatural sounds in the speaker.
 Distortion of video signals produces a scrambled
and inaccurate picture on a TV screen .

 The modulating voltage is much greater than

 the carrier voltage, resulting in a condition called
overmodulation.

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Preventing overmodulation is tricky.
o Normally, the amplitude of the modulating signal is adjusted
so that only the voice peaks produce 100 percent
modulation. This prevents overmodulation and distortion.
 Automatic circuits called compression circuits solve this
problem by amplifying the lower-level signals and suppressing
or compressing the higher-level signals.
 The result is a higher average power output level without
overmodulation.
o Distortion caused by overmodulation also produces adjacent
channel interference.
o Distortion produces a non sinusoidal information signal.
 According to Fourier theory, any non sinusoidal signal can be
treated as a fundamental sine wave at the frequency of the
information signal plus harmonics.
 Obviously, these harmonics also modulate the carrier and can
cause interference with other signals on channels adjacent to
the carrier.

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