1-1

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

Thermodynamics

1.1C Classical thermodynamics is based on experimental observations whereas statistical thermodynamics

is based on the average behavior of large groups of particles.

1.2C On a downhill road the potential energy of the bicyclist is being converted to kinetic energy, and
thus the bicyclist picks up speed. There is no creation of energy, and thus no violation of the conservation
of energy principle.

1.3C There is no truth to his claim. It violates the second law of thermodynamics.

1.4C A car going uphill without the engine running would increase the energy of the car, and thus it would
be a violation of the first law of thermodynamics. Therefore, this cannot happen. Using a level meter (a
device with an air bubble between two marks of a horizontal water tube) it can shown that the road that
looks uphill to the eye is actually downhill.

Mass, Force, and Units

1.5C Pound-mass lbm is the mass unit in English system whereas pound-force lbf is the force unit. One
pound-force is the force required to accelerate a mass of 32.174 lbm by 1 ft/s2. In other words, the weight
of a 1-lbm mass at sea level is 1 lbf.

1.6C In this unit, the word light refers to the speed of light. The light-year unit is then the product of a
velocity and time. Hence, this product forms a distance dimension and unit.

1.7C There is no acceleration, thus the net force is zero in both cases.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
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1.8E The weight of a man on earth is given. His weight on the moon is to be determined.
Analysis Applying Newton's second law to the weight force gives

W  mg ⎯⎯ m 
W
180 lbf ⎛ 32.174 lbm ft/s ⎞ 180.4 lbm
2

⎜⎟
g 32.10 ft/s 2 ⎝ 1 lbf ⎟
⎠
⎜

Mass is invariant and the man will have the same mass on the moon. Then, his weight on the moon will be

W  mg  (180.4 lbm)(5.47 ft/s 2 ) ⎞

⎛ 1  30.7 lbf
⎜
lbf ⎟
⎝ 32.174 lbm  ft/s 2 ⎠

1.9 The interior dimensions of a room are given. The mass and weight of the air in the room are to be
determined.
Assumptions The density of air is constant throughout the room.
Properties The density of air is given to be  = 1.16 kg/m3.
Analysis The mass of the air in the room is ROOM
AIR
m  V  (1.16 kg/m3 )(6 6  8 m3 )  334.1 kg
6X6X8 m3
Thus,

2
⎛ 1N ⎞
W  mg  (334.1 kg)(9.81 m/s )⎜⎜ ⎟  3277
1 kg  m/s 2 ⎟N

⎝ ⎠

1.10 The variation of gravitational acceleration above the sea level is given as a function of altitude. The
height at which the weight of a body will decrease by 1% is to be determined.
Analysis The weight of a body at the elevation z can be expressed as z

W  mg  m(9.807  3.32  106 z)

In our case,
W  0.99Ws  0.99mgs  0.99(m)(9.807)

Substituting,
0
0.99(9.81)  (9.81 3.32 10 6
z) ⎯⎯ z  29,539 m
Sea level
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