Chapter 11 PDF

Chapter 11 – Integration
Solutions to Exercise 11A

1 1 1 1 A ≈ 1.0 × ((0)(4 − 0) + (1)(4 − 1)
1 a A≈ × (2.5)2 + × (3)2
2 2 2 2
1 25 1 + (2)(4 − 2) + (3)(4 − 3))
= × + ×9
4 4 4 =0+3+4+3
25 9
= + A ≈ 10 square units
16 4 using right end estimate
25 36 A ≈ 1.0 × ((1)(4 − 1) + (2)(4 − 2)
= +
16 16
61 + (3)(4 − 3) + (4)(4 − 4)
A≈ ≈ 3.81 square units
16 =3+4+3+0
π π π A ≈ 10 square units
b A≈ × cos0 + × cos
4 4 4
π π 1 b using the CAS calculator
= + × √
4 4 2 10.64 square units
√
1 + 2π π
1
A≈ √ ≈ 1.34 square units 4 a y=
4 2 1 + x2
1 1
1 1 A ≈ 0.25 +
c A ≈ 1 × (2)3 + 1 × (3)3 1 + (0.25) 2 1 + (0.5)2
2 2 !
27 1 1
=4+ + +
2 1 + (0.75)2 1 + (1)2
35  
A≈ ≈ 17.5 square units  
2 1  1 1 1 1 
=  + + + 
4  17 5 25 2 
16 4 16
2 a A ≈ 1 × ( f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + f (4))
1 16 4 16 1
= 5 + 3.5 + 2.5 + 2.2 = + + +
4 17 5 25 2
A ≈ 13.2 square units 14 1 4 1
= + + +
17 5 25 8
b A ≈ 1 × ( f (2) + f (3) + f (4) + f (4)) 2449
A≈ ≈ 0.72 square units
= 3.5 + 2.5 + 2.2 + 2 3400
π
A ≈ 10.2 square units b = A ≈ 0.72 square units
4
π ≈ 2.88
3 a y = x(4 − x) this approximation could be improved
using left end estimate by adding more sub − intervals to the
area calculation
516
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-56747-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
5 a A ≈ 1.0 × (3 + 3.5 + 3.7 + 3.8 + 3.9
R5 9
Hence 2
(x − 2) dx = .
2
+ 3.9 + 4.0 + 4.0 + 3.7 + 3.3)
A ≈ 36.8 square units
b A ≈ 1.0 × (3.5 + 3.7 + 3.8 + 3.9 + 3.9

+ 4.0 + 4.0 + 3.7 + 3.3 + 2.9)
b The definits integral represents two

6 a
equal traingular regions show.
y = 2x 9
Formal, area = 2 × = 9 square units
2

A ≈ 0.5 20.5 + 21 + 21.5 + 22 + 22.5 + 23 R5
Hence −1 |x − 2| dx = 9.
1 √ √
= √ +1+ 2+2+2 2+4
2
√
7 2
A≈7+ ≈ 11.9 square units
2
7 a A ≈ 1.0 × (4 + 5.6 + 7 + 8 + 8.2

+ 8.1 + 7.6)
c The definits integral represents the
trapezium region shown.
note: since the values are read off the
The distance between the parallel
graph, the value of A is approximate
sides is 1 unit.
b this area represents the distance When x = 1, y = 2 + 1 = 3 units.
travelled between t = 2 and t = 9 When x = 2, y = 4 + 1 = 5 units.
1
Area = × 1 × (3 + 5)
2
8 a The definite integral represents the = R4 square units
2
trangular region shown. Hence 1 (2x + 1) dx = 4
The trangle has base 5 − 2 = 3 units.
When x = 5, y = 5 − 2 = 3, so the
triangle has height 3 units Area
1
= ×3×3
2
9
= square units
2
517
Solutions to Exercise 11B
Z
1 3 4 5 5 2
1 a x dx y= x4 + x5 + c
2 5 2
1 1
= × x4 + c
2 4
Z
1 3 a 3x−2 dx
= x4 + c
8 x−1
Z =3 +c
−1
b 5x3 − 2x dx −3
= +c
x4 x2 x
=5× −2× +c
4 2
Z
5 4 b 2x−4 + 6x dx
= x − x2 + c
4 x−3 x2
Z =2 +6 +c
4 3 −3 2
c x − 3x2 dx −2 −3
5 = x + 3x2 + c
4 x4 x3 3
× = − 3 × +c
5 4 3
Z
1 4 c 2x−2 + 6x−3 dx
= x − x3 + c
5 = −2x−1 − 3x−2 + c
Z
d 6z − 3z2 − z + 2 dz Z
1 5
Z d 3x 3 − 5x 4 dx
= 3z2 + 5z + 2 dz 4 9
x3 x4
=3 −5 +c
z3 z2 4 9
= −3 + 5 + 2z + c 3 4
3 2 9 4 20 9
5 = x3 − x4 + c
= −z3 + z2 + 2z + c 4 9
2 Z
3 1
e 3x 4 − 7x 2 dx
dy
2 a = x−3 12 7 14 3
dx = x4 − x2 + c
1 1 7 3
y = − x−2 + c = − 2 + c
2 2x Z
3 5
f 4x 5 + 12x 3 dx
dy √ 1
b = 4 3 x = 4x 3
dx 5 8 9 8
3 4 4 = x5 + x3 + c
y = 4 × x 3 + c = 3x 3 + c 2 2
4
dy 1 3
c = x 4 + x− 5
dx
518
dy 3z4 + 2z
Z Z
4 a = 2x − 3 b dz = 3z + 2z−2 dz
dx z3
2x2 3z2
y= − 3x + c =
− 2z−1 + c
2 2
= x2 − 3x + c 3z2 2
= − +c
x = 1, y = 1 2 z
3
1=1−3+c =
3z − 4
+c
2z
c=3
5x3 + 2x2
Z Z
y = x2 − 3x + 3 c , dx = 5x2 + 2x dx
x
dy 5x3
b = x3 = + x2 + c
dx 3
x4 5x3 + 3x2
y= +c = +c
4 3
x = 0, y = 6
√
Z Z
3 5
6=c d x(2x + x ) dx =
2
2x 2 + x 2 dx
x4 4 5 2 7
y= +6 x2 + x2 + c =
4 5 7
Z Z
3
x 2 x2 e x (2 + 3x ) dx =
2 2
2x2 + 3x4 dx
c y= + +c
3 2
2x3 3x5
2 = + +c
2 3 1 2 3 5
= x2 + x + c
3 2 f Z
√3
Z
4 13
x = 4, y = 6 x(x + x ) dx =
4
x 3 + x 3 dx
2 1
6= × 8 + × 16 + c 3 7 3 16
3 2 = x3 + x 3 + c
7 16
16
6= +8+c
3 6 f 0 (x) = 3x2 − x−2
16 −22
c = −2 − = x3 x−1
3 3 f (x) = 3 − +c
3 −1
2 3 1 22
y = x 2 + x2 −
3 2 3
√
Z Z
1 3
5 a x(2 + x) dx = 2x 2 + x 2 dx
4 3 2 5
= x2 + x2 + c
3 5
519
1 8 a f 0 (x) = 16x + k
= x3 + +c
x
f 0 (2) = 0s
f (2) = 0
0 = 32 + k
1
0=8+ +c
2 k = −32
−17 f 0 (x) = 16x − 32
c=
2
1 17 x2
f (x) = x3 + − b f (x) = 16 − 32x + c
x 2 2
= 8x2 − 32x + c
ds 8
7 = 3t − 2 = 3t − 8t−2 f (2) = 1
dt t
t 2
8t−1 1 = 32 − 64 + c
s=3 − +c
2 −1 c = 33
3 8
= t2 + + c f (x) = 8x2 − 32x + 33
2 t
3 f (7) = 8 × 49 − 32 × 7 + 33
t = 1, s =
2 = 201
3 3
= +8+c
2 2
c = −8
3 8
s = t2 + − 8
2 t
520
Solutions to Exercise 11C
Z Z
1 a 2
(2x − 1) dx f (4x + 3)−3 dx
1 1
=(2x − 1)3 + c = − (4x + 3)−2 + c
2×3 8
1 1
= (2x − 1)3 + c =− +c
6 8(4x + 3)2
Z Z
1
b (2 − t)3 dt g (3x + 6) 2 dx
1 1 3
= (2 − t)4 + c = (3x + 6) 2 + c
−1 × 4 3
−1 3×
= (2 − t)4 + c 2
4 2 3
= (3x + 6) 2 + c
Z 9
c (5x − 2)3 dx Z
−1
h (3x + 6) 2 dx
1
=
(5x − 2)4 + c
5×4 1 1
1 = (3x + 6) 2 + c
= (5x − 2)4 + c 1
20 3×
2
Z 2 1
d (4x − 6)−2 dx = (3x + 6) 2 + c
3
Z
1 7
= − (4x − 6)−1 + c i (2x − 4) 2 dx
4
1 1 9
=− +c = (2x − 4) 2 + c
4(4x − 6) 9
2×
1 2
= +c
24 − 16x 1 9
= (2x − 4) 2 + c
Z 9
e (6 − 4x)−3 dx Z
4
j (3x + 11) 2 dx
1
= (6 − 4x)−2 + c
8 1 7
= (3x + 11) 2 + c
1 7
= +c 3×
8(6 − 4x)2 3
1 7
= (3x + 11) 2 + c
7
521
Z Z
1 5
k (2 − 3x) 2 dx 3 a dx
x
=
1 3
(2 − 3x) 2 + c = 5 loge |x| + c
3
−3 × Z
3
2 b dx
−2 3 x−4
= (2 − 3x) 2 + c
9 = 3 loge |x − 4| + c
Z
(5 − 2x)4 dx
Z
l 10
c dx
2x + 1
1
= (5 − 2x)5 + c 10
−2 × 5 = loge |2x + 1| + c
2
−1
= (5 − 2x)5 + c = 5 loge |2x + 1| + c
10
Z
6
Z
1 −1 d dx
2 a x dx 5 − 2x
2 6
1 = loge |5 − 2x| + c
= loge x + c −2
2 = −3 loge |2x − 5| + c
Z
1 Z
b dx
3x + 2 e 6(1 − 2x)−1 dx
1
= loge (3x + 2) + c = −3 loge |1 − 2x| + c
3
Z Z
4
c dx f (4 − 3x)−1 dx
1 + 4x
= loge (1 + 4x) + c =
1
ln |4 − 3x| + c
Z −3
5 −1
d dx = ln |3x − 4| + c
3x − 2 3
5
= loge (3x − 2) + c
3 4 a 3x + loge |x| + c
Z
3
e dx b x + loge |x| + c
1 − 4x
3 1
= − loge (1 − 4x) + c c − +c
4 x+1
Z
3
f dx x2
2 − 2x d 2x + + loge |x| + c
2
4−x
= −6 loge ( )+c 3
2 e − +c
2(x − 1)2
= −6 loge (x − 4) + c2
522
Z
f −2x + loge |x| + c x
7 a dx
x+1
Z
1
dy 1 = 1− dx
5 a = x>0 x+1
dx 2x
1 = x − loge |x + 1| + c
y = loge x + c
2 Z
1 − 2x
x = e2 , y = 2 b dx
x+1
1 Z
3
2= loge e2 + c = −2 + dx
2 x+1
1
2= ×2+c = −2x + 3 loge |x + 1| + c
2
c=1 2x + 1
Z
c dx
1 x+1
y= loge x + 1 , x > 0 Z
2 1
= 2− dx
x+1
dy 2
b = = 2x − loge |x + 1| + c
dx 5 − 2x
2
y= loge |5 − 2x| + c
−2 dy 3
y = − loge |2x − 5| + c 8 =
dx x − 2
x = 2, y = 10 y = 3 loge |x − 2| + c
10 = − loge 1 + c x = 0, y = 10
c = 10 10 = 3 loge | − 2| + c
5 c = 10 − 3 loge 2
y = − loge 2x − 5 + 10 , x <
2 y = 3 loge |x − 2| + 10 − 3 loge 2
|x − 2|
10 y = 3 loge + 10
6 f 0 (x) = 2
x−5 You can complete it without using the
f (x) = 10 loge |x − 5| + c absolute value function.
f (5 + e) = 10
10 = 10 loge e + c
c=0
f (x) = 10 loge x − 5 , x > 5
523
dy 3 To satisy the conditions you can write
=
dx x − 2 5 5
the rule as y = loge + 10
3 4 1 − 2x
=−
2−x
y = 3 loge (2 − x) + c dy 5
10 =
x = 0, y = 10 dx 2 − 4x
5
10 = 3 loge 2 + c y = − loge |2x − 1| + c
4
c = 10 − 3 loge 2 x = 1, y = 10
y = 3 loge (2 − x) + 10 − 3 loge 2 5
10 = − loge |1| + c
2 − x 4
y = 3 loge + 10
2 c = 10
5
y = − loge |2x − 1| + 10
dy 5 4
9 = 5

1

dx 2 − 4x y = loge + 10
5 4 2x − 1
y= loge |2 − 4x| + c To satisy the conditions you can write
−4 5 1
−5 the rule as y = loge + 10
y= loge |4x − 2| + c 4 2x − 1
4
x = −2, y = 10
−5
10 = loge | − 8 − 4| + c
4
−5
10 = loge 10 + c
4
5
c = 10 + loge 10
4
5 5
y = loge 10 − loge |4x − 2| + 10
4 4

5 10
y = loge + 10
4 4x − 2

5 5
y = loge + 10
4 2x − 1
524
Solutions to Exercise 11D
1 6x dy
1 a e +c 3 a = e2x − x
6 dx
1 x2
1 2x 3 2 y = e2x − +c
b e + x +c 2 2
2 2
x = 0, y = 5
1
c − e−3x + x2 + c 1
3 5= −0+c
2
1 1 9
d − e−2x + e2x + c c=
2 2 2
1
y = e2x − x2 + 9
Z
x 2
2 a e2x − e 2 dx
dy
1 x b = 3e−x − e x
= e2x − +c2e 2 dx
2 y = −3e−x − e x + c
Z
b e x + e−x dx x = 0, y = 4
4 = −3 − 1 + c
= e x − e−x + c
c=8
Z
c 2e3x − e−x dx y = −3e−x − e x + 8
2
= e3x + e−x + c
3
Z
x x
d 5e 3 − 3e 5 dx
x x
= 15e 3 − 15e 5 + c
9 2x 15 7x
e e3 − e5 +c
2 7
15 4x 9 2x
f e3 − e3 +c
4 2
525
dy 1
4 = ae−x + 1 b y = e2x + c
dx 2
x = 0,
dy
=3 x = 1, y = e2
dx 1
3=a+1 e2 = e2 + c
2
a=2 1
c = e2
dy 2
= 2e−x + 1 1 1
dx y = e2x + e2
2 2
y = −2e−x + x + c
x = 0, y = 5 dy
6 = −ekx
5 = −2 + 0 + c dx
c=7 a x = 1,
y = −2e−x + x + 7 dy
= −ek
x = 2, dx
Tangent
y = −2e−2 − 2 + 7 y = −ek x + c
2
y=9− x = 0, y = 0
e2
0=c
dy y = −ek x
5 = ekx
dx x = 1, y = −e3
a x = 1, −e3 = −ek
dy k=3
= ek
dx
dy
Tangent = −e3x
dx
y = ek x + c
1
x = 0, y = 0 b y = − e3x + c
3
0=c x = 1, y = −e3
y = ek x 1
−e3 = − e3 + c
x = 1, y = e2 3
2
e2 = ek c = − e3
3
k=2 1 3x 2 3
y=− e − e
dy 3 3
= e2x
dx
526
Solutions to Exercise 11E
Z 2 Z 2
2 1
1 a x dx e 2
dx
1 1 x
x3 2 −1 2
= =
3 1 x 1
2 13 3 −1 −1
−= = −
3 3 2 1
7 1
= =
3 2
Z 3 Z 4
1
b x3 dx f x 2 + 2x2 dx
−1 1
x4 2 2 3 2 3 4
= = x2 + x
4 −1 3 3 1
81 1 2 3 2 3
= − = 4 +4 − 1 +1
2 3 2 3
4 4 3 3
2 4
= 20 = (8 + 64) −
3 3
Z 1 140
c x3 − xdx =
3
0
x4
x2 1
Z 2
= − g x3 + 2x2 + x + 2 dx
4 2 0 0
1 1 x4
= − − (0 − 0) 2x3 x2 2
4 2 = + + + 2x
4 3 2 0
−1
= =
16 2 4
+ ×8+ +2×2−0
4 4 3 2
Z 2 16
d (x + 1)2 dx =4+ +2+4
3
−1
46 1
= = 15
1 2
= (x + 1)3 3 3
3 −1
1 1
= (3)3 − (0)3
3 3
=9
527
Z 4 3
Z 1
h 2x 2 + 5x dx
3
d (3 − 2x)−2 dx
1 0
4 5 4
5 1 1
= + x4
x2 = (3 − 2x) −1
5 4 1 2 0
4 5 4 5 1 −1 1 −1
= × 32 + × 256 − + = (1) − (3)
5 4 5 4 2 2
128 4 5 1 1
= + 320 − − = −
5 5 4 2 6
6871 11 1
= = 343 =
20 20 3
Z 2
Z 1 e (3 + 2x)−3 dx
2 a (2x + 1)3 dx 0
0 1 2
1 1 = (3 + 2x)−2
= (2x + 1)4 −4 0
8 0 −1 −2 1 −2
1 1 = (7) + (3)
= (3)4 − (1)4 4 4
8 8 1 1
81 1 = −
= − 36 196
8 8 10
=
= 10 441
Z 1
Z 2
b (4x + 1)
−1
2 dx f (4x + 1)3 dx
−1
0
1 1
1 2
= (4x + 1)4
2
= (4x + 1) 2
16 −1
4 0
1 1
=
1 1 1 1
(9) 2 − (1) 2 = (5)4 − (−3)4
2 2 16 16
3 1 625 81
= − = −
2 2 16 16
544
=1 =
16
2 = 34
Z
c (1 − 2x)2 dx
1
1 2
= (1 − 2x)3
−6 1
−1 1
= (−3)3 + (−1)3
6 6
27 1
= −
6 6
13
=
3
528
Z 1 1
Z 1
g (2 − x) 2 dx b e−2x + 1 dx
0 0
2 3 1 −1 1
= (2 − x) 2 = e +x −2x
−3 0 2 0
−2 3 2 3 −1 −1
= (1) 2 + (2) 2 = e−2 + 1 −
3 3 2 2
2 3 3 1
= (2 2 − 1) = − 2
3 2 2e
' 1.22 Z 1
x
c 2e 3 + 2 dx
Z 4 −1 0
h (2x − 4) 2 dx x 1
3 = 6e 3 + 2x
2 1 4 0
= (2x − 4) 2 1
2 3 = (6e 3 + 2) − (6)
√ √
= 4− 2 1
√ = 6e 3 − 4
=2− 2
e x + e−x
2
Z
Z 1 d dx
2
i (3 + 2x)−2 dx −2
e x − e−x 2
0
1 1 =
2
= (3 + 2x) −1 −2
−2 0 2
e −e −2
e−2 − e2
−1 −1 1 −1 = −
= (5) + (3) 2 2
2 2 =e −e
2 −2
1 1
= −
6 10
Z 4
1
= 4 a h(x) dx = 5
15 0
Z 4
Z 1 2h(x) dx
2x 0
3 a e dx Z 4
0
1 1 =2 h(x) dx = 10
= e 2x 0
2 0 Z 4
1
= e2 −
1 b (h(x) + 3) dx
2 2 0
Z 4 Z 4
= h(x) dx + 3 dx
0 0
= 5 + 12
= 17
529
Z 0 Z 4
1
c h(x) dx 5 a dx
4 0 x−6
Z 4 Z 4
1
=− h(x) dx =− dx
0 0 6−x
= −5
4
= loge (6 − x)
0
Z 4
d (h(x) + 1) dx = (loge (2) − loge (6))
0 !
1
4 4 = loge
Z Z
= h(x) dx + dx 3
0 0
Z 4
=5+4 b
1
dx
2x − 3
=9 2
1 4
4
= loge (2x − 3)
2
Z
2
e (h(x) − x) dx 1 1
0 = loge 5 − loge 1
Z 4 Z 4 2 2
= h(x) dx − xdx 1
0 0 = loge 5
x2 4 2
=5− Z 6
3
2 0
c dx
=5−8 5 2x + 7
3 6
= −3 = loge (2x + 7)
2 5
3 3
= loge 19 − loge 17
2 2
3 19
= loge
2 17
530
Solutions to Exercise 11F
Z 1 Z 4
1 a A= y dx c i A= y dx
0 0
Z 1 Z 4
= 3x + 2 dx
2
= 4 − x dx
0 0
1
x2 4

= x3 + 2x = 4x −
0 2 0
= (1 + 2) − (0 + 0) = (16 − 8) − 0
=3 =8
Z 4 Z 4 Z 6
b A= y dx ii A = y dx − y dx
2
0 4
Z 4
= x3 − 8 dx
x2 6
= 8 − 4x − ( from (i))
2 2 4
x4 4 = 8 − ((24 − 18) − (16 − 8))
= − 8x
4 2 = 8 − (6 − 8)
= (64 − 32) − (4 − 16)
= 10
= 32 + 12
= 44
531
2 a A = x2 − 2x c y = (x + 2)(x + 7)
= x(x − 2) y = 0, x = −2, 7
y = 0, x = 0, 2
Z 7
Z 2 A= y dx
−2
A=− y dx Z 7
0 = −x2 + 5x + 14 dx
Z 2 −2
=− x2 − 2x dx −x3 5x2 7
0 = +
+ 14x
x 3 2 3 2 −2
=− −x 2 −343 5 × 49
3 0 = + + 98
8 3 2
=− −4 8 20
3 − + − 28
4 3 2
= 637 46
3 = +
6 3
b y = (4 − x)(3 − x) = 121.5
y = 0, x = 3, 4
d y = x − 5x + 6
2
Z 4
A=− y dx = (x − 2)(x − 3)
3
Z 4
y = 0, x = 2, 3
A=− (x − 4)(x − 3) dx Z 3
3 A=− y dx
Z 4 2
A=− −x2 − 7x + 12 dx Z 3
3 =− x2 − 5x + 6 dx
3 2
x 7x2 4
=− − + 12x x3 5x2 3
3 2 3 =− − + 6x
64 7 × 16 3 2 2
= − + 48 27 45 8 20
3 2 =− − + 18 − − + 12
27 7 × 9 3 2 3 2
− − + 36 14 9
3 2 = −
40 27 3 2
=− − 1
3 2 =
1 6
=
6 e y = 3 − x2
√ √
= ( 3 + x)( 3 + x)
√
y = 0, x = ± 3
Z √3
A = √ y dx
− 3
532
√
3 b y
Z
= √ 3 − x2 dx
− 3
√
x3 3
= 3x −
3 − √3 3
√ √ √ y =3 − x
3 3 √ 3 3
= 3 3− − −3 3 +
3 3
√ √
=2 3+2 3
x
√ 0
=4 3 3
f y = x3 − 6x2 c y
= x2 (x − 6) y = x2
(4, 16)
y = 0, x = 0, 6
Z 6
A=− ydx
0
Z 6 x
=− x3 − 6x2 dx 0 4
0
Z 6
= 6x2 − x3 dx
d y
0
x4 6
= 2x3 − 4
4 0 y = 4 − 2x2
1296
= 2 × (216) −
4
= 432 − 324 x
0
−√2 −1 1 √2
= 108
e y
3 a y
y = 2x + 1 y = √x
1 x
0 2 4
x
0
−1 1 4
2
533
f y 5 y
y = (1 − x)(1 + x)2
1 1
x x
0 −1 0
−1 1
Z 0
A= f (x) dx ( from graph)
−1
4 y = 3x + 2x −2
Z 0
y = 0, = 1 + x3 dx
−1
−2 x4 0
3x = 2

x = x+
4 −1
3x = −2
3 1
= 0 − −1 +
−2 4
x3 =
3 3
= square units
−2 1 4
3
x=
3
which is not in the region under Area = 2e2 + 1
6 y
consideration
Z 5 ≈ 15.78 square units
∴A= 3x + 2x−2 dx
2
7
3 5
= 2
x − 2x −1
2
3
2 y=3
2 2 3
= × 25 − − ×4− 3
2 5 2 2
x
=
75 2
− −6+1 0
2 5
1
Z 1
=
375 − 4 − 50 A= f (x) dx ( from graph)
10 0
Z 1
321
= square units = 4e2x + 3 dx
10 0
1
= 2e2x + 3x
0
= (2e + 3) − (2 + 0)
2
= 2e2 + 1 ≈ 15.78 square units
534
4
Area = 0.5 square units
Z
7 y 8 a x(3 − x) dx
−1
Z 4
= 3x − x2 dx
−1
3x2 x3 4
= −
x 2 3 −1
0 1 2 3 ∗ 16 64 3 1
= − − +
2 3 2 3
64 3 1
Z 1 Z 2 = 24 − − −
A=− y dx + y dx ( from graph) 3 2 3
0 1 45 65
1 = −
2 3
Z
=− x(2 − x)(x − 1) dx 5
0 = square units
Z 2 6
+ x(2 − x)(x − 1) dx
1 b assuming the graph shown is
1
y = x(3 − x),
Z
=− −x3 + 3x2 − 2x dx
0 Z 0 Z 3
Z 2 A=− x(3 − x) dx + x(3 − x) dx
+ −x3 + 3x2 − 2x dx −1 0
1 Z 4
−x 4
3x3 2x2 1 − x(3 − x) dx
= + − 3
4 3 2 0 3 x3 3 3 2 x3 0 3 x3 4
−x4 3x3 2x2 2 = x2 − − x − − x2 −
+ + − 2 3 0 2 3 −1 2 3 3
4 3 2 1
−x4 1 −x4 2 from (a)
= + x3 − x2 + + x3 − x2 3 × 9 27 3 1
4 0 4 1 = − − (0) − 0 + +
−1 −16 2 3 2 3
=0− +1−1 + +8−4 3 64 3 × 9 27
4 4 − × 16 − + −
−1 2 3 2 3
− +1−1 49
4 =
6
1
= square units
2
9 a y2 = 9(1 − x)
A: x = 0,
y2 = 9(1 − 0)
=9
y = ±3
but A is above the x-axis
535
so A = (0, 3) 11 y
B:y = 0
0 = 9(1 − x)
y =2
1−x=0
x
x=1 −9 −4 −2 0
B = (1, 0) 2
Z 3
y2
b A= 1− dy loge 2 +4
0 9 Z 0
(0 to A, where 0 is the origin) A=− y dx (from graph)
−2
y3 3 Z 0
= y− = 2+
1
dx
27 0 x+4
−2
27
= 3−
0
−0

27 = 2x + loge |x + 4|
−2
= 2 square units
= (0 + loge 4) − (−4 + loge 2)
= 2 loge 2 + 4 − loge 2
10 y
= loge 2 + 4
1
2 12 a RHS = e x(ln a)
x
x = e(ln a )
−3 −2 0 2
= ax
3
= LHS QED
1 11
loge
3 8
Z −2
A=− y dx (from graph)
−3
Z −2
1
=− dx
−3 2 − 3x
−1 −2
= loge |2 − 3x|
3 −3
−1 1
= loge |8| + loge |11|
3 3
1 11
= loge
3 8
536
d x Z b
b (a ) c a x dx
dx 0
d x(ln a) a x b
= (e )
dx = from (b)
ln a 0
= ln ae x ln a
ab 1
= −
= a x ln a ln a ln a
Z 1 b
a x dx = (a − 1) QED
ln a
Z
= e x ln a dx
1 x ln a
= e +c
ln a
ax
= +c
ln a
537
Solutions to Exercise 11G
Z Z
1 a cos 3x dx j sin πx dx
1 −1
= sin 3x = cos πx
3 π
Z
1
b sin x dx π
2
Z
4
2 a sin x dx
1
= −2 cos x 0
π
2
Z = [− cos x]04
c 3cos 3x x dx −1
= √ +1
2
= sin 3x
1
Z =1− √
1 2
d 2 sin x dx
2 Z π
4
1 b cos 2x dx
= −4 cos x 0
2
1 π
π =
4
Z
e sin 2x − dx sin 2x
3 2 0
1
−1 π = (1) − 0
= cos 2x − 2
2 3
1
Z =
f cos 3x + sin 2x dx 2
Z π
4
1 1 c cos θ dθ
= sin 3x − cos 2x −π
3 2 2
Z π
g cos 4x − sin 4x dx = [sin θ] −π

4
2
1 1 1
= sin 4x + cos 4x = √ − −1
4 4 2
1
=1+ √
Z
−1
h sin 2x + cos 3x dx 2
2
1 1 π
= cos 2x + sin 3x
Z
2
4 3 d sin θ + cos θ dθ
0
π
Z
−1 π

i cos 2x + dx = [− cos θ + sin θ]02
2 3
−1 π = (0 + 1) − (−1 + 0)
= sin 2x +
4 3 =2
538
π π
π
Z Z
2 4
e sin 2θ dθ i sin 2x − dx
0 0 3
1 π −1 π
π 4
2
= − cos 2θ = cos 2x −
2 0 2 3 0
1 1 −1 π 1 −π
= (−1) + (1) = cos + cos
2 2 2 6 2 3
√
=1 − 3 1
= +
π 4 4
Z
3
√
f cos 3θ + sin 3θ dθ 1− 3
=
0 4
1 π
1
3 j Z
= sin 3θ − cos 3θ π
3 3 0 x
cos 2x − sin
dx
1 1 2
= 0 − (−1) − 0 − (1) 0
3 3 1 x π
2 = sin 2x + 2 cos
= 2 2 0
3 1 π 1
π
= sin 2π + 2 cos − sin 0 + 2 cos 0
2 2 2
π
Z
3
g cos 3θ + sin θ − dθ = −2
0 3
π
1 π 3
= sin 3θ − cos θ − Z π
3 3 0 2
3 A= y dx
1
= (0 − 1) − 0 − 0
π
2 Z
1 2
−1 = sin x dx
= 0 2
2 π
Z π
1 2
x x = −2 cos x
h sin + cos dx 2 0
0 4 4 π
x x π = −2 cos + 2 cos 0
= −4cos + 4 sin 4
4 4 0 √
1 1 =2− 2
= −4 √ + 4 √ − (−4(1) + 0)
2 2
=4
539
4 a y c y
1 1
x
0 π π x
4 2 −π −π 0 π π
Z π 4 6 6 4
4 π
cos x dx Z
6
0
−π
cos 2x dx
π
6
= [sin x]04 1 π
6
1 = sin 2x
= √ −0 2 −π
6
2 √ √
1 1 3 1− 3
= √ = −
2 2 2 2
2 √
3
=
b y 2
d y
1
√2
x
0 π π π
4 3 2 x
π 0 π
2
Z
3
sin 2x dx Z π
0 2
−1 π cos θ + sin θ dθ
3 0
= cos 2x π
2 0
= [sin θ − cos θ]02
−1 −1
−1
= + (1) = (1 − 0) − (0 − 1)
2 2 2
3 =2
=
4
540
π
e π
Z
y 3

b cos 3x + dx
0 6
π
2
1 π 3
= sin 3x +
3 6 0
1 7π 1 π
= sin − sin
1 3 6 3 6
1 −1
1 1

= −
x 3 2 3 2
0 π −1
2 =
Z π
3
2 π
sin 2θ + 1 dθ Z
3 π
0 c cos 3x + dx
−1 π 0 3
2 π
= cos 2θ + θ 1 π 3
2 0 = sin 3x +
−1 π −1 3 3 0
= (−1) + − (−1) + 0 1 4π 1 π
2 2 2 = sin − sin
π 3 3 3 3
=1+ √ √
2 1 − 3
1 3

= −
Z x 3 2 3 2
4
f cos 2θ dθ −1
−x = √
4 3
1 π
4 π
= sin 2θ −π
Z
4
2 4 d cos(3π − x) dx
0
1 1
= (1) − (−1) π
2 2 = − sin(3π − x)
4
=1 0
π
= [− sin(x − 3π)]04
π
Z
π
3π
= sin −2π − − sin(−2π − π)
2

5 a sin 2x + dx 4
0 4 3π
π
−1 π 2 = sin − − sin(−π)
= cos 2x + 4
2 4 0 −1
−1 5π 1 π = √ −0
= cos + cos 2
2 4 2 4
−1
−1 1 1 1 = √

= √ + √ 2
2 2 2 2
1
= √
2
541
π
6 y
Z
3
A= 2 + sin 3x dx
0
π
3 1

3
= 2x − cos 3x
3
2
0
2x 1 1
= − (−1) − 0 − (1)
1 3 3 3
2
x = (π + 1)
0 π 2π 3
3 3
542
Solutions to Exercise 11H
Z 4 √
Z 2
4
1 a x dx e e2x + dx
1 1 x
2 3 4 1 2
= x2 = e2x + 4 loge |x|
3 1 2 1
16 2 1 4 1 2
= − = e + 4 loge 2 − e − 4 loge 1
3 3 2 2
14 1 1
= = e4 − e2 + 4 loge 2
3 2 2
Z 1 f
b (1 + x)2 dx Z π
2
−1
1 1 sin 2x + cos 3x dx
0
=
(1 + x)3 π
3 −1
−1 1
2
1 1 = cos 2x + sin 3x
= (2)3 − (0)3 2 3 0
3 3 −1 1 −1 1
8 = (−1) + (−1) − (1) + (0)
= 2 3 2 3
3 1 1 1
= − +
Z 8
1 2 3 2
c x 3 dx 2
0 =
3
3 4 8
= x3 g
4 0
3
= × 16 − 0 Z π
4 x x
+ cos dx
sin
= 12 0 4 4
x x π
d = −4 cos + 4 sin
Z π 4 4 0
3 1 1 1
cos 2x − sin x dx
2 = −4 √ + 4 √ − (−4(1) + 4(0))
0 2 2
π
=4
1 1 3
= sin 2x + 2 cos x
2 2 0
1 2π π 1
= sin + 2 cos − sin 0 + 2 cos 0
2 3 6 2
√ √
1 3
3
= +2 − 0 − 2(1)
2 2 2
√
5 3
= −2
4
543
Z π Z π
2 3
h 5x + sin 2x dx 2 A= sin x dx
0 0
5x2 π π
1
2

3
= − cos 2x = − cos x
2 2 0 0
2 π
5 π2 = − cos + cos 0
3
!
1 1
= − (−1) − 0 − (1) −1
2 2 2 = +1
2
5π2 1 1
= + + 1
8 2 2 = square units
2
2
5π
=1+
8
d sin x
3 a
i Z dx cos x
4
1 2

2+ dx d d
cos x (sin x) − sin x (cos x)
1 x dx dx
Z 4 =
4 1 cos2 x
= 4 + + 2 dx
1 x x cos2 x + sin2 x
=
1 4 cos2 x
= 4x + 4 loge |x| − 1
x 1 =
1 cos2 x
= 16 + 4 loge 4 − − (4 + 4 loge 1 − 1)
4 Z
1
1 Therefore, dx
= 16 + 8 loge 2 − − 4 + 1 cos2 x
4
sin x
3 = +c
= 12 + 8 loge 2 cos x
4
= tan x + c
Z 1
j x2 − x3 dx
0
x3 b
x4 1 d cos 2x
= −
3 4 0 dx sin 2x
1 1 d d
= − 2 sin 2x (cos 2x) − 2 cos 2x (sin 2x)
3 4 = dx dx
1 2
sin (2x)
=
12 2(− sin2 2x − cos2 2x)
=
sin2 2x
2
=− 2
sin 2xZ
1
Therefore, dx
sin2 2x
cos 2x
=− +c
2 sin 2x
544
d c
c (loge (3x2 + 7)) d √
dx x+ 1+x 2
1 dx
= 6x × 2
3x + 7 =1+ √
2x
6x 2 1 + x2
= 2
Z 3x + 7 =1+ √
x
x
dx 1 + x2
3x + 7
2
√
d
loge (x + 1 + x ) 2
Z
1 6x
= dx dx
6 3x2 + 7 x 1
1 = 1+ √ × √
= loge [3x2 + 7]20 1 + x2 x + 1 + x2
6 √
1 + x2 + x
1 19 1
= loge = √ × √
6 7 1 + x2 x + 1 + x2
1
d = √
d (x sin x)) 1 + x2
dx Z 1
= x cos x + sin x 1
√ dx
Therefore, 0 1 + x2
x cos x + sin x dx = x sin x + c
R √ 1
Rπ π = loge (x + 1 + x ) 2
4 0
0 x cos x + sin x dx = x sin x
4
√ √
0
π = loge (1 + 1 + 1) − loge (0 + 1 + 0)
Rπ
4 √
0 x cos x dx = cos x + x sin x
4
= loge (1 + 2) − loge 1
√ √ 0
√
π 2 2 = loge (1 + 2)
= + −1
8 2
d √x
4 a 1 + loge (2x), −x + loge (2x) 5 e
dx
√
1 x2 e x
b x + 2x loge (2x), x2 loge (2x) − = √
2 4 2 x
Therefore,
√
R2 e x √ 2 √
1
√ dx = e x
= 2e 2
− 2e
2 x 1
1
6 6 sin2 (2x) cos(2x),
6
7 using the CAS calculator’s ‘integral’

command:
545
Z 4
a 139.68 5x − 4
b dx
3 x−2
b 18.50 Z 4
6
= 5+ dx
c −0.66 3 x−2
4
= 5x + 6 loge |x − 2|
d −23.76 3
= (20 + 6 loge 2) − (15 + 6 loge 1)

e 2.06
= 5 + 6 loge 2
f 0.43
1 8
2x + 3 10 a y= 1− x
8 a LHS = 2
x−1
dy −1 1 7
2x − 2 + 2 + 3 = ×8 1− x
= dx 2 2
x−1 !7
2(x − 1) 5 1
= + = −4 1 − x
x−1 x−1 2
7
Z
5 1
=2+ 1 − x dx
2
x−1
1 7
Z
= RHS QED −1
= −4 1 − x dx
4 2
!8
−1 1
4
2x + 3 = 1− x +c
Z
b dx 4 2
2 x−1
4
y = loge | cos x|
Z
5 b
= 2+ dx
2 x−1 dy 1
4 = − sin x ×
= 2x + 5 loge |x − 1| dx cos x
2 = − tan x
= (8 + 5 loge 3) − (4 + 5 loge 1) Z π
3
tan x dx
= 4 + 5 loge 3 0
Z π
3
= − tan x dx
5x − 4 0
9 a LHS =
x−2 π
3
5x − 4 − 6 + 6 = − loge | cos x|
= 0
x−2 π
5(x − 2) 6 = − loge | cos | + loge | cos 0|
= + 3
x−2 x−2 1
6 = − loge + loge 1
=5+ 2
x−2 = loge 2
= RHS QED
546
1 x
11 f 0 (x) = sin x c f 0 (x) = e 2
2 x
1 f (x) = 2e 2 + c
f (x) = −2 cos x + c
2 f (0) = 1,
4π
f = 2, 1=2+c
3
2π c = −1
2 = −2 cos +c
3 x
−1 f (x) = 2e 2 − 1
2 = −2 +c
2
2=1+c 13
d
(x sin 3x) = sin 3x + 3x cos 3x
dx
c=1 Z π
1 6
x cos 3x dx
f (x) = −2 cos x + 1 0
2
Z π
1 6
= 3x cos 3x + sin 3x − sin 3x dx
3 0
12 a f (x) = cos 2x
0
Z π Z π
1 6 1 6
1 = 3x cos 3x + sin 3x − sin 3x dx
f (x) = sin 2x + c 3 0 3 0
2
1 π 1 −1 π
f (π) = 1, = x sin 3x −
6
cos 3x
6
3 0 3 3 0
1
1= sin 2π + c 1 π
π 1 −1
π 1
2 = sin − 0 − cos + cos 0
3 6 2 3 3 2 3
c=1
π 1
1 = −
f (x) = sin 2x + 1 18 9
2
πx
3
b f (x) =0 14 y = a + b sin
x 2
(0, 1)
f (x) = 3 loge |x| + c
⇒ 1 = a + b sin 0
f (1) = 6, 1=a
6 = 3 loge 1 + c (3, 3) 3π
c=6 ⇒ 3 = 1 + b sin
2
f (x) = 3 loge |x| + 6 3=1−b
b = −2
547
πx
y = 1 − 2 sin a 1.450 square units
2
x = 0, y = 1 b 1.716 square units
π
x = 1, y = 1 − 2 sin
2 16 using the CAS calculator’s ‘integral’
= −1 command:
∴ there is an x − intercept
π 0.1345
0 = 1 − 2 sin x
2
π 1 17 f 0 (x) = x + sin 2x
sin x =
2 2
π π x2 1
x= f (x) = − cos 2x + c
2 6 2 2
1 f (0) = 1,
x=
3 1
1=0− cos 0 + c
2
3
c=
2
x2 − cos 2x + 3
f (x) =
2
Z
1
Z
3
Z 1 18 a f (x) dx
∴A= ydx − 1
y dx Z
0 3
= g0 (x) dx
1
πx
Z
3
= 1 − 2 sin dx = g(x) + c
0 2
Z 1
πx = (x2 + 1)3 + c
− 1 − 2 sin dx
1 2 Z
3
1 b h(x) dx
4 πx 3 4 πx 1
= x + cos − x + cos Z
π 2 0 π 2 13 = k0 (x) dx
1 4 π 4
= + cos − 0 + cos 0 = k(x) + c
3 π 6 π
4 π 1 4 π = sin x2 + c
− 1 + cos + + cos
π 2 3 π 6
√
−1 4 3 4
= + − ≈ 0.5987 square units
3 π π
15 using the CAS calculator’s ‘integral’

command:
548
Z
c f (x) + h(x) dx = [2 loge |x − 1| + 4x]32
Z = (2 loge 2 + 12) − (2 loge 1 + 8)
= g0 (x) + k0 (x) dx = 4 + 2 loge 2
= g(x) + k(x) + c
= (x2 + 1)3 + sin x2 + c 20 y
Z
d − f (x) dx
Z
= − g0 (x) dx (2, 1)
= −g(x) + c
= −(x2 + 1)3 + c x
0 2 3
Z
e f (x) − 4 dx
Z 3 √
2x − 4 + 1 dx
Z Z 2
= 0 2 3 3
g (x) dx − 4 dx
= (2x − 4) + x
2
3×2 2
= g(x) − 4x + c 1 3 1 3
= (2) + 3 − (0) + 2
2 2
= (x2 + 1)3 − 4x + c 3 3
1 3
Z = 1 + (2) 2
f 3h(x) dx 3
Z
= 3 k0 (x) dx
Z 4 √
21 a x − 2 dx
3
= 3k(x) + c 2 3 4
= (x − 2) 2
= 3 sin x2 + c 3 3
2 3 2 3
= (2) 2 − (1) 2
3 3
19 y 2 √
= (2 2 − 1)
3
y = x 2− 1 + 4 Z 2√
b 2 − x dx
y= 4 0
−2 3 2
x = (2 − x) 2
0 2 3
3 0
(0, 2) −2 3 2 3
x= 1 = (0) 2 + (2) 2
R3 2 3 3
2
+ 4 dx 5
x−1 22
=
3
549
Z 1
1
Z 3 √
c dx e 2x − 5 − 6 dx
0 3x + 1 2.5
1 1 21 3 3
=
loge |3x + 1| = × × (2x − 5) − 6x
2
3 0 3 2 2.5
1 1 1 3 1 3
= loge 4 + loge 1 = (1) − 18 − (0) − 15
2 2
3 3 3 3
2 1
= loge 2 = −3
3 3
−8
=
Z 2
1
d + 3 dx 3
1 2x − 1
Z 4
1 2 1
= loge |2x − 1| + 3x f √ dx
2 1 3 x−2
1 4
1 1
= loge |3| + 6 − loge 1 + 3 = 2(x − 2) 2
2 2 3
1 1 1
= loge 3 + 3 = 2(2) 2 − 2(1) 2
2 √
=2 2−2
550
Solutions to Exercise 11I
1 y1 = 12 − x − x2 , y2 = x + 4 f (x) = 5 − x2 , g(x) = (x − 1)2
12 − x − x2 = x + 4 5 − x2 = (x − 1)2
x2 + 2x − 8 = 0 5 − x2 = x2 − 2x + 1
(x + 4)(x − 2) = 0 2x2 − 2x − 4 = 0
x = 2, −4 x2 − x − 2 = 0
to test which graph is higher in this
(x − 2)(x − 1) = 0
interval:
x = 0, y1 = 12, y2 = 4 x = −1, 2
Z 2 to test which graph is higher in this
A= y1 − y2 dx interval:
−4 f (0) = 5, g(0) = (−1)2 = 1
Z 2 Z 2
= (12 − x − x2 ) − (x + 4) dx
−4 ∴A= f (x) − g(x) dx
−1
Z 2
2
= 8 − 2x − x2 dx
Z
−4 = 5 − x2 − (x2 − 2x + 1) dx
−1
x3 2
= 8x − x − 2 2
Z
3 −4 = 4 + 2x − 2x2 dx
−1
8 64
= 16 − 4 − − −32 − 16 + 2x3 2
3 3 = 4x + x2 −
3 −1
= 36 units2 16 2
= 8+4− − −4 + 1 +
3 3
2 y = 16 − 6 − 1
5 g(x) = 9 units2
(–1, 4) f(x)
3 a y1 = x + 3, y2 = 12 + x − x2
1 (2, 1) x + 3 = 12 + x − x2
x
0 1 x2 − 9 = 0
(x + 3)(x − 3) = 0
x = −3, 3
to test which graph is higher in this
interval:
551
x = 0, y1 = 3, y2 = 12 c y1 = 3 − x2 , y2 = 2x2
3 − x2 = 2x2
Z 3
A= y2 − y1 dx
−3 x2 = 1
Z 3
= (12 + x − x2 ) − (x + 3) dx x = ±1
−3 to test which graph is higher in this
Z 3
interval:
= 9 − x2 dx
−3 x = 0, y1 = 3, y2 = 0
x3 3 Z 1
= 9x − A= y1 − y2 dx
3 −3 −1
27 27 1
= 27 − − −27 +
Z
3 3 = (3 − x2 ) − (2x2 ) dx
−1
54
= 54 − Z 1
3 = 3 − 3x2 dx
= 54 − 18 −1
= [3x − x3 ]1−1
= 36 units 2
= (3 − 1) − (−3 + 1)
b y1 = 3x + 5, y2 = x + 1 2
= 4 units2
3x + 5 = x2 + 1
d y1 = x2 , y2 = 3x
x − 3x − 4 = 0
2
x2 = 3x
(x − 4)(x + 1) = 0
x2 − 3x = 0
x = −1, 4
to test which graph is higher in this x(x − 3) = 0
interval: x = 0, 3
x = 0, y1 = 5, y2 = 1 to test which graph is higher in this
Z 4 interval:
A= y1 − y2 dx x = 1, y1 = 1, y2 = 3
−1
Z 4
Z 3
= (3x + 5) − (1 + x2 ) dx A= y2 − y1 dx
−1 0
Z 4
Z 3
= 4 + 3x − x dx2 = 3x − x2 dx
−1 0
3 x 3 4 3 1 3 3
= 4x + x2 − = x − x 2
2 3 −1 2 3 0
27
64 3 1
= 16 − 24 − − −4 + + = − 9 − (0 − 0)
3 2 3 2
125 9
= units2 = units2
6 2
552
1
e y12 = x, x − y2 = 2
Z
√ b Q= e x − e−x dx
y1 = ± x, y2 = x − 2 0
√ 1
± x= x−2 = e +e x −x
0
x = x2 − 4x + 4 1
= e+ − (1 + 1)
x2 − 5x + 4 = 0 e
1
(x − 4)(x − 1) = 0 = e + − 2 ≈ 1.086 units2
e
x = 1, 4
5
Z 7π −1
6
A= (sin x) − dx
0 2
7π
1 6
= − cos x + x
2 0
− √3 1 7π 1
Z 1 √ √ = − + × − −(1) + (0)
A= x − x dx 2 2 6 2
0
√
3 7π
Z 4 √ = + + 1 ≈ 3.699 units2
+ x − (x − 2) dx 2 12
1
4 x2
3 1 4 2 3
= x2 + 2x+ x2 −
3 0 3 2 1
6 y
4 16 2 1
= + −8+8 − − +2
3 3 3 2
=
20 2 3
− − y = sinx
3 3 2 x
3 0 π π π
=6−
2 3 2 y = sin2x
9 π
= units2 Z
3
2 A= sin 2x − sin x dx ( from the graph)
0
Z 0 Z 1 −1 π
3
4 a P= e − e−x dx + e − e x dx = cos 2x + cos x
−1 0
2 0
1
−1 2π π
= + cos
Z
cos
=2 e − e x dx 2 3 3
0 −1
= 2[ex − e x ]10 − cos 0 + cos 0
2
= 2(e − e) − 2(0 − 1) 1 1 1
= + −
= 2 units2 4 2 2
1
= units2
4
553
Z loge 3
7
Z π Area = 2 + 3e−x − e x dx
6
A= cos x − sin 2x dx
0
loge 3
0
Z π = 2x − 3e −x
−e x
2 0
+ π
sin 2x − cos x dx 1
6 = (2 loge 3 − 3eloge 3 − eloge 3 ) − (0 − 3 − 1)
π
1 = 4 + 2 loge 3 − 1 − 3

6
= sin x + cos 2x
2 0 = 2 loge 3
−1 π
2
+ cos 2x − cos x π ≈ 2.197 units2
2 6
π 1 π 1
= sin + cos − sin 0 + cos 0 9 a f : R+ → R, f (x) = loge (2x)
6 2 3 2
Consider x = loge (2y) . Solving for y
−1 π −1 π π
+ cos π − sin − cos − sin 1
gives y = e x
2 2 2 3 6 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x
= + − + −1+ + f (x) = e and the domain
−1
2 4 2 2 2 4 2
1 of f −1 = R
= units2
2 y y =x
y=
1 f −1(x) y = f(x)
8 e x = 2 + 3e−x
2
e2x − 2e x − 3 = 0
1
(e x − 3)(e x + 1) = 0 O 2
2 56
x
e x = −1, 3
Since e x > 0, e x = 3
x = loge 3 Z loge 4
y=e =3
x b b f −1 (x) dx
0
P = (loge 3, 3) Z loge 4
1 x
= e dx
0 2
1 loge 4 3
= ex =
2 0 2
R2
c By symmetry 1 f (x) dx
2
3
= 4 loge (2) −
2
554
Solutions to Exercise 11J
Z b Z 2
1 1
1 a av = f (x) dx e av = (e x + e−x ) dx
b−a a 2 − (−2) −2
Z 2
1 x 2
1
av = x(2 − x) dx = e − e−x
2−0 0 4 −2
1 2
Z 1 2
= (2x − x2 ) dx = ((e − e−2 ) − (e−2 − e2 ))
2 0 4
1 2
1 2 1 3 2 = (e − e−2 )
= x − x 2
2 3 0
1 8 2
= 4− = 1
Z 10
t
2 3 3 2 av temp = 50e− 2 dt
Z π 10 − 0 0
1
av =
#10
b sin(x) dx
"
1 50 − t
π−0 0 = e 2
π 10
1 − 2t 0
= − cos(x)
π 0
= −10(e−5 − e−0 )
1 2
= ((−(−1)) − (−1)) =
π π = 10(1 − e−5 ) ≈ 9.93◦ C
Z π
1 2
c av = π sin(x) dx 1
Z 5
−0 0 3 a av speed = 20t dt
2 5−0 0
2 π 1 2 5
2
= − cos(x) = 10t
π 0 5 0
2
= ((−0) − (−1)) =
2 = 50m/s
π π
Z 2π
1 n
d av = sin(nx) dx
2π 0
−0
n
n 1 2x
n
= − cos(nx)
2π n 0
1
((−1) − (−1)) = 0
2π
1
= ((−1) − (−1)) = 0
2π
555
Z 4 Z a
1 1 1
b av speed = 24 sin πt dt 5 mean value = x(a − x) dx
4−0 0 4 a−0 0
1 a
Z
1 24 × 4
1 4 = (ax − x2 ) dx
= − cos( πt)
4 π 4 0 a 0
24 1 1 2 1 3 a
= − (−1 − 1) = ax − x
π a 2 3 0
48 1 1 3 1 3

= m/s = a − a
π a 2 3
2
a
=
6
6 a pv0.9 = 300 ⇒ p = 300v Z 1

−0.9
1
av pressure = 300v−0.9 dv
1 − 12 12
300 1
2 v0.1 1
Z 5 0.1 2
1
c av speed = 5(1 − e−t ) dt 1 0.1
5−0 0 = 6000 1 −
5 2
1
= 5(t + e−t ) = 3000(2 − 20.9 )
5 0
1 ≈ 401.8 N/m2
= (5(5 + e−5 ) − 5e−0 )
5
b v = 3t + 1, so:
= 4 + e−5 m/s t = 0, v = 1, t = 1, v = 4
av pressureZ 4
1
= 300v−0.9 dv
4−1 1
1 300 0.1 4
= v
3 0.1 1
= 1000((4)0.1 − 1)
≈ 148.7 N/m2
Z 3
1
4 av velocity = 9.8t dt dx
3−0 0 7 v= and v = 2t − 3
3 dt
1
= 4.9t 2
3 0
= 14.7 m/s
556
Z
a x= (2t − 3) dt t2 − 4t + 3 = 0
(t − 1)(t − 3) = 0
= t2 − 3t + c
t = 1, 3
t = 0, x = 0 so c = 0 20
x(1) = m, x(3) = 4 m
x = t2 − 3t 3
b t = 3, x = 0, so the body is at O. c a(1) = −4 m/s2 , a(3) = 4 m/s2
x(3) − x(0)
c av velocity = =0 dv dv
3−0 9 a= so =8
(Note: this is exactly the same as av dt dt
velocity =
1 R3
(2t − 3) dt; but the v = 8t + c
3−0 0 dx dx
integration is already done in part a.) v= so = 8t + c
dt dt
d v = 0 when 2t − 3 = 0, i.e. when x = 4t2 + ct + d
t = 1.5.
t = 1, x = 0 so 4 + c + d = 0, i.e.
When t = 1.5, x = −2.25, so the body c + d = −4 1
goes from x = 0 to x = −2.25 in the t = 3, x = 30 so 36 + 3c + d = 30, i.e.
first 1.5 s and then returns to x = 0 in 3c + d = −6 2
the next 1.5 s. It travels 4.5 m in the 2 - 1 gives 2c = −2, so c = −1
first 3 s. Substitution into (1) gives d = −3, so
4.5 x = 4t2 − t − 3
e av speed = = 1.5 m/s
3 t = 0, x = −3
Initial displacement is−3 m.
dx dv
8 a v = 2t2 − 8t + 6, v = ,a =
dt dt dv dv
Z 10 a= so = 2t − 3
x = (2t2 − 8t + 6) dt dt dt
v = t2 − 3t + c
2
= t3 − 4t2 + 6t + c t = 0, v = 3 so c = 3
3
t = 0, x = 4 v = t2 − 3t + 3
so c = 4 dx dx
v= so = t2 − 3t + 3
dt dt
2
x = t3 − 4t2 + 6t + 4 1 3
3 x = t3 − t2 + 3t + d
3 2
d
a = (2t2 − 8t + 6) t = 0, x = 2 so d = 2
dt
= 4t − 8 1 3 32
x= t − t + 3t + 2
3 2
b v = 0 when 2t2 − 8t + 6 = 0, i.e. 646
v(10) = 73 m/s, x(10) = m
3
557
dv dv πt π 5π 9π
11 a = so = −10 = or or or . . .
dt dt 60 2 2 2
⇒ t = 30 or 150 or 270 or· · ·
a v = −10t + c; t = 0, v = 25, so ∴ rate of heat loss is greatest when
c = 25 v = −10t + 25 t = 30 or 150 for t in [0, 200]
b x = −5t2 + 25 t + d; t = 0, x = 0, so d i The total heat loss for t ∈

d = 0 x = −5t2 + 25t R 120 3 πt
[0, 120] = 0 1 + sin dt
4 60
πt 120
c max height when v = 0, i.e. t = 2.5 s
3 60
= t− × cos
4 π 60 0
125
d x(2.5) = m = 120 −
45
cos 2π
4 π
e x = 0 when−5 t2 + 25t = 0, giving 45

− 0− cos 0
t = 0 or t = 5; so returns after 5 s. π
45 45
= 120 − +
π π
dH 3 πt
12 a = 1 + sin for t ∈ [0,200] = 120
dt 4 60
∴ 120 kilojoules lost over the
120 days.
ii Total heat lost for t ∈

R 200) 3 πt
[0, 200] = 0 1 + sin dt
45 4
πt 200 60
= t− cos
π 60 0
dH 3 πt 11
> 1.375 ⇔ 1 + 4 sin > 45 200π 45
b
dt 4 60 8 = 200 − cos − 0−
π 60 π
3 πt 3
⇔ sin > 45 10π 45

4 60 8 = 200 − cos +
πt 1 π 3 π
⇔ sin > 45 1 45
60 2 = 200 − ×− +
πt 1 π 2 π
Consider the equation sin = 45 45
60 2 = 200 + +
This is equivalent to 2π π
πt π 5π 13π 17π 135
= or or or or . . . = 200 +
60 6 6 6 6 2π
i.e. t = 10 or 50 or 130 or 170 or · · ·
For the required domain and by ≈ 221.48 kilojules
dH
observation from graph > 1.375
dt
for t ∈ (10, 50) ∪ (130, 170) dV
13 = 1000 − 30t2 + 2t3 0 ≤ t ≤ 15
dt
c The rate of heat loss is greatest when
πt a When t = 0,
dV
= 1000
sin =1 dt
60
This occurs when The rate of flow is 1000 million
558
litres/hour= 109 litres/hour. ii The maximum flow is 1000
When t = 2, millon litres/hour.
= 1000 − 30 × 4 + 2 × 23 =
1000 − 120 + 16 c
= 896 million litres/hour = 8.96 × 108
litres/hour
b i To find stationary points, let

dV
R= = 1000 − 30t2 + 2t3
dt
Stationary points occur when
dR d i Area beneath the graph between
=0 t =Z
0 and t = 10
dt 10
dR
= −60t + 6t2 = 1000 − 30t2 + 2t3 dt
dt 0
= −6t(10 − t) 30 × t3 2t4 10

= 1000t − +
dR 3 4 0
= 0 implies t = 0 or t = 10
dt = 5000
dR
A gradient chart for is as
dt ii 5000 million litres flowed out in
shown:
t <0 0 << 10 > 10 the first 10 hours.
dR
sing of + ve 0 -ve 0 + ve
dt
shape / − \ − / 14 a R:[0, ∞) → R, R(t) = 10 loge (t + 1)

When t = 5, R(5) = 10 loge (6) ≈
∴ a local maximum at (0,1000)
17.918
and a local minimum when
When t = 5, the rate of growth is
t = 10.
≈ 17.918 penguins per year.
when t = 10
When t = 10, R(10) = 10 loge (10) ≈
dV
R= = 1000 − 30 × 102 + 2 × 23.978
dt
103 When t = 10, the rate of growth is
23.978 penguins per year.
= 1000 − 3000 + 2000
When t = 100, R(100) =
=0
10 loge (100) ≈ 46.151
∴ local minimum at (10, 0)
When t = 100, the rate of growth is
dV
When t = 15, = 46.151 penguins per year.
dt
1000 − 30 × 152 + 2 × 153
b
= 1000 − 30 × 225 + 2 × 3375
= 1000
∴ The maximum flow occurs
when t = 0 and t = 15
559
c For the inverse function consider
t = 10 loge (y + 1)
t
∴ = loge (y + 1)
10
t
∴ e 10 = y + 1
t
∴ y = e 10 − 1
and the inverse
t
function is
R (t) = e 10 − 1
−1
The domain of R−1 = range of

R = R+ ∪ {0}
d i
∴ required area = area of

rectangle − area
Z 10 loge (101) y
= 100 × 10 loge (101) − (e 10 − 1) dy
0
y 10 loge 101
= 1000 loge (101) − 10e 10 −y
0

= 1000 loge (101) − 10e loge 101
− 10 loge (101) − (10e − 0) 0
= 1000 log e(101) − [1010 − 10 loge (101) − 10]

= 1000 loge (101) − 1000
≈ 3661.27
ii The penguin population

has increased by 3661
penguins over 100 years.
560
15
x3 15
= 2 20x −
50 0
153
= 2 20 × 15 −
30
= 465
The area of the cross section is
465 m2
Area
R 20of cross section
= −20 (25 − 0.02x2 ) dx b The volume of the hangar = area of
The symmetry of f gives that cross section × length
the area = 465 × 100
R 20 of cross section
= 2 0 (25 − 0.02x2 ) dx = 46 500 m3
x3 20
= 2 25x −
150 0
17
203
= 2 25 × 20 −
150
8000
= 2 500 −
150
1
= 893
3
The volume of the hall = area of cross
section × length
1
= 893 × 80 The parabola is of the form y = ax2 + b
3
2 When x = 0, y = −2
= 71#466 m3 3
3 When y = 0, x = ±
4
3 2
16 a 0 = a( ) − 2
4
2 × 16
and =a
9
32
i.e. a =
9
∴ The equation of the parabola is
32 2
y= x −2
9
The total volume of the trough = area of
Area cross section × length To determine the
R 15of cross section
= −15 (20 − 0.06x2 ) dx area of cross section
R 3 32x2
The symmetry of f gives that consider 2 04 − 2 dx
the area 9
R 15 of cross section
= 2 0 (20 − 0.06x2 ) dx
561
32x3 3 3 32 3 2
4 When x = y= × 7 −2
=2 − 2x 23
7 9
23
27
32 9
=
32 27 3 × − 14 − 2
=2 × −2× 9
23
27 64 4
5
1 1 2
=2 −1 = 14 − 2
2 2 23
1
= −2 = 23 − 2
∴ The cross sectional area is 2 m2 ∴ the depth = 2 − (2 − 2 3 )
1
The total volume = 2 × l = 2l m3 , where 1

= 2 3 metres ≈ 1.26 metres
` is the length of the trough. The depth of the water is 1.26 metres when it is
When the trough is half full the volume half full.
is l m3 and the cross sectional area is
1 m3 The shaded Z a area = 1 m
2 x
32 2 32 2
18 a y = 3 − 3 cos for x ∈ [−3π, 3π]. The
Shaded area = 2 a −2 − a − 2 dx 3
0 9 9 maximum value of the function is 6 and
32 32 a hence the maximum height of 6 metres
=2 a2 x − 2x − x3 + 2x
9 27 0 R 3π x
32a3 32a3 b The area = 2 0 3 − 3 cos dx
=2 − 3
x
9 27 = 2[3x − 9 sin( )]3π = 18π
64a3 3 0
=2× The area is 18π m2
27
dy x
128a3 c i = sin . When
= dx 3 a
27 dy a
x = a, y = 3 − 3 cos and = sin .
128 a3 3 dx 3
∴ =1 Therefore the equation of the normal is
27 a
y − 3 − 3 cos
3
1
= − (x − a)
sin a3
ii If it passes through
a (9,0),1
0 − 3 + 3 cos = − (9 − a)
3
sin a3
Solving numerically gives a = 5.409
27 πt πt
which implies a3 = dV
128 19 a = 3 cos + sin +2
dt 2 8
33
∴ a3 = 7 dV
2 i When t = 0, = 3[1 + 0 + 2] = 9
3 dt
∴a= 7
dV
23 ii When t = 2,
dt √
1 ( 2 + 2)
= 3 −1 + √ + 2 = 3
2 2
562
dV
iii When t = 4, = 3[1 + 1 + 2] minutes
πt πt
Z 8
dt
= 12 =3 cos + sin + 2 dt
0 2 8
b From the graph maximum value is 12 and the 2 πt 8 πt 8
= 3 sin − cos + 2t
minimum value is 0.834 π 2 π 8 0
8 8 1
c The volume through the pipe in the first 8 = 3 + 16 − − = 48 1 +
π π π
48(π + 1)
= litres
π
563
Solutions to Technology-free questions
Z 3 1 3 65 π
π
Z
2
1 a x dx = x4 =
3
g sin 2 θ + dθ
2 4 2 4 0 4
π
b Since sin x is an odd function, the 1 π 2
= − cos 2 θ +
integral is 0. (Alternatively work 2 4 0
through the integral.) 1 3π 1 π
= − cos − − cos
Z 4a 2 2 2 2
1 1
c (a 2 − x 2 ) dx =0
a
2 3 4a
1 h Z
= − x2
a2 x π 1 π
3 a sin 4θ dθ = − cos 4θ
3 2 3 3 2 3 0 4 0
= 4a 2 − × 8a 2 − a 2 − a 2 1 1
3 3 = − cos 4π − − cos 0
3 4 4
5a 2
=− =0
3
4
3 2
√
Z Z
3 −
d √ − 5 x − x 2 dx 2 x + 2 f (x) dx
1 x −1
Z 4
Z 2 Z 2
1 1 3
= 3x −2
− 5x 2 −x −2
dx = xdx + 2 f (x) dx
1 −1 −1
1 10 3 −1 4
x 2 2
= 6x 2 − x 2 + 2x 2 = +2×5
3 1 2 −1
80 10 23
= 12 − +1 − 6− +2 =
3 3 2
55
=−
3 Z 5 Z 5 Z 1
π
f (x) dx = f (x) dx − f (x) dx
Z
4
1 π 3 1 0 0
4
e cos 2 θdθ = sin 2θ = 1 − (−2) = 3
0 2 0
1 π 1
= sin − 0 =
2 2 2 4 Z
−2 Z 3
e f (x) dx = − f (x) dx
Z
1
f dx = [loge x]e1 3 −2
1 x Z 1 Z 3
= loge e − loge 1 = 1 =− f (x) dx − f (x) dx
−2 1
= −2 − (−6) = 4
564
2
R c x = b to x = c is given by
Z 1 2
from
5 (x + 1) dx =
7
(x + 1) 8
= 820
0 8 0
b
g(x) − f (x) dx.
The area of the shaded region
Z 1 1 1
Rfrom x = c to x = d is given by
6 (3x + 1)3 dx = (3x + 1)4 d
f (x) − g(x) dx.
0 3×4 0 c
The
R b area of the shaded R c region is
85
= f (x) − g(x) dx + b g(x) − f (x) dx
4 aR
d
+ c f (x) − g(x) dx
7 IfZ F(x) is an antiderivative of f (x), then
9
f (x) dx = [F(x)]90 10 a The curves intersect where
0 2x + x2 = 15, i.e. x2 + 2x − 15 = 0.
= F(9) − F(0) = 5 Hence (x − 3)(x + 5) = 0, so P has
Also by the chain rule coordinates (3, 9).
d
(F(3x)) = 3 f (3x), so: Q has coordinates (7.5, 0) .
dx
Z 3
1 b The area of the shaded region is
f (3x) dx = [F(3x)]30 Z 3 Z 7.5
3
0
x dx +
2
15 − 2x dx
1 0 3
= (F(9) − F(0)) 1 3
3
5 = x3 + [15x − x2 ]7.5
3
= 3 0
3 = 9 + (112.5 − 56.25) − (45 − 9)
= 29.25
8 IfZ F(x) is an antiderivative of f (x) , then
4
f (x) dx = [F(x)]41 Z 2
1
11 a area A = 10x−2 dx
= F(4) − F(1) = 5 1
Also by the chain rule = [−10x−1 ]21
d
(F(3x + 1)) = 3 f (3x + 1), so:
dx = −5 − (−10) = 5
Z 1
1
f (3x + 1) dx = [F(3x + 1)]10
0 3
1
Z p Z 5
= (F(4) − F(1)) b 10x −2
dx = 10x−2 dx
3 2 p
5
= [−10x−1 ]2p = [−10x−1 ]5p
3
10 10
5− = −2 +
p p
9 The area of the shaded region
20
R b x = a to x = b is given by
from
p
=7
a
f (x) − g(x) dx.
The area of the shaded region 20
p=
7
565
12 The
Z 4 area of the shaded region is
16x−2 − 0.5x + 1 dx
2
Z 5
+ 0.5x − 1 − 16x−2 dx
4
= [−16x−1 − 0.25x2 + x]42

+ [0.25x2 − x + 16x−1 ]54
Z 2
= (−4 − 4 + 4) − (−8 − 1 + 2) b e x + 1 dx = [e x + x]20
0
+ (6.25 − 5 + 3.2) − (4 − 4 + 4)
= (e2 + 2) − (1 + 0)
= 3.45
= e2 + 1
13 a When x = 0, 6y − y2 = 0, so y = 0, 6.
15 a The graphs intersect at (0, 1) .
Thus A has coordinates (0, 6). For
point B, solve y = 6y − y2 ,
i.e. y2 − 5y = 0, so y = 0 or y = 5.
As y = x, then B has coordinates (5,
5).
b area Z
5 Z 6
P= y dy + 6y − y2 dy
0 5
1 5 1 6 2 0 0
= y2 + 3y2 − y3
Z Z Z
2 0 3 5 b e−x
dx + e dx = 2
x
e x dx
0 −2 −2
25 125
= + (108 − 72) − 75 − = 2[e x ]0−2
2 3
91 1 = 2 − 2e−2
= = 15
6 6
c Area bounded by the parabola and the Z 1
y axis is given by 16 a e x dx = [e x ]10
Z 6 0
1 3 6
6y − y dy = 3y − y
2 2
=e−1
0 3 0
= 36 b area = 2(e − 1)
So area Q = 36 – area
5 125
P = 20 = .
6 6
14 a y intercept is (0, 2)
566
1 2
1 2 2
Z Z
17 area = 2e + 3 dx
2x
19 a e−x
+ x dx = −e −x
+ x
0 0 2 0
= [e + 3x]10
2x
= (−e−2 + 2) − (−1)
= (e2 + 3 + −(1 + 0) = 3 − e−2
= e2 + 2 Z −1
1
b x+ dx
−2 x−1
18 The intercepts are (−1, 0), (0, 0), (2, 0). 1 −1
= x + loge |x − 1|
2
2 −2
1
= + loge | − 2| − (2 + loge | − 3|)
2
2 3
= loge −
3 2
Z π π
2 1 2

0 c sin x + x dx = − cos x + x2
Z
area = x(x − 2)(x + 1) dx 0 2 0
−1 π 2
2 = 0+ − (−1)
Z
− x(x − 2)(x + 1) dx 8
0
π2
Z 0 = +1
= x3 − x2 − 2x dx 8
−1 Z −5
1
2 d ex + dx
Z
3 2 2 − 2x
− x − x − 2x dx −4
0 Z −5
1 1
1 0 = × ex + dx
1 2 1 − x
= x4 − x3 − x2 −4
4 3 −1
1 −5
= e x − loge |1 − x|
1 1 2 2 −4
− x4 − x3 − x2 1 1
1 14 3 0 = e−5 − loge |6| − e−4 − loge |5|
8 2 2
=− + −1 − 4− −4 1 5
4 3 3 = e−5 − e−4 + loge
2 6
37 1
= =3
12 12
567
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
2
f 0 (x) = −6 sin 3x
Z
6 D
1 C 3 f (x) + 2 dx
0 f (x) = 2 cos 3x + c
Z 2 Z 2
= 3 f (x) dx +
2π
2 dx f =3
0 0 3
Z 2
=3 f (x) dx + [2x]20 c = 3 − 2 cos 2π = 1
0
Z 2
f (x) = 2 cos 3x + 1
=3 f (x) dx + 4
0 7 E Use a CAS calculator to plot
p 3
the curve on the interval (−1, 1).
2 C (ax − b)3 = (ax − b) 2 It shows one x intercept at
x = −0.78783.
Z
3 1 5
(ax − b) 2 dx = (ax − b) 2
5
a×
2
2 5
= (ax − b) 2
5a
3 B The area of the shaded region
R 2 x = 0 to x = 2 is given by
from
0
f (x) − g(x) dx.
The area of the shaded region
Hence
Z the required area is given by
R 5 x = 2 to x = 5 is given by
from −0.78783
2
g(x) − f (x) dx. A= 2 sin 4x − e5x dx
−1
The
R 2 area of the shaded
R 5 region is Z 1
0
f (x) − g(x) dx + 2 g(x) − f (x) dx. + e5x − 2 sin 4x dx
−0.78783
Z b
4 B c dx = [cx]ba = 30.02 to 2 dp
a where the integrals have been
= cb − ca evaluated using a CAS calculator.
dy ax 8 C
5 A = +1 dy
dx 2 = ae−x + 2
dx
ax2
y= +x+c x = 0,
dy
= 5, so a + 2 = 5, i.e. a = 3.
4 dx
x = 0, y = 1 so c = 1
y = −3e−x + 2x + c
ax2
y= +x+1 x = 0, y = 1, so − 3 + c = 1, i.e. c = 4.
4
y = −3e−x + 2x + 4
568
If x = 2, y = −3e−2 + 4 + 4 = To the nearest litre, this is 13 1itres.
3
− 2 + 8.
e 10 D By symmetry, the shaded regions
have equal area, so the total area is
9 C R(t) = 5e−0.1t litres/minute. given by
Since R(t) is the rate of flow, it is Z π
equal to
dV
where V L is the volume 2 sin x dx = 2[− cos x]ππ−a
dt π−a
of water at time t. Thus the outflow = 2 (− cos π + cos(π − a))
in the first 3 minutes is given by
Z 3 3 = 2(1 − cos a)
5
5e−0.1t dt = − e−0.1t
0 0.1 0
= −50(e−0.3 − 1)
= 12.959 . . .
569
Solutions to extended-response questions
1
1 a For y = x − 2 = x − x−2
x
dy
= 1 + 2x−3
dx
dy 2 1
When x = 2, =1+ =1
dx 23 4
1 7
When x = 2, y = 2 − =
4 4
The equation of the tangent is
7 5
y − = (x − 2)
4 4
∴ 4y − 7 = 5x − 10
and 4y − 5x = −3
3 3
b When y = 0, x = The coordinates are , 0
5 5
1
c When y = 0, x − =0
x2
implies x3 − 1 = 0
i.e. x = 1 The coordinates are (1, 0)
d Required area = Area Z of triangle ATC – Area of should region

2
1 3 7
= 2− × − x − x−2 dx
2 5 4 1
2 2
1 7 7 x
= × × − + x−1
2 5 4 2 1
49 1 1
= − 2+ − +1
40 2 2
49
= −1
40
9
=
40
9 49
e The required ratio = : = 9 : 94
40 40
570
2 a Let M, have coordinates (a,
Z 0) a
Area of OPM = x2 dx
0
x3 a
=
3 0
3
a
=
3
The coordinates of P are (a, a2 )
Area of OPN = area of rectangle OMPN – area of OPM
a3
= a × a2 −
3
2a3
=
3
2a3 a3
∴ The ratio of the areas = : =2:1
3 3
b Let M have coordinates (a, 0).

Z a 1
Area shaded = x 2 dx
0
2 3 a
= x2
3 0
3
2a 2
=
3
1 3
Area of rectangle OMPN = a × = a2 a2
2
∴ shaded area = of the area of rectangle OMPN.
3
c Let M have coordinates (a, 0). Then the coordinates of P are (a, an ) Area of region
enclosed by PM, the x-axis and the curve
Ra xn+1 a an+1
= 0 x dx =
n
=
n+1 0 n+1
Area of rectangle OMPN = a × an = an+1
1
∴ Area of described region = (area of rectangle)
n+1
571
3 a The parabolas intersect at (1, 1)
Z 1 1
∴ the area = x 2 − x2 dx
0
2 3 x3 1
= x2 −
3 3 0
= 2
3 − 1
3
= 1
3
1
The area is square units.
3
b For y = xn and yn = x
1
x n = xn 1
which implies 1 = xn− n
n2 −1
i.e. 1 = x n
n
∴ x = (1) n2 −1 = ±1
If n is even, x = 1 is the only solution. All such pairs of curves intersect at (1, 1).
c The coordinates of P are (1, 1)

Z 1 1
Area = x n − xn dx
0
x n1 +1 xn+1 1
= −
1 n+1 0
+1
n
1 1
= −
1 n+1
+1
n
n 1
= −
n+1 n+1
n−1
= square units
n+1
n − 1
d Area with shading = 1 −
n+1
n+1−n+1
=
n+1
2
= square units
n+1
572
10 − 1 9
e For n = 10, Area = = square units
10 + 1 11
100 − 1 99
For n = 100, Area = = square units
100 + 1 101
1000 − 1 999
For n = 1000, Area = = square units
1000 + 1 1001
n−1 2 n−1
f For =1+ , as n → ∞, →1
n+1 n−1 n+1
dθ
4 a = e2.6t
dt
1 2.6t
∴θ= e +c
2.6
5
= e2.6t + c
13
when t = 0, θ = 30
5 385
∴ c = 30 − =
13 13
5 2.6t 385
and θ = e +
13 13
when t = 3
5 385
θ = e2.6 × 3 + = 968.3
13 13◦
The temperature is 968.3 C after 3 minutes.
b θ(°C)
(0, 30)
0 t (min)
c When θ = 500
5 2.6t 385
500 = e +
13 13
6115 13
∴ × = e2.6t
13 5
1223 = e2.6t
5
∴ t= log (1223)
13 e
≈ 2.734
573
The temperature is 500◦ after 2.734 minutes.
d The average rate of change for interval [1, 2]

θ(2) − θ(1)
=
2−1
5 5.2 385 5 2.6 385
= e + − e +
13 13 13 13
5 5.2

= e − e2.6
13
≈ 64.5
The average rate of change for the interval [1, 2] is 64.5◦ per minute.
dx
5 = ve−t , where v = 5 × 104 m/s
dt
dx
a When t = 0, = 5 × 104 m/s
dt
dx v 5 × 104
b = t =
dt e et
dx
as t → ∞, →0
dt
c TheZdistance travelled between t = 0 and t = 20
20
= 5 × 104 e−t dt
0
20
= −5 × 104 e−t
0
= −5 × 10 × e 4 −20
+ 5 × 104
= 5 × 104 (1 − e−20 )metres
dx
d = ve−t
dt
∴ x = −ve−t + c
When t = 0, x = 0
∴ = −v + c
i.e. c = v
∴ x = v − ve−t
= v(1 − e−t )
574
e x (m)
0 t (s)
6 a Let y = e−3x sin 2x

then, using the produce rule,
dy
= −3e−3x sin 2x + 2e−3x cos 2x 1
dx
For y = e−3x cos 2x
dy
= 3e−3x cos 2x − 2e−3x sin 2x
2
dx
b From
1
R
−3e sin 2x + 2e cos 2x dx = e−3x sin 2x + c1
−3x −3x
i.e. −3 e−3x sin 2xdx + 2 e−3x cos 2xdx = e−3x sin 2x + c1

R R
3
RFrom 2
(−3e R cos 2x − 2e−3x Rsin 2x) dx = e−3x cos 2x + c2
−3x
i.e. −3 e−3x cos 2x − 2 e−3x sin 2xdx = e−3x cos 2x + c2

4
c Let a = e−3x sin 2xdx and b = e−3x cos 2xdx

R R
Then the equations can be rewritten as

−3a + 2b = e−3x sin 2x + c1
−3b − 2a = e−3x cos 2x + c2
Multiply 5 by 3 and 6 by 2 and add:
−9a − R4a = 3e sin 2x + 2e−3x cos 2x + (3c1 + 2c2 )
−3x
∴ −13 e−3x sin 2xdx = 3e−3x sin 2x + 2e−3x cos 2x + (3c1 + 2c2 )
1
i.e. (e−3x sin 2x) dx = − (3e−3x sin 2x + 2e−3x cos 2x) + C
R
13
3c1 + 3c2
where C =
−13
575
7 a
i 3 sin a = 4 cos a
3 sin a
∴ =4
cos a
4
tan a =
3
ii Consider the triangle
4 3
Then sin(a) = and cos(a) =
5 5
Ra π
b Area of the shaded region = 3 sin dx +
R
4 4 cos xdx
0 a
π
= [−3 cos x]a0 + [4 sin x]a4
π
= −3 cos a − (−3) + 4 sin − 4 sin a
2
3 4
= −3 × +3+4−4×
5 5
9 16
=− +7−
5 5
= −5 + 7
=2
Area of the shaded region = 2 square units.
8 a y = x loge x
Using the product rule gives
dy 1
= loge x + x ×
dx x
= loge x + 1
(loge x + 1) dx = xloge x + c
R
Also
∴ loge xdx + x = xloge x + c
R
Re
and 1 logexdx = [xlog ex − x]e1
= eloge e − e − (eloge 1 − 1)
= Re − e − 0 + 1
e
∴ 1 loge xdx = 1
b y = x(loge x)n
Using the product rule:
dy 1
= (loge x)n + x × × n(loge x)n−1
dx x
= (loge x)n + n(loge x)n−1
576
Re Re
c In = 1 (loge x)n dx, and In−1 = 1 (loge x)n−1 dx
From †
(loge x)n + n(loge x)n−1 dx = x(loge x)n + c
R
e
∴ In + nIn−1 = x(loge x) n
1
=e
R3
d I3 = 1 (loge x)3 dx
From (c) I3 = e − 3I2
= e − 3[e − 2I1 ]
= e − 3e + 6I1
= −2e + 6 by (a)
9 To find the point of intersection, consider x2 = by

and y2 = ax
as a simultaneous pair.
x2 x2 2
∴y= and = ax
b b
which implies x3 = ab2
1 2
and x = a 3 b 3 Substitute for x in
y2 = ax
1 2
∴ y = a a b3
2 3
1 2
= a3 b3
2 1
∴ y = a3 b3
1 2 2 1
∴ r = a 3 b 3 and s = a 3 b 3
The area of the region shaded horizontally
1 2
a3 b3
x2
Z
= dx
0 b
1 1
1 x3 a 3 b 3
=
b 3 0
1
= × a × b2
3b
ab
=
3
The area of the region shaded vertically
577
2 1
a3 b3
y2
Z
= dy
0 a
2 1
y3 a 3 b 3
=
3a 0
ab
=
3
2 1 1 2
The area of rectangle OMPQ = a 3 b 3 × a 3 b 3 = ab
ab
∴ All three regions have area
3
10 a
π
Z π
6
b 2 sin x − 1 dx = [−2 cos x − x]06
0
π π
= −2 cos − − (−2 cos 0 − 0)
6 6
√
3 π
= −2 × − +2
2 6
√ π
=2− 3−
6
c For the inverse of f (x) = 2 sin x − 1
consider x = 2 sin y − 1
(x + 1)
= sin y
2 x + 1
and y = sin−1
2
−1 x + 1

i.e. f (x) = sin
−1
2
The domain of f −1 = range of f = [−3, 1]
578
π
Z 1 Z
2
d f (x) dx = area of rectangle −
−1
π
f (x) dx
0 6
π
π
Z
2
= − π
(2 sin x − 1) dx
2
6
π
π
= − [−2 cos x − x] π2
2 6
π
π
= + [2 cos x + x] π2
2 6
π π π π
= + 0 + − 2 cos +
2 2 6 6
π π √ π
= + − 3−
2 2 6
5π √
= − 3
6
The ‘integral’ command of a CAS could be used in this question.
x
11 a For y = e 10 (10 − x)
dy x x
= 1 10
− x) − e 10
10 e (10
dx
x x
= e 10 1 − −1
10
x x
= − e 10
10
√ 1
2 2
For y = 100 − x = 100 − x
2
dy 1
= −x(100 − x2 )− 2
dx
−x
= 1
(100 − x2 ) 2
dy
b When x = 0, = 0 for both functions
dx
dy
c When x = 10, = −e
dx
R 10 x
d e 10 (10 − x) dx = 71.828 . . .
R010 √
0
102 − x2 dx = 78.5398 . . .
∴ area between the curves = 6.7118 square units
6.7118
e percentage error = × 100 = 8.55%
25π
579
f Equation of the chord is y = 10 − x
Area of the shaded region = 25π − 50 = 28.54 square units
d x x x
g i e 10 (10 − x) = 10
1 10
e (10 − x) − e 10
dx
Z 10 10 Z 10 x
x x
1
∴ 10 e (10 − x) dx = e (10 − x) +
10 10 e 10 dx
0 0 0
x 10
= −(10) + 10e 10
0
= −10 + 10e − 10
= 10e − 20
Z 10 x
∴ e 10 (10 − x) dx = 10(10e − 20)
0
ii ∴ exact area of shaded region = 25π − 100e + 200 square units

t πt
12 R(t) = 10e−( 10 ) sin
3
a i R(0) = 0
3
ii R(3) = 10e− 10 sin π = 0
t πt 10π t πt
b R (t) = −e
0 − 10
sin + e − 10
cos
3 3 3
t 10π πt πt
= e− 10 cos − sin
3 3 3
c i R0 (t) = 0 implies
10π πt πt t
cos = sin as e− 10 , 0
3 3 3
πt
10π
∴ tan =
3 3
πt 10π 10π 10π 10π
∴ = tan−1 or π + tan−1 or 2π + tan−1 or 3π + tan−1
3 3 3 3 3
3 10π 3 10π 3 10π 10π
∴ t = tan−1 or 3 + tan−1 or 6 + tan−1 or 9 + tan−1
π 3 π 3 π 3 3
ii stationary points (1.409, 8.646) and (7.409, 4.745) loc max (4.409, −6.405) and
(10.409, −3.515) loc min
πt t
−
d R(t) = 0 implies sin = 0 as 10 ∴ e 10 , 0
3
πt
∴ = 0 or π or 2π or 3 π or 4π
3
580
t = 0 or 3 or 6 or 9 or 12
f i Use
R 3 a CAS calculator to find areas
0
R(t) dt ≈ 16.47337 ∴ 16.47 litres flowed in
R6
ii 3
R(t) dt ≈ −12.20377 ∴ 12.20 litres flowed out
iii Total amount of water in the device

= 16.47337 . . . − 12.20377 . . . + 4
= 4.2695 + 4
= 8.2695
There are approximately 8.27 litres in the device
R 30
g 0
R(t) dt ≈ 8.9918 . . .
∴ There are 4 + 8.9918 = 12.992 litres in the device after 30 minutes. (Use a CAS
calculator with this problem.)
13 a If cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 and cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin2 x

1 − cos 2x 1 − (1 − 2 sin2 x)
=
1 + cos 2x 1 + (2 cos2 x − 1)
2 sin2 x
=
2 cos2 x
= tan2 x
= sec2 x − 1
Z π Z π
4 1 − cos 2x 4
b dx = (sec2 x − 1) dx
0 1 + cos 2x 0
π
4
= tan x − x
0
π π π
= tan − = 1 −
4 4 4
581

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Chapter 11 – Integration

Solutions to Exercise 11A

b A ≈ 1.0 × (3.5 + 3.7 + 3.8 + 3.9 + 3.9

b The definits integral represents two

7 a A ≈ 1.0 × (4 + 5.6 + 7 + 8 + 8.2

= 2e2 + 1 ≈ 15.78 square units

g cos 4x − sin 4x dx = [sin θ] −π

7 using the CAS calculator’s ‘integral’

= (20 + 6 loge 2) − (15 + 6 loge 1)

15 using the CAS calculator’s ‘integral’

6 a pv0.9 = 300 ⇒ p = 300v Z 1

b t = 3, x = 0, so the body is at O. c a(1) = −4 m/s2 , a(3) = 4 m/s2

b x = −5t2 + 25 t + d; t = 0, x = 0, so d i The total heat loss for t ∈  

ii Total heat lost for t ∈

b i To find stationary points, let

shape / − \ − / 14 a R:[0, ∞) → R, R(t) = 10 loge (t + 1)

The domain of R−1 = range of

∴ required area = area of

= 1000 log e(101) − [1010 − 10 loge (101) − 10]

ii The penguin population

The total volume = 2 × l = 2l m3 , where 1

= [−16x−1 − 0.25x2 + x]42

d Required area = Area Z of triangle ATC – Area of should region

b Let M have coordinates (a, 0).

c The coordinates of P are (1, 1)

d The average rate of change for interval [1, 2]

6 a Let y = e−3x sin 2x

i.e. −3 e−3x sin 2xdx + 2 e−3x cos 2xdx = e−3x sin 2x + c1

i.e. −3 e−3x cos 2x − 2 e−3x sin 2xdx = e−3x cos 2x + c2

c Let a = e−3x sin 2xdx and b = e−3x cos 2xdx

Then the equations can be rewritten as

9 To find the point of intersection, consider x2 = by

ii ∴ exact area of shaded region = 25π − 100e + 200 square units

iii Total amount of water in the device

13 a If cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 and cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin2 x

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b x = −5t2 + 25 t + d; t = 0, x = 0, so d i The total heat loss for t ∈