IEEE INDICON 2015 1570169107

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Hybrid PV/Wind Energy System with a Centralized
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DC bus Architecture and Power Regulation
7  
8   Lopsang Sherpa Vinatha Urundady U Binod Rai
9   Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Dept. of Electrical & Electronic
10   Engineering NERIST, Nirjuli-791109, Itanagar,
Engineering
11   NITK Surathkal, Karnataka (India) Arunachal Pradesh (India)
NITK Surathkal, Karnataka (India)
12   lopsangnitk@gmail.com u_vinatha@yahoo.co.in binod321@gmail.com
13  
14   Abstract—This paper presents a model of hybrid energy approaches like a Centralized AC bus architecture,
15   system (HES) consisting of wind energy system (WES) and Distributed AC bus architecture and Centralized DC bus
16   solar photovoltaic (PV) solar system connected with the grid architecture are considered for HES. In the centralized AC
17   and its performance is examined under load variation and bus architecture the power of HES is connected to grid
18   systems input parameters. A centralized DC bus Architecture
through a single point. The sources are distributed in
19   power generation is used for the proposed HES that includes a
Shockley diode equation PV array and wind turbine driven by different geographical locations as appropriate and each
20   source is connected to the grid separately in distributed AC
a PMSG, along with a separate DC-DC converters, a three-
21   phase diode rectifier bridge, a dc bus and voltage source bus architecture [3]. In distributed AC bus architecture the
22   inverter (VSI) with a current regulated PWM. For a proper sources doesn’t have to be installed in nearby distance and
23   interfacing with the grid a suitable power conditioning system connecting to one main bus bar is not done. Whereas, in
24   has to be implemented. The utility grid generally requires the centralized DC bus architecture a main centralized DC bus
25   generation of high quality electric power. A three-phase DC- bar is used, in which AC grid is connected through a main
26   AC voltage source inverter (VSI) using IGBTs is employed in inverter that is being feed from the main DC bus. The
27   interfacing with the grid through sinusoidal pulse width
DC/DC converters is individually installed in both PV array
modulation (PWM) techniques. The main objective in this
28   and WES, before connecting with the main DC bus bar, with
paper is the analysis of HES interfaced with grid and with PQ
29   control technique of VSI output and filtering out the high such architecture the state values gets decoupled not only
30   frequency harmonics produced at inverter terminal using LC among the sources but with the grid as well [3]. A strategy
31   filter. The performances of proposed HES are examined to control the inverter connected between the grid and with
32   under dynamic conditions such as changes in input HES is developed in this paper. Fundamentally, an inverter
33   parameters and changes in load. The applicability of these can be operated in kinds of control strategy: when it is
34   HES is completely modeled and analyzed in operated to meet a given set point of real and reactive
MATLAB/Simulink environment and output results obtained power, active and reactive power control scheme (PQ
35  
are examined to be of satisfactory.
36   control) is preferred. If the inverter is operated to meet the
37   Keywords—PV array, WES, hybrid energy system, PWM, load with fixed values of voltage and frequency the control
38   inverter control strategy, IGBTs, PI controller and DC –DC of active power and voltage (PV control) scheme is adopted
39   boost converter. [4] [5].
40   In this paper, analysis of a centralized DC bus hybrid
41   I. INTRODUCTION model, PV solar array and a wind energy system (WES)
42   driven by PMSG, that is connected with grid based on the
The renewable energy sources (RES) are projected as
43   potentially a new source of energy in today’s power deficit essential power conditioning system. A PQ control scheme
44   world. With their eco-friendly nature of they have is adopted to control the VSI and performance of the
45   contributed a lot to its popularity. Various forms of propose hybrid model has been evaluated with variation of
46   renewable energy sources are available in nature amongst load and input sources parameters. The simulations of HES
47   different sources solar, wind and hydro are widely are carried out and the results are discussed in detail.
48   considered as better alternative resources inexhaustible and
49   II. MODELING OF WIND ENERGY SYSTEM
pollution free [1]. However, they have their dependability
50   on natural phenomena have resulted into complications like The wind turbine generator consists either of induction
51   their fluctuation in generation. One solution to mitigate such generator or the permanent magnet synchronous generator
52   problems was a concept of hybrid energy systems (HES) (PMSG). The kinetic energy of wind is converted into a
53   with different sources and a good control system. Since then usable mechanical energy by wind turbine (WT). Modeling
54   HES has been a major attention for the researchers of WT for evaluating the torque and power production by
55   worldwide and it proved to be techno economically better wind turbine, for a given wind speed and the effect of wind
56   than just single systems as it returns the lowest unit cost speed variations are seen in [2][7][11][12]. Owing to
57   values and has a higher system performance [2]. Different advantages like absence of slip rings, excitation system,
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978-1-4673-6540-6/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE

1
good efficiency and the capability to operate in a relatively ⎡ ⎛ qV ⎞ ⎤
Id = I − I o , cell ⎢ exp ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥ (2.0)
large variation of speeds PMSG has been used as a pv , cell
⎣ ⎝ aKT ⎠ ⎦
generator in our model. The aerodynamic power of the wind
energy can be estimated using following equation [6].
ρA (1.0)
Pm = C p (λ , β ) V 3
wind
2
Where, C p is the power coefficient and that
characterizes the energy extracting capability of the WT and
C q is the torque coefficient which shows relationship
with C p according as [6][7]:

C
C q =
p
(1.1)
λ
The torque T and power Pm generated from the WT
within the interval [ Vmin , Vmax ], where Vmin is minimum Fig. 1: PV solar-cell Equivalent circuit.
wind speed and Vmax is maximum wind speed, are functions where I pv ,cell is the current produced by the incident light (
of the WT blade parameters and coefficients C q and C p [8]. directly proportional to sun irradiation), I d is the Shockley
diode equation, I o ,cell is the reverse saturation or leakage
Tw =
Pm
=
1
ρπ R 2 C p
3
( λ , β )V wind (1.2)
ω 2 current of the diode, q is the electron charge (1.60217646
Rω
λ = (2.3) × 10−19 C), k is the Boltzmann constant (1.3806503 ×
V wind 10−23 J/K), T is the temperature of the p–n junction, and
where, ρ = Air density, Vwind = Wind speed, A = Turbine a is the diode idealist constant. Practical PV arrays include
several connected PV cells and the equation that evaluates
swept area, 1 ρ AV 3 = Kinetic energy, = λ Tip speed
wind
2 the I-V characteristics at the terminals requires the
ratio, R = Radius of turbine blades Pm = Mechanical output inclusion of additional parameters to the basic equation
(2.0) and can be equated as [9]:
power, Tw = Torque of wind turbine, ω = Angular ⎡ ⎛V + RsI ⎞ ⎤
⎜ ⎟
V + RI (2.1)
frequency of rotational turbine, β = Blade pitch angle. The I d = I pv , − I o ⎢ exp ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥ −
⎣⎢ ⎝ Vta ⎠ ⎥⎦ R p
performance coefficient C p (λ , β ) , that depends on tip where I pv = I pv ,cell N pp and I o = I o ,cell N pp are the
speed ratio λ and blade pitch angle, which calculates the photovoltaic (PV) and saturation currents, respectively and
kinetic energy captured by the wind turbine. A nonlinear N s KT is the thermal voltage of the array with N
V = s
model of WT describes C p (λ , β ) as: t
q
cells connected in series. R s and R p is the equivalent series
C2 (1.3)
C p (λ , β ) = C 1 ( − C 3 β + C 4 ) e λ−iC 5 + C 6
λi resistance of the array and can be equated as ⎛⎜ N ss ⎞⎟ R
⎜N ⎟ s
Where, C1 = 0.5176, C2 = 116, C3 = 0.4, C4 = 5, C5 = 21 and C6 = 0.0068 ⎝ pp ⎠
1
=
1
−
0 . 035 (1.4) and ⎛⎜ N ss ⎞⎟ R . I–V characteristic of the PV device
λi λ + 0 . 08 β β3 +1 ⎜N ⎟ p
⎝ pp ⎠
The equation above indicates that WT power coefficient C p , depends on the internal characteristics of the device
( R s , R p ) and on external parameters such as irradiance and
rely on the tip speed ratio λ and the blade pitch angle β .
temperature.
III. MODELING OF PV SOLAR SYSTEM
Whenever a photovoltaic cell is exposed to the sun, The assumption I sc ≈ I pv is generally considered in
since it is a semiconductor material, it absorbs solar energy photovoltaic models as the current from the photovoltaic
and converts it into electrical power. Fig. 1 illustrates the cell shows a linearly dependent on the solar irradiation and
basic PV cell equivalent circuit diagram with R s as the also the temperature has effect of PV cells characteristic as
equivalent series resistance and R p is the equivalent parallel represented by the following equation.
⎛ G ⎞ (2.2)
resistance of the PV array. The fundamental equation which I pv= ⎜I ⎜ + K ΔT pv , n
⎟ I ⎟
⎝ G ⎠
determines the I-V characteristics of an ideal PV cell is n

formulated as [8] [9]. where, I pv , n is the light generated current at the nominal
condition, ΔT = T − Tn , in which T and Tn are the actual

2
and nominal temperatures, G (in W/m²) is the irradiance on proposed HES inverter is controlled using the simple PQ
the device surface and G n is the nominal irradiance [8]. The control strategy and a common dc link capacitor is used.
diode saturation current I o and its temperature dependence The inverter regulates the DC link voltage and injected
active power by d-axis current and regulates the injected
relation are as follows: reactive power by q-axis current [13].
3
⎛T ⎞ ⎡ qE g
⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ (2.3) The DC/DC converters has significant role in regulating
I o = I o , n ⎜ n ⎟ exp ⎢ ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎝ T ⎠ the unregulated DC output power which the Block diagram
⎣⎢ aK ⎝ Tn T ⎠ ⎦⎥
of DC/DC converter is shown in Fig.3. This converter
where, E g is the band gap energy of the semiconductor
generally has four main components: Inductor, Electronic
( E g ≈ 1.12eV for the polycrystalline Si at 250 C), and I o ,n is switch, Diode and output capacitor [5].
the nominal saturation current:
I sc , n (2.4)
I o,n =
⎛ V oc , n ⎞
exp ⎜ ⎟ −1
⎜ aV ⎟
⎝ t ,n ⎠
Eqn. (2.3) has been replaced to improve the model
description for photovoltaic model and be equated to:
I sc , n + K I Δ T (2.5)
Io =
⎛ (V + K vΔT ) ⎞⎟
exp ⎜⎜ oc , n ⎟ −1
⎝ aV t ⎠ Fig. 3: Block diagram of DC/DC converter.
The open circuit voltages of the PV model with the
The switching of IGBT is controlled by PI
experimental data for a very large range of temperatures is
controller. The PI controller is tuned to get regulated output
expressed by Eqn. (2.5).
from the boost converter output by using the PI output
response [10]
IV. CONFIGURATION OF PROPOSED HYBRID ENERGY
SYSTEM The equations used to derive the main components
The centralized DC bus approach is implemented parameters of DC-DC converter are as follows:
in this proposed hybrid energy system. The AC output V in V out2 D (1 − D ) 2 R
power produced by wind turbine driven by PMSG is first D =1− , R = , L =
rectified and then it is fed to boost converter. PV power is V out Pin 2 fs
directly fed to the boost converter. The block diagram of the V out D (3.0)
C ≥
proposed hybrid energy system is given in Fig. 2. Rf s Δ V out

where, D = Duty cycle, Vin = Input voltage, Vout = Output

voltage, R = Load resistance and f s = Switching frequency.

Fig. 2: Block diagram of the proposed hybrid energy
system.
1) POWER CONDITIONING SYSTEM
The HES requires an efficient Power conditioning
system for optimum operation of proposed system. The
difficulties that come into play are variation in the source
input parameters like irradiance, temperature of PV array
and wind speed variation etc. thereby causing a voltage
variation at output. Hence we connect power electronics
devices such as converters, inverters, filters etc. For the
A. Control of Inverter
A three phase six switches, pulse width modulation
(PWM) VSI has been implemented for the proposed HES
model. Two strategies for operation and control of an
inverter are, the active and reactive power control scheme
(PQ control) and active power and voltage scheme (PV
control) [4].
The PQ control scheme of VSI is shown in Fig. 4 is
used for the proposed HES. The DC link voltage is reckoned
by the output voltage of VSI and the voltage drop across the
filter. A lower bound on the DC link voltage can be
determined from the following relation at a unity power
factor [9][10].
3
V ac2 , KK + 3 (ω L f I ac ) (4.0)
2
m a V dc ≥
2 2
where, Vac = Line- Line r.m.s voltage on inverter side, L f =
Filter Inductance, I ac =Maximum possible r.m.s value of
the AC load current. ma = Modulation Index of the Inverter.

3
The active and reactive-power delivered to the utility is PMSG Parameters [11]: Stator Phase Resistance = 2.875Ω,
given by following relations [12]. Inertia = 0.8e-3Kg-m2, Ld=Lq=8.5mH, Torque constant
12Nm/ A peak, Pole pairs = 8, Pout=100kW, generator rotor
EV E 2 (4.1)
P = s
cos (θ Z − δ )− cos (θ Z ) angle = 1.2 rad Vwrated=12m/sec; Grid Parameters: 480V,
Z Z 50Hz, X/R ratio=7; DC link capacitor: 2000μF; DC link
EV E 2 (4.2) voltage=1065V; For PV array Npp*Nss model parameters:
Q = s
sin (θ Z − δ )− sin (θ Z ) Npp=5,Nss=34,Kv=-0.123,Kp=3.18e-3; Load: Inductive
Z Z
Load.
Case I: Constant load and decrease in wind speed and
irradiance
The simulation output waveform of proposed system is
based on the data provided i.e. during the time interval of
0 < t < .5 sec the wind speed is 10m/sec and is decreased to
8m/sec at t = .5 sec and the load power is 100kW. The
irradiation is initially 1000W/m2 for 0<t<.5 sec and at
t=0.5 sec, and reduces to 800W/m2 after 5sec.
The waveform based on the case I study, a proposed hybrid
system clearly explains a sinusoidal voltage across the
inverter terminals with decrease in current level as seen in
Fig. 6(a&b). The DC link voltage of the hybrid system as
shown in Fig. 6(d) is controlled by boost converter and at
the above stated time interval with case I condition, the DC
link voltage at that instant decreases to certain level and
then remains constant. The frequency variation is within the
limit of synchronization system frequency for operation of
inter-connected system as demarcated in (IEEE 1547 2008
is 49.3 - 50.5) Hz for more than 30 kW rated energy
systems and is displayed in Fig. 6(c) plot. Whenever the
Where, θ = tan −1 X active power generated by hybrid energy sources has
Z
R decreased in such hour grid supplies the deficient power as
shown in Fig. 6 (e).
Fig. 4:Inverter controller block diagram with grid [4]
800

600

V. SIMULATION AND RESULTS 400

Inverter o/pvoltage

200

The simulated responses of the proposed hybrid energy 0

-200

system with centralized DC bus architecture using -400

MATLAB/SIMULINK subjected to different cases are -600

studied. The performances of proposed HES system are

-800
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time(sec)

studied and the MATLAB model of the system is illustrated (a)

in Fig. 5. 100

80

60
Invertero/pcurrent (A)

40

20

-20

-40

-60

-80
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time(sec)

(b)
50.08

50.06
Frequency(Hz)

50.04

50.02

50

49.98

49.96
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time(Sec)

(c)
Fig.5. Simulink Model of Integrated PV and Wind
connected with Grid.
The simulated outputs are based on the data provided below.

4
 100

80

60
1500

Inverter o/p current (A)

40

20
D C lin k v o lta g e (V )

0
1000
-20

-40

-60
500
-80
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

(b) Time(sec)

0 1200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (Sec) 1000

(d)

DClink voltage(V)
800

x 10
2 600
Pload
1.5 Phybridsystem
400
Pgrid
1
200
Active power

0.5
0
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (sec)

-0.5 (c)
-1 5
x 10
2
-1.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (sec) 1.5

(e) 1

Fig. 6: Simulated results for case I (a) inverter o/p voltage,

Acitve power

0.5

(b) inverter o/p current, (c) frequency, (d) DC link voltage 0 Pload

and (e) active powers. -0.5

Phybridsystem
Pgrid

-1

Case II: Constant load and increase in wind speed and -1.5

irradiance 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Time (sec)
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

In this case, during 0 < t < .5 sec the wind speed is (d)
changed from 8m/sec to 10m/sec at t = .5 sec with load
Fig. 7: Simulated results for case II. (a) inverter o/p voltage,
power is 100kW. Likewise the irradiation is initially
(b) the inverter o/p current, , (c) the DC link voltage and (d)
800W/m2for 0<t<.5 sec and at t=0.5 sec, then it is increased
active powers.
to 1000W/m2.
Case III: Variable load and constant wind speed and
The simulated results subjected to case II are displayed
irradiance
in Fig. 7 where wind speed and the irradiance are changed at
For this case, during 0 < t < .5 sec the load 100Kwatt
t=.5 sec. Waveform shows that there is increase in the
and then it is increased by another 100Kw at t=0.5 sec. The
inverter o/p voltage and current Fig. 7 (a&b). The DC link
wind speed is at 10m/sec and the irradiation is at
voltage indicates a increase at t=0.5 and then it remains
1000W/m2.
constant throughout Fig.7 (c). The active power of the
hybrid system takes a surge and remains constant thereafter 100

and with grid active power decreases where the load 80

demand is constant as shown in Fig. 7 (d). Also the energy 60

content shows a significant decreased and varies from 0 to

Inverter o/p current(A)

40
2.3e4 approximately. 20

0
800

600 -20

400 -40
Inverter o/p voltage (V)

200 -60
0
-80
-200
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time(sec)
-400 (a)
-600

-800
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time(sec)

(a)

5
 400 VI. CONCLUSION
300
The proposed hybrid system consisting of PV and wind
200
turbine generator as with the opted architecture is modeled
in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Variation of the
Grid current(A)

100

0
various parameters like wind speed, irradiation and load is
-100
carried out to see the proper working of the model.
-200
Modeling of the inverter connected to grid and its control
-300
strategy is achieved. The regulation of both active and
-400
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 reactive power is achieved by using simple PQ control
(b) Time(sec)
method strategy. Reactive power of the hybrid system is
regulated to zero and frequency variation is kept within the
1200
tolerance of IEEE standard. Simulation results show the
1000 correct working of model. Other sources can also be
connected and energy storage system is the future aspect of
DC link voltage(V)

800
this research work.
600

400
REFERENCES
200

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0
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