Chapter 10 PDF

Chapter 10 – Applications of differentiation
Solutions to Exercise 10A

1 y = x2 − 1 3 y = x2 − 5x + 6
dy = (x − 3)(x − 2)
= 2x
dx
y = 0, x = 2, 3
x = 2,
dy
dy = 2x − 5
=4 dx
dx
When x = 2,
tangent : y = 4x + c
dy
x = 2, y = 3 =4−5
dx
3=8+c = −1
c = −5 Gradient of normal = 1
y = 4x − 5 y= x+c
= x+c
2 y = x2 + 3x − 1 x = 2, y = 0
x = 0, y = −1 0=2+c
dy
= 2x + 3 c = −2
dx
y= x−2
x = 0,
When x = 3,
dy
=3 dy
dx =6−5
dx
normal :
=1
−1
grad = − Gradient of normal = -1
4
y = −x + c
−1
y= x+c
3 = −x + c
x = 0, y = −1 x = 3, y = 0
−1 = c 0 = −3 + c
−x
y= −1 c=3
3
y=3−x
389
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
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4 y = (2x + 1)9 5 y = x2 − 5
dy dy
= 2 × 9(2x + 1)8 = 2x
dx dx
= 18(2x + 1)8 dy
=3
dx
x = 0,
3 = 2x
dy
= 18(1)8 3
dx x=
2
= 18
3
tangent: x= ,
2
y = 18x + c 3 2
x = 0, y = 1 y= −5
2
1=c 9
= −5
4
y = 18x + 1
−11
normal: y=
−1 4
y= x+c 3 −11
18 co-ords = ,
2 4
x = 0, y = 1
y = 3x + c
1=c
3 −11
−1 x = ,y =
y= x+1 2 4
18 −11 3
=3× +c
4 2
−11 9
c= −
4 2
−11 18
= −
4 4
−29
c=
4
6 a y = x2 − 2
x = 1, y = 1 − 2 = −1
dy
= 2x
dx
dy
x = 1, =2
dx
i tangent:
390
y = 2x + c ii normal:
−1
x = 1, y = −1 y= x+c
−3
−1 = 2 + c 1
= x+c
c = −3 3
y = 2x − 3 x = 0, y = −1
−1 = c
ii normal:
1
y=
−1
x+c y= x−1
2 3
x = 1, y = −1 1
c y=
−1 x
−1 = +c x = −1, y = −1
2
−1 dy −1
c= = 2
2 dx x
−1 1 dy
y= x− x = −1, = −1
2 2 dx
b y = x2 − 3x − 1 i tangent:
y = −x + c
x = 0, y = −1
dy x = −1, y = −1
= 2x − 3
dx −1 = 1 + c
dy
x = 0, = −3 c = −2
dx
y = −x − 2
i tangent: ii normal:
y = −3x + c y=
−1
x+c
−1
x = 0, y = −1
= x+c
−1 = c
x = −1, y = −1
y = −3x − 1
−1 = −1 + c
c=0
y=x
391
√
d y = (x − 2)(x2 + 1) e y= 3x + 1
√
= x3 − 2x2 + x − 2 x = 0, y= 1=1
x = −1, dy 1
=3× √
y = −1 − 2 − 1 − 2 dx 2 3x + 1
3
= −6 = √
2 3x + 1
dy
= 3x2 − 4x + 1 x = 0,
dx
x = −1, dy 3
= √
dx 2 1
dy
=3+4+1 dy 3
dx =
dx 2
=8
i tangent:
i tangent: 3
y= x+c
y = 8x + c 2
x = −1, y = −6 x = 0, y = 1
−6 = −8 + c 1=c
c=2 3
y= x+1
2
y = 8x + 2
ii normal:
ii normal: −2
y= x+c
−1 3
y= x+c
8 x = 0, y = 1
x = −1 1=c
y = −6 −2
y= x+1
1 3
−6 = +c
8 √
1 −49 f y= x
c = −6 = −
8 8 x = 1, y = 1
−1 49 dy 1
y= x− = √
8 8 dx 2 x
x = 1,
dy 1
=
dx 2
392
i tangent: ii normal:
1 −3
y= x+c y= x+c
2 2
x = 1, y = 1 x = 1, y = 2
1 −3
1= +c 2= +c
2 2
1 7
c= c=
2 2
1 1 7 − 3x
y= x+ y=
2 2 2
ii normal:
h y = x3 − 8x
y = −2x + c
x = 2,
x = 1, y = 1
y = 8 − 16
1 = −2 + c
= −8
c=3
dy
y = −2x + 3 = 3x2 − 8
dx
2 x = 2,
g y = x3 + 1
dy
x = 1, y = 2 = 12 − 8
dx
dy 2 −1 =4
= x3
dx 3
i tangent:
x = 1,
y = 4x + c
dy 2
= x = 2, y = −8
dx 3
i tangent: −8 = 8 + c
2 c = −16
y= x+c
3
y = 4x − 16
x = 1, y = 2
2
2= +c
3
4
c=
3
2x + 4
y=
3
393
ii normal: j y = 2x3 + x2 − 4x + 1
−1
y= x+c x = 1,
4
y=2+1−4+1
x = 2, y = −8
−1 y=0
−8 = +c
2 dy
= 6x2 + 2x − 4
1 dx
c = −7
2 x = 1,
−15
= dy
2 =6+2−4
dx
−x 15
y= − =4
4 2
i y = x3 − 3x2 + 2 i tangent:
y = 4x + c
x = 2,
x = 1, y = 0
y=8−3×4+2
0=4+c
y = −2
c = −4
dy
= 3x2 − 6x y = 4x − 4
dx
x = 2, ii normal:
dy −1
=3×4−6×2 y= x+c
dx 4
=0 x = 1, y = 0
−1
i tangent: 0= +c
y=c 4
1
x = 2, y = −2 c=
4
c = −2, y=
−1
x+
1
4 4
y = −2
ii normal: 7 y = 56x − 160

x=2
394
x2 − 1 tangent:
8 a y=
x2 + 1 3
y= x+c
−1 2
x = 0, y = = −1
1 x = 1, y = 2
x2 + 1 − 2 3
y= 2= +c
x2 + 1 2
2 1
y=1− 2 c=
x +1 2
y = 1 − 2(x2 + 1)−1 3 1
y= x+
dy 2 2
= 2x × −1 × −2(x2 + 1)−2
dx 1
4x c y=
= 2 2x − 1
(x + 1)2 x = 0,
dy
x = 0, =0 1
dx y=
−1
tangent :
y = −1
y=0×x+c dy 1
= 2 × −1 ×
x = 0, y = −1 dx (2x − 1)2
−1 = c −2
=
(2x − 1)2
y = −1
x = 0,
√
b y = 3x2 + 1 dy −2
=
dx (−1)2
x = 1,
√ = −2
y= 3+1
tangent:
=2 y = −2x + c
dy 1
= 6x × √ x = 0, y = −1
dx 2 3x2 + 1
c = −1
3x
= √
3x2 + 1 y = −2x − 1
x = 1,
dy 3
= √
dx 3+1
3
=
2
395
1 b y = cos 2x
d y=
(2x − 1)2
dy
x = 1, = −2 sin 2x
dx
1 π
y= x= ,
(1)2 2
y = cos π = −1
y=1
dy
dy 1 = − sin π = 0
= −2 × 2 × dx
dx (2x − 1)3
−4 y = −1
=
(2x − 1)3
c y = tan x
x = 1,
dy
dy −4 = sec2 x
= dx
dx (1)3 π
x= ,
= −4 4
tangent: π
y = tan = 1
y = −4x + c 4
dy π √
x = 1, y = 1 = sec2 = 22 = 2
dx 4
1 = −4 + c y = 2x + c
c=5 π
x= , y=1
4
y = −4x + 5 π
1= +c
2
π
9 a y = sin 2x c=1−
2
dy π
= 2 cos 2x y = 2x + 1 −
dx 2
x = 0, d y = tan 2x
y = sin 0 = 0 dy
= 2 sec2 2x
dy dx
= 2 cos 0 = 2
dx x = 0,
y = 2x + c y = tan 0 = 0
x = 0, y = 0 dy
= 2 sec2 0 = 2
c=0 dx
y = 2x y = 2x + c
x = 0, y = 0
0=c
y = 2x
396
e y = sin x + x sin 2x e x − e−x
b f (x) =
dy 2
= cos x + sin 2x + 2x cos 2x e + e−x
x
dx f 0 (x) =
2
x = 0, 1+1
f 0 (0) = =1
y = sin 0 + 0 sin 0 = 0 2
dy y= x+c
= cos 0 + 2 sin 0 + 0 = 1
dx 1−1
f (0) = =0
y= x+c 2
x = 0, y=0 0=c
c=0 y=x
y=x c f (x) = x2 e2x
f y = x − tan x f 0 (x) = 2xe2x + 2x2 e2x

dy = 2xe2x (x2 + x)
= 1 − sec2 x
dx f 0 (1) = 2e2 (1 + 1)
π
x= , = 4e2
4
π π π y = 4e2 x + c
y = − tan = − 1
4 4 4
f (1) = 1 × e2 = e2
dy π
= 1 − sec2 = 1 − 2 = −1 e2 = 4e2 + c
dx 4
y = −x + c c = −3e2
π π
x= , y= −1 y = 4e2 x − 3e2
4 4
π −π √
−1= +c d f (x) = e x
4 4
π 1 √
c= −1 f 0 (x) = √ e x
2 2 x
π e
y = −x + − 1 f 0 (1) =
2 2
e
y= x+c
2
10 a f (x) = e x + e−x
f (1) = e1 = e
f 0 (x) = e x − e−x
e
e= +c
f 0 (0) = 1 − 1 = 0 2
e
y=c c=
2
f (0) = 1 + 1 = 2 e
y = (x + 1)
2
2=c
y=2
397
2
e f (x) = xe x b f (x) = ln(2x)
2
f 0 (x) = e x + 2x2 e x
2
2 1
f 0 (x) = =
2 2x x
= e x (2x2 + 1) 1
f0 =2
f 0 (1) = e1 (2 + 1) 2
= 3e y = 2x + c
1
y = 3ex + c ,0 ⇒ 0 = 1 + c
2
f (1) = 1 × e = e
0 1
c = −1
e = 3e + c y = 2x − 1
c = −2e
c f (x) = ln(kx)
y = 3ex − 2e
k 1
f 0 (x) = =
f f (x) = x2 e−x kx x
1
f 0 (x) = 2xe−x − x2 e−x f =k
k
= e−x (2x − x2 ) y = kx + c
f (2) = e (4 − 4) = 0
0 −2 1
,0 ⇒ 0 = 1 + c
k
y=c
c = −1
4
f (2) = 2 e 2 −2
= 2 y = kx − 1
e
4
=c
e2 1
4 12 a y = x5
y= 2
e dy 1 − 4
= x 5
dx 5
11 a f (x) = ln x dy
When x = 0, y = 0, not defined.
dx
1
f 0 (x) = Therefore equation of tangent
x
f (1) = 1
0 x=0
y= x+c 3
b y = x5
1, 0 ⇒ 0 = 1 + c dy 3 − 2
= x 5
dx 5
c = −1
dy
y= x−1 When x = 0, y = 0, not defined.
dx
For the normal the gradient is −1
Therefore equation of tangent
The equation of the normal is
y= x+1 x=0
398
1
c y = (x − 4) 3 13 y = tan 2x
dy
y=0⇒x=4 = 2 sec2 2x
dx
2 π
dy 1 − x= ,
= (x − 4) 3 8
dx 3 π
x = 4, y = tan = 1
4
dy dy π
is undefined = 2 sec2 = 4
dx dx 4
∴ tangent is x = 4
y = 4x + c
2 π
d y = (x + 5) 3 x= , y=1
8
y = 0 ⇒ x = −5 π
1= +c
1 2
dy 2 − π
= (x + 5) 3 c=1−
dx 3 2
π
x = −5, y = 4x + 1 −
2
dy
dx
is undefined x = 0,
∴ tangent is x = −5 π
y=1−
1 2
e y = (2x + 1) 3
π
A = 0, 1 −
1 2
y=0⇒x=− π
2 OA = − 1
dy 2 2 2
= (2x + 1)− 3
dx 3
−1 14 y = 2e x
x=− , dy
2 = 2e x
dy dx
is undefined dy
dx ∴ = 2ea when x = a
1 dx
∴ tangent is x = − Gradient of the line segment joining
2 2ea
(a, 2ea ) and the origin is
4 a
f y = (x + 5) 5 2ea
∴ = 2ea
y = 0 ⇒ x = −5 a
∴a=1
dy 4 1
= (x + 5)− 5
dx 5
x = −5,
dy
is undefined
dx
∴ tangent is x = −5
399
15 y = loge x ∴ a2 + 2a = 2a2 + 2a
dy 1 ∴a=0
=
dx x
dy 1
∴ = when x = a
dx a 17 y = x3 + x
Gradient of the line segment joining dy
loge a = 3x2 + 1
(a, loge a) and the origin is dx
a dy
loge a 1 ∴ = 3a2 + 1 when x = a
∴ = dx
a a Gradient of the line segment joining
∴ loge a = 1 ∴ a = e
(a, a3 + a) and the point (1, 1) is
a3 + a − 1
16 y = x2 + 2x a−1
dy a3 + a − 1
= 2x + 2 ∴ 3a2 + 1 =
dx a−1
dy ∴ (3a2 + 1)(a − 1) = a3 + a − 1
∴ = 2a + 2 when x = a
dx ∴ 3a3 + a − 3a2 − 1 = a3 + a − 1
Gradient of the line segment joining ∴ 2a3 − 3a2 = 0
a2 + 2a
(a, a2 + 2a) and the origin is ∴ a2 (2a − 3) = 0
a 3
a2 + 2a ∴ a = 0 or a =
∴ = 2a + 2 2
a
400
Solutions to Exercise 10B
1 a 4
f (3) − f (2) 3 a I=
Average rate of change = (t + 1)2
3−2 dI −8
45 − 24 =
= dt (t + 1)3
1
t = 10,
= 21
dI −8
= 3
b Average rate of change dt 11
−8
f (2 + h) − f (2) =
= 1331
2+h−2 i.e. I wanes by ≈ 0.006 units/day
3(2 + h)2 + 6(2 + h) − 24
=
h
4 V(t) = 1000(90 − t)3
3(4 + 4h + h2 ) + 6(2 + h) − 24
=
h a V 0 (t) = −3000(90 − t)2
18h + 3h )2
it empties at 3000(90 − t)2 m3 /day
=
h
= 18 + 3h b V(t) = 0,
c f 0 (x) = 6x + 6 1000(90 − t)3 = 0

f 0 (2) = 18 t = 90 days
c V(0) = 1000(90)3
dV
2 a = 729 000 000 m3
dt
dS d V 0 (t) = −300 000
b
dr
−300 000 = −3000(90 − t)2
dV
c (90 − t)2 = 100
dx
90 − t = ±10
dA
d
dt t = 90 ± 10
dV since t ∈ [0, 90]
e
dh t = 80th day
401
e d 1
c = (60t2 − 4t3 )
dt 160
V
(m3) 1
= (15t2 − t3 )
40
7.29 × 108 d
= 0,
dt
15t2 − t3 = 0
t2 (15 − t) = 0
0 90 t (days) t = 0, 15
max flow occurs at
f V′(t)
t = 15
(using graph to determine max. or min. status)
0 t
6 a t ≈ 100, 250, 500
−2.43 × 107 (read off graph-turning points)
b draw tangent at t = 200,

rise
1 4 t5 use to find gradient
5 V(t) = 5t − , 0 ≤ t ≤ 20 run
160 5 dV
430 000 m3 /day
dt
1 (be careful re: vertical scale)
a V 0 (t) = (20t3 − t4 ) ml/min
160
c t = 100, V 4 × 107
b
t = 250, V 8 × 107
V′(t)
(mL/min) rise 4 × 107
≈ ≈ 270 000 m3 /day
run 150
(15, 105.47)
d 100 < t < 250 or t > 500
0 20 t (minutes)
402
7 a 30
=− loge 3
P = P0 e−kt 8
15
When t = 0, P = 30 = − loge 3
4
∴ 30 = P0 e0 The rate of loss is
15
4 loge 3 ≈ 4.120 units per
∴ P0 = 30 hour when t = 0.
When t = 8, P = 10 dP
ii When t = 8, = −30ke−8k
∴ 10 = 30e −8k
dt
1 15
∴ = e−8k = − × loge 3 × e− loge 3
3 4
1 15 1
∴ loge = −8k = − × loge 3 ×
3 4 3
1 1 5
and k = − loge = − loge 3
8 3 4
This rate of loss is
1 5
= loge (3) ≈ 0.1373 4 loge 3 ≈ 1.373 units per
8 hour when t = 8.

1
− 8 loge (3) t
b When P = 8, 8 = 30 e dT 45
8 a = − e−0.3t
1 dt 2
4 log (3) 8 t
e 1
∴ =e Also, e−0.3t = (T − 15)
15 75
4 t dT 45
∴ = 3− 8 ∴ =− (T − 15)
15 dt 150
15 t
= −0.3(T − 15)
∴ = 38
4
15 b i When T = 90, t = 0
8 loge
4
∴ t= ≈ 9.625 dT 45
loge (3) ∴ =−
The pressure would be 8 units after dt 2
approximately 9.625 hours. ii When T = 60
dP
c i = −30ke−kt dT
= −0.3(60 − 15) = −13.5
dt dt
1
where k = loge 3 iii When T = 30
8
dP
When t = 0, = −30ke0 dT
dt = −0.3(30 − 15) = −4.5
dt
= −30k
403
9 dV
c a= = 12t − 18
y = 3x + 2 cos x dt
dy t = 1, a = −6 cm/s2
= 3 − 2 sin x
dx t = 2, a = 6 cm/s2
−1 ≤ sin 2x ≤ 1
d a=0
−2 ≤ −2 sin 2x ≤ 2
12t = 18
dy
−1 ≤ 3 − 2 sin 2x ≤ 5 ∴ >0 QED 3
dx t=
2
9 3
t V =6× − 18 × + 12
10 V(t) = 3 + 2 sin 4 2
4
27
5 = − 27 + 12
a V(10) = 3 + 2 sin 2
2 24 27
= −
≈ 4.197 2 2
−3
1 t V= cm/s
b V 0 (t) =
cos 2
2 4
1 5
V (10) = cos
0
12 x = 8 + 2t − t2
2 2
≈ −0.4 a t = 0,
x = 8 cm
11 x = 2t − 9t + 12t
3 2
b V = 2 − 2t
dx
a V= = 6t2 − 18t + 12 t = 0,
dt
v = 2 cm/s
b V=0
⇒ t2 − 3t + 2 = 0 c V=0
(t − 2) (t − 1) = 0 t = 1s
t = 1, 2 x = 8 + 2 − 1 = 9 cm
t = 1,
d a = −2 cm/s2
x = 2 − 9 + 12
√
t = 1, x = 5 cm 13 x = 2t2 + 2
t = 2, x = 16 − 36 + 24 = 4 cm
404
1
a V = 4t × √ a y
2t2 +2
√ y = 600
2t
= √
2t2 + 2
√
2t
V= √
t2 + 1 t
0
b √ √ √ √
t2 + 1 dtd ( 2t) − 2t dtd ( t2 + 1) dy
a= b = 600(0.5e−0.5t )
+1 t2 dx
√ √
2t2 + 2 − 2t × √2t2 = 300e−0.5t
2 t +1
a=
+1 t2 t = 10,
√ 2 √
2(t + 1) − 2t2 dy
= 3 = 300e−5 ≈ 2.02
dx
(t2 + 1) 2
√
2
= 3 16 a y = e−2x
(t2 + 1) 2
−2x = ln y
c t=1
−1
√ x= ln y
2 2
V = √ = 1 cm/s
2 dy −1
√ =
2 1 dx 2y
a= 3
= cm/s2 dy
(2) 2
2 = −2y
dx
b y = Aekx
14 x = 0.4e t
dy
v = 0.4et = Akekx
dx
t = 0, v = 0.4 m/s = k(Aekx )
t = 1, v = 0.4e ≈ 1.087 m/s = ky
t = 2, v = 0.4e2 ≈ 2.956 m/s
17 m = 2e−0.2t
15 y = 600(1 − e−0.5t )
a t = 12,
m = 2e−2.4
≈ 0.18 kg
405
b t = 0, 1
ii e−0.2t =
8
m=2
0.2t = ln 8
m − 1,
t = 15 ln 2 ≈ 10.4 hours
1 = 2e−0.2t
dm 2 −t
−0.2t = ln
1 d =− e5
2 dt 5
1 −t
0.2t = ln 2 = − (2e 5 )
5
t = 5 ln 2 ≈ 3.47 hours 1
= − m/hr
5
1
c i e−0.2t = 1
Rate of decay = m
4 5
0.2t = ln 4
t = 10 ln 2 ≈ 6.93 hours
406
Solutions to Exercise 10C
1 a f (x) = x3 − 12x d f (t) = 8t + 5t2 − t3 , t > 0
f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 12 f 0 (t) = 8 + 10t − 3t2
f 0 (x) = 0 f 0 (t) = 0,
3x2 − 12 = 0 3t2 + 10t + 8 = 0
√
x2 − 4 = 0 100 + 16
10 ±
t=
x = ±2 6
10 ± 14
f (±2) = ±8 ∓ 24 =
6
= ∓16 −2
= ,4
co-ords = (−2, 16), (2, −16) 3
t > 0, ∴ t = 4
b g(x) = 2x2 − 4x f (4) = 32 + 80 − 64 = 48
g (x) = 4x − 4
0
co-ords = (4, 48)
g (x) = 0,
0
e g(z) = 8z2 − 3z4

4x − 4 = 0
g0 (z) = 16z − 12z3
x = 1,
g0 (z) = 0,
g(1) = 2 − 4
16z − 12z3 = 0
= −2
(3z2 − 4)z = 0
co-ords = (1, −2)
±2
z = 0, √
c h(x) = 5x4 − 4x5 3
h0 (x) = 20x3 − 20x4 g(0) = 0,
±2 4 16
h0 (x) = 0, g √ =8× −3×
3 3 9
20x3 − 20x4 = 0
32 16
x3 (1 − x) = 0 = −
3 3
x = 0, 1 =
16
3
h(0) = 0, ±2 16
co-ords = √ , , (0, 0)
h(1) = 1 3 3
co-ords = (0, 0), (1, 1)
407
f f (x) = 5 − 2x + 3x2 f (0) = −10
f 0 (x) = −2 + 6x f (2) = 3 × 16 − 16 × 8 + 24 × 4 − 10
f 0 (x) = 0, = 48 − 128 + 96 − 10
6x − 2 = −80 + 86
x=
1 =6
3
1 co-ords = (0, −10), (2, 6)
2 1
f =5− +
3 3 3
=4 =
2 14 2 a f (x) = e2x − 2x
3 3
1 14 f 0 (x) = 2e2x − 2
co-ords = , f 0 (x) = 0 ⇒e2x = 1
3 3
⇒x=0
g h(x) = x3 − 4x2 − 3x + 20,
Coordinates of stationary point: (0,1)
x>0
b f (x) = x loge (3x)
h0 (x) = 3x2 − 8x − 3
f 0 (x) = loge (3x) + 1
h0 (x) = 0
f 0 (x) = 0 ⇒ loge (3x) = −1
3x2 − 8x − 3 = 0
√ 1
8±64 + 36 ⇒x=
x= 3e
6 1 1
Coordinates of stationary point: ( , − )
−2 18 3e 3e
= ,
6 6
18 c f (x) = cos(2x), x ∈ [−π, π]
x > 0, ∴ x = =3
6 f 0 (x) = −2 sin(2x)
h(3) = 27 − 36 − 9 + 20 f 0 (x) = 0 ⇒ sin(2x) = 0
=2 ⇒ 2x = −2π, −π, 0, π, 2π
co-ords = (3, 2) π π
⇒ x = −π, − , 0, , π
2 2
h Coordinates of stationary point :
f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 24x2 − 10 π π
(−π, 1), (− , −1), (0, 1), ( , −1), (π, 1)
f (x) = 12x − 48x + 48x
0 3 2
2 2
f 0 (x) = 0, d f (x) = xe x
x(x2 − 4x + 4) = 0 f 0 (x) = e x + xe x = e x (1 + x)
x(x − 2)2 = 0 f 0 (x) = 0 ⇒x = −1
x = 0, 2 1
Coordinates of stationary point: (−1, − )
e
408
e 4 y = x3 + bx2 + cx + d
f (x) = x2 e x dy
= 3x2 + 2bx + c
f (x) = x e + 2xe = xe (2 + x)
0 2 x x x dx
f 0 (x) = 0 ⇒x = −2, 0 When x = 0, y = 3
Coordinates of stationary point: ∴d=3
4 When x = 1, y = 3
(−2, ), (0, 0)
e2 ∴1+b+c+3=3
f f (x) = 2x loge (x) ∴ b + c = −1 . . . (1)
f 0 (x) = 2 loge (3x) + 2 When x = 1,
dy
=0
dx
f 0 (x) = 0 ⇒ loge (x) = −1
∴ 2b + c = −3 . . . (2)
1
⇒x= Subtract (1) from (2)
e
1 2
Coordinates of stationary point:( , − ) b = −2
e e
∴c=1
3 a f (x) = x2 − ax + 9
f 0 (x) = 2x − a 5 y = ax2 + bx + c
f 0 (3) = 0, x = 1, y = −3
(1) − 3 = a + b + c
6−a=0
dy
a=6 = 2ax + b
dx
dy
b h(x) = x3 − bx2 − 9x + 7 x = 2, =4
dx
h0 (x) = 3x2 − 2bx − 9 (2) 4 = 4a + b
h (−1) = 0,
0
dy
x = 1,=0
3 + 2b − 9 = 0 dx
2b = 6 (3) 0 = 2a + b
(2) − (3) ⇒ 4 = 2a
b=3
a=2
sub in (3) ⇒ b+4=0
b = −4
sub in (1) ⇒ −3 = 2 − 4 + c
c = −1
y = 2x2 − 4x − 1
409
6 y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d a x = 2, y = 7
1 b
x = 0, y = 7 1 7 = 2a +
2 3
15 dy 2b
d= =a−
2 dx (2x − 1)2
x = 3, y = −6 dy
x = 2, =0
15 dx
−6 = 27a + 9b + 3c + 2b
2 0=a−
27 9
− = 27a + 9b + 3c 2b
2 2 a=
9 9
− = 9a + 3b + c . . . (1) 4b b
2 sub in 1 ⇒ 7 = +
dy 9 3
= 3ax2 + 2bx + c 7b
dx 7=
dy 9
x = 0, = −3
dx b=9
−3 = c sub in 2 ⇒ a = 2
9
sub in (1) ⇒ − = 9a + 3b − 3 9
2 b y = 2x +
3 (2x − 1)
− = 9a + 3b . . . (2) dy 18
2 =2−
dy dx (2x − 1)2
x = 3, =0 dy
dx =0
0 = 27a + 6b − 3 dx
18
9a + 2b = 1 . . . (3) =2
(2x − 1)2
−5
(2) − (3) ⇒ b = (2x − 1)2 = 9
2
sub in (3) ⇒ 9a − 5 = 1 2x − 1 = ±3
9a = 6 2x = 1 ± 3
2 x = −1, 2
a=
3 x = −1,
2x2 5x2 15
y= − − 3x + 9
3 2 2 y = −2 +
−3
= −5
7 y = ax + b(2x − 1)−1
co-ords = (−1, −5)
410
y = (2x − 1)n (x + 2) 9 y = (x2 − 1)n
dy d dy
= (2x − 1)n × (x + 2)(2x − 1)n = 2x × n(x2 − 1)n−1
dx dx dx
d
× (x + 2) = 2nx(x2 − 1)n−1
dx
= 2nx((x + 1)(x − 1))n−1
= 2n(2x − 1)n−1 × (x + 2)
dy
+ (2x − 1)n = 0,
dx
= (2x − 1)n−1 (2n(x + 2) + (2x − 1)) 2nx((x + 1)(x − 1))n−1 = 0
= (2x − 1)n−1 (2nx + 4n + 2x − 1) x = 0, −1, 1
= (2x − 1)n−1 ((2n + 2)x + (4n − 1))
dy x
= 0, 10 y=
dx x2+1
0 = (2x − 1)n−1 ((2n + 2)x + (4n − 1)) dy (x + 1) dx
2 d d
(x) − x dx (x2 + 1)
=
dx (x2 + 1)2
2x − 1 = 0 or (2n + 2)x + (4n − 1) = 0
x2 + 1 − 2x2
1 1 − 4n =
x= or x = (x2 + 1)2
2 2n + 2
1 − x2
=
(x2 + 1)2
dy
= 0,
dx
1 − x2 = 0
x = ±1
±1
y=
2
1 −1
co-ords = 1, , −1,
2 2
411
Solutions to Exercise 10D
1 a 0 = 4x2 e 0 = x2 − x − 12
x=0 0 = −(x − 4) (x + 3)
0 x = −3, 4
+ 0 + −3 4
+ 0 − 0 +
inflexion
max. min.
b 0 = (x − 2) (x + 5)
x = −5, 2 f 0 = 5x4 − 27x3
0 = x3 (5x − 27)
−5 2
27
+ 0 − 0 + x = 0,
5
27
max. min. 0 5
+ 0 − 0 +
c 0 = (x + 1) (2x − 1)
1
x = −1, max. min.
2
1 g 0 = (x − 1) (x − 3)
−1
2
+ 0 − 0 + x = 1, 3
1 3
max. min.
+ 0 − 0 +
d 0 = −x2 + x + 12
0 = −(x2 − x − 12) max. min.
0 = −(x − 4) (x + 3) h 0 = −(x − 1) (x − 3)
x = −3, 4 x = 1, 3
−3 4 1 3
− 0 + 0 − − 0 + 0 −
min. max. min. max.
412
2 a y = x3 − 12x dy
<0
dy dx
= 3x2 − 12 x = 0,
dx
dy dy
=0 =0
dx dx
x2 − 4 = 0 x = 1,
x = −2, +2 dy
> 0,
x = −2.5, dx
dy x = 2,
>0
dx dy
=0
x = −1.5, dx
x = 2.5,
dy
<0 dy
dx <0
∴ x = −2 is a max dx
∴ x = 0 is a min.
x = 1.5,
∴ x = 2 is a max.
dy
<0
dx c y = x3 − 5x2 + 3x
x = 2.5, dy
= 3x2 − 10x + 3
dy dx
>0 dy
dx = 0,
dx
∴ x = 2 is a min
(3x − 1) (x − 3) = 0
b y = 3x2 − x3 1
x = ,3
dy 3
= 6x − 3x2
dx x = 0,
dy
= 0, dy
dx >0
dx
2x − x2 = 0
1
x(x − 2) = 0 x= ,
3
x = 0, 2 dy
=0
dx
x = −0.5,
413
x = 1, e
dy y = 3x4 + 16x3 + 22x2 + 3
<0 dy
dx = 12x3 + 48x2 + 48x
x = 3, dx
dy
dy = 0,
=0 dx
dx
x(x2 + 4x + 4) = 0
x = 4,
x(x + 2)2 = 0
dy
>0 x = −2, 0
dx
1
∴ x = is a max. x = −3,
3 dy
x = 3 is a min. = −27 × 12
dx
d + 48 × 9 − 48 × 3 < 0
y=3−x 3
x = −2,
dy dy
= −3x2 =0
dx dx
dy
= 0, x = −1,
dx
x=0 dy
= −12 + 48 − 48 < 0
x = −1, dx
x = 0,
dy
<0 dy
dx =0
dx
x = 0,
x = 1,
dy
=0 dy
dx = 12 + 48 + 48 > 0
dx
x = 1,
∴ x = −2 is a stationary point of
dy infection
<0
dx
x = 0 is a min.
x = 0 is a stationary point of infection
f y = x3 − x
dy
= 3x2 − 1
dx
dy
= 0,
dx
1
x2 =
3
414
±1 ii
x= √ dy
3 = 12x2 − 12x3
dx
x = −1,
dy
= 0,
dy dx
>0
dx 12x2 − 12x3 = 0
−1
x= √ , x2 (1 − x) = 0
3
x = 0, 1
dy
=0
dx x = 0, y = 0
x = 0, (0, 0) is a stationary point of inflection
dy x = 1, y = 4 − 3 = 1
<0
dx (1, 1) is a maximum turning point
+1
x= √ ,
3 b i y = x3 − 6x2
dy
=0 y=0
dx
x2 (x − 6) = 0
x = 1,
x = 0, 6
dy y
>0
dx
−1
∴ x = √ is a max
3
1
x = √ is a min (0, 0) (6, 0)
3 x
0
3 a i y=0
(4, −32)
4x3 − 3x4 = 0
dy
x3 (4 − 3x) = 0 ii = 3x2 − 12x
dx
4 dy
x = 0, =0
3 dx
y
(1, 1)
(0, 0)
x
0
4, 0
3
415
3x(x − 4) = 0 d i
x = 0, 4 y = x3 + 6x2 + 9x + 4
x = 0, y = 0 y=0
(0, 0) is a maximum turning point x3 + 6x2 + 9x + 4 = 0
x = 4, (x + 4) (x + 1)2 = 0
y = 64 − 96 x − ints : x = −4, −1
= −32 y − int : y = 4
y
(4, −32) is a minimum turning point
c i y = 3x2 − x3 (−3, 4)
(0, 4)
y=0
(−4, 0) x
x2 (3 − x) = 0
(−1, 0) 0
x = 0, 3
y
(2, 4) ii
dy
= 3x2 + 12x + 9
dx
dy
(3, 0) =0
dx
x
0 (0, 0) 3x2 + 12x + 9 = 0
x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
(x + 3) (x + 1) = 0
dy x = −3, −1
ii = 6x − 3x2
dx
dy x = −3,
=0
dx y = −27 + 6 × 9 − 9 × 3 + 4
3x(2 − x) = 0 y = −27 + 54 − 27 + 4
x = 0, 2 y=4
x = 0, y = 0 (−3, 4)
(0,0) is a minimum turning point is a maximum turning point
x = 2, x = −1,
y=3×4−8 y=0
(−1, 0)
=4
is a minimum turning point
(2, 4) is a maximum turning point
416
e i y = (x2 − 1)5 y
y=0
x2 − 1 = 0 (0, 1)
x − ints : x = ±1
x = 0, y = −1 x
(−1, 0) 0 (1, 0)
y − int : y = −1
y dy
ii = 8x(x2 − 1)3
dx
dy
= 0,
dx
x(x2 − 1)3 = 0
x x = 0, ±1
(−1, 0) 0 (1, 0)
(−1, 0), (1, 0)
are minimum turning points
(0, −1)
(0, 1) are maximum turning points
dy
ii = 2x × 5(x2 − 1)4
dx 4 a y = 2x3 + 3x2 − 12x + 7
= 10x(x2 − 1)4 dy
dy = 6x2 + 6x − 12
=0 dx
dx dy
= 0,
10x(x2 − 1)4 = 0 dx
x = 0, ±1 0 = 6x2 + 6x − 12
x = 0, x2 + x − 2 = 0
y = (−1)5 = −1 (x − 1) (x + 2) = 0
(0, −1)
is a minimum turning point
x = ±1,
y=0
(±1, 0)
are stationary point of inflection
f i y = (x2 − 1)4
x2 = 1
x-ints: x = ±1
x = 0, y = 1
y-int: y = 1
417
x = −2, 1 both are turning points ∴ (x − 1)2 is a factor,
x = −3, ∴ y = (x − 1)2 (2x + 7)
dy (x − 1)2 (2x + 7) = 0
= 6(9 − 3 − 2)
dx −7
>0 x = ints : x = 1,
2
x = 0, y = 7, y − int : y = 7
x = 0, d y
dy
= −12 < 0 (−2, 27)
dx
∴ x = −2 is a max
x = −2, (0, 7)
y = −2 × 8 + 3 × 4 + 12 × 2 + 7 x
− 7, 0 0 (1, 0)
y = −16 + 12 + 24 + 7 2
= 27
(−2, 27) is a max 5 a P(x) = x3 + ax2 + b
x=2
P0 (x) = 3x2 + 2ax
dy
= 6(4 + 2 − 2) = x(3x + 2a)
dx
>0 P0 (0) = 0
∴ x=0
∴ x = 1 is a min
is a stationary point for all values of a
x = 1, and b
y = 2 + 3 − 12 + 7
x = 1, y = 0
(1,0) is a min
b see above, (1,0)

is a point on the curve
c y=0
2x3 + 3x2 − 12x + 7 = 0 (from a),
we know (1,0) is a turning point.
418
b 6 a
f (x) = (2x − 1)5 (2x − 4)4
P (−2) = 0
0
f (0) = (−1)5 (−4)4

3(−2)2 + 2a(−2) = 0
y-intercept = −256
12 − 4a = 0
co-ords(0, −256)
a=3
f (x) = 0,
P(−2) = 6
0 = (2x − 1)5 (2x − 4)4
(−2) + 3(−2) + b = 6
3 2
1
−8 + 12 + b = 6 x = ,2
2
4+b=6 1
x-intercepts = , 2
b=2 2
1
P(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 6 co-ords , 0 , (2, 0)
2
P0 (x) = 3x2 + 6x b
P (−1) = 3 − 6
0
f 0 (x) = (2x − 1)5
d d
((2x − 4)4 ) + (2x − 4)4 ((2x − 1)5 )
<0 dx dx
P0 (1) = 3 + 6 = (2x − 1)5 × 2 × 4(2x − 4)3
+ (2x − 4)4 × 2 × 5(2x − 1)4
>0 = (2x − 4)3 (2x − 1)4 ((2x − 1) × 8
x = 0 is a min. + (2x − 4) × 10)
Local minimum at (0, 2) = (2x − 4)3 (2x − 1)4 (16x − 8 + 20x − 40)
= (2x − 4)3 (2x − 1)4 (36x − 48)
P (−3) = 27 − 18 >
0
0
= 12(3x − 4) (2x − 4)3 (2x − 1)4
x = −2 is a max.
f 0 (x) = 0,
Local maximum at (−2, 6)
12(3x − 4) (2x − 4)3 (2x − 1)4 = 0
419
4
x= (turning point) y
3
or x = 2 (turning point) 4 , 40.6
1 3
or x = (stationary point of inflection)
2 x
f (1) = 12(3 − 4) (2 − 4)3 (2 − 1)4
0 0 (2, 0)
>0 1, 0
2
f 0 (1.5) = 12(4.5 − 4) (3 − 4)3 (3 − 1)4

(0, −256)
<0
f 0 (3) = 12(9 − 4) (6 − 4)3 (6 − 1)4
7 a y
f(x)g(x)
>0
4
x= is a max.
3
x = 2 is a min. 1
4 8 5 8 4 5 5 −4 4
f = −1 −4
3 3 3 3 3 x
≈ 40.6 −1 0 1
4 2 2
, 40.6 is a max.
3 −1
f (2) = (4 − 1)5 (4 − 4)4
=0
(2, 0) is a min.
1
f =0
2
1
, 0 is a stationary point of inflection
2
420
b i (4x2 − 1)6 > (4x2 − 1)5 i f x < 0,
4x2 − 1 > 1 i f (4x2 − 1)5 > 0 6(4x2 − 1) < 5
4x2 > 2 i f (4x2 − 1)5 > 0 5
(4x2 − 1) <
1 6
x2 > i f (4x2 − 1)5 > 0 11
2 4x2 <
1 6
|x| > √ i f (4x2 − 1)5 > 0 11
2 x2 <
24
1
x2 < i f (4x2 − 1)5 < 0 66
4 x2 <
144
1 √
|x| < i f (4x2 − 1)5 < 0 − 66
2 x> ,x<0
1 1 12
∴ |x| > √ or |x| < 1
2 2 x,±
2
√
ii − 66 −1
f 0 (x) = 8x × 6(4x2 − 1)5 ∴ <x< ,
12 2
g0 (x) = 8x × 6(4x2 − 1)4 −1
or < x < 0,
2
f 0 (x) > g0 (x) √
66
8x × 6(4x2 − 1)5 > 8x × 6(4x2 − 1)4 or x >
12
6x(4x2 − 1) > 5x
i f x > 0, 8 a
y = x3 + x2 − 8x − 12
6(4x − 1) > 5
2
x = 0, y = −12
5
(4x − 1) >
2
y-intercept = (0, −12)
6
4x2 >
11 y=0
6
x3 + x2 − 8x − 12 = 0
11
x2 >
24 try x = 3 (a factor of − 12)
r
11 27 + 9 − 24 − 12
x>
24 =0
√
66
x> ∴ (x − 3) is a factor
12
(x − 3) (x2 + 4x + 4) = 0
(x − 3) (x + 2)2 = 0
x = 3, −2
421
x-intercepts = (−2, 0), (3, 0) b y = 4x − 18x2 + 48x − 290
dy = 2(2x3 − 9x2 + 24x − 145)
= 3x2 + 2x − 8
dx x = 0, y = −290
= (3x − 4) (x + 2)
y-intercept = (0, −290)
dy
= 0, y=0
dx
(3x − 4) (x + 2) = 0 2x3 − 9x2 + 24x − 145 = 0
4 using CAS calculator
x = −2,
3 x=5
x = −2, y = 0
y = 2(x − 5) (2x2 + x + 29)
4
x= 2x2 + x + 29 = 0,
3 √
4 3 4 2 4 −1 ± 1 − 232
y= + −8 − 12 x=
3 3 3 4
64 16 32 no real solutions
= + − − 12
27 9 3
y = 0, x = 5
64 + 48 − 288 − 324
= x-intercept = (5, 0)
27
−500 dy
= = 12x2 − 36x + 48
27 dx
14 = 12(x2 − 3x + 4)
= −18
27 dy
stationary points are (−2, 0) max = 0,
4 −500 dx
and , min x2 − 3x + 4 = 0
3 27 √
3 ± 9 − 16
x=
2
no real solutions
∴ y has no stationary points
9 a f (x) = 3x4 + 4x3

f (x) = 12x3 + 12x2
f 0 (x) = 0,
12x2 (x + 1) = 0
x = −1, 0
f 0 (0) = 0
(0, 0), stationary point of inflection
422
f (−1) = 3 − 4 c f (x) = 3x3 − 3x2 + 12x + 9
= −1 = 3(x3 − x2 + 4x + 3)
(−1, −1) min., since
f 0 (x) = 3(3x2 − 2x + 4)
f (x) is shaped and (0, 0)
is a stationary point of inflection f 0 (x) = 0,
3x2 − 2x + 4 = 0
√
2±
4 − 48
x=
6
no real solutions
∴ f (x) has no stationary points
b f (x) = x4 + 2x3 − 1
f 0 (x) = 4x3 + 6x2
1
f 0 (x) = 0, 10 f (x) = (x − 1)3 (8 − 3x) + 1
8
2x2 (2x + 3) = 0 1
x = 0 (stationary point of inflection) a f (0) = (−1)3 (8) + 1
−3 8
x= (turning point) =1−1
2
f (0) = −1
= 0 QED
(0, −1)
1
is a stationary point of inflection f (3) = (2)3 (−1) + 1
f 0 (−2) = 4 × −8 + 6 × 4 8
= −1 + 1
=0 QED
<0
1 d
f 0 (−1) = −4 + 6 b f 0 (x) = (x − 1)3 (8 − 3x)
8 dx
1 d
+ (8 − 3x) (x − 1)3
8 dx
>0 −3 3
3 81 −27 = (x − 1)3 (8 − 3x) (x − 1)2
f0 − = + −1 8 8
2 16 4 3
= (x − 1)2 ((8 − 3x) − (x − 1))
−43 8
=
16 3
−3 −43 = (x − 1)2 (9 − 4x) QED
8
, = (−1.5, −2.6875) is a min. want x such that f 0 (x) ≥ 0
2 16
3
(x − 1)2 (9 − 4x) ≥ 0
8
since (x − 1)2 ≥ 0,
9 − 4x ≥ 0
9
x≤
4
423
c y y
9, 1.305
(3, 351)
(1, 1) 4
x
x 0
0 3
(8, −1024)
11 y = 3x4 − 44x3 + 144x2

12 a
dy x = −1 (stationary point of inflection)
= 12x3 − 132x2 + 288x
dx
x = 1 (min)
= 12x(x2 − 11x + 24)
x = 5 (max)
= 12x(x − 8) (x − 3)
dy b x = 0 (max)
= 0,
dx
x = 2 (min)
x = 0, 3, 8
x = 0, c x = −4 (min)
y=0 x = 0 (max)
(0, 0) is a minimum turning point
x = 3, d x = −3 (min)
y = 35 − 44 × 27 + 144 × 9 x = 2 (stationary point of inflection)
= 243 − 1188 + 1296

13 a y = x4 − 16x2
= 351 dy
(3,351) is a maximum turning point = 4x3 − 32x
dx
x = 8,
= 4x(x2 − 8)
y = 3 × 84 − 44 × 83 + 144 × 64
dy
= 0,
= 12288 − 22528 + 9216 dx
√
= −1024 x = 0, ±2 2
(8, −1024) is a minimum turning point √
x = 0, x = ±2 2,
y = 0 y = −64
Since the x-intercepts are ±4, 0 we
can sketch the graph.
424
r
(m − 1)
Ifx = 4
m
y=
r (m − 1) 2m r (m − 1) 2m−2
4 − 16 4
m m
(m − 1) m (m − 1) m−1
hence = 16m − 16 × 16m−1
√ (0,0) is a maximum m m
(±2 2, −64) are minimums m − 1 m (m − 1) m−1
= 16m −
b y = x2m − 16x2m−2 m m
(m − 1) m−1 (m − 1)
dy = 16 m
1−
= (x2m − 16x2m−2 ) m m
dx (m − 1) m−1 1
= 2mx2m−1 − 16(2m − 2)x2m−3 = 16m
m m
= 2x2m−3 (mx2 − 16(m − 1))
stationary points are :
dy
=0 (0, 0)min
dx
x2m−3 (mx2 − 16(m − 1)) = 0 r (m − 1) 16m (m − 1)m−1
±4 , max
x = 0, mx2 − 16(m − 1) = 0 m mm
16(m − 1)
x2 = y
m 14
r
16(m − 1)
x=±
m 1
r
(m − 1)
= ±4
m
If x = 0 then y = 0. x
0
15 f (x) = x2 e x in set
f 0 (x) = 2xe x + x2 e x
= e x (x2 + 2x)
f 0 (x) < 0,
e x (x2 + 2x) < 0
x2 + 2x < 0
x(x + 2) < 0
x < 0 & x > −2
∴ −2 < x < 0
notation, {x : − 2 < x < 0}
425
in set notation, {x : − 2 < x < 0} c y
16 y=x
f (x) = 100e−x +2x−5
2
f(x) = x + e−x
f 0 (x) = 100(−2x + 2)e−x +2x−5 x
2
0
f 0 (x) > 0,
100(−2x + 2)e−x +2x−5 > 0
2
−2x + 2 > 0
19 y = e x (px2 + qx + r)
x<1
hence maximum f (x) occurs at x = 1. dy
= e x (px2 + qx + r) + e x (2px + q)
f 0 (1) = 100e−1+2−5 dx
= e x (px2 (q + 2p)x + (r + q))
= 100e−4
x = 0, y = 9
1.83
9 = e0 (0 + 0 + r)
17 f (x) = e x − 1 − x 9=r
y = e x (px2 + qx + 9)
a f 0 (x) = e x − 1 dy
= e x (px2 (q + 2p)x + (q + 9))
f (x) = 0,
0
dx
ex = 1 x = 1, y = 0
x=0 0 = e1 (p + q + 2p + q + 9)
f (0) = e0 − 1 − 0 13p + 2q + 9 = 0
min f (x) = 0 x = 3, y = 0
0 = e3 (9p + 3(q + 2p) + (q + 9))
b min f (x) = 0
9p + 3q + 6p + q + 9 = 0
∴ f (x) ≥ 0
215p + 4q + 9 = 0
ex − 1 − x ≥ 0
2 − 21 ⇒ 9p − 9 = 0
e x ≥ 1 + x QED
p=1
sub in 1 ⇒ 3 + 2q + 9 = 0
18 a (0, 1) min 2q = −12
b y=x q = −6
y = e x (x2 − 6x + 9)
426
2
20 a y = e4x −8x 21 y
dy 2 y = loge 5x
= (8x − 8)e4x −8x
dx y = loge x
(0.2, 0)
dy x
b =0 0 (1, 0)
dx
2
8(x − 1)e4x −8x = 0 tangents are parallel for any given
value of x
x−1=0
x=1
22 f (x) = x2 ln x
x < 1, f (x) < 0
0
x > 1, f 0 (x) > 0 x2

a f 0 (x) = 2x ln x +

2
x
since e4x −8x >0
= x(2 ln x + 1)
∴ x = 1 is a min.
x = 1, b f (x) = 0,
x2 ln x = 0
y = e4−8 = e−4
∴ (1, e−4 ) is a min. x2 = 0, ln x = 0
y x = 0, x=1
c
x = 0, 1 but x > 0, ∴x=1
c f 0 (x) = 0
1
x x(2 ln x + 1) = 0
0
(1, e−4) x = 0, 2 ln x + 1 = 0
−1
ln x =
d x = 2, 2
1
y = e16−16 = 1 x= √
e
dy 1
= 8(x − 1)e16−16 x = 0, √ but x > 0,
dx e
=8 1 1
∴ x = √ = e− 2
x = 2, y = 1 e
1
1=− +c 1 1 2 1 1

4 d x=e −2
,y = e −2
ln e −2
= − e−1
2
5
c=
4
1 5
y=− x+
8 4
427
y d y
4 (1, 16)
3 − 2√3 3 + 2√3
x
0 3
2 (5, –16)
1 translated 2 to the right
x e y
0 −1 −1
2
(e 2 , −e 2 )
(3, 16)
1
y x
23 a 0
1 − 2√3 (0, −11)
(−1, −16) 1 + 2√3
(−1, 16) y = f(x)
(0, 11) reflected in the x-axis
1 − 2√3 1 + 2√3
x
0 1
(3, −16) 24 a y
(1, 4)
b y
2
(−1, 32) x
(−1, 0) 0 2
(0, 22)
1 − 2√3 1 + 2√3
x y
0 1 b
(3, −32)
graph dilated by factor 2 from x-axis (−1, 0)
x
0 2
−4
c y
(1, −8)
(–3, 16) 1 + 2√3 y

c
−1 − 2√3
x (2, 8)
−3 −1 0
(1, −16)
x
0 3
translated 2 to the left
428
d y f (x) = 2 cos x + 2 sin xcox
f 0 (x) = −2 sin x + 2 cos x cos x − 2 sin x sin x
(1, 1) = −2 sin x + 2(1 − 2 sin2 x)
0 x
−1 = 2(−2 sin2 x − sin x + 1)
(−1, −3)
f 0 (x) = 0,
√
e y 1± 1+8
sin x =
−4
−1 ± 3
(0, 12)
sin x =
4
x 1
(−2, 0) 0 1 sin x = , −1
2
π 3π 5π
x= , ,
π 6 2 6 π π
f = 2 cos + sin
6 6 3
25 a A0 = (a + l, 0) √
√ 3
B0 = (b + l, 0) = 3+
2
√
b P0 = (h + l, kp) 3 3
=
3π 2 3π
f = 2 cos + sin 3π
26 a 2 2
f (x) = 2 cos x − 2 cos2 x + 1 =0
5π 5π 10π
f (x) = −2 sin x + 4 sin x cos x
0
f = 2 cos + sin( )
6 6 6
f 0 (x) = 0 ⇒ 2 sin x(2 cos x − 1) = 0 √
√ 3
1 =− 3−
⇒ sin x = 0 or cos x = 2
2 √
−3 3
⇒ x = 0, π, 2π or =
2
π 5π π 3 √3
x= , , max.
3 3 6 2
(0, 5π−3)3 , (2π, 1) are min.
π 1)3 , (π,
3π
, 0 stationary point of inflection
, , , are max. 2
5π −3 √3
3 2 3 2
, min.
b 6 2
π 3π 7π 11π
c Max x = , ; Min x = ,
2 2 6 6
π 5π
d Max x = ; Infl x = π; Min x =
3 3
429
27 a and Using a CAS calculator:
y = −x4 + 8x3 + 10x2 + 4x
b loc max at (6.761,867.07)
y no stationary point of inflexion, since at
(6, 816)
(7, 861) dy
x = 0, = 4.
dx
(5, 645) y = f(x)
c −960
(2, 96)
x d Use the ‘solve’ command of a CAS
0 (1, 21) 9. 142
calculator, giving:
y = f′ (x)
x = 4.317 or x = 8.404
430
Solutions to Exercise 10E
3 5
1 f : [−3, 3] → R, f (x) = 2 − 8x2 3 f : − , → R,
Local maximum at (0, 2) 2 2
f (−3) = 2 − 8(−3)2 = 2 − 72 = −70 f (x) = 2x3 − 6x2
f (3) = 2 − 2(3)2 = 2 − 72 = −70 f 0 (x) = 6x2 − 12x
Therefore absolute maximum of f is 2
f 0 (x) = 0,
and absolute minimum is −70
x(x − 2) = 0
2 f : [−3, 2] → R, x = 0, 2
f (x) = x3 + 2x + 3 f (0) = 0
f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 2 f (2) = 16 − 24
f 0 (x) has no real solution = −8

−3
−27 27
∴ f (x) has no stationary points f − =
2 4 2
∴ f (−3) is absolute minimum −81
= = −20.25
f (2) is absolute maximum 4
5 125 75
f (−3) = −27 − 6 + 3 f( ) = −
2 4 2
abs. min. = −30 −25
=
f (2) = 8 + 4 + 3 4
−81
absolute min =
abs. max. = 15 4
absolute max = 0
431
4 f : [−2, 6] → R, f (x) = 2x4 − 8x2 dV
c = 0,
dx
f 0 (x) = 8x3 − 16x
30x − 36x2 = 0
f 0 (x) = 0,
x(5 − 6x) = 0
8x(x2 − 2) = 0
5
√ x = 0,
x = ± 2, 0 6
√ since x = 0 gives
f (± 2) = 8 − 16 V = 0, it is not the max,
5
= −8 ∴ x = is the max
6
f (0) = 0 co-ords =
5 125
,
6 36
f (−2) = 32 − 32 = 0
d
f (6) = 2 × 64 − 8 × 62
there are no turning points, so test the end points,
= 2592 − 288 x = 0,
= 2304 V=0
absolute min = −8
absolute max = 2304 x = 0.8,
16 64
V = 15 × − 12 ×
25 125
5 1200 − 768
=
125
432
absolute max : V = = 3.456 cm3
125
when x = 0.8
5
e turning point at x = ,
6
4x + 4(3x) + 4y = 20 5
test the endpoints,
6
4x + y = 5 x = 0,
y = 5 − 4x V = 0,
a V = x(3x)y x = 1,
= 3x2 (5 − 4x) V = 15 − 12
V = 15x2 − 12x3 =3
5
QED x= ,
6
dV 16 125
b = 30x − 36x2 V = 15 × − 12 ×
dx 25 216
375 − 250
=
36
432
125 8
absolute max : V = = 3.472 cm3
36
5
when x =
6
6 x + y = 30, z = xy
a x ∈ [2, 5],
a square 1 has perimeter
y = 30 − x x
x, i.e. side
y ∈ [25, 28], i.e. 25 ≤ y ≤ 28 4
x2
A1 =
b z = x(30 − x) 16
square 2 has perimeter
z = 30x − x2
10 − x
(10 − 4), i.e. side
dz 4
= 30 − 2x (10 − x)2
dx A2 =
16
dz
= 0, x = 15 A = A1 + A2
dx
this is outside the domain x ∈ [2, 5] x2 + (10 − x)2
∴ values to test are =
16
x = 2, 5
x + 100 − 20x + x2
2
=
x = 2, 16
z = 60 − 4 = 56, 2x − 20x + 100
2
=
16
x = 5,
1
= (x2 − 10x + 50) QED
z = 150 − 25 = 125 8
absolute minimum = 56
dA 1
absolute maximum = 125 b = (2x − 10)
dx 8
1
1 1 = (x − 5)
7 a − 4
(x − 4) 2 (x − 1)2
dA
5 4 c = 0,
b , dx
2 3 x=5
4
c Absolute max = ; Absolute min 1
3 d A = (x2 − 10x + 50)
3 8
= 25 41
2 x ∈ [0, 1] A(0) = and A(1) =
4 8
25 2
The maximum is m but only one
4
square is formed
433
1 b f 0 (x) = 0,
9 g : [2.1, 8] → R, g(x) = x +
x−2
1 1
1 =
g0 (x) = 1 − (x − 4) 2 (x + 1)2
(x − 2)2
(x − 4)2 = (x + 1)2
g0 (x) = 0,
1 (x − 4) = ±(x + 1)
=1
(x − 2)2 if x − 4 = x + 1
(x − 2) = 1
2
−4 = −1
x − 2 = ±1 does not work
x=2±1 ∴ x − 4 = −(x + 1) = −x − 1
x ∈ [2.1, 8] 2x − 3 = 0
x = 3, 3
x=
2
values to test : 3 1 1
f (2.1), f (3), f (8) f = +
2 5 5
2 2
1
f (2.1) = 2.1 + 4
0.1 =
= 12.1 5
3 4
1 co-ords = ,
f (3) = 3 + 2 5
1
=4 c values to test:
3
1 f (0), f (3), f
f (8) = 8 + 2
6 3 4
1 f( ) =
=8 2 5
6 1 1 5
f (0) = + =
absolute minimum = 4 1 4 4
1 1 5
absolute maximum = 12.1 f (3) = + =
4 1 4
4
absolute minimum =
1 1 5
10 f : [0, 3] → R, f (x) = + 5
x+1 4−x absolute maximum =
4
1 1
f (x) = −
x+1 x−4
−1 −1
a f 0 (x) = −
(x + 1)2 (x − 4)2
1 1
= −
(x − 4) 2 (x + 1)2
434
√
2 absolute maximum = 2
11 Absolute max = ; Absolute min
2 absolute minimum = −2
= −1
y
1
1 14 Absolute max = 2
+ 2e2 ;
2 e√
Absolute min = 2 2
y
0
Π Π
x
" 1
2 8 " 2 !2
!2
"1
√ 2
!
"!
2 3
12 Absolute max = 1; Absolute min = !1, 1"
y
2 0
x
2
15 f (x) = 2e(x−1)
1
1
f (−2) = 2e9 and f (2) = 2e
2
2
f 0 (x) = 4(x − 1)e(x−1)
f 0 (x) = 0 implies x = 1
f (1) = 2
Absolute max = 2e9 ; Absolute min = 2
0
Π
x
8
16 Absolute max = − loge 10;

10
Absolute min = −
13 y e
(−1, 1) 2
y = f(x)
x
0 (8, −2)
435
Solutions to Exercise 10F
1 Let x m be the width of the rectangle 3 x + y = 100 P = xy
Let y m be the length of the rectangle y = 100 − x
2x + 2y = 100 ⇒ x + y = 50
Area,A = xy = x(50 − x) = 50x − x2 P = x(100 − x)
dA = 100x − x2
= 50 − 2x
dx
dA dp
= 0 ⇒ x = 25 = 100 − 2x
dx dx
∴ maximum area = 25 × 25 = 625 m2 . dp
= 0,
dx
2 x = y = 4; x, y > 0; x = 50
x3 + y2 is a min. this gives max P
let z = x3 + y2 x = 50, y = 100 − 50 = 50 = x
y=4−x QED
z = x3 + (4 − x)2 P = 502
= x3 + 16 − 8x + x2 P = 2500
= x3 + x2 − 8x + 16
dz
= 3x2 + 2x − 8
dx
dz
= 0,
dx
3x2 + 2x − 8 = 0 4
√
−2 ± 4 + 96
x=
6
−2 ± 10
x=
6
4 y + 2x = 4
x = −2,
3 y = 4 − 2x
but x > 0, A = xy
4
∴ x= = x(4 − 2x)
3
8 = 4x − 2x2
y=4−x=
3 dA
= 4 − 4x
dx
dA
= 0,
dx
x = 1 km
436
the farmer should make one side 2 dv 75 3 2
c = − x
km long and the other two sides 1 km dx 2 2
dv
long, using 2 km of river. = 0,
dx
75 2
x2 = ×
5 p, q > 0 2 3
= 25
p3 q = 9
9 x = 5 cm
⇒q=
p3 75 × 5 − 52 375 − 125
V= = = 125 cm3
z = 16p + 3q 2 2
27
z = 16p + 7 P = 100n − 0.4n2 − 160
p3
dz 81 dP
= 16 − 4 a i = 100 − 0.8n
dx p dn
dz dP
= 0, = 0 implies 100 = 0.8n
dx dn
∴ n = 125
81
= 16 A maximum occurs when n = 125
p4
as P is a quadratic with negative
3 coeffient of n2 .
= 2 since p > 0
p
3 ii When n = 125, P = 100 × 125 −
p=
2 0.4 × 1252 − 160 = 6090
9 9 8 Maximum daily profit is $ 6090.
q= 3 = =
p 27 3
8 b When P = 0, √
100 ± 1002 − .4 × 04 × 160
n=−
6 S A = 150, base has side x(x >, not ≥ 0) −0.8
∴ n ≈ 1.6, 248.4
a SA = 2x2 + 4xh In this problem a continuous model
for a discrete situation has been used.
150 = 2x2 + 4xh
75 − x2
h= QED
2x
b V = x2 h
2
2 75 − x

=x
2x c P > 0 implies 2 ≤ n ≤ 248 (Note: n
75x − x3 can only take integer values)
V=
2
d Let $P be the profit per article
437
P total profit values to test :
∴ p= =
n no. of articles
S (6), S (12), S (20)
100n − 0.4n2 − 160
= S (6) = −216 + 108 + 2160 + 5000
n
= 100 − 0.4n −
160 = 2052 + 5000 = 7052
n
In order to find the maximum profit S (12) = −1728 + 432 + 4320 + 5000
per article consider the derivative of p = 3024 + 5000 = 8024
with resect to n.
dp 160 S (20) = −8000 + 1200 + 7200 + 5000
= −0.4 + 2
dn n = 400 + 5000 = 5400
dp 160 absolute maximum = 12◦ C
= 0 implies 0.4 = 2
dn n S (12) = 8024 salmon
160
∴ n2 =
0.4
−1 3
i.e. n = 400
2 9 M(x) = (x − 14x2 + 32x − 50),
30
∴ n = 20 0 ≤ x ≤ 10
−1 2
The gradient chart indicates M 0 (x) = (3x − 28x + 32)
30
maximum:
< 20 20 > 20 M 0 (x) = 0,
sign f (x) +ve 0
0
−ve 3x2 − 28x + 32 = 0
√
shape / − \ 28 ± 784 − 384
i.e. selling 20 articles maximises the x=
6
profit per article. 28 ± 20
x=
6
4
8 x = ,8
3
S (x) = −x3 + 3x2 + 360x + 5000, values to test:
x ∈ [6, 20]
S 0 (x) = −3x2 + 6x + 360
S 0 (x) = 0,
x2 − 2x − 120 = 0
(x + 10) (x − 12) = 0
x = −10, 12
but x ∈ [6, 20]
x = 12
438
4 b
x = 0, x = , x = 8, x → ∞ 1
3 Area = × (8 + 8 cos θ) × 4 sin θ
50 5 2
M(0) = =
30 3 = 16 sin θ(1 + cos θ)
4 1 4 16 64
M = 50 − 30 × + 14 × − A = 16 sin θ(1 + cos θ)
3 30 3 9 27
dA
1 1 = 16[cos θ(1 + cos θ) − sin2 θ)]

= (1350 − 1152 + 672 − 64) dθ
30 27
806 = 16[cos2 θ − sin2 θ + cos θ]
=
810 = 16[cos2 θ − (1 − cos2 θ) + cos θ]
4 403
M = = 16[2 cos2 θ + cos θ − 1]
3 405
1 dA
M(8) = (50 − 32 × 8 + 14 = 0 implies
30 dθ
× 64 − 512) (2 cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 1) = 0
178 1
= cos θ = or cos θ = −1
30 2
1
89 For the figure to exist cos θ =
= π
2
. 15 which implies θ =
Maximum M occurs at x = 8 mm 3
Therefore maximum area
Minimum when x =
4 π π
3 = 16 sin 1 + cos
3 3
√
3 3 √
10 a Let X be the midpoint of BC. = 16 × × = 12 3 square units
2 2
Angle XCO = θ
Therefore XC = 4 cos θ q
BC = 8 cos θ 11 distance = (x − 3)2 + y2
p
= x2 − 6x + 9 + x4
want minimum distance
d 4
(x + x2 − 6x + 9) = 0
dx
4x3 + 2x − 6 = 0
2x3 + x − 3 = 0
try x = 1
2+1−3=0
439
(x − 1) (2x2 + 2x + 3) = 0 d The quotient rule gives
dT cos θ(−60 cos θ) + sin θ(75 − 60 sin θ)
x − 1 = 0, 2x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 =
√ dθ cos2 θ
−2 ± 4 − 24 d
x=1x= (Note: (220) = 0)
4 dθ
no solution −60 cos2 θ + 75 sin θ − 60 sin2 θ
=
cos2 θ
x = 1 is the only solution
−60[cos2 θ + sin2 θ] + 75 sin θ
y=1 =
cos2 θ
∴ (1, 1) is the point on y = x 2
75 sin θ − 60
=
closest to (3, 0) cos2 θ
dT
e =0
AB dθ
12 a = cos θ 75 sin θ − 60
AP implies 2θ
=0
300 cos
∴ AP = 60 4
cos θ ∴ sin θ = =
∴ time taken to run from 75 5
300 1 75 4
A to P = × = ∴ θ = sin −1 5
cos θ 4 cos θ (Only the acute angle solution needs
to be considered).
θ ≈ 53.13◦
In order to confirm a minimum
consider the following
When θ = 60◦ ,
b dT 75 sin 60◦ − 60
PC = BC − BA tan θ = >0
dθ cos2 θ
= 1100 − 300 tan θ When θ = 50◦ ,
∴ the time taken to run from P to C dT 75 sin 50◦ − 60
= <0
1100 − 300 tan θ dθ cos2 θ
= ∴ a minimum
occurs when
5 −1 4
θ = sin
= 220 − 60 tan θ 5
f
c Let T denote the total time 75 − 60 × 45 + 220
4
then T = time to run from A to When sin θ = , T = 3
5 5
P+ time taken to run from P to C
75 = 45 + 220
= + 220 − 60 tan θ
cos θ
75 sin θ = 265
= + 220 − 60 ∴ minimum time taken is
cos θ cos θ
75 − 60 sin θ 265 seconds.
= + 220
cos θ
440
4 4 N 00 (t) = −5e−0.1x − 0.5e−0.1x (10 − x)
If sin θ = , tan θ =
5 5
∴ BP = BA tan θ N 00 (t) = 0 ⇒ t = 20
4 50
= 300 × N 0 (20) = − 2
5 e
Maximum rate of decrease
= 400 50
= N 0 (20) = 2
e
3 2 t3
15 V(t) = 10t − 0 ≤ t ≤ 20
4 3
P is 400 metres from B for a a i V(0) = 0 The volume of water is
minimum time. 0 mL when t = 0
3 203
13 ii V(20) = 10 × 202 −
4 3
N(t) = 50te−0.1t 3 × 400 20
= 10 −
N 0 (t) = 50e−0.1t − 5te−0.1t 4 3
30 − 20
= 5e−0.1t (10 − t) = 3 × 100
3
N 0 (t) = 0 ⇒ t = 10 = 1000
Therefore maximum population when t = 10 The volume of water is 1000 mL
when t = 20
N(10) = 500e−1
3 3t3
b V (t f ) =
0
20t −
y 4 3
14 a
3
= (20t − t2 )
4
180
c
Domain of V(t) = [0, 20]
120
V(0) = 0 and V(20) = 1000
y=Nt V 0 (t) = 0 implies 20t − t2 = 0

60
∴ t(20 − t) = 0
y = N′ t
x ∴ t = 0 or t = 20
0 A gradient chart
−20 10 60
t < 0 << 20 >
b Maximum rate of increase
0
sign of V (t) −ve 0 +ve 0 −ve
= N 0 (0) = 50 shape \ − / − \
441
18π 9π
amplitude = =
80 40
π 80
period = 2π ÷ = 2π × = 160
80 π
dy
When x = 0, =0
dx
dy 18π π × 80
reveals a local minimum at (0,0) When x = 80, = sin
dx 80 80
and a local minimum at (20,1000)
18π
= sin π = 0
d The graph of V 0 (t) against t is a 80
c Maximum gradient magnitude occurs
parabola with t intercepts 0 and 20. πx
where sin = ±1
80
This occurs when x = 40 for
0 ≤ x ≤ 80
17 a
The maximum occurs when t = 10

and
3
V 0 (10) = (200 − 100)
4
= 75 The depth of the harbour at time t is
e The flow is greatest after 10 seconds given by πt
and the flow is 75 mL/s. D(t) = 10 + 3 sin 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
6
amplitude = 3
π 6
dy 18π πx period = 2π ÷ = 2π × = 12
16 a =− sin x ∈ [0, 80] 6 π
dx 80 80 centre D = 10
9π πx range = [10 − 3, 10 + 3] = [7, 13]
= − sin
40 80
b
dy
For the graph of against x
dx
442
π
b D(t) ≥ 8.5 πt is changing when t = 3 is −
2
⇔ 10 + 3 sin ≥ 8.5 metres/hours.
6
which is equivalent to (This means that the depth
πt π
3 sin ≥ −1.5 is decreasing at a rate of
6 2
πt metres/hour).
1
sin ≥− π π
6 2 iii D0 (12) = cos(2π) =
πt 1 2 2
Consider sin =− The depth is increasing at a rate of
6 2 π
metres/hours
πt 7π 2
then =
6 6 d The function which describes the rate
11π 19π 23π is
or or or or · · · π πt
6 6 6 D0 (t) = cos
t = 7 or 11 or 19 or 23 or . . . 2 6
From the graph and considering the
i D0 (t)
πthas
a maximum when
domain [0, 24]
cos =1
{t : D(t) ≥ 8.5} = [0, 7] ∪ [11, 19] ∪ 6
πt
[23, 24] ∴ = 0 or 2π or 4π or · · ·
6
c The rate of change of depth is given t = 0 or 12 or 24 or · · ·
by the derivative For the required domain the depth
3π πtfunction
π πt
is increasing most rapidly when
D0 (t) = cos = cos
6 6 2 6 t = 0 or t = 12 or t = 24
π π
i D (t) = cos
0
=0 ii The depth is decreasing most
2 2
The rate at which the depth rapidly
πt when
is changing when t = 3 is 0 cos = −1
6
metres/hour. πt
∴ when = π or 3π or 5π or · · ·
π 6π π 6
ii D0 (6) = cos = cos(π) = ∴ t = 6 or 18 or 30 or· · ·
2 6 2 For the required domain the depth
π
− is decreasing most rapidly when
2
The rate at which the depth t = 6 or 18
443
Solutions to Exercise 10G
1 f (x) = (x − 1)2 (x − b) , b > 1 2 y = x4 − 4x2
a f (x) = (x2 − 2x + 1) (x − b) dy
a = 4x3 − 8x
dx
= x3 − (2 + b)x2 + (1 + 2b)x − b dy
= 0,
f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 2(2 + b)x + 1 + 2b dx
= (x − 1) (3x − 2b − 1) 4x(x2 − 2) = 0
√
b f 0 (x) = 0, x = 0, ± 2
(x − 1) (3x − (1 + 2b)) = 0 x = 0, y = 0
1 + 2b
x = 1, x = (0, 0)
3 √
f (1) = 1 − 2 − b + 1 + 2b − b = 0 x=± 2
y = 4 − 4(2)
1 + 2b 2b − 2 2 2b + 1 − 3b
f =
3 3 3
4 1 − b = −4
= (b − 1)2 √
9 3 (± 2, −4)
−4
= (b − 1)3
27
1 + 2b −4(b − 1)3 b (x, y) → (x + a, y + b)
co-ords = (1, 0) & ,
3 27 (0, 0) → (a, b)
√ √
2b + 1 (± 2, −4) → (a ± 2, b − 4)
c > 1 as b > 1 so the other stationary
3
point is a local minimum; hence the point
(1,0) is always a local maximum.
3 a
1 + 2b f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx
d =4
3
f (1) = 10 ⇒ a + b + c = 10 . . . (1)
1 + 2b = 12
11
f 0 (x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
b=
2 f 0 (1) = 0 ⇒ 3a + 2b + c = 0 . . . (2)
Multiply (1) by 2 and subtract from (2)
a − c = −20 ⇒ a = c − 20
Substitute for a in (1)
c − 20 + b + c = 10
∴ b = 30 − 2c
444
1 1 a
b b f0 = 2−3
f 0 (3) = 0 ⇒ 27a + 6b + c = 0 a a a
−1
∴ 27(c − 20) + 6(30 − 2c) + c = 0 =
a
27c − 540 + 180 − 12c + c = 0 −x
y= +c
a
16c − 360 = 0
1
360 45 x= ,y = 0
c= = a
16 2 −1
0= +c
a2
4 f : [0, ∞] → R, f (x) = x2 − ax3 1
c=
a>0 a2
−x 1
y= + 2
a f 0 (x) = 2x − 3ax2 a a
= x(2 − 3ax) c y = ax + c
f (x) < 0,
0
1
x = ,y = 0
x(2 − 3ax) < 0 a
since x ≥ 0, 2 − 3ax < 0 0=1+c
2 c = −1
⇒x>
3a y = ax − 1
2
f (x) is decreasing when x >
3a 2
d max. at x =
f 0 (x) > 0, 3a
2 4 a×8 1 4 8
x(2 − 3ax) > 0 f = 2− = 2 −
3a 9a 27a3 a 9 27
since x ≥ 0, 2 − 3ax > 0 =
4
2
2 27a 4
⇒x< range = − ∞,
3a 27a2
2
0<x<
3a
2 5 a i y = (x − 3)2
f (x) is increasing when 0 < x <
3a dy
= 2(x − 3)
dx
= 2x − 6
x = a,
dy
= 2a − 6
dx
ii m = 2a − 6
445
b x=a c
y = (a − 3)2 y = ax4 − bx3
dy
= a2 − 6a + 9 = 4ax3 − 3bx2
dx
⇒ (a, a2 − 6a + 9) x = 1,
c y = mx + c dy
=0
dx
= (2a − 6)x + c
4a = 3b . . . (1)
x = a, y = (a − 3)2
x = 1, y = 16
(a − 3)2 = 2a(a − 3) + c
16 = a − b
c = (a − 3) (a − 3 − 2a)
a = 16 + b . . . (2)
c = (a − 3) (−a − 3)
sub in (1) ⇒ 4(16 + b) = 3b
y = (a − 3) (2x − a − 3)
64 + 4b = 3b
= 2(a − 3)x − a2 + 9
b = −64
d y = 0, sub in (2) ⇒ a = −48
2x − a − 3 = 0
2x = a + 3 7 a
f (x) = (x − a)2 (x − 1)
a+3
x= = (x2 − 2ax + a2 ) (x − 1)
2
= x3 − (2a + 1)x2 + (a2 + 2a)x − a2
6 a f (x) = x4 f 0 (x) = 3x2 − (4a + 2)x + (a2 + 2a)
⇒ f (x + h) = (x + h)4 f 0 (x) = 0,
f (1 + h) = 16 3x2 − (4a + 2)x + (a2 + 2a) = 0
4a + 2 ± 4(2a + 1)2 − 4(3a2 + 6a)
p
(1 + h)4 = 16 x=
6
1 + h = ±2 √
2a + 1 ± 4a2 + 4a + 1 − 3a2 − 6a
h = −1 ± 2 =
3
√
h = −3, 1 2a + 1 ± a2 − 2a + 1
=
3
b f (x) = x3 (2a + 1) ± (a − 1)
=
⇒ f (ax) = (ax)3 3
a+2
f (a) = 8 x = a,
3
a3 = 8 f (a) = 0,
a=2
446
iii f 0 a + 1
a + 2 a + 23a 2 a + 2 3

f = − −
3 3 a 3 3 2
2 − 2a 2 a − 1 3(a + 1)2
= = − (2a + 1) (a + 1) + (a2 + 2a)
3 3 4
4 −1
= (1 − a)2 (1 − a) 3a2 + 6a + 3 − 8a2
9 3 −12a − 4 + 4a2 + 8a
−4(1 − a) 3 =
= 4
27 −a + 2a − 1
2
a + 2 −4(1 − a)3 =
co-ords = (a, 0), , 4
3 27 −(a − 1)2
=
−4(1 − a)3 a + 14 a + 1 2 a + 1
b Since a > 1, > 0,

27 f = −a −1
Hence (a, 0) is a local minimum and 2 2 2
a + 2 −4(1 − a)3 1 1
, is a local = (1 − a)2 (a − 1)
3 27 4 2
maximum. 1
= (a − 1)3
8
c i f 0 (1) = 3 − 4a − 2 + a2 + 2a −(a − 1)2
y= x+c
= a2 − 2a + 1 4
a+1 1
= (a − 1)2 x= , y = (a − 1)3
2 8
y = (a − 1)2 x + c
f 0 (1) = 0,
0 = (a − 1)2 + c
c = −(a − 1)2
y = (a − 1)2 (x − 1)
ii f 0 (a) = 0
y=c
f (a) = 0 = c
y=0
447
1 −1 a + 1
(a − 1)3 = (a − 1)2 +c
8 4 2
1 a − 1 a + 1
c = (a − 1)2 +
4 2 2
1
= (a − 1)2
4
1
y = (a − 1)2 (−x + a)
4
−1
= (a − 1)2 (x − a)
4
d d
8 a f (x) = (x − 1) (x − b)2 + (x − b)2 (x − 1)2
0 2
dx dx
= 2(x − 1) (x − b) ((x − 1) + (x − b))
= 2(x − 1) (x − b) (2x − b − 1)
b f 0 (x) = 0,
b+1
x = 1, b,
2
f (1) = 0, f (b) = 0,
b + 1 b − 1 2 1 − b 2
f =
2 2 2
b − 1 4
=
2
b + 1 (b − 1)4
co-ords = (1, 0) (b, 0) ,
2 2
b+1
c =2
2
b=1=4
b=3
448
9 a=
1
, b = 0, c =
−1
, d=
1459 b f 0 (4) = 0
486 161 243
0 = 4a(64) + 3b(16) + 2c(4) + d
0 = 256a + 48b + 8c + d
10 f (x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx 4d − 1 −3 − 2d
0 = 256 + 48
a f 0 (x) = 4ax3 + 3bx2 + 2cx + d 4 2
f (1) = 1
11 − 4d
+8 +d
4
1 = a + b + c + d . . . (1)
0 = 256d − 64 − 72 − 48d + 22 − 8d + d
f 0 (1) = 0
0 = 201d − 114
0 = 4a + 3b + 2c + d . . . (2)
114
f 0 (−1) = 4 d=
201
4 = a − b + c − d . . . (3) 38
d=
(1) − (3) ⇒ −3 = 2b + 2d 67
−3
b=−d
2
(2) − (1) − (3) ⇒ −5 = 2a + 3b + d
9
−5 = 2a − − 3d + d
2
1
− = 2a − 2d
2
1
a=d−
4
1 −3
sub in (1) ⇒ 1 = d − + −d c+d
4 2
7
1=− +c+d
4
11
c= −d
4
449
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 a y = x3 − 8x2 + 15x A parallel tangent has gradient 3, so:
dy
dy =3
= 3x2 − 16x + 15 dx
dx
3x2 − 14x + 14 = 3
= −1 (at x = 4)
For the tangent: 3x2 − 14x + 11 = 0
y + 4 = −1(x − 4) (3x − 11) (x − 1) = 0
y = −x 11
x = 1,
3
b Tangent meets curve again when The x coordinate of a second point with
x3 − 8x2 + 15x = −x 11
the same gradient is x = .
3
x3 − 8x2 + 16x = 0
x(x2 − 8x + 16) = 0 4 a Average rate is given by
x(x − 4) = 0
2 A(3) − A(2) 9π − 4π
= = 5π
Thus x = 0 and then y = 0 (x = 4 3−2 1
corresponds to the given point).
b A = πr2
The tangent meets the curve again at
dA
the point (0, 0). = 2πr
dr
= 6π (at r = 3)
2 At x = a, y = 3a2 Instantaneous rate is 6π
y = 3x2
dy
= 6x 5 a f (x) = 4x3 − 3x4
dx
f 0 (x) = 12x2 − 12x3
= 6a (at x = a)
For the tangent: = 12x2 (1 − x)
y − 3a2 = 6a(x − a)
= 0 if x = 0, 1
y = 6ax − 3a 2
x = 0, y = 0; x = 1, y = 1
x = 0 : y = −3a2 , so the tangent meets The stationary points have coordi-
the y axis where y = −3a2 . nates (0, 0) and (1, 1).
x < 0, f 0 (x) > 0; f 0 (0) = 0;
3 y = x3 − 7x2 + 14x − 8 0 < x < 1, f 0 (x) > 0; so (0, 0) is a
stationary point of inflexion.
dy
= 3x2 − 14x + 14 0 < x < 1, f 0 (x) > 0; f 0 (1) = 0;
dx
x > 1, f 0 (x) < 0; so (1, 1) is a
= 3 (at x = 1)
maximum.
For the tangent, x = 1 gives y = 0, so:
y − 0 = 3(x − 1)
y = 3x − 3
450
b g(x) = x3 − 3x − 2 6 y = x3 − 6x2 + 9x = x(x − 3)2
g0 (x) = 3x2 − 3 dy
= 3x2 − 12x + 9
dx
= 3(x + 1) (x − 1)
= 3(x2 − 4x + 3)
= 0 if x = −1, 1
x = −1, y = 0; x = 1, y = −4 = 3(x − 1) (x − 3)
The stationary points have = 0 if x = 1, 3
coordinates (−1, 0) and (1, −4).
x = 1, y = 4; x = 3, y = 0
x < −1, f 0 (x) > 0; f 0 (−1) = 0; The stationary points have coordinates
−1 < x < 1, f 0 (x) < 0; so (−1, 0) is a (1, 4) and (3, 0) . Also it is evident
maximum. from the factorised form that (3, 0) is a
−1 < x < 1, f 0 (x) < 0; f 0 (1) = 0; stationary point of inflexion. Then (1, 4)
x > 1, f 0 (x) > 0; so (1, −4) is a must be a maximum.
minimum. For the intercepts:
y = 0, x = 0, 3
c h(x) = x3 − 9x + 1
The graph is shown below.
g0 (x) = 3x2 − 9
= 3(x2 − 3)
√ √
= 3(x + 3) (x − 3)
√ √
= 0 if x = − 3, 3
√ √
x = − 3, y = 6 3 + 1
√ √
x = 3, y = −6 3 + 1
The stationary √points√have
√ (− 3, 6 3 + 1) and
coordinates
√
( 3, −6√ 3 0+ 1). √
x < − 3, f (x) > 0; f 0 (− 3) = 0; dy
√ √ 7 = (x − 1)2 (x − 2)
dx
− 3 < x < 3, f 0 (x) < 0;
= 0 if x = 1, 2
so there is a maximum at There are stationary points where x = 1
√ √
(− 3, 6 3 + 1). and x = 2.
dy dy
√ √ x < 1, < 0; = 0 at x = 1;
− 3 < x < 3, f 0 (x) < 0; dx dx
√ dy
f 0 ( 3) = 0; 1 < x < 2, < 0;
√ dx
x > 3, f 0 (x) > 0; so there is a stationary point of inflexion at x = 1.
so there is a minimum at dy dy
√ √ 1 < x < 2, < 0; = 0 at x = 2;
dx dx
( 3, −6 3 + 1).
dy
x > 2, > 0; so there is a minimum at x = 2.
dx
451
8 y = x3 − 3x2 − 9x + 11 4
y − 1 = (x − 2)
5
dy
= 3x2 − 6x − 9 4 3
dx y= x−
5 5
= −9 (at x = 2) For the tangent at (0, 1):
Also when x = 2, y = −11 4
y − 1 = − (x − 0)
For the tangent: 5
y + 11 = −9(x − 2) 4
y=− x+1
5
y = −9x + 7
4 3 4
c x− =− x+1
5 5 5
9 f (x) = 3 + 6x2 − 2x3 8 8
x=
f 0 (x) = 12x − 6x2 5 5
x=1
= 6x(2 − x)
1 1
= 0 if x = 0, 2 When x = 1, y = , so 1, is the
5 5
The graph of the gradient function is an point of intersection of the tangents.
inverted parabola with x intercepts 0 and
2. So the gradient function is positive if
12 For a sphere of radius r and volume V,
0 < x < 2, i.e. the graph of y = f (x) has 4 3
a positive gradient in the interval (0, 2). V = πr .
3
dV
a = 4πr2
10 dr
dy
y = x3 ⇒ = 3x2 = 64π if r = 4
dx The rate of increase of volume with
dy
y = x3 + x2 + x − 2 ⇒ = 3x2 + 2x + 1 respect to the change in radius is 64π
dx cm3 /cm when the radius is 4 cm.
So the graphs have the same gradient
when 3x2 = 3x2 + 2x + 1, i.e. when dV dV dr
1 b = ×
2x + 1 = 0, or x = − . dt dr dt
2
= 4πr2 × 1
4 = 4πr2
11 f (x) = (x − 1) 5
= 64π if r = 4
a The function is differentiable for The rate of increase of volume with
4 1
respect to time is 64π cm3 /s when the
R\{1}. f 0 (x) = (x − 1)− 5
5 radius is 4 cm.
4 4 (An alterative is to use the initial
b f 0 (0) = , f 0 (2) = −
5 5 conditions to express r in terms of
For the tangent at (2, 1): t, i.e. r = 1 + t, and then V in terms
of t; then differentiate to get the result
directly.)
452
13 x = 0.25et 17 y = e3x + e−3x
dx dy
v= = 0.25et = 3e3x − 3e−3x
dt dx
At t = 0, 1, 2, 4, the velocity v in m/s is
= 0 if
respectively 0.25, 0.25e, 0.25e2 , 0.25e4 .
3e3x = 3e−3x
1 e6x = 1
14 θ = e100t
4 x=0
dθ When x = 0, y = 2.
a = 25e100t ◦ C/s Since y → ∞ when x → ±∞, it is
dt
evident that y = 2 is a minimum.
dθ 1
b = 25e5 at t =
dt 20
So the rate of increase is 25e5 ◦ C/s. 18 a y = loge x
dy 1
=
15 y=e x dx x
1
dy = (at x = e)
= ex e
dx
1
= e (at x = 1) y − e = e(x − 1) y − 1 = (x − e)
e
y − e = ex − e 1
y−1= x−1
y = ex e
1
y= x
e
16 D = 50ekt x
b y = 2 sin
dD 2
a = 50kekt
dt dy x
= cos
= k × 50ekt = kD dx 2
dD 1 π
Thus = cD, where c = k. = √ at x =
dt 2 2
dD
√ 1 π
b = kD = 0.2 × 100 = 20 cm/year y − 2 = √ (x − )
dt 2 2
1 π √
y= √ x− √ + 2
2 2 2
453
c y = cos x d y = loge (x2 )
dy dy 2
= − sin x =
dx dx x
3π 2 √
= 1 at x = = − √ (at x = − e)
2 e
3π 2 √
y = (1) x − y − 1 = − √ (x + e)
2 e
3π
y= x− 2
y=−√ x−1
2
e
454
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 A y = x2 − x − 5 4 E The graph of the second function
dy is obtained from the graph of the
= 2x − 1 first function by this sequence of
dx
Gradient of tangent equation=4 transformations:
dy
∴ =4 (1) a reflection in the x-axis
dx
(2) a dilation of factor 2 from the
∴ 4 = 2x − 1 x-axis
5 (3) a dilation of factor 2 from y-axis
x=
2 (4) a translation of k units vertically
5 2 5
y= − −5 up
2 2 The point (0, 0) transforms to (0, k)
5 and is now a maximum due to the
y=−
4 reflection (the dilation leave no
Sub x and y values into y = 4x + c
5 effect).
− = 10 + c The maximum point a, f (a) of the
4
45 original graph transforms as follows:
c=−
4 (1) (a, − f (a); local minimum
(2) (a, −2 f (a); local minimum
2 E Tangent of y = x4 at x = 1
dy (3) (2a, −2 f (a); local minimum
= 4x3 (4) (2a, −2 f (a) + k) local minimum
dx
dy
=4 5 B f (x) = x3 − x2 − 1
dx
Equation of tangent: f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 2x
y = 4x + c Stationary points occur when
At x = 1, y = 1 f 0 (x) = 0
1=4+c 3x2 − 2x = 0
c = −3 x(3x − 2) = 0
Using the null factor theorem:
∴ y = 4x − 3 2
x = 0 and x =
3
3 E Since the gradient changes from
negative to positive at point a, this is 6 C As it is a local minimum the gradient
a local minimum. of the tangent is 0. Therefore it is a
Since the gradient remains the same horizontal line which goes through
at, before and after point b, this is a the point (2, 4)
stationary point of inflection. y = mx + c
m=0
∴ y=4
455
7 B V = −10x(2x2 − 6) 10 E y = eax 1
V = −20x3 + 60x Tangent at point ,e
a
dV dy
= −60x2 + 60 = aeax
dx dy
0 = −60x2 + 60 At x =
1
a
60x2 = 60
dy a
= ae a
x = ±1 dx
When x = −1, V = −80 dy
= ae
dx
V , −80 1 y = aex + c
Equation of tangent:
∴ Maximum volume occurs when Sub in point , e
x=1 a
1
e = ae + c
8 B y = x2 a
e=e+c
dy
= 2x
dx c=0
At x = a, gradient of tangent = 2a ∴ equation of tangent:
1
Normal at x = a : − y = aex
2a
1
∴y=− x+c 11 A N = 4000e0.2t
2a
At x = a, y = a2 dN
1 = 800e0.2t
∴ a2 = − a + c dt
2a
1 When t = 3
∴c=a + 2
2 dN
Equation of normal: = 800e0.6 ≈ 1458
1 1 dt
y = − x + + a2
2a 2 12 E y = x2 cos(5x)
9 D f : R → R, f (x) = e x − ex Tangent at x = π
0
f (x) = e x − e Using product rule to find derivative:
dy
f 0 (x) = 0 = 2x cos(5x) − 5x2 sin(5x)
dx
Gradient of tangent:
ex − e = 0 dy
= 2π cos(5π) − 5π2 sin(5π)
ex = e dx
dy
x=1 = −2π
Turning point occurs at x = 1 dx
Sub into f (x) to find y coordinate: 13 B y = e−x − 1
y=e−e Point where equation crosses the
y=0 y-axis:
∴ (1, 0) x = 0, y = 0 coordinate: (0, 0)
456
dy 14 C
= −e−x ax
dx f (x) = eax −
Gradient of tangent at x = 0: e
dy a
= −1 f 0 (x) = aeax −
dx e
Equation of tangent:
y = −x + c = 0 if
a
Sub in point (0, 0): aeax =
c=0 e
1
∴ Equation of tangent: eax = = e−1
e
y = −x
ax = −1
1
x=−
a
1 −1 2
f − = e−1 − =
a e e
Thecoordinates of the turning point
1 2
are − , .
a e
457
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 4m
y m2 xm
xm
a Shaded area = 4x − x2
i.e. y = 4x − x2
b As y > 0, 4x − x2 > 0
i.e x(4 − x) > 0
∴ y > 0 for 0 < x < 4

The possible values of x are 0 < x < 4.
dy
c = 4 − 2x
dx
dy
= 0 implies x = 2
dx
Note: y = 4x − x2 is a quadratic with negative coefficient of x2 .
When x = 2, y = 8 − 4 = 4.
The maximum value of y is 4 and this occurs when x = 2.
d y = 4x − x2 is a quadratic with negative coefficient of x2

or gradient to the left of x = 2 is positive and to the right negative.
f From the graph the possible values for y are 0 < y < 4.
458
2
a A = xy + 3xy = 4xy
b Perimeter = 48
∴ 48 = 6y + 4x
48 − 4x
y=
6
2
=8− x
3
c A = 4xy
2
= 4x 8 − x
3
8x2
= 32x −
3
dA 16x
d = 32 −
dx 3
dA 96
= 0 implies x = = 6. Maximum as quadratic with negative coefficient of x2
dx 16
2
When x = 6, y = 8 − × 6 = 4
3
e When x = 6
8
A = 32 × 6 − × 36
3
= 96
The maximum area is 96 m2 .
3 a Cost is (12 + 0.008x) dollars per kilometre plus $14.40 per hour for the driver, where
x is the speed of the truck in km/h
i Cost per kilometre for tmck travelling at 40 km/h
1
= (12 + 0.008 × 40) + 14.40 ×
40
= 12.68
i.e. the cost per kilometre is $12.68.
459
ii Cost per kilometre for truck travelling at 64 km/h
1
= (12 + 0.008 × 64) + × 14.40
64
= 12.737
i.e. the cost per kilometre is $12.74.
b Let C be the cost per kilometre.

14.40
C = (12 + 0.008x) +
x
14.40
= 12 + 0.008x +
x
c To sketch the graph we first differentiate to determine tuming points.
14.40
For C = 12 + 0.008x +
x
dc 14.40
= 0.008 − 2
dx x
dC
and stationary points occur for = 0.
dx
This implies
0.008x2 = 14.40
x2 = 1800
x = 30
≈ 42.426
A sign chart is used√to determine
√ the nature
√ of the stationary point.
< 30 2 30 2 > 30 2
sign f 0 (x) -ve 0 +ve
shape \ − /
√
∴ A minimum occurs where x = 30 2.
√
When x = 30 2
√ 14.40
C = 12 + 0.008 × 30 2 + √
30 2
√ 0.48
= 12 + 0.24 2 + √
2
√ √
= 12 + 0.24 2 + 0.24 2
√
= 12 + 0.48 2
≈ 12.679
√ √
∴ minimum at (30 2, 12 + 0.48 2)
When x = 120
460
14.40
C = 12 + 0.008 × 120 +
120
= 12 + 0.96 + 0.12
= 13.08
It is also observed that as x → 0, C → ∞ and that as x large, the graph gets close to
that of c = 12 + 0.08x.
√
d From the above, the truck should be driven at 30 2 ≈ 42.43 km/hr.
4 a
∴ length of box = (16 − 2x) cm

width of box = (10 − 2x) cm
height of box = x cm
Volume = length × width × height
= (16 − 2x) (10 − 2x)x
= 4(8 − x) (5 − x)x
= 4(40 − 13x + x2 )x
= 4(x3 − 13x2 + 40x) cm3
b All dimensions are positive.

10 − 2x > 0 and 16 − 2x > 0 and x > 0
∴ x < 5 and x < 8 and x > 0
∴ 0<x<5
461
c Let V = 4(x3 − 13x2 + 40x)
dV
= 4(3x2 − 26 + 40)
dx
dV
= 0 implies 4(3x2 − 26x + 40) = 0
dx
∴ 3x2 − 26x + 40 = 0
∴ (3x − 20) (x − 2) = 0
20
∴ x= or x = 2
3
but 0 < x < 5 ∴ x = 2
d A gradient chart reveals there is a maximum when x = 2:
<2 2 >2
dV
sign +ve 0 −ve
dx
shape / − \
Whenx = 2,
16 − 2x = 12
10 − 2x = 6
∴ The dimensions of the box for maximum volume are:
2 cm, 6 cm, 12 cm
e Maximum when x = 2
∴ Vmax = 4(5 − 2) (8 − 2)2
=4×3×6×2
= 144
The maximum volume is 144 cm3
Area of rectangle = length × width

Let A denote the area.
462
Let x denote the width.
Let y denote the length.
A = xy
x
= x 8−
2
2
x
= 8x −
2
Consider the derivative of A with respect to x.
dA
=8−x
dx
dA
= 0 implies x = 8
dx
As A is a quadratic function with negative coefficient of x2 , a maximum occurs where
x = 8.
82
When x = 8, A = 8 × 8 − = 32
2
∴ Maximum area = 32 square units.
6 a T = k + 2w2
When w = 5, T = 75
∴ 75 = k + 50
i.e. k = 25
So : T = 2w2 + 25
T 25
c Average time in seconds per kg = = + 2w
w w
463
d i Let A be the average time.
25
A= + 2w
w
dA
Minimum occurs when = 0.
dw
dA
= −25w−2 + 2 = 0
dw
25
which implies w2 =
2
√
5 5 2
i.e. w = √ =
2 2
A gradient chart confirms minimum:
5 5 5
w < √ √ > √
2 2 2
dA
sign of −ve 0 +ve
dw
shape / − \
√
5 2
∴ kg ≈ 3.54 kg yields the minimum average machinery time.
2
√
5 2
ii When w =
2
√
2×5 2 25
A= + √
2 5 2
2
√ √
=5 2+5 2
√
= 10 2
√
∴ minimum average machine time is 10 2 ≈ 14.14 seconds.
7 a Area of bottom = x2 + x2 = 2x2

Area of top = x2
Area of sides = xh + xh + xh + xh = 4xh
∴ total area = 4xh + 3x2
i.e. C = 4xh + 3x2
464
b Volume V = x2 h
For Volume = 12 m3
12 = x2 h
12
i.e. h =
x2
12
and C = 4x + 3x2
x2
48
= + 3x2
x
c It is preferable to complete d
before sketching the graph.
dC 48
d i = − 2 + 6x
dx x
dC 48
= 0 implies − 2 + 6x = 0
dx x
48
which implies 6x = 2
x
∴ x = 8 and x = 2
3
The gradient chart is as shown:

x <2 2 >2
dC
sign −ve 0 +ve
dx
shape \ − /
∴ a minimum when x = 2 When x = 2, the dimensions are
12
2 m, 2 m, 3 m h = 2
2
ii When x = 2
48
C = 12 + = 12 + 24 = 36
2
∴ The minimum area is 36 m2
465
8 Let the base have dimension x m by x m and h m be the height of the tank.
The volume of a cuboid = length × width × height
= x×x×h
= x2 h
For this tank volume = 500 m3
∴ x2 h = 500 1
Let A m2 be the area of sheet metal required.

A = x2 + 4xh
(Note: The tank is open.)
From equation (1)
500
h= 2
x
500
∴ A = x2 + 4x 2
x
2000
= x2 +
x
Differentiating to find a minimum:
dA 2000
= 2x − 2
dx x
dA
∴ = 0 implies x3 = 1000
dx
∴ x = 10
The gradient chart shows a minimum occurs when x = 10.
x < 10 >
dA
sign of −ve 0 +ve
dx
shape \ − /
When x = 10, h = 5
Therefore the dimensions necessary for a minimum surface area are 10 m × 10 m × 5 m
1
9 a The area of a sector A = r2 θ
2
In this case r = a
1
∴ A = a2 θ
2
466
b The length of the wire = a + a + `
= 2a + `
where ` = aθ
Therefore as the wire is 1 m = 100 cm in length
100 = 2a + aθ
∴ 100 = a(θ + 2)
100
i.e. a =
θ+2
1 100 2
∴ A= θ
2 θ+2
c Differentiating to find maximum
104 1 2
A= θ
2 θ+2
Using the product
1rule
dA 2θ
= 5000 −
dθ (θ + 2)2 (θ + 2)3
dA 1 2θ
= 0 implies =
dθ (θ + 2) 2 (θ + 2)3
∴ (θ + 2)3 − 2θ(θ + 2)2 = 0
∴ (θ + 2)2 [θ + 2 − 2θ] = 0
∴ θ = 2 or θ = −2
but θ > 0 ∴ θ = 2
The gradient chart will show a maximum i.e. A is maximum when θ = 2
1 100 2
d When θ = 2, A = ×2
2 2+2
1
=
× 252 × 2
2
= 625
The maximum area is 625 cm2
467
10 a L = 2r + rθ
1
∴ θ = (L − 2r) 1
r
1
Area of sector = r2 θ
2
1 2 1
= r (L − 2r)
2 r
1
= r(L − 2r)
2
1
= rL − r2
2
1
b i The area of the sector A = rL − r2
2
dA 1
∴ = L − 2r
dr 2
dA 1 L
and = 0 implies L − 2r = 0, so r = .
dr 2 4
L
ii Substituting r = in 1 gives
4
1 L
θ= L−2×
L 4
4
4 L
= L−
L 2
4 L
= × =2
L 2
L
iii A stationary point occurs when r = .
4
L dA
If r < , >0
4 dr
L dA
r< , < 0 (gradients considered locally)
4 dr
So the stationary point is a maximum.
468
1
c Area of sector = r2 θ
2
L
When θ = 2, r =
4
1 L2
∴ Area of sector = × ×2
2 16
L2
=
16
1
Area of triangle = r2 sin 2
2
1 L2
= × sin 2
2 16
L2 sin 2
=
32
Area of triangle L sin 2 L2
2
= ÷
Area of sector 32 16
2
L sin 2 16
= × 2
32 L
sin 2
= = 0.4546 · · ·
2
∴ Area of triangle ≈ 45.5% area of sector
11
a Let T be the total time in seconds and DP = x (m) (Note: the position of P varies)
T = time to swim to AP + time to run PC + √time to get out
AP 900 + x2
time to swim AP = = (Pythagoras’ Theorem)
speed of swimming 1
75 − x 3
time to run PC = = (75 − x)
1 23 5
time to get out = 2
p 3
T = 900 + x2 + (75 − x) + 2
5
469
d √ 1 1
b 900 + x2 = 2x × (900 + x2 )− 2 (Chain rule)
dx 2
dT 1 3
∴ = x(x2 + 900) 2 −
−
dx 5
dT
c i Minimum occurs when =0
dx
dT 1 3
= 0 implies x(x2 + 900)− 2 =
dx 5
x 3
∴ 1
=
5
x(x + 900) 2
2
1
and 5x = 9(x2 + 900) 2
Squaring both sides yields
25x2 = 9x2 + 8100
∴ 6x2 = 8100
8100
∴ x2 =
16
90
and x = (Note: x ≥ 0 and so positive root is chosen)
4
1
= 22
2
1
A gradient chart reveals a local minimum when x = 22
2
90
ii The minimum time occurs when x =
s 4
90 90 2 3 90
When x = , T = 900 + + 75 − +2
4 4 5 4
r
22500 18
= + 3 15 − +2
16 4
150 42
= +3× +2
4 4
= 71
The minimum time is 71 seconds.
d If the boy runs from A to D and then from D to C

30 75
time = 2 + 2
13 13
30 75
= 5
+ 5
3 3
3 105
= × = 63
5 1
It takes 63 seconds to run from A to D and then from D to C.
470
dy
12 a For y = e x , = ex
dx
dy
When x = 1, y = e and =e
dx
Therefore the equation of the tangent is given by
y − e = e(x − 1)
i.e. y − e = ex − e
∴ y = ex is the equation of the tangent.
dy
b For y = e2x , = 2e2x
dx
1 dy
when x = , y = e + = 2e
2 dx 1
The equation of the tangent at , e is given by
2
1
y − e = 2e x −
2
i.e. y − e = 2ex − e
1
∴ y = 2ex is the equation of the tangent at , e
2
dy
c For y = ekx , = kekx
dx
1 dy
when x = , y = e and = ke
k dx
The equation of the
tangent is
1
y − e = ke x −
k
i.e. y = kex
d Consider the equation of the tangent at the point (a, eka )

which passes through the origin for the curve with equation y = ekx
dy dy
= kekx and at (a, eka ) , = keka
dx dx
∴ The equation of the tangent is
y − 0 = keka (x − 0)
i.e. y = keka x
Also the gradient of the tangent can be determined as the gradient of a straight line
joining the point (a, eka ) and (0,0)
eka − 0 eka
Gradient = =
a−0 a
ka
e
∴ keka =
a
1
∴ a=
k
and e =e
ka
∴ Equation of tangent is y = kex

471
e Solving ekx = x is equivalent to solving the pair of
equations
y = ekx
y=x
simultaneously.
i There is a single solution to the equation ekx = x if y = x is a tangent to the curve

y = ekx .
1
From (d) this occurs only if ke = 1 i.e. if k = for k > 0.
e
There is always a unique real root for k ≤ 0 (check the graph of y = ekx for k ≤ 0)
ii For no real roots, there are no solutions to the pair of equations

y = ekx
and y = x
1
For k = , y = x is a tangent.
e
1
For k > , the curve y = ekx does not meet the liney = x.
e
√
13 a Distance S L = 64 + x2 (Pythagoras’ Theorem)
Time taken = time taken for S L+ time taken for LF
SL LF
= +
rowing speed running speed
√
64 + x2 20 − x
= +
5 15
√
64 + x2 20 − x
∴ T (x) = +
5 15
b Differentiating to find minimum
472
x 1 1
T 0 (x) = (64 + x2 )− 2 −
5 15
T (x) = 0
0
x 1
implies 1
=
15
5(64 + x2 ) 2
1
∴ 15x = 5(64 + x2 ) 2
Squaring both sides yields
225x2 = 25(64 + x2 )
i.e. 200x2 = 25 × 64
5×8
and x = √ (Note: positive root is chosen as x ≥ 0)
10 2
√
4 2 √
= =2 2
2
A gradient chart
√ reveals a minimum.
When x = 2 2
√ √
64 + 8 20 − 2 2
T= +
5 15
√ √
6 2 4 2 2
= + −
5 3 15
√ √
18 2 − 2 2 + 20
=
15
√
16 2 + 20
=
15
≈ 2.84
√
16 2 + 20
The minimum time is hours ≈ 2.84 hours ≈ 2 hours 50 minutes
15
31 seconds
473
Graphic calculator techniques for question 13
In a Calculator page, define the function.
To find the x-value where the minimum
occurs, solve the derivative equalling√zero.
√ 16 2 4
Hence minimum occurs at 2 2, +
15 3
In a Graphs page enter the function t(x).

Find the minimum
using b>Analyze Graph>Minimum.
A further investigation can be made by

considering
√
64 + x2 20 − x
T (x) = +
A B
where A is the rowing speed and B is the
running speed.
In the problem, store A = 20 and B = 5 in a
Calculator page
Enter the formula in the Function Entry
Line as shown by the graph label.
The result is as expected. It is best to row
straight to F.
474
Investigate the minimum value, holding
A = 5 and varying B. The use of fMin(,
b>Calculus>Function Minimum, is a
good way of doing this. The screen shows
a possible investigation. The first value of
fMin( was obtained with A = 5, B = 15. i.e.
f1(x). The following values are obtained
by altering the B value (A is constant) in
function f2(x).
Note: approx( is used to give decimal an-
swers for easier comparison. Other options
to give decimal answers can also be used.
14
Position of fishing boat 1 after t hours = (6 − 6t) km North

Position of fishing boat 2 after t hours (10 − 8t) km East
Distance
p apart after t hours
= (6 − 6t)2 + (10 − 8t)2 (Pythagoras’ Theorem)
Let D km bep the distance apart after t hours
D = (6 − 6t)2 + (10 − 8t)2
and D2 = (6 − 6t)2 + (10 − 8t)2
The minimum value of D will occur for the same value of t as the minimum of D2 .
d(D2 )
= −12(6 − 6t) − 16(10 − 8t)
dt
= −72 + 72t − 160 + 128t
= 200t − 232
d(D2 )
= 0 implies
dt
232
t= = 1.16
200
This is a local minimum as D2 vs t is a parabola with positive coefficient of t2 .
The boats are closest 1.16 hours after noon, i.e. after 1 hour 9 minutes and 36 seconds.
Whenpt = 1.16
D = (6 − 6 × 1.16)2 + (10 − 8 × 116)2
= 1.2
The least distance between the two fishing boats is 1.2 km.
475
15 a
Area of rectangle, A = 2x × 2y
√
= 4x 2 − 2x2
1
= 4x(2 − 2x2 ) 2
b 2 − 2x2 > 0 for the relation to be defined

∴ 1 > x2
and −1 < x < 1
But 0 < x < 1 (as x is the half–width of the beam)
∴ allowable values are x ∈ (0, 1)
c Using the product rule and chain rule

1
A = 4x(2 − 2x2 ) 2
dA 1 1
= 4(2 − 2x2 ) 2 − 2x(2 − 2x2 ) 2 × 4x
dx
1 8x2
= 4(2 − x2 ) 2 − 1
(2 − 2x2 ) 2
4(2 − x2 ) − 8x2
= 1
(2 − 2x2 ) 2
8 − 8x2 − 8x2 8 − 16x2
= 1
= 1
(2 − 2x2 ) 2
(2 − 2x2 ) 2
dA
Maximum will occur when =0
dx
dA
When =0
dx
8 = 16x2
1
x2 =
2
1
∴ x=±√
2
1
but x ∈ (0, 1) ∴ x = √
2
1 1
A gradient chart shows local maximum when x = √ . When x = √ , y = ±1
2 2
476
1
d When x = √
2
4 1 2 1
2
A= √ × 2−2× √
2 2
4 1
= √ × (2 − 1) 2
2
√
=2 2
√
∴ The maximum cross-sectional area of the beam is 2 2 square units.
16
h
a Area of a trapezoid = (a + b)
2
where h is the height of the trapezoid and a and b are the lengths of the opposite
parallel sides.
y
∴ Area of the trapezoid = (4 + 2x)
2
But y = 4 − x2
(4 − x2 )
∴ Area, A = (4 + 2x)
2
1
= (4 − x2 ) (2x + 4)
2
b Using the product rule
dA 1
= [−2x(2x + 4) + 2(4 − x2 )]
dx 2
1
= [−4x2 − 8x + 8 − 2x2 ]
2
1
= [−6x2 − 8x + 8] = −3x2 − 4x + 4
2
477
dA
= 0 implies 3x2 + 4x − 4 = 0
dx
∴ (3x − 2) (x + 2) = 0
2
∴ x= or x = −2
3
dA
= −(3x − 2) (x + 2)
dx
2 dA
When x > , < 0 (locally)
3 dx
2 dA
When x < , >0
3 dx
2
∴ local maximum when x =
3
2
∴ The trapezoid has its greatest area when x =
3
1
c i A= × y(2a + 2x)
2
= y(a + x)
= (a2 − x2 ) (a + x)
ii Using the product rule

dA
= a2 − x2 + (−2x) (a + x)
dx
= a2 − x2 − 2xa − 2x2
= a2 − 2xa − 3x2
= (a + x) (a − 3x)
478
dA a
iii = 0 implies x = or x = −a
dx 3
a dA
when x > , < 0 (locally)
3 dx
a dA
When x < , >0
3 dx
a
∴ maximum when x =
3
17 N(t) = 24te−0.2t
−t 24 −t
N 0 (t) = 24e 5 − te 5
5
−t 24t
= e 5 24 −
5
N 0 (t) = 0,
24t
24 − =0
5
t
=1
5
t=5
N(5) = 120e−1
120
= = 44 bacteria
e
(round because it is a discrete quantity not a continuous one)
18 a y = −t3 + bt2 + ct
When t = 1, y = 10
When t = 2, y = 24
∴ 10 = −1 + b + c
and 24 = −8 + 4b + 2c
∴ 11 = b + c 1
and 32 = 4b + 2c 2
Subtract 2 × 1 from 2
10 = 2b
∴ b = 5 and from 1, c = 6
∴ y = −t3 + 5t2 + 6t
b y = −t3 + 5t2 + 6t
479
i y is the rate of increase.
∴ to determine when area covered by the plant is a maximum consider y = 0
i.e. −t3 + 5t2 + 6t = 0
−t(t2 − 5t − 6) = 0
∴ t = 0 or (t − 6) (t + 1) = 0
∴ t = 6 or t = −1 or t (Note: t ≥ 0 and when t = 0, y = 0)
y = −t(t − 6) (t + 1)
When t > 6, y < 0 (locally)
When t < 6, y > 0
∴ local maximum then t = 6
The area is a maximum 6 weeks after planting.
ii The rate of increase y = −t3 + 5t2 + 6t

To determine maximum rate consider
dy
= −3t2 + 10t + 6
dt
dy
= 0 implies − 3t2 + 10t + 6 = 0
dt
The quadratic√ formula gives
−10 ± 100 + 72
t=
−6
√
−10 ± 172
=
−6
√
−10 ± 2 43
=
−6
√ √
10 ∓ 2 43 −5 ∓ 43
= = ≈ 3.852 or − 0.519
6 3
t ≥ 0 in this example and a gradient chart reveals that a maximum rate of
increase occurs when t = 3.852.
i.e. The rate of increase is a maximum after 3.852 weeks.
c This question requires antidifferentiation at year 11 MM 1 & 2 standard.

y = −t3 + 5t2 + 6t
t4 5t3 6t2
∴ Area = − + + +c
4 3 2
When t = 0, area = 100 cm ∴ c = 100
2
−t4 5t3
∴ Area = + + 3t2 + 100
4 3
480
When t = 4
−44 5 × 43
Area = + + 3 × 16 + 100
4 3
5
= −43 + × 43 + 3 × 16 + 100
3
3
2×4
= 3 × 16 + 100
+
2 × 64
= + 48 + 100
3
2
= 42 + 48 + 100
3
2
= 190
3
2
The plant will cover 190 cm2 after 4 weeks
3
d After 6 weeks the rate becomes negative which implies the plant begins to recede.
Area = 244 cm2 after 6 weeks
7 = 218 cm2 after 7 weeks
= 121 cm2 after 8 weeks
The area becomes “negative” between 8 and 9 weeks. The model is not valid after
this. Once the area begins to decrease the model is questionable.
19 f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 6x − 10
a f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x + 6
f 0 (x) = 3 implies 3x2 − 6x + 6 = 3
∴ x2 − 2x + 2 = 1
∴ x2 = 2x + 1 = 0
∴ (x − 1)2 = 0
x=1
and f (1) = 1 − 3 + 6 − 10 = −6
The coordinates of the point where f 0 (x) = 3 are (1, −6)
b f (x) = 3x2 − 6x + 6
= 3[x2 − 2x + 2]
= 3[x2 − 2x + 1 + 1]
= 3[(x − 1)2 + 1]
= 3(x − 1)2 + 3
c (x − 1)2 > 0 for all x ∈ R\{1}

481
∴ f (x) > 3 for all x ∈ R\{1}
20 a y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d passes through the x-axis at (1, 0)

∴ 0 = a + b + c + d . . . . . . (1)
1
Gradient = 0 when x = 1 and x =
3
dy
gradient function, = 3ax2 + 2abx + c
dx
∴ 0 = 3a + 2b + c . . . . . . (2)
a 2
and 0 = + b + c . . . . . . (3)
3 3
1 4
Finally it passes through the point ,
3 27
4 a b c
∴ = + + + d . . . . . . (4)
27 27 9 3
Subtract 3 and 2
8a 4b
0= +
3 3
∴ 0 = 2a + b
i.e. b = −2a . . . (5)
Substitute in (1) for b Substitute in (4) for b
4 a 2a c
0 = a − 2a + c + d = − + +d
27 27 9 3
4 5a c
i.e. 0 = −a + c + d . . . (6) = − + + d . . . (7)
27 27 3
Subtract (7) from (6)
4 22a 2c
− =− +
27 27 3
i.e −4 = −22a + 18c
and −2 = −11a + 9c
−2 + 11a
∴ c=
9
Substitute in (2) for b and c
482
2 + 11a
0 = 3a − 4a + 2 −
9
9a + −2 + 11a
0=
9
∴ a=1
and b = −2a = −2
2 + 11
and c = − =1
9
From (1)
0=a+b+c+d
0=1−2+1+d
∴ d=0
i.e. a = 1, b = −2, c = 1, d = 0
483
dy
b = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
dx
= 3x2 − 4x + 1
= (3x − 1) (x − 1)
dy 1
< 0 for < x < 1
dx 3
c
y = x3 − 2x2 + x
= x(x − 1)2
dy 1
= 0 when x =
dx 3
and x = 1
1 4
when x = , y =
3 27
dy 1
and < 0 for x ∈ ,1
dx 3
π
21 V = ((y + 630)3 − 6303 )
3
a When y = 40
π
V = ((40 + 630)3 − 6303 )
3
π
= (6703 − 6303 )
3
π
= (50 716 000)
3
≈ 53109 671.0
Volume of water in reservoir = 53 109 671.0 m3
dV π
b = (3(y + 630)2 )
dy 3
= π(y + 630)2
484
dV
c > 0 for all v ∈ R, gives that the function is increasing and the gradient increases
dy
as y increases.
π
d V= ((y + 630)3 − 6303 )
3
π
= ((690)3 + (630)3 ) when y = 60
3
π
= (78 462 000)
3
= 82 165 214 m3
dV
e = 20 000 − 0.005π(y + 630)2
dt
dV
The graph of against y is a parabola.
dt
It is the graph of z = −x2 transformed by a dilation of 0.005π from the x-axis
followed by a translation of 630 units “to the left” and 20 000 units “up”.
The domain is 0 ≤ y ≤ 60.
dV
When y = 60, = 12521.44
dt
dV
When y = 0, = 13765.51
dt
22 a i The circumference of the base of the cone is equal to the length of the sector
formed. Hence 2πr = (2π − θ) (radius of circle is one)
∴ 2πr = 2π − θ
2π − θ
r=
2π
485
ii
h2 + r2 = 1
∴ h2 = 1 − r2
2π − θ
From (i), r =
2π
2π − θ 2
∴ h =1−
2
2π
s
2π − θ 2
and h = 1 −
2π
1
iii V = πr2 h
3
s
1 2π − θ
2 2π − θ 2
= π 1−
3 2π 2π
π
b When θ =
2
π s
π 2π − 4 2 4π2 − (4π2 − 4πθ + θ2 )
V=
3 2π 4π2
π π 2
v
t
π 7
2 4π × − ( )
= 4 4
3 8 4π2
v
u
t 1
49π 1 − 16
=
192r 4
49π 15
=
384 16
49π √
= 15
1536
486
s
π 2π − θ 2 4πθ − θ2
c 0.3 = Solving using a CAS calculator θ = 0.3281
3 2π 4π2
(2π − θ)2 √
= 4πθ − θ2
24π2
d (Note: 0 < θ < π)
i maximum occurs at θ ≈ 1.153
ii maximum volume is V ≈ 0.403 cm2

(2π − θ)2 1
e V= (4πθ − θ 2 2
)
24π2
" #
dV 1 1 1 1
= −2(2π − θ) (4πθ − θ ) + (2π − θ) (4π − 2θ) (4πθ − π )
2 2 2 2 −2
dθ 24π2 2
(2π − θ) −2(4πθ − θ2 ) + (2π − θ)2
" #
=
24π2 1
(4πθ − θ2 ) 2
dV
= 0 implies θ = 2π
dθ
or −8πθ + 2θ2 + 4π2 − 4πθ + θ2 = 0
i.e 3θ2 − 12πθ √+ 4π2 = 0
12π ± 144π2 − 48π2
∴ θ=
6
√
12π ± 4 6π2
θ=
6
√
6π − 2π 6
∴ θ= ≈ 1.153
3
Maximum volume is 0.403 cm2
23 a i y
y = x3 + x2 + x
x
(0, 0)
No stationary points
487
ii y
− 1, 5
3 27
x
−1.618 0 0.618
(1, −1)
iii y
(−1, 1)
0.618
x
−1.618 0
1, − 5
3 27
iv y
x
(0, 0)
No stationary point
b i f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 2ax + b
ii f 0 (x) = 0 implies 3x2 + 2ax + b = 0

√
−2a ± 4a2 − 4 × 3 × b
∴ x=
6
√
−2a ± 4a2 − 12b
=
6
√
−a ± a2 − 3b
=
3
−9
c i If a2 − 3b = 0, the cubic has one stationary point given by x = = −3.
3 488
ii If b = 3, a2 = 9 and a = ±3 If b = 3, a = −3 and x = 1
∴ x = −1 or x = 1 y = (1)3 − 3(1)2 + 3(1)
If b = 3, a = 3 and x = −1 =1−3+3
y = (−1) + 3(−1) + 3(−1)
3 2
=1
= −1 + 3 − 3 Coordinates (1, 1)
= −1
Coordinates (−1, −1)
Each is a stationary point of inflexion
iii y
y = x3 + 3x2 + 3x
y = f ′(x)
x
−1 0
a = 3, b = 3
(−1, −1)
iv y
y = f ′(x) y = f(x)
(1, 1)
x
0 1
a = −3, b = 3
y = x3 − 3x2 + 3x
d No stationary points exist if a2 < 3b
489
loge x
24 Let y=
x
1
dy x × x − loge x
=
dx x2
1 − loge x
=
x2
dy 1 − loge x
= 0 implies =0
dx x2
∴x=e
dy
< 0 for 1 − loge x < 0 ⇔ loge x > 1 ⇔ x > e
dx
dy
< 0 for 1 − loge x > 0 ⇔ loge x < 1 ⇔ x < e
dx
∴ a maximum for x = e
loge 1
When x = e, y = =
e e
i.e. The ratio of the logarithm of a number to the number is a maximum when x = e.
25 a i f (x) = 6x4 − x3 + ax2 − 6x + 8

If x + 1 is a factor f (−1) = 0
i.e. f (−1) = 6 + 1 + a + 6 + 8 = 0
∴ a + 21 = 0
a = −21
ii y
(−0.15, 8.4) 8
−4
3 −1 x
0 1 2
2
(−1.18, −0.88) (1.45, −21.4)
490
b i y
(0, 8)
(0.143, 7.57)
x
0
ii minimum = 7.57 when x = 0.143
iii g0 (x) = 24x3 − 3x2 + 42x − 6
iv g0 (x) = 0
24x3 − 3x2 + 42x − 6 = 0
x = 0.1427
v g0 (o) = −6; g0 (10) = 24 114

d
vi (g(x)) can be written as g00 (x), meaning the derivative of derivative.
dx
g00 (x) = 72x2 − 6x + 42
vii g00 (x) = 0 implies

12x2 − x + 7 = 0
But ∆ = 1 − 4 × 12 × 7 < 0
∴ no stationary points
Hence the graph of
y = g0 (x) has positive gradient for all x. There is only one solution of g0 (x) = 0.
26 a f (x) = (x − a)2 (x − b)2 a > 0 b > 0

f 0 (x) = 2(x − a) (x − b)2 + 2(x − b) (x − a)2
= 2(x − a) (x − b) (x − b + x − a)
= 2(x − a) (x − b) (2x − (b + a))
b+a
b i f 0 (x) = 0 implies x = a or x = b or x =
2
ii x = a or x = b
c Stationary points
(a, 0) (b, 0)
491
a+b
When x =
a + b 2 a + b 2 a + b 2
f = −a −b
2 2 2
a + b − 2a 2 a + b − 2b 2
=
2 2
b − a 2 a − b 2
=
4 4
4
(a − b)
=
16
(a + b) (a − b)4
∴ coordinates ,
2 16
d i y
y = (x a)4
x
0 a
ii If a = −b coordinates are (a, 0) (−a, 0) (0, a4 )
iii y
(0, a4)
x
−a a
27 a f (x) = (x − a)3 (x − b)
f 0 (x) = 3(x − a)2 (x − b) + (x − a)3
= (x − a)2 [3(x − b) + (x − a)]
= (x − a)2 [4x − (3b + a)]
492
3b + a
b i f 0 (x) = 0 implies x = a or x =
4
ii f (x) = 0 implies x = a or x = b
c (a, 0) is a stationary point of inflection as f 0 (a + h) and f 0 (a − h) have the same sign

where h is a small number.
3b + a
If x =
4
3b + a 3 3b + a
f (x) = −a −b
4 4
3b + a − 4a 3 3b + a − 4b
=
4 4
3b − 3a 3 a − b
=
4 4
27
=− (b − a)4
256
3b + a
If x > then f 0 (x) > 0
4
3b + a
If x < then f 0 (x) < 0
4 3b + a 27
∴ local minimum at ,− (b − a)4
4 256
d Calculator
e If a = −b
a 27a4
!
stationary points are (a, 0) and − ,
2 16
3b + a a
f i If a local minimum at x = 0, = 0, i.e. a = −3b or b = − .
4 3
a+b
g If there is a turning point for x =
2
a + b 3b + a
then =
2 4
∴ 2a + 2b = 3b + a
∴ 0=b−a
∴ b=a
If b = a f (x) = (x − a)4
28 f : (0, 6] → R, f (x) = x loge x + 1
1
a f 0 (x) = loge x + x × = loge x + 1 (product rule)
x
493
b f 0 (x) = 0 implies loge x = −1
∴ x = e−1
When x > e−1 , loge x + 1 > 0
When x < e−1 , loge x + 1 < 0
∴ a minimum when x = e−1 ≈ 0.37,
i.e. during the fourth month of its life.
1
When x = e−1 , f (x) = loge e−1 + 1
e
1
=− +1
e
≈ 0.632
c y
1
1 , 0.632
e
x
0 6
d The mouse’s ability to memorise is a maximum after 6 years.
29 a i y2 + r2 = 100
√
∴ y = 100 − r2
√
∴ height = 2y = 2 100 − r2
ii V = πr2 h
√
= πr2 2 100 − r2
√
= 2πr2 100 − r2
494
b i V
(cm3)
0 10 r (cm)
ii Maximum volume is 2418.4 cm3

This occurs when r = 8.165 and h = 11.55
iii Use the ‘solve’ command of a CAS calculator.

r = 6.456 or r = 9.297
1
c i V = 2πr2 (100 − r2 ) 2
dV 1 2r 1
= 4πr(100 − r2 ) 2 − (100 − r2 )− 2 × 2πr2
dr 2
r2
" #
1
= 2πr 2(100 − r ) −
2 2
1
(100 − r2 ) 2
[2(100 − r2 ) − r2 ]
= 2πr 1
(100 − r2 ) 2
[200 − 3r2 ]
= 2πr 1
(100 − r2 ) 2
dV
ii If = 0, 200 − 3r2 = 0
dr
∴ 3r2 = 200
200
∴ r2 =
3
r r
200 600
r= =
3 3
√
10 6
=
3
∴ maximum volume is given by
495
1
200 200 2
V max = 2π × 100 −
3 3
1 √
400π 100 2 4000π 3
= = ×
3 3 3 3
√
4000 3π
=
9
d i Calculator
dV 20 √6
ii > 0 for r ∈ 0,
dr 6
dV
iii is increasing for r ∈ (0, 5.21)
dr
30 a Surface area = πr2 + 2πrh + 2πr2
∴ 3πr2 + 2πrh = 100π
∴ 3r2 + 2rh = 100
100 − 3r2
∴h=
2r
2
b V = πr2 h + πr3
3
100 − 3r2 2
= πr2 + πr3
2r 3
100 − 3r2 2
= πr + πr3
2 3
πr
= (300 − 9r2 + 4r2 )
6
πr
= (300 − 5r2 )
6
c defined for r > 0 and 300 − 5r2 > 0
i.e. r2√< 60
r < 2 15
π
d V = (300r − 5r3 )
6
dV π
= (300 − 15r2 )
dr 6
496
e
31 a i 30x2 y = 3000
100
y=
x2
ii S = 12xy + 5xy + 13xy + 60x2

= 30xy + 60x2
100
= 30x + 60x2
x2
3000
= + 60x2
x
dS 3000
b i = − 2 + 120x
dx x
dS
ii = 0 implies 3000 = 120x3
dx
Therefore x3 = 250
2
and hence x = 5 3
2
When x = 5 3 , S ≈ 1539 cm2
dS dS dx 3000
c = = − + 120x × 0.5
dt dx dt x2
dS 3000
When x = 10, = − 2 + 1200 × 0.5
dt 10
= 585 cm2 /s
497
100 000
32 a f (x) =
1 + 100e−3x
Using the Chain rule
100 000
f 0 (x) = − × −30e−0.3x
(1 + 100e−0.3x )2
3000 000e−0.3x
=
(1 + 100e−0.3x )2
3 000 000
b i When x = 0, f 0 (0) = = 294.08
(1 + 100)2
The rate of growth is 294 kangaroos per year when x = 0
3 000 000e−1.2
ii When x = 4, f 0 (4) = = 933.0498
(1 + 100e−1.2 )2
The rate of growth is 933 kangaroos per year when x = 4
33 a f is defined for
6 − 0.2x > 0
⇔ 6 > 0.2x
6
⇔ >x
0.2
⇔ 30 > x
∴ a = 30
b f (0) = 8 loge 6
When f (x) = 0
8 loge (6 − 0.2x) = 0
which implies
6 − 0.2x = 1
1
5= x
5
25 = x
∴ (25, 0) and (0, 8 loge 6) are the coordinates of the axes intercepts
c f (x) = 8 loge (6 − 0.2x)

−8
f 0 (x) =
5(6 − 0.2x)
when x = 20
−8
f 0 (20) =
5(6 − 4)
−4
= = −0.8
5
498
d Consider x = 8 loge (6 − 0.2y)
x y
e8 = 6 −
5
x
∴ y = 5 6 − e8
x
∴ f (x) = 5 6 − e
−1 8
e The domain of f −1 is R
34 a Calculator
b g0 (x) = cos(x)esin x
g0 (x) = 0 implies cos x = 0 asesin x , 0
π 3π
∴ the stationary points occur at x = and x =
2 2
The
π coordinates
3π 1of
the stationary points are
, e and ,
2 2 e
1
c range = , e
e
d period = 2π as g(x + 2π) = g(x)
35 a y = ex
dy
= ex
dx
dy
When x = 0, =1
dx
Therefore equation of tangent is y = x + 1
b Identical transformations applied to the curve and the tangent retain the relationship,
i.e. the image of the tangent is tangent to the image of the curve.
x equation y = dy
c Consider the curve with a f (bx)
1
Then the gradient at is given by = ab f 0 (bx) = ab f 0 (x1 )
b dx
499
But the gradient of y = f (x) at x1 is f 0 (x1 ) = m
∴ gradient of y = a f (bx) is abm
x
1
∴ equation of the tangent at , y1 a
b
x1
is y − y1 a = abm x −
b
x1
∴ y = bam x − + y1 a
b
= bamx − amx1 + y1 a
But y1 = mx1 + c and
∴ y = a(bmx − mx1 + y1 )
y = a(bmx − mx1 + mx1 + c)
∴ y = a(bmx + c)
60 60
36 a i When t = 0, x = = = 30
5e0
−3 2
When t = 0, there are 30 g not dissolved.
60 1 6
ii When t = 5, x = where λ = loge
5e5λ −3 2 5
60
=
5 6
2 log 5
5e −3
60
=
5
6 2
5× 5 −3
≈ 12.2769
When t = 5 there are 12.28 g not dissolved.
dx 60
b = 5λeλt × − λt (Chain rule)
dt (5e − 3)2
300λeλt
=−
(5eλt − 3)2
500
60
c i x=
5eλt −3
∴ 5xeλt − 3x = 60
3x + 60
∴ eλt =
5x
dx 300λeλt
∴ = − 2
dt λt
5e − 3
3x + 60 5(3x + 60) 2
= −300λ ÷ −3
5x 5x
3x + 60 3x + 60 − 3x 2
= −60λ ÷
x x
3x + 60 x2
= −60λ ×
x 3600
x
= −λ(x + 20) ×
20
λx 2
=− − λx
20
dx x2
ii = −λ +x
dt 20
x
= −λx +1
20
x-axis intercepts x = 0 and x = −20 domain = [0, ∞)
iii Rate of dissolving increases where x is the amount of material not dissolved.
37 y
(8, 2)
N
x
0 M P
1
a Let y =
tan θ
Let u = tan θ
501
1 dy dy du
Then y = and = ×
u dθ du dθ
1
= − 2 × sec2 θ
u
1
= − 2 × sec2 θ
tan θ
cos2 θ
= − 2 × sec2 θ
sin θ
1
=− 2
sin θ
= −cosec2 θ
2
b = tan θ
MP
2
∴ MP =
tan θ
NQ
c = tan θ
8
∴ NQ = 8 tan θ
d OP + OQ = OM + MP + ON + NQ
2
=8+ + 2 + 8 tan θ
tan θ
2
= 10 + 8 tan θ +
tan θ
e Let x = OP + OQ
2
i.e. x = 10 + 8 tan θ +
tan θ
dx
= −2 cosec2 θ + 8 sec2 θ
dθ
dx
f minimum occurs when =0
dθ
502
−2[cosec]2 θ + 8 sec2 θ = 0
2 8
∴ − + =0
sin θ cos2 θ
2
2 8
∴ =
sin θ cos2 θ
2
sin2 θ 2 1
= =
cos2 θ 8 4
1
∴ tan2 θ =
4
1
and tan θ = ±
2
π
We know 0 < θ <
2
1
∴ tan θ =
2
∴ θ > 26.6◦
dx
If θ > 26.6◦ , <0 (locally)
dθ
dx
If θ < 26.6◦ , >0
dθ
∴ minimum when θ = 26.6◦
1
If tan θ =
2
2
x= + 8 tan θ + 10
tan θ
2 1
= + 8 × + 10
1 2
2
= 4 + 4 + 10 = 18
The minimum value of x is 18 units.
38 Let f : R → R, f (x) = e x − e−x
a f 0 (x) = e x + e−x
b f (x) = 0 implies e x − e−x = 0

1
i.e. e x − x = 0
e
∴ e −1=0
2x
∴ 2x = 0
which implies x = 0
c f 0 (x) = e x + e−x and both e x and e−x are positive, so f 0 (x) > 0 for all x.
503
d y The result that f 0 (x) > 0 for all x is used
x
0
39 a (loge x)2 = 2 loge x

is equivalent to (loge x)2 − 2 loge x = 0
i.e. loge x[loge x − 2] = 0
which implies loge x = 0 or loge x = 2
∴ x = 1 or x = e2
For y = 2 loge x For y = (loge x)2

dy 2
= Let u = log2e x
dx x
Then y = u2
dy dy du
b and = .
dx du dx
1
= 2u.
x
2 loge x
=
x
The gradient of y = 2 loge x at x = 1 is 2
The gradient of y = (loge x)2 at x = 1 is 0
This information is now used to sketch the graphs.
c Note: y = (loge x)2 ≥ 0 for all x and

(loge x)2 → ∞ as x → 0

d ∴ x : 2 loge x > (loge x)2 = x : 1 < x < y
y = (loge x)2

2
e
y = 2loge x
(e2, 4)
x
0 (1, 0)
e2
504
40 A cross-section of the solids is as shown.
a h = V A + AE V
= a + a cos θ
where a is the radius of the sphere
h cm
b r = a sin θ A
1
c V = πr2 h
3 O r C
B
1
= π(a2 sin2 θ)(a + a cos θ)
3
1
= πa3 sin2 θ(1 + cos θ)
3
d Using the product rule

dV 1 3
= πa [sin2 θ × − sin θ + 2 sin θ cos θ(1 + cos θ)]
dθ 3
1
= πa3 [− sin3 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ(1 + cos θ)]
3
dV 1
= 0 implies πa3 [− sin3 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ(1 + cos θ)] = 0
dθ 3
∴ sin θ = 2 sin θ cos θ(1 + cos θ)
3
For sin θ , 0
sin2 θ = 2 cos θ + 2 cos2 θ
Using sin2 θ = 1 − cos2 θ
1 − cos2 θ = 2 cos θ + 2 cos2 θ
which implies 3 cos2 θ + 2 cos θ − 1 = 0
This is a quadratic equation in cos θ. It factorises to give the following:
(3 cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 1) = 0
1
∴ cos θ = or cos θ = −1
3
A gradient chart confirms a maximum volume occurs when
1 −1 1

cos θ = when θ = cos , i.e. θ ≈ 70.53◦
3 3
505
1
e V = πa3 sin2 4(1 + cos θ)
3
Using sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ
2
1
V = πa3 (1 − cos2 θ)(1 + cos θ)
3
1
When cos θ =
3
1 3 1 1
V = πa 1 − 1+
3 9 3
1 8 4
= πa3 × ×
3 9 3
3
32πa
=
81
32πa3
The maximum volume is cm3
81
Aebt
41 a y =
1 + Aebt
Dividing through by 1 + Aebt gives
1
y=1−
1 + Aebt
1
and as Aebt > 0 for all t, <1
1 + Aebt
Hence 0 < y < 1
b By using the quotient rule

dy (1 + Aebt )bAebt − bA2 e2bt
=
dt (1 + Aebt )2
bAebt
=
(1 + Aebt )2
Aebt
c As y=
1 + Aebt
y(1 + Aebt ) = Aebt
∴ y + yAebt = Aebt
and y = Aebt (1 − y)
y
∴ Aebt =
1−y
d i From the result of b
506
dy bAebt
=
dt (1 + Aebt )2
y
Substituting Aebt=
1−y
dy y y 2
=b ÷ 1+
dx 1−y 1−y
y
=b × (1 − y)2
1−y
= by(1 − y)
dy
ii = by(1 − y)
dx
is a quadratic expression in y with negative coefficient of y2 (b is a positive
constant)
∴ a maximum occurs when y = 0.5.
y
e From c Aebt =
1−y
∴ when A = 0.01, b = 0.7 and y = 0.5
0.01e0.7t = 1
∴ e0.7t = 100
∴ 0.7t = loge 100
10
∴ t= loge 100 ≈ 6.578
7
∴ The bacteria are increasing at the fastest rate when t = 7 (to the nearest hour).
ex
42 Let f (x) =
x
a f (x) = e x .x−1
The product rule gives
f 0 (x) = e x x−1 − e x x−2
ex ex
= − 2
x x
xe x − e x
=
x2
b If f 0 (x) = 0
xe x − e x
=0
x2
which implies e x (x − 1) = 0
and as e x , 0 for all x ∈ R+ , x = 1
507
c There is a stationary point when x = 1 and f (1) = e.
Therefore there is a stationary point at (1, e).
e x (x − 1)
If x > 1 f 0 (x) = 2
> 0 (Note: domain of f 0 is R+ )
x
e x (x − 1)
If x < 1 f (x) =
0
<0
x2
∴ there is a minimum at(1, e)
f 0 (x) xe x − e x x
d i = 2
× x y
f (x) x e
x−1
=
x
f 0 (x) 1
ii lim x→∞ = lim 1 − =1
0
f (x) x→∞ x (1, e)
∴ f (x) ≈ f (x) when x is very large x
0
aekt
e n=
t
ae65k
When t = 65, n =
65
ae30k
When t = 30, n =
30
The population of birds is the same for the years 1930 and 1965.
ae65k ae30k
∴ =
65 30
65 13
∴ e35k = =
30 6
13
∴ 35k = loge
6
1 13
∴ k= loge ≈ 0.0221
35 6
dn
f Minimum occurs when =0
dt
Using the quotient rule
dn a(ktekt − ekt )
=
dt t2
aekt (kt − 1)
=
t2
dn 1
= 0 implies t =
dt k
This is a local minimum
508
1 35
and t = 13 =
13 ≈ 45.27
1
loge loge
35 6 6
The minimum population occurred in 1945.
43 a When t = 0, N = 1000
When t = 5, N = 10 000
As N = Aekt
1000 = Ae0
which implies A = 1000
Also 10 000 = 1000e5k
which implies
e5k = 10
1
∴ k = loge 10
5
1
i.e. A = 1000 and k = loge 10 ≈ 0.46
5
dN 1
b = kAekt , where A = 1000 and k = loge 10
dt 5
dN
c = kN as N = Aekt
dt
d i When t = 4
dN 1 4
= loge 10 × 1000e 5 loge 10
dt 5
4
= 200 loge 10 × 10 5
i.e. the rate of growth when t = 4 is 2905.7 bacteria/hour.
ii When t = 50
dN 50
= 200(loge 10)e 5 loge 10
dt
= 200 loge 10 × 1010
= 2 loge 10 × 1012
≈ 4.61 × 1012
i.e. the rate of growth when t = 50 is 4.61 × 1012 bacteria/hour.
44 a For the populations to be equal

2 × 104 e0.03t = 104 e0.05t
which implies
e0.02t = 2
1
∴t= loge 2 ≈ 34.657
0.02
The populations will be equal after 34.66 years.
509
dA dB
b = 600e0.03t and = 500e0.05t
dt dt
Rates are equal implies
dA dB
=
dt dt
∴ 600e0.03t = 500e0.05t
6
= e0.02t
5
which implies
1 6
t= loge
0.02 5
6
= 50 loge ≈ 9.116
5
Rates are equal after 9.12 years.
45 h = 0.5 + 0.2 sin(3πt)t ≥ 0

where h metres is the height of the particular time t seconds.
a The greatest height above the floor is reached at values of t such that sin(3πt) = 1
i.e. the greatest height is 0.7 metres
and this occurs when
π 5π
3πt = or or · · ·
2 2
1 5
t = or or · · ·
6 6
1
The question required the first time and this is given by t =
6
2
b Period of oscillation is 2π ÷ 3π = seconds.
3
dh
c = 0.6π cos(3πt)
dt
1 dh
i When t = , = 0.6π cos(π) = −0.6π
3 dt
The speed is 0.6 π metres/second moving downwards.
2 dh
ii When t = , = 0.6π cos(2π) = 0.6π
3 dt
The speed is 0.6π metres/second moving upwards.
1 dh π
iii When t = , = 0.6π cos =0
6 dt 2
The speed is 0 metres/second.
510
46 T (t) = p + q cos(πrt) where p, q and r are constants
a From the graph:

2π
i The period is 12 ∴ = 12
πr
1
which implies r =
6
(20 − 4)
ii The amplitude is = 8 which implies q = 8
2
20 + 4
The centre is T = = 12 which implies p = 12
2
b T 0 (t) = −πrq sin(πrt)

4π 3π
∴ T 0 (3) = − sin
3 6
4π π 4π
= − sin =−
3 2 3
4π
The hours of night are decreasing at a rate of hours/month when t = 3
3
4π 3π 4π
T 0 (9) = − sin =
3 2 3
4π
The hours of night are increasing at a rate of hours/month when t = 9
3
c Average rate of change from t = 0 to t = 6
T (6) − T (0)
=
6−0
πt
when T (t) = 12 + 8 cos
6
12 + 8 cos(π) − (12 + 8 cos(0))
∴ Average rate of change =
6
12 − 8 − 12 − 8
=
6
16 8
=− =−
6 3
8
i.e. the average rate of change for time interval [0, 6] is − hours/month.
3
4π πt
d T 0 (t) = − sin
3 6
Rate of change of hours is maximum (in the sense of maximum increasing rate)
πt
when sin = −1
6
This occurs when
πt 3π 7π
= or or . . .
6 2 2
i.e. t = 9 or 21 or . . .
The rate of change of hours of night is a miximum after 9 months.
511
47 a Area A = length × width
= x × 2 cos(3x)
= 2x cos(3x)
dA
b i = 2 cos(3x) − 6x sin(3x)
dx
dA
ii When x = 0, =2
dx
π dA π π
When x = , = −6 × sin
6 dx 6 2
= −π
c i A
x
0 π
6
ii Either use the ‘Intersect’ feature of a CAS calculator of the graph screen
or use the ‘solve’ command at the calculator screen to solve the equation
2x cos 3x = 0.2.
x = 0.105 or x = 0.449
iii maximum area is 0.374

Use the ‘max’ feature of a CAS calculator of the graph screen or use the
y
‘flex’ command at the calculator screen with the instruction 0 < x < . when
6
x = 0.287
dA
d i = 2 cos(3x) − 6x sin(3x)
dx
dA 1
= 0 implies tan(3x) =
dx 3x
ii The co-ordinates of the points of intersection are (0.287, 1.16), founded as
with c ii.
1 t
48 a i N 0 (t) = −1 + e 20
10
512
t
ii N 0 (t) = 0 implies 10 = e 20
∴ t = 20 loge 10 ≈ 46.05
When t = 20 loge 10
N(t) = 1000 − 20 loge 10 + 2eloge 10
= 1000 − 20 loge 10 + 20
= 1020 − 20 loge 10
≈ 973.95
Minimum population is 974
iii N(0) = 1000 + 2 = 1002
iv N(100) = 1000 − 100 + 2e5

= 900 + 2e5
≈ 1196.826
v N
(100, 900 + 2e5)
1002 y = N(t)
(20 loge 10, 974)

t
0
1
1 t2
b N2 (t) = 1000 − t2 + 2e 20
i N2 (0) = 1000 − 0 + 2
= 1002
1
ii N2 (100) = 1000 − 10 + 2e 2
1
= 990 + 2e 2
1
1 1 1 1 1 t2
iii N20 (t) = − t− 2 + t− 2 × × 2e 20
2 2 20
1
1 1 1 t2
= t 2 −1 + e 20
2 10
513
1
t2
N20 (t) = 0 implies e 20 = 10
1
t2
∴ = loge 10
20
1
∴ t 2 = 20 loge 10
∴ t = (20 loge 10)2
When t = (20 loge 10)2
N2 (t) = 1000 − 20 loge 10 + 2elogs 10
= 1000 − 20 loge 10 + 20
Minimum population is 974
3 t
c N3 (t) = 1000 − t 2 + 2e 20
i Using a CAS calculator with the ‘min’ feature at the graph screen, the minimum
population is
297 when t = 100.24
3 1 1 t
d i N30 (t) = − t 2 + e 20
2 10
ii N30 (t) = 0
3 1 1 t
t 2 = e 20
2 10
1 t
15t 2 = e 20
√
t = 20 loge (15 t)
514
49 a y = (2x2 − 5x)eax
(3, 10) : 10 = 3e3a
10
e3a =
3
1 10
a = log e
3 3
b i y = 0: 2x2 − 5x = 0 (since eax > 0)
x(2x − 5) = 0
5
x = 0,
2
dy
ii = (4x − 5)eax + (2x2 − 5x) × aeax
dx
= (2ax2 (4 − 5a)x − 5)eax
= 0 if
2ax + (4 − 5a)x√− 5 = 0
2
−4 + 5a ± 16 − 40a + 25a2 + 40a

x=
4a
√
−4 + 5a ± 25a2 + 16
=
4a
515

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Chapter 10 – Applications of differentiation

Solutions to Exercise 10A

ii normal: 7 y = 56x − 160

y=x c f (x) = x2 e2x

f y = x − tan x f 0 (x) = 2xe2x + 2x2 e2x

c f 0 (x) = 6x + 6 1000(90 − t)3 = 0

b draw tangent at t = 200,

e g(z) = 8z2 − 3z4

min. max. min. max.

(0, 0) is a maximum turning point x3 + 6x2 + 9x + 4 = 0

b see above, (1,0)

f (0) = (−1)5 (−4)4

f 0 (1.5) = 12(4.5 − 4) (3 − 4)3 (3 − 1)4

9 a f (x) = 3x4 + 4x3

11 y = 3x4 − 44x3 + 144x2

y = 35 − 44 × 27 + 144 × 9 x = 2 (stationary point of inflection)

= 243 − 1188 + 1296

x > 1, f 0 (x) > 0 x2

1 translated 2 to the right

(–3, 16) 1 + 2√3 y

f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 2 f (2) = 16 − 24

f 0 (x) has no real solution = −8

12 Absolute max = 1; Absolute min = !1, 1"

16 Absolute max = − loge 10;

x3 + y2 is a min. this gives max P

let z = x3 + y2 x = 50, y = 100 − 50 = 50 = x

y=Nt V 0 (t) = 0 implies 20t − t2 = 0

The maximum occurs when t = 10

∴ y > 0 for 0 < x < 4

d y = 4x − x2 is a quadratic with negative coefficient of x2

b Let C be the cost per kilometre.

∴ length of box = (16 − 2x) cm

b All dimensions are positive.

Area of rectangle = length × width

7 a Area of bottom = x2 + x2 = 2x2

The gradient chart is as shown:

Let A m2 be the area of sheet metal required.

d If the boy runs from A to D and then from D to C

d Consider the equation of the tangent at the point (a, eka )

∴ Equation of tangent is y = kex

i There is a single solution to the equation ekx = x if y = x is a tangent to the curve

ii For no real roots, there are no solutions to the pair of equations

b Differentiating to find minimum

In a Graphs page enter the function t(x).

A further investigation can be made by

Position of fishing boat 1 after t hours = (6 − 6t) km North

b 2 − 2x2 > 0 for the relation to be defined

c Using the product rule and chain rule

ii Using the product rule

ii The rate of increase y = −t3 + 5t2 + 6t

c This question requires antidifferentiation at year 11 MM 1 & 2 standard.

c (x − 1)2 > 0 for all x ∈ R\{1}

20 a y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d passes through the x-axis at (1, 0)

i maximum occurs at θ ≈ 1.153

ii maximum volume is V ≈ 0.403 cm2

b i f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 2ax + b

ii f 0 (x) = 0 implies 3x2 + 2ax + b = 0

d No stationary points exist if a2 < 3b

25 a i f (x) = 6x4 − x3 + ax2 − 6x + 8

ii minimum = 7.57 when x = 0.143

iii g0 (x) = 24x3 − 3x2 + 42x − 6

v g0 (o) = −6; g0 (10) = 24 114

vii g00 (x) = 0 implies