Macules.

These are lesions that are flush with the adjacent mucosa and that are noticeable because of their

difference in color from normal skin or mucosa. They may be red due to increased vascularity or
inflammation, or pigmented due to the presence of melanin, hemosiderin, and foreign materials (including
the breakdown products of medications). A good example in the oral cavity is the melanotic macule.
2. Papules. These are lesions raised above the skin or mucosal surface that are smaller than 3-4mm in
diameter (some use 0.5 cm for oral mucosal lesions). They may be slightly domed or flat-topped. Papules
are seen in a wide variety of diseases, such as the yellow-white papules of pseudomembranous candidiasis.

3. Tuberculu- these are round shaped lesion in diameter 5-7 mm, palpation is painful. After damaging
tuberculum developes ulcer and in the last stage we are getting cicatrix

3. Plaques. These are raised lesions that are greater than 1 cm in diameter; they are essentially large

papules.

4. Nodules. These lesions are present within the dermis or mucosa. The lesions may also protrude above the

skin or mucosa forming a characteristic dome-shaped structure. A good example of an oral mucosal nodule

is the irritation fibroma.

5. Vesicles. These are small blisters containing clear fluid that are less than 1 cm in diameter.

6. Bullae. These are elevated blisters containing clear fluid that are greater than 1 cm in diameter (some use

0.5 cm for oral lesions).

7. Erosions. These are red lesions often caused by the rupture of vesicles or bullae, or trauma and are
generally moist on the skin. However, they may also result from thinning or atrophy of the epithelium in
inflammatory diseases such as lichen planus. These should not be mistaken for ulcers that are covered with

fibrin and are yellow although erosions may develop into ulcers.

8. Pustules. These are blisters containing purulent material and appear yellow.

9. Ulcers. These are depressed lesions with an epithelial defect that is covered by a fibrin clot, resulting in a
yellow-white appearance. A good example is an aphthous ulcer.
10. Purpura. These are reddish to purple discolorations caused by blood from vessels leaking into the
connective tissue. These lesions do not blanch when pressure is applied and are classified by size as
petechiae (less than 0.3 cm), purpura (0.4–0.9 cm), or ecchymoses (greater than 1 cm).