A tennis court is the venue where the sport of tennis is played.

It is a firm rectangular surface with a

low net stretched across the centre. The same surface can be used to play both doubles and
singles matches. A variety of surfaces can be used to create a tennis court, each with its own
characteristics which affect the playing style of the game.
Surfaces-: Tennis is played on a variety of surfaces and each surface has its own characteristics
which affect the playing style of the game. There are four main types of courts depending on the
materials used for the court surface: clay courts, hard courts, grass courts and carpet courts.
The International Tennis Federation (ITF) lists different surfaces and properties and classifies
surfaces into one of five pace settings:

 Category 1 (slow)
 Category 2 (medium-slow)
 Category 3 (medium)
 Category 4 (medium-fast)
 Category 5 (fast)
Of the current four Grand Slam tournaments, the Australian and US Open use hard courts, French
Open is played on clay, and Wimbledon, the only Grand Slam to have always been played on the
same surface, is played on grass. The Australian Open switched from grass to hard courts in 1988
and in its early years the French championship alternated between clay and sand/rubble courts.
The US Open is the only major to have been played on three surfaces; it was played on grass from
its inception until 1974, clay from 1975 until 1977 and hard courts since it moved from the West
Side Tennis Club to the National Tennis Center in 1978.
ITF uses the following classification for tennis court surface types:

Surfac
Type Description
e code

A Acrylic Textured, pigmented, resin-bound coating

B Artificial clay Synthetic surface with the appearance of clay

Artificial
C Synthetic surface with the appearance of natural grass
grass

D Asphalt Bitumen-bound aggregate

Textile or polymeric material supplied in rolls or sheets of

E Carpet
finished product

F Clay Unbound mineral aggregate

Surfac
Type Description
e code

G Concrete Cement-bound aggregate

H Grass Natural grass grown from seed

J Other E.g. modular systems (tiles), wood, canvas

Clay courts-: The   is played on clay courts. Clay courts are made of crushed shale,
stone or brick. The French Open is the only Grand Slam tournament to use clay courts.
Clay courts slow down the ball and produce a high bounce in comparison to grass or
hard courts. For this reason, the clay court takes away many of the advantages of big
serves, which makes it hard for serve-based players to dominate on the surface. Clay
courts are cheaper to construct than other types of tennis courts, but clay surface costs
more to maintain. Clay courts need to be rolled to preserve flatness. The clay's water
content must be balanced; green clay courts generally require the courts to be sloped to
allow water run-off.
Clay courts are more common in Europe and Latin America than in North America, and
tend to heavily favour baseline players.
Historically for the Grand Slams clay courts have been used at the French Open since
1891 and the US Open from 1975 to 1977.
Grass courts-: Grass court maintenance at Wimbledon.
Grass courts are the fastest type of courts in common use. [7] They consist of
grass grown on very hard-packed soil, which adds additional variables: bounces
depend on how healthy the grass is, how recently it has been mowed, and the
wear and tear of recent play. Points are usually very quick where fast, low
bounces keep rallies short, and the serve plays a more important role than on
other surfaces. Grass courts tend to favour serve-and-volley tennis players.
Grass courts were once among the most common tennis surfaces, but are now
rare due to high maintenance costs as they must be watered and mown often,
and take a longer time to dry after rain than hard courts.
Historically for the Grand Slams grass courts have been used at Wimbledon since
1877, the US Open from 1881 to 1974, and the Australian Open from 1905 to 1987.
Hard courts-: Rooftop tennis hard courts in Downtown Singapore Hard courts are
made of uniform rigid material, often covered with an acrylic surface layer[7] to offer
greater consistency of bounce than other outdoor surfaces.[8] Hard courts can vary in
speed, though they are faster than clay but not as fast as grass courts. The quantity of
sand added to the paint can greatly affect the rate at which the ball slows down.[9]
The US Open is played on DecoTurf while the Australian Open is played on Greenest,
both acrylic-topped hard court surfaces. Historically for the Grand Slams hard courts
have been used at the US Open since 1978 and the Australian Open since 1988.
Carpet courts-: Artificial turf tennis courts in Nicosia, Cyprus “Carpet" in tennis means
any removable court covering. Indoor arenas store rolls of rubber-backed court surfacing
and install it temporarily for tennis events, but they are not in use any more for
professional events. A short piled form of artificial turf in filled with sand is used for
some outdoor courts, particularly in Asia. Carpet is generally a fast surface, faster than
hard-court, with low bounce.
Notable tennis tournaments previously held on carpet courts were the WCT Finals, Paris
Masters, U.S. Pro Indoor and Kremlin Cup. Since 2009, their use has been discontinued
on the top tier of the ATP. ATP Challenger Tour tournaments such as the Trofeo Città di
Brescia still use carpet courts. The WTA Tour's last carpet court event, the International-
level Tourney de Québec, was discontinued after 2018.
Indoor courts-: Some tennis courts are indoors, which allows playing regardless of
weather conditions and is more comfortable for spectators.
Different court surfaces have been used indoors. Hard courts are most common indoors,
as they are the easiest to install and maintain. If the installation is permanent, they are
constructed on an asphalt or concrete base, as with outdoor courts. Temporary indoor
hard courts are typically constructed using wooden floor panels topped with acrylic
which are installed over the venue's standard floor. This is the system used for modern
indoor professional events such as the ATP Finals.
Clay courts can be installed indoors with subsurface watering systems to keep the clay
from drying out, and have been used for Davis Cup matches.
Carpet courts were once the most prominent of indoor surfaces, especially in temporary
venues, but have largely been replaced by removable hard courts. They were used on
both the ATP World Tour and World Championship Tennis circuits, though no events
currently use them.
Historically, other surfaces have been used indoors such as hardwood flooring at the
defunct World Covered Court Championships and London Indoor Professional
Championships.
The conclusion of the Wimbledon Championships, in 2012, was played on the lawn
of Centre Court under the closed roof and artificial lights; the Halle Open has also seen a
number of matches played on its grass court in the Gerry Weber Stadion with the roof
closed. These, however, are outdoor venues with retractable roofs.
Turf-: Grass is the normal surface of play, although artificial turf may sometimes be
used especially in locations where maintenance of grass may be difficult due to
inclement weather. This may include areas where it is very wet, causing the grass to
deteriorate rapidly; where it is very dry, causing the grass to die; and where the turf is
under heavy use. Artificial turf pitches are also increasingly common on
the Scandinavian Peninsula, due to the amount of snow during the winter months. The
strain put on grass pitches by the cold climate and subsequent snow clearing has
necessitated the installation of artificial turf in the stadia of many top-tier clubs in
Norway, Sweden and Finland. The latest artificial surfaces use rubber crumbs, as
opposed to the previous system of sand infill. Some leagues and football associations
have specifically prohibited artificial surfaces due to injury concerns and require teams'
home stadia to have grass pitches. All artificial turf must be green and also meet the
requirements specified in the FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf.
Football can also be played on a dirt field. In most parts of the world, dirt is only used for
casual recreational play
Astroturf-: is an American subsidiary that produces artificial turf for playing surfaces in
sports. The original Astroturf product was a short-pile synthetic turf. Since the early
2000s, Astroturf has marketed taller pile systems that use infill materials to better
replicate natural turf. The prime reason to incorporate Astroturf on game fields is to
avoid the cost of laying and maintaining natural turf and to maximize hours of usage. [ In
2016, Astroturf became a subsidiary of German-based Sport Group, a family of sports
surfacing companies, which itself is owned by the investment firm Equistone Partners
Europe.

History-: Astroturf installation at Boston College's Alumni StadiumThe original Astroturf brand product was
co-invented in 1965 by James M. Faria and Robert T. Wright. It was patented in 1965 and originally sold under
the name "ChemGrass." It was rebranded as Astroturf by a company employee named John A. Wortmann after
its first well-publicized use at the Houston Astrodome stadium in 1966. Donald L. Elbert patented two methods
to improve the product in 1971. Early iterations of the short-pile turf swept many major stadiums, but the
product did need improvement. Concerns over directionality and traction led Monsanto's R&D department to
implement a texturized nylon system. By imparting a crimped texture to the nylon after it was extruded, the
product became highly uniform.
In 1987, Monsanto consolidated its Astroturf management, marketing, and technical activities
in Dalton, Georgia, as AstroTurf Industries, Inc In 1988, Balsam AG purchased all the capital stock of AstroTurf
Industries, Inc In 1994, Southwest Recreational Industries, Inc. (SRI) acquired the Astroturf brand. In 1996, SRI
was acquired by American Sports Products Group Inc.
While Astroturf was the industry leader throughout the late 20th century, other companies
emerged in the early 2000s. Field Turf, Astroturf’s chief competitor since the early 2000s,
marketed a product of tall-pile polyethylene turf with infill, meant to mimic natural grass more than
the older products. This third-generation turf, as it became known, changed the landscape of the
marketplace. Although SRI successfully marketed Astrology, a third-generation turf product,
increased competition gave way to lawsuits. In 2000, SRI was awarded $1.5 million in a lawsuit
after Field Turf was deemed to have lied to the public by making false statements regarding its
own product and making false claims about Astroturf and Astrology products. UFCU Disch–Falk
Field in Texas, utilizing an older-style Astroturf surface that has since been replaced
despite their legal victory, increased competition took its toll. In 2004, SRI declared bankruptcy.
[9]
 Out of the bankruptcy proceedings, Textile Management Associates, Inc. (TMA) of Dalton,
Georgia, acquired the Astroturf brand and other assets. TMA began marketing the AstroTurf brand
under the company Astroturf, LLC. In 2006, General Sports Venue (GSV) became TMA's marketing
partner for the Astroturf brand for the American market. Astroturf, LLC handled the marketing of
Astroturf in the rest of the world. In 2009, TMA acquired GSV to enter the marketplace as a direct
seller. Astroturf, LLC focused its efforts on research and development, which has promoted rapid
growth. Astroturf introduced new product features and installation methods, including AstroFlect
(a heat-reduction technology)[11] and field prefabrication (indoor, climate-controlled
inlaying). AstroTurf also introduced a product called "Root Zone" consisting of crimped fibers
designed to encapsulate infill. This product has been adopted by many professional organizations
and colleges in the United States. In 2016, Sport
Group Holding announced that it would purchase Astroturf, along with its associated
manufacturing facilities. The Astroturf brand now operates in North America as Astroturf
Corporation 1964The Moses
Brown School in Providence, Rhode Island, installs ChemGrass. 1966First
major installation of Astroturf (ChemGrass) at the Houston Astrodome indoor stadium for
the Houston Astros. The infield portion was in place before opening day in April; the outfield was
installed in early summer.
1967AstroTurf is first installed in an outdoor stadium—Memorial Stadium at Indiana State
University in Terre Haute.
1968AstroTurf manufacturing facility opens in Dalton, Georgia.