International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701

__________________________________________ReviewArticle

Natural antiulcer agents: A Pharmacological Review

Ateeq Ahmad*, Vinay Kumarand Santosh Kumar Maurya

Faculty of Ayurveda, I.M.S.Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Herbal drugs are traditional method of treating the disease in the worldwide, the plant having ability to treat
the disease is known as medicinal plants. Several type of medicinal plants are existing in the nature and
effective in different type of disease. Peptic ulcers are a broad term that includes ulcers of digestive tract in the
stomach or the duodenum. The formation of peptic ulcers depends on the presence of acid and peptic activity
in gastric juice plus a breakdown in mucosal defenses. There are two major factors that can disrupt the
mucosal resistance to injury: non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) example, aspirin and Helicobacter
pylori infection. Numerous natural products have been evaluated as therapeutics for the treatment of a
variety of diseases, including peptic ulcer. This article reviews the antiacid/anti-peptic, gastroprotective and/or
antiulcer properties of the most commonly employed herbal medicines. This article will be concerned only the
pharmacology of that plant which shows the antiulcer and gastro-protective effects.

Keywords: Antiulcer, Pharmacology, Natural products.

INTRODUCTION in natural products (plants), such as

Plants have been a valuable source of new
molecules and considered as analternative strategy
in search for new drugs. There is a rich abundance
of plantsused in traditional medicine known to
possess antiulcer properties that may, after possible
chemical manipulation, provide new and improved
antiulcer drugs (Zakaria et al., 2011).Peptic ulcer
disease (PUD), which includes gastric and
duodenal ulcers, is the most prevalent
gastrointestinal disorder and requires a well-
targeted therapeutic strategy. The pathophysiology
of PUD involves an imbalance between offensive
(acid,pepsin, and Helcobacter pylori) and defensive
factors (mucin), prostaglandin,bicarbonate, nitric
oxide, and growth factors). The most common sites
for ulcers are the stomach and the first few
centimeters of the duodenum. Acute peptic ulcers
involvetissues down to the depth of the submucosa,
and the lesions may be single or multiple. Reasons
for the development of ulcers include severe
illness, shock, burns, severe emotional disturbance,
and postsurgical complications. Chronic peptic
ulcers penetrate through the epithelial and muscle
layers of the stomach wall.Complications of peptic
ulcers include hemorrhage, perforation, pyloric
stenosis, and the development of malignant tumors.
Poor digestion and elimination, improper
metabolism, mental and physical stress, and
difficult to digest food enhance the development of
ulcers. A number of drugs are available for the
treatment of peptic ulcers, but clinical evaluation of
these drugs indicates high incidences of relapse,
side effects, and drug interactions. These negative
effects are the rationale for the development of new
antiulcer drugs and the search for novel molecules
Ocimumsanctum,Azadirachtaindica, Asparagus
racemosus,
Musa sapientum, Centellaasiatica,
Bacopamonnieri, andBidenspilosa, that offer could
better protection and decreased relapse( Vasudeva
et al., 2012). In Ayurveda ancient system of Indian
medicine, gastric disorder are classified as sula,
parinamsula and amlapitta which corresponds to
clinical condition of peptic ulcers and functional
dyspepsia (P.V. Sharma 1994). In current
medicine, ulcer therapy mainly includes H2recepter
antagonist, proton pump inhibitors or
cytoprotective agents such as sucralfate. Oxygen
derived free radical have been implicated in the
pathogenesis of a wide variety of clinical disorders
and gastric damage(Saha and Goswami, 2010).The
first drug effective against gastric ulcer was
carbenoxolone, discoveredas a result of research on
a commonly used indigenous plant,
Glycyrrhizaglabra(Leguminosceae) (Brown et al.,
1959). The plant drugs which posses the active
principles such as flavonoid, tannins, terpenoids,
shows the antiulcer activity (Gadekar et al.,
2010).Different classes of drugs are used in the
treatment of peptic ulcer but most of these drugs
exhibits serious side effects like arrhythmias,
gynaecomastia, impotence, arthralgia,
hypergastrinemia and haemopoeitic changes.
Alternative approach in recent days is the research
of medicaments from ayurvedic or traditional
medicinal system. The use of phytoconstituents as
drug therapy to treat major ailments has proved to
be clinically effective and less relatively toxic than
the existing drugs and also reduces the offensive
factors serving as atool in the prevention of peptic

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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
ulcer. In this modern era also 75-80% of the
worldpopulations still use herbal medicine mainly
in developing countries, for primary health care
because of better cultural acceptability, better
compatibility with the human body and lesser side
effects. The chemical constituents present in the
herbal medicine or plant are a part of the
physiological functions of living flora and hence
they are believed to have better compatibility with
human body . This paperoutlines the properties of
some medicinal plants that exhibit antiulcer activity
upto date.
Pharmacologically tested Antiulcer plant drugs
Emblicaofficinalis (Euphorbiaceae)
The methanolic extract of Emblicaofficinliswas
administered in the doses of 20-50 mg/kg daily for
5 days against gastric ulcers induced by ethanol
(EtOH), aspirin (ASA), cold restraint stress (CRS)
and pyloric ligation (PL). It showed dose-
dependent ulcer protective effect, which signified
the antiulcer activity of the plant (Goel et al.,
2002).
Asparagus racemosus (Liliaceae)
Methanolic extract of fresh roots of A.
racemosuswas administered in the dose of 25–100
mg/kg, orally, twice daily for 5 days showed dose-
dependentprotective effect against gastric ulcers
induced by coldrestraint stress, pyloric ligation and
aspirin plus pyloricligation duodenal ulcers induced
by cysteamine.The dose of 50 mg/kg is very
effective in treating ulcer. It showed the plant have
antiulcer potential.(Goel et al., 2003).
Bambusaarundinacea (Poaceae)
On aspirin-induced gastric ulcer, methanolic
extract of Bambusaarundinacea was given in the
doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg to the rat in which
ulcer induced by aspirin. It showed ulcer score ‘0’,
which was highly significant when compared to the
control animals.The gastric mucosa was normal
which was comparable to the standard
(Ranitiine).(Muniappan et al., 2003).
UrticadioicaL. (Urticaceae)
Water extract of nettle UrticadioicaL. was
administered in the dose of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg
orally, in the rats in which gastric mucosal lesions
induced by ethanol. Famotidine was given as
standard drug.Itresultsthe significant inhibition of
gastric ulcer in dose dependent manner.Preventive
effects of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg water extract of
nettle were in a dose-dependent manner,
percentinhibitionswere 67.7, 61.1 and 77.8,
respectively, compared to control.(Kufrevioglu et
al., 2004).
Utleriasalicifolia(Asclepiadaceae)
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Ethanolicextract(50%) of Utleriasalicifoliawas
administered orally in the dose of 50-200 mg/kg,
twice daily for 5 days in different acute and chronic
gastric ulcer models in rats. It showed dose
dependent ulcer protective effect in pylorus ligation
(14.48–51.03%), aspirin (28.80–56.52%),ethanol
(13.22–60.74%), cold-restraint stress (21.22–
77.14%), and acetic acid (20.0–84.37)-induced
acute and chronic ulcers. Ranitidine was given as
standard drug, which signified the antiulcer activity
of the plant.(Rao et al., 2004).
Elettariacardamomum(Zingiberaceae)
A crude methanolic extract, essential oil, petroleum
ether soluble and insoluble fractions of methanolic
extract, were studied in rats at doses of 100–500,
12.5–50, 12.5–150 and 450 mg/kg, respectively for
their abilityto inhibit the gastric lesions induced by
aspirin, ethanol and pylorus ligature.Methanolic
extract proved to be active reducing lesions by
about 70% in the ethyl alcohol-induced ulcer model
at 500 mg/kg. The petroleum ether soluble fraction
reduced the lesions by 50% at 50 and 100 mg/kg
(no dose response was observed) with similar effect
than the petroleum ether insoluble fraction at 450
mg/kg.(Jafri et al., 2004).
Bauhinia purpurea(Fabaceae)
The Bauhinia purpureaaqueous extract was
administered in the dose of 100, 500, 1000 mg/kg
orally. Antiulcer activity of Bauhinia purpurea
aqueous extract was evaluated by absolute ethanol-
and indomethacine-induced gastric ulcer, and
pyloric ligation models. Standard drug was given
as omeprazole. Bauhiniapurpurea aqueous extract,
at the dose of 5000 mg/kg, did not cause any signs
of toxicity to rats when given orally. Oral
administration of Bauhinia purpureaaqueous
extract exhibited antiulcer activity (p < 0.05) in all
models used. However, the dose dependent activity
was observed only in the absolute ethanol-induced
gastric ulcer model.(Zakaria et al., 2011).
Zingibermontanum (Zingiberaceae)
Methanolic extract of Zingibermontanum was
administered in the doses of 200, 400 mg/kg orally,
in mice in which gastric lesion induced by 1 N
HCl, 95% ethanol and indomethacine. It results the
methanolic extract of Zingibermontanum showed
61.97% and 83.10% inhibition of the 1 N
HClinduced gastric lesions at doses of200 mg/kg
and 400 mg/kg, respectively, in mice.(Hossain et
al., 2012).
Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil) (Labiateae)
The fixed oil of Ocimumsanctumwas administered
in the doses of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 ml/kg
intraperitoneally, in the animal in which ulcers is
induced by different model like aspirin,
indomethacin, alcohol, histamine, reserpine,
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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
serotonin and stress-induced ulceration. Fixed oil
reduces the ulcer index in a dose dependent
manner, both in aspirin-induced (500 mg/kg, p.o.)
and in indomethacin- induced (20 mg/kg, p.o.)
gastric lesions in rats. The fixed oil offered
significant dose dependent protection against 50%
ethanol-induced (5 ml/kg, p.o.) gastric ulceration in
rats (at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 ml/kg, i.p.) as well as in
histamine-induced (50 mg base, i.p.) gastric ulcer
in guinea pigs at (3.0 ml/kg, p.o). (Majumdar et al.,
1999).
Microgrammasquamulosa(Polypodiaceae)
Crude extract of M. squamulosaandits ethanol and
ethanol water (1:1) fractions,wasadministered at
the doses level of 400 mg/kg, 29.9 mg/kg, 32.0
mg/kg (oral) respectively, in the rats in which
ulcers is induced by 30% acetic acid. Its
significantly reduces the ulcer index in dose
dependent manner, which showed the antiulcer
activity of the plant.(Suffredini et al., 1999).
FicusreligiosaL. (Moraceae)
The hydroalcoholic extract leaves of Ficusreligiosa
were studied at two dose levels (250 mg/kg and
500 mg/ kg, oral) in rats against absolute ethanol
(0.2 ml, oral), aspirin (200 mg/kg) and pyloric
ligation induced gastric ulcer. Ranitidine (50
mg/kg, oral), was used as standard drug.
Administration ofFicusreligiosa extracts to rats
significantly decreases the ulcer index value when
compared with controlled treated group.(Saha et
al., 2010).
Aervapersica Merrill (Amaranthaceae)
The ethanol extract of root of A. persica was
administered at the dose of 200 mg/kg orally, p.o
for 15 consecutive days. Ulcer was induced by
ethanol and pylorus ligation. The ulcer index of the
ethanol extract was found to be significantly
reduced compared with control animals. The effect
was also assessed by determining the free acidity,
pepsin activity, total carbohydrate (TC), and
protein content (PK) in control, standard, and test
group animals.(Vasudeva et al., 2012).
ToonaciliataRoemer (Meliaceae)
The ethanol extract of ToonaciliataRoemer (heart
wood) was evaluated for its anti-ulcer activity
against aspirin plus pylorous ligation induced
gastric ulcer (antisecretory), HCl–ethanol induced
ulcer (cytoprotective) and water immersion stress
induced ulcer in rats. We found that
Toonaciliataextract at a dose of 300 mg/kg p.o.
markedly decrease the incidence of ulcers in all the
three models. Ethanol extract of
Toonaciliatashowed significant reduction in gastric
volume, free acidity, total acidity and ulcer index.
The plant extract also showed gastro protective
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activity (52.94%), whereas standard drug sucralfate
showed 94.85%.(Malairajan et al., 2007).
Excoecariaagallocha(Euophorbiaceae)
The lyophilized extract was given by oral gavages
(125 and 62.5mg/kg) three times at 12 h intervals
before administering dicolofenac 100mg/kg in a
model of NSAIDS induced rats. Pretreatment with
the extract resulted in a significant decreased of the
ulcerated area. The volume and acidity of the
gastric juice decreased in the pretreated rats, which
signified the antiulcer potential of plant.
(Thirunavukkarasu et al., 2009).
Abutilon indicumLinn. (Malvaceae)
Methanolic extracts of Abutilon indicum is to be
administered at the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg in
the pylorus ligated and ethanol induced ulcerated
rats. Pretreatment of methanol extract of A.
indicumleaves showed significant (P<0.05)
decrease in the gastric volume, total acidity and
free acidity. However, pH of the gastric juice was
significantly (P<0.05) increased only at higher
dose, 500 mg/kg. It showed also significant
(P<0.05) decrease in number of ulcers and ulcer
score index in pylorus ligation and ethanol induced
ulceration models.(Dashputre and Naikwade,
2011).
Heliotrpiumindicum(Boraginaceae)
The ethanolic leaves extracts of
Heliotrpiumindicum is to be administered at the
dose of 500mg/kg and ulcers is induced by Aspirin
plus pylorus ligation method its results the
significant reduction in gastric volume, free acidity
and ulcer score.(Shenoy and Shastry, 2011).
Nigella sativaLinn.(Ranunculaceae)
The effect of alcoholic extract (Dose 150 mg/kg) of
Nigella sativawas investigated in rats to evaluate
the anti-ulcer activity by using two models, i.e.
pyloric ligation and aspirin induced gastric ulcer.
The parameters taken to assess anti-ulcer activity
were volume of gastric secretion, free acidity, total
acidity and ulcer index. The results indicate that the
alcoholic extract significantly (P < 0.001)
decreases the volume of gastric acid secretion, free
acidity, total acidity and ulcer index with respect to
control.(Rajkapoor et al., 2002).
Centellaasiatica(Apiaceae)
Leaf extracts of Centellaasiatica was administered
in the dose of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, against the
ethanol induced gastric mucosal injury in rats it
shows gastric mucosal protection, reduction or
absence of edema and leucocytes infiltration of
submucosal layer, which signified the antiulcer
property of Centellaasiatica. (Al- Bayati et al.,
2010).
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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
BuchananialanzanSpreng.(Anacardiaceae)
The effect of ethanolic extracts (Dose 200, 400
mg/kg) of Buchananialanzanwas investigated in
rats to evaluate the anti-ulcer activity by using two
models, ethanol induced ulcer in mice and pylorus
ligation induced ulcer in rats. Ethanolic extracts
showed a dose-dependent protection against gross
damaging action of ethanol and Pylorus ligation on
gastric mucosa of animals. The treatment with
Ethanol extracts shown significant protection of
ulcer index in both the models as well as also
inhibited the pylorus ligation-accumulated gastric
secretion. (Pareta et al ., 2010).
Aeglemarmelos Linn. (Rutaceae)
Ulcers is induced by aspirin plus pylorus ligated
gastric ulceration in rats andaqueous extract of
leaves is to be administered orally for 21 days,
daily dose of 1 gm/kg body weight. The result
indicated a significant reduction in the ulcer lesion
count, volume of gastric juice and acidity and
increase in pH and hexosamine after treatment with
extract. However the pepsin and hexose content not
significantly altered.(Ilavarasan. R et al., 2002)
Tephrosiapurpurea(Fabaceae)
Ulcer was induced by oral administration of
ethanol or 0.6 M HCL or indomethacine or by
pyloric ligation . Aqueous extract of
Tephrosiapurpurea was administered in the dose of
1 to 20 mg/kg orally 30 minute prior to ulcer
induction. Omeprazole was used as reference drug.
Its results ulcer index in the treated animal was find
to be significantly less in all models compared to
vehicle control models, which signified the
antiulcer activity of the plant.(Deshpande et al.,
2003).
Terminaliachebula(Combretaceae)
Methanolic extract of Terminaliachebula was
administered in the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg
orally. Gastric lession was induced by pylorus
ligation induced ulcer and ethanol induced gastric
ulcer. Omeprazole was taken as reference drug.
The extract showed significant reduction in gastric
volume, free acidity, and ulcer index as compare to
control. (Raju. D et al., 2009)
Rhizophora mangle L. (Rhizophoraceae)
Freeze- dried aqueous extract of Rhizophora
mangle Lin. was administered in the dose of 500
mg/kg body weight orally. Gastric ulceration was
induced by ethanol hydrochloric acid and
cimetidine was taken as reference drug. It gives
significant result on dose dependent
manner.(Perera et al., 2001).
SolanumpaniculatumL.(Solanaceae)
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The aqueous extract of Solanumpaniculatum which
is obtained from root, stem and flower inhibited the
gastric acid secretion in pylorus ligated mice with
ED50values of 418, 777, and 820 mg/kg body
weight respectively. The extract of leaves did not
affect gastric secretion whereas fruit extract
stimulated gastric acid secretion, which signified
the antiulcer activity of plant.(Mesia- Vela et
al.,2002).
Sapindussaponaria L.(Sapindaceae)
Extracts of leaves and fruits of Sapindussaponaria
L. was orally administered to rats for 30 days and
the parameters of gastric secretion(volume, pH and
acidity) were evaluated after pylorus ligature.
Lesions induced by stress and standard drug was
given as cimetidine. It showed the significant
reduction of the lesions index. These results
suggest that S. saponaria fruits have an antigastric
ulcer potential.(Albiero et al., 2002).
Piper aleyreanum(Piperaceae)
Essential oils from the aerial parts of the Piper
aleyreanum was given in the dose of 1-30 mg/kg
p.o. to thr rat in which ulcer induced by ethanol
induced gastric lesions. Essential oils protected the
rats against ethanol induced gastric lesions and
increased the mucus level in gastric mucosa, which
showed plant have the antiulcer potentials.(Santos
et al., 2012).
Scopariadulcis(Scrophulariaceae)
Oral treatment with the water extracts of
Scopariadulcis whole aerial parts, at doses of 50,
100 and 200 mg/kg, dose dependently inhibited the
indomethacin-induced gastric damages in rats,
which signified the antiulcer activity of plant.
(Babincova et al.,2008).
Qualeagrandiflora(Vochysiaceae)
The hydroalcoholic extract of bark of
Qualeagrandiflorawas investigated for their ability
to prevent and heal lesions in the gastric
mucosa.Theoral administration of hydroalcoholic
extract (at the doses of 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg body
weight)exhibited antiulcer activity decreasing the
ulcerative index induced by HCl/ethanol solution,
indomethacin/bethanecholand stress.(Hiruma-
Lima et al., 2006).
Mangiferaindica(Anacardiaceae)
Mangiferaindicaflowersdecoction was
administeredat the doses of 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg
orally, in rats with gastric lesions induced by
ethanol, decrease the gastric lesions in dose
dependent manner. Pretreatment with aqueous
decoction at the doses of (250, 500 and 1000
mg/kg) to mice with HCl/ethanol- or stress induced
gastric lesions resulted in a dose-dependent
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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
significant decrease of lesion index. (Hiruma- Lima
et al., 2006).
Pithecellobiumdulce(Fabaceae)
Gastric ulcer was induced by administering alcohol
(or) acetylsalicylic acid (or) hypothermic restraint
stress to rats pretreated with hydroacoholic fruit
extract of Pithecellobiumdulce at the dose of 200
mg/kg body wt for 30 day. Ulcer score was
significantly minimized in hydroacoholic fruit
extract administered animals. pH and acidity of
gastric fluid were significantly minimized and the
mucin, PGE2levels were significantly maintained in
drug pre administered animals.(Megala and Geetha
et al., 2012).
Lafoensiapacari(Lytraceae)
Methanol extract of stem bark of Lafoensiapacari
was administered in different doses in rats in which
ulcer s were induced by ethanol, indomethacin,
cold-restraint stress-induced (acute) and acetic acid
(chronic) models. The results of the
pharmacological studies on methanol extract of
stem bark of Lafoensiapacari demonstrated potent
and effective gastroprotection against ethanol,
indomethacin and cold stress-induced acute ulcers
and ulcer healing in acetic acid induced chronic
ulcer.(Martins et al., 2012).
Teucriumbuxifolium(Lamiaceae)
The Teucriumbuxifolium extracts were
administered at the dose of 12.5 gm/kg body
weight in the rats in which ulcers were induced by
indomethacin. It shows that the organic extract and
infusion of Teucriumbuxifolium prevented
ulcerogenesis induced by indomethacin. The
hexane extract exerted a potent inhibitory effect on
the formation of gastric lesions.( Fresno et al.,
1997).
Bidenspilosa(Compositeae)
Ethanolicextract of B. pilosa were administered at
the doses of 0.5 and 2 g/kg in the rats in which
ulcers were induced by indomethacine. It shows
that B. pilosa extract significantly protect the
gastric mucosa. Ranitidine were taken as standard
drug.(Montero et al., 1999).
Albizzialebbeck(Mimoceae)
Ethanolic extract of Albizzialebbeckwas
administered at the different doses in the rats in
which ulcers induced by pylorus ligation, ethanol
andindomethacine. Extract shows the significant
reduction in ulcer in dose dependent manners. It
signify the antiulcer activity of plant.(Lawande et
al., 2012).
Andrographispaniculata(Acanthacea)
Hydroalcoholic extract of the
Andrographispaniculata was administered in the
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different doses in the rats and ulcer was induced by
cysteamine (CYSinduced duodenal ulcer ). Extract
shows the significant reduction in ulcer in dose
dependent manners. (( Lawande et al., 2012),
(Gupta et al., 2011).
AllophylusserratusKurz (Sapindaceae)
Ethanolic extract of the plant was administered in
the different doses in the rats in which ulcer was
induced by pylorus ligation it results the reduction
in the ulcer by decreasing acid secretion and peptic
activity and increasingthe mucus
secretion.(Dharmani et al., 2006).
Picralimanitida (Apocyanaceae)
Oral administration of methanol extract,
chloroform fraction and methanol fraction at 100
mg/kg reduced the gasric ulcer by 56.4%, 40%, and
56.3 %, respectively; and the fraction of extract
significantlyreduced gastric emptying time when
compared to the control. Ulcer was induced
aspirin- pylorus ligation method and cimetidine
was taken as standard drug (Ogochukwu et al.,
2011).
Kielmeyeracoriacea (Guttiferae)
Hydromethanolic extract of the plant was
administered at the doses of 30, 60, and 102 mg/kg
in the rat in which ulcer was induced by ethanol-
acid induced ulcer, acute stress- induced ulcer and
indomethacine- induced ulcer. It showed the
reduction in ulcer index in dose dependent manners
(Audi et al., 2005).
DISCUSSION
Oldest medicinal systems in the world provides
leads to find therapeutically useful compounds
from plants. Therefore, ethno medicinal knowledge
supported by modern science is necessary to
isolate, characterise, and standardize the active
constituents from herbal source. This combination
of traditional and modern knowledge can produce
better antiulcer drugs with fewer side effects. Herbs
are widely available in different countries. The
present folklore review has to focus on the certain
herbs, which are traditionally mentioned as a
antiulcer in a folk literature of
MateriaMedica and are to be investigated for their
antiulcer activity.Research on natural products
often is guided by ethnomedicinal knowledge, and
has brought substantial contributions to drug
innovation by providing novel chemical structures
and/or mechanisms of action . Large number of
herbal extracts are used in folk medicine to treat
various types of disorders.This review has wide
scope for researcher to compile literature data of
antiulcer drug and intense study on evaluated use
of certain herbs for their better acceptability in
therapeutics. Hence the review study is concluded
that the herbal drug possesses antiulcer activity and
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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701

it has been proved by different animal models give 14. Goel RK, Sairam K, Rao CV, Babu MD,
many links to develop the future trials. Kumar KV, Agrawal VK. Antiulcerogenic
effect of methanolic extract of
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