1

People v. Peña
G.R. No. 133964
February 13, 2002

Facts

1. Ramil Peña was charged with murder.

2. In the early morning of December 8, 1995, Peña hired Jimbo Pelagio, a tricycle driver to take him to Paco,
Obando, Bulacan. At the destination, he ordered Pelagio to get off the tricycle.
3. Then, Peña robbed Pelagio of his money and repeatedly struck him on the head with a gun. Pelagio fell on
the ground unconscious. Peña shot him on the head and fled on board his tricycle.
4. That same morning, SPO1 Froilan Bautista got a call from the Valenzuela Emergency Hospital stating
that a man had been shot on the head and was in their hospital. SPO1 Bautista and SPO1 Jose Sta. Ana
rushed to the hospital and found the still conscious Pelagio lying on a stretcher.
5. SPO1 Bautista took the statement of Pelagio where the latter related how Peña inflicted his injuries on
him, which he took down on two sheets of yellow paper. (N.B. Read the statement or declaration made by
Pelagio taken by SPO1 Bautista at the last page)
6. On February 6, 1996, Jimbo Pelagio expired.
7. For his part, Peña claimed that he was in San Isidro, San Luis, Pampanga together with his wife on the
date of the incident. Peña’s testimony was corroborated by his uncle Maximiano Guevarra, the owner of
the house where he stayed.
8. The trial court found Peña guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of Murder. Hence, the Appeal.
9. Peña next claims that the evidence relied upon by the trial court is hearsay and inadmissible. He argues
that said evidence does not constitute res gestae.

Issue
Whether the statement of the victim Jimbo Pelagio as well as the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses on the
victim’s declaration can be considered as part of the res gestae, hence, an exception to the hearsay rule.

Ruling

(A) Dying Declaration

1. The requisites for the admissibility of dying declarations are: (1) at the time the declaration was made,
death was imminent and the declarant was conscious of that fact; (2) the declaration refers to the cause
and surrounding circumstances of such death; (3) the declaration relates to facts which the victim was
competent to testify to; (4) the declarant thereafter died; and (5) the declaration is offered in a criminal
case wherein the declarant’s death is the subject of the inquiry.
2. The first element is lacking. It was not established with certainty whether Pelagio uttered his statement
with consciousness of his impending death. While he was in pain when he made his statement, he
expressly stated that Peña only pistol-whipped him and almost shot him.

emmanuelgumpalbaccaymbacpa
 3. The crucial factor to consider is the contemporaneity of the moment when the statement was made and
the moment of the realization of death. The time the statement was being made must also be the time the
victim was aware that he was dying.

(B) Res Gestae

4. While it may not qualify as a dying declaration, Pelagio’s statement may nonetheless be admitted in
evidence as part of the res gestae.
5. A declaration made spontaneously after a startling occurrence is deemed as part of the res gestae when
(1) the principal act, the res gestae, is a startling occurrence; (2) the statements were made before the
declarant had time to contrive or devise; and (3) the statements concern the occurrence in question and
its immediately attending circumstances.
6. Pelagio’s declaration is admissible as part of the res gestae since it was made shortly after a startling
occurrence and under the influence thereof. Under the circumstances, the victim evidently had no
opportunity to contrive his statement beforehand.
7. In People v. Hernandez, the infliction on a person of a gunshot wound on a vital part of the body should
qualify by any standard as a startling occurrence.
8. In this case, it is clear that the pistol-whipping and the gunshot on the head of Pelagio qualified as a
startling occurrence. Notably, Pelagio constantly complained of pain in his head while his statement was
being taken by SPO1 Bautista, so much so that there was no opportunity for him to be able to devise or
contrive anything other than what really happened.

(C) Testimonies or Written Statements of the Prosecution Witnesses

9. As to the testimonies or the written statements of the three prosecution witnesses which were taken into
consideration by the trial court as part of the res gestae, even if there were intervening periods between
the time the victim gave his account of the incident to the prosecution witnesses and the time the latter
first disclosed what the victim told them, the same will not affect the admissibility of the victim’s
declaration or statement as part of res gestae since it is sufficient that such declaration or statement was
made by the victim before he had time to contrive or devise a falsehood.
10. As stated by the trial court found, the straightforward and consistent testimonies of the three vital
prosecution witnesses bear the earmarks of credibility. Further, there exists no ill motive on their part to
prevaricate, hence their testimony is worthy of full faith and credit.

(D) Murder or Homicide

11. However, this Court cannot agree with the trial court that the crime should be murder. While evident
premeditation and treachery were alleged in the information, the trial court did not state why the killing
was qualified to murder. The prosecution failed to establish the attendance of the qualifying
circumstances with concrete proof. The crime proved was only homicide.
12. Aside from the sentence, Peña was also ordered to pay the heirs of the victim the amount of P50,000.00 as
civil indemnity in view of prevailing jurisprudence and P26,000.00 as actual damages as supported by
receipts.
 *******************************************************************
The statement or declaration made by Pelagio, taken by SPO1 Bautista, reads:

T: Alam mo ba ang dahilan kung bakit ka naririto sa Valenzuela Emergency T: Dati mo bang kilala si Ramil Peña?
Hospital at kinukunan ka ng salaysay? S: Opo.
S: Opo, dahil pinagpapalo po ako ng baril ni RAMIL PEÑA sa ulo at kinuha T: Ano ba ang tatak ng tricycle mo?
and tricycle kong minamaneho. S: Yamaha RS-100, kulay itim.
T: Taga saan itong si Ramil Peña? T: Sino and may-ari ng tricycle?
S: Sa Dulong Tangke, Valenzuela, (Malinta), M.M. S: Si Rey Dagul.
T: Saan, kailan at anong oras nangyari ito? T: Binaril ka ba ni Ramil?
S: Sa Paco, Obando, Bulacan, kaninang ika-8 ng Disyembre 1995 sa ganap S: Muntik na ho.
na ika-4:15 ng umaga. T: Bakit sa iyo ginawa ni Ramil and bagay na ito?
T: Sakay mo ba itong si Ramil Peña? S: Ewan ko ho.
S: Oho, sumakay sa may gasolinahan ng Petron sa Malinta, Valenzuela, M.M.

People v. Bernabe Palanas

GR No. 214453
June 17, 2015

PERLAS-BERNABE, J.:

A criminal complaint was filed against Palanas before the RTC of Pasig

FACTS:
6:40 in the morning on Block 14, Kenneth St. corner Eusebio Ave. Pasig City. SP02 Ramon Borre (SP02
Borre) brought his 5 month old grandson outside his residence. P03 Leopoldo Zapanta (P03 Zapanta) while was
watching TV in Borre’s house, as he had slept over, he heard 4 successive gunshots and saw 2 men armed with .38
caliber revolvers standing a meter away from Borre. He saw Bernabe Palanas (Palanas) but could not identify the
other shooter. Zapanta and Borre’s stepson Ramil Ranola (Ranola) brought Borre to the Pasig City General Hospital.
On the way, Borre told Ranola and Zapanta that it was “Abe/ Aspog/ Abe Palanas” who shot him. This was repeated to
his wife Resurreccion Borre (Resurreccion). 11:00 that day, Borred died in the hospital due to the gunshot wounds.

During the trial, Planas used the defese of alibi and alleged that on the day of the incident he was in Paranaque
city attending his sick father, and attended a baptism in Tondo, whereafter he then went back to his father to
Paranaque. Upon returning to his home in the evening it was only then he knew of such incident due to him being
accused by Resureccion of being the murderer of Borre.

RTC declared that Planas was guity beyond reasonable doubt stating that Borre’s statement was res gestae and
due to positive identification by Zapanta. RTC gave no credence to Palana’s alibi as Paranaque and Pasig could be
travelled to in 1hr. The CA affirmed the decision of the RTC, and considered the statement of Borre as a dying
declaration.

ISSUE:
Whether the statement of Borre was a dying declaration

HELD:
YES. The CA is also correct in admitting SPO2 Borre’s statements on his way to the hospital as evidence, both
as a dying declaration and as part of the res gestae.

For a dying declaration to constitute an exception to the hearsay evidence rule, four (4) conditions must
concur:
 (a) the declaration must concern the cause and surrounding circumstances of the declarant’s death;
(b) that at the time the declaration was made, the declarant is conscious of his impending death;
(c) the declarant was competent as a witness; and
(d) the declaration is offered in a criminal case for Homicide, Murder, or Parricide where the declarant is the
victim.

On the other hand, a statement to be deemed to form part of the res gestae, and thus, constitute another
exception to the rule on hearsay evidence, requires the concurrence of the following requisites:
(a) the principal act, the res gestae, is a startling occurrence;
(b) the statements were made before the declarant had time to contrive or devise; and
(c) the statements must concern the occurrence in question and its immediately attending circumstances.

In the case at bar, SPO2 Borre’s statements constitute a dying declaration, given that they pertained to the
cause and circumstances of his death and taking into consideration the number and severity of his wounds, it may be
reasonably presumed that he uttered the same under a fixed belief that his own death was already imminent. This
declaration is considered evidence of the highest order and is entitled to utmost credence since no person aware of
his impending death would make a careless and false accusation. Verily, because the declaration was made in
extremity, when the party is at the point of death and when every motive of falsehood is silenced and the mind is
induced by the most powerful considerations to speak the truth, the law deems this as a situation so solemn and
awful as creating an obligation equal to that which is imposed by an oath administered in court.

In the same vein, SPO2 Borre’s statements may likewise be deemed to form part of the res gestae. “Res gestae
refers to the circumstances, facts, and declarations that grow out of the main fact and serve to illustrate its character
and are so spontaneous and contemporaneous with the main fact as to exclude the idea of deliberation and fabrication.
The test of admissibility of evidence as a part of the res gestae is, therefore, whether the act, declaration, or
exclamation is so intimately interwoven or connected with the principal fact or event that it characterizes as to be
regarded as a part of the transaction itself, and also whether it clearly negates any premeditation or purpose to
manufacture testimony.”

In this case, SPO2 Borre’s statements refer to a startling occurrence, i.e., him being shot by Palanas and his
companion. While on his way to the hospital, SPO2 Borre had no time to contrive the identification of his assailants.
Hence, his utterance was made in spontaneity and only in reaction to the startling occurrence. Definitely, such
statement is relevant because it identified Palanas as one of the authors of the crime. Therefore, the killing of SPO2
Borre, perpetrated by Palanas, is adequately proven by the prosecution.