QUESTION &ANSWERS

SUBMITTED BY: - DEVYANI N. TOTALA

CLASS: - F.Y. (2nd Sem) M.ARCH (URBAN DESIGN)
SUBJECT NAME: - P T & P
AR.ANKITA AGRAWAL
 QUESTION &ANSWERS

7) Write a short note on types of Aerial photography?

Types of Aerial photographs: Aerial photographs are of different types which are as follows:
A) Types of aerial photographs on the basis of orientation of camera axis:
i. Vertical photograph: An aerial photograph taken with the camera axis/optical axis coinciding with the
vertical to the ground is known as vertical photograph.
ii. Tilted photograph: An aerial photograph in which the camera axis is unintentionally tilted by small
amount (less than 3 °) from vertical/perpendicular to the ground is known as tilted photograph.
iii. Oblique photograph: An aerial photograph taken keeping the camera axis intentionally tilted from the
vertical is known as oblique aerial photograph. The amount of tilt ranges from 30° to 60 °. The advantage
of oblique photographs is that they cover large area and they also provide side view of features.
B) Types of aerial photographs on the basis of angle of coverage:
i. Narrow angle photograph: Angle of coverage is less than 60°.
ii. Standard or Normal angle photography: Angle of coverage is of the order of 60°.
iii. Wide angle photograph: Angle of coverage is of the order 90°.
iv. Super wide of Ultra wide photograph: Angle of coverage is of the order of 120°.
C) Types of aerial photographs on the basis of special properties of films, filters and photographic
equipments:
i. Panchromatic: Records only single band data (visible region of spectrum).
ii. IR: Records only red and IR portions of EMS.
iii. Colour: Records all reflections of visible portion in colour or natural colours.
iv. Colour IR: Records spectral colours and IR in combination resulting in false colours.
v. Thermal imagery: Records only thermal IR emissions of objects.
vi. Radar imagery: Records reflection of radar waves.
vii. Spectrazonal: Records only selected part of the spectrum.

D) Types of aerial photographs on the basis of lens system:

i. Single lens photograph.
ii. Multiple lens photographs. - Three lens photograph (Trim trogon photograph). - Four lens photograph. -
Nine lens photograph.
Types of aerial cameras:
1. Strip camera
2. Single lens/Frame camera
3. Panoramic camera
4. Multiband camera
5. Digital Camera
Que 4. What is Aerial Photography?
Ans: AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY GEOLOGISTS CONDUCT SURVEYS:

• Geologists conduct surveys to map the natural resources of the earth surface.
• These surveys are conducted through land based or aerial methods.
• Land based surveys, though more accurate, are time consuming affairs.
It will be difficult to surveys the mountainous and thickly forested lands Aerial Surveys:
• These surveys when conducted using helicopters or aircrafts, could be able to provide all the details of an area with
accuracy and clarity.
• But a person cannot sit on a helicopter to observe and draw the maps in the air Aerial

Photographs:
• If an aerial photograph of the land is taken, it would be possible to enlarge the photograph and use it in the
laboratory and analyse the earth’s features.
Varieties of maps can be drawn using these aerial photographs Technology improved:
• There were a lot of improvements in the aviation industry and photographic methods • Initially, aerial photographs
taken and used for military applications.
• Then the concept of using these photographs for geological mapping cropped into the minds of geologists.
• The result of this is the birth of the subject:Photogeology

PHOTOGEOLOGY
• Branch of geology dealing with the use of aerial photographs for geological mapping
• It involves the concepts of photography, geology, mathematics and aeronautical methods. Photogeology:
• Includes three areas of study
• Aerial Photography
• Photogrammetry
• Air-photo interpretation
Aerial Photography:
• Is the art and science of making aerial photographs
• It involves the techniques of photography, flight missions, project planning and implementation.
• These include camera parameters, flight parameters, project guidelines and purpose.
Photogrammetry:
• is the process of making measurements by means of photography.
• It is most often used in drawing maps on the basis of aerial photographs.
• It also has many other uses.
• For example, foresters can determine the amount of timber in a forest by examining aerial photographs of the
area.
Air-Photo interpretation:
• Techniques of understanding the objects seen in aerial photographs and map these features for geological or
environmental planning.
• This branch needs some fundamental skills and geological knowledge about the photographic and geotechnical
elements.
Project Plan:
• Area to be photographed (small or large)
• Purpose – geological mapping, forestry, agriculture, industrial development, military use, environmental impact
analysis.

Aerial Photography:
• Camera Parameters - Lens - Films -
• Light Parameters - Time / Sun light
• Flight Plan - Area / number of photos
• Scale -
• Multi-spectral Photography - Spectral bands, B/W, Color, band
• Types of aerial photos -
Aerial Photographs:
Types of Aerial Photographs:
• Vertical Aerial Photographs
• Oblique aerial photographs – Low oblique – High oblique Essential factors: Axis of the lens, centre of
the frame of the film and the centre of the land area covered.

9 What do you understand by urbanism?

Urbanism is the study of how population of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built
environment. It is a main component of specialties, for example, urban planning, is the practice focusing on the
physical design and management of urban structures and urban sociology, which is the academic field of study.
Many architects, planners and sociologists explore how people live in densely populated urban areas. There is a wide
range of theories and different approaches to the study of urbanization. However, in some international contexts,
urban areas are synonymous with urban planning, and “urban” refers to urban planning. The urbanization of the
early 20th century was associated with a rise in central industrialization, mixed-use neighborhoods, social
organizations and networks, and what was described as the “convergence of political, social and economic
citizenship. Urbanization can be understood as the authoring process, the establishment of the city-level identity,
but as early as 1938, Lewis Wirth wrote that it is necessary to stop “determining the urbanization of the physical
entity of the city,” bypassing the “arbitrary line” and consider how technological developments in the area of
transportation and communications has greatly expanded the urban lifestyle beyond the city limits itself.
Principles of urbanism
• Walkability
• Connectivity
• Mixed-Use & Diversity
• Mixed Housing
• Quality Architecture & Urban Design
• Traditional Neighbourhood Structure
• Increased Density
• Green transportation
• Sustainability
• Quality of life

8 How aerial photography is useful in Disaster Mitigation .

Man has constantly sought new windows on his world and has, with each increase in altitude attained by aircraft,
and now space-craft, gained an ever widening view of the earth. This insatiable quest for knowledge of every aspect
of his environment has led man to photograph the planet from a wide range of platforms- from balloons and
helicopters hovering a few feet above the earth to meteorological satellites photographing the hemispheres and
oceans from an incredible 23.400 miles in space. Man has also broadened his view and increased his perception by
using a wide variety of sensing devices.
Aerial photography has three important roles to play in natural and technological disasters. First, it is a valuable
historical record. Second, it is unparalleled for conducting damage assessment surveys. Third, it could become a
most important vehicle for predicting disasters. Affording precise knowledge of how, when, and where a disaster
might occur, aerial photography could play an invaluable role in planning how to avoid or mitigate disasters. Using a
variety of modern interpretation and photogrammetric techniques, data from aerial photography and multisensory
imagery can be derived in a relatively short period of time on such subjects as ground areas, volumes, heights,
shapes, occupancies, relative age, and state of repair. High-altitude photography is extremely useful in these
endeavours because so few photos are needed to cover a given area, compared to conventional lower-altitude
photography which has to be pieced together in order to get the overall view. Surveying the earth from orbiting
platforms fitted with remote sensing devices could be the most significant technological development of our time.
There are many who are convinced that the impact of overhead photography and remote sensing on modern life will
be more significant than the impact of gunpowder in an earlier time. Looking down on our planet with increasing
frequency from vantage points in space has shown us the complex and continuously changing interrelationships of
land, sea, and air and has added immeasurably to our knowledge of the fragile relationship between man and its
environment. The continuing search for improved methods of securing the data required to assess, mitigate, or
prevent disasters should be an endeavour of the highest priority for our government.
The value of utilizing aerial photographic collection systems along with varied photo interpretation and
photogrammetric techniques in connection with disaster management is better understood with each passing year.
Not only is it possible to compare new sensor coverage with historical graphic records, but analytical methods allow
a sophistication of data manipulation considered impossible in the recent past. Damage assessment, together with a
remarkable capability for predictive reporting, has brought a new dimension to emergency management

Que.3: Write a note on Urban - Rural planning concerns.

Ans: Regional development is a broad term but can be seen as a general effort to reduce regional disparities by
supporting (employment and wealth-generating) economic activities in regions. In the past, regional development
policy tended to try to achieve these objectives by means of large-scale infrastructure development and by attracting
inward investment.
Past policies have failed to reduce regional disparities significantly and have not been able to help individual lagging
regions to catch up, despite the allocation of significant public funding. The result is under-used economic potential
and weakened social cohesion.

THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY COMMITTEE

The Regional Development Policy Committee (RDPC) was created in 1999 with the goal of identifying the nature of
territorial challenges and assisting governments in the assessment and improvement of their territorial policies.
Through its mandate today, the Committee aims to serve as the premier international forum for senior-level policy
makers to identify, discuss, develop, and disseminate a vision of regional development policy that is place-based,
multi-level, multi-sectoral, evidence-based and innovative.
The Committee also seeks to enhance well-being and living standards in all region types, from cities to rural areas,
and improve their contribution to national performance and more inclusive and resilient societies. To this aim, the
Committee promotes the design and implementation of policies that are adapted to the relevant territorial scales or
geographies, and that focus on the main factors that:
 sustain competitive advantages;
 generate stronger, fairer and liveable regional economies; and
 promote effective and innovative governance at all levels of government.

A NEW APPROACH
OECD work on regional development recognises that a new approach to regional development is emerging; one that
promises more effective use of public resources and significantly better policy outcomes. This involves a shift away
from redistribution and subsidies for lagging regions in favour of measures to increase the competitiveness of all
regions.
Some key features of this new approach to regional development include:
 a development strategy that covers a wide range of direct and indirect factors that affect the performance of local
firms;
 a focus on regional specific assets, and less on top-down investments and transfers;
 an emphasis on opportunity rather than on disadvantage or need for support;
 a collective/negotiated governance approach involving national, regional and local government plus other
stakeholders, with the central government taking a less dominant role. OECD work on regional development covers a
number of inter-related fields:
 statistics and indicators
 regional innovation
 multi-level governance and public finance
 water governance
 urban and metropolitan policy
 rural development
The relationship between these different dimensions of regional development is explored in specific national
contexts by means of territorial reviews. Quantitative analysis is undertaken using the OECD Regional Database and
the OECD Metropolitan database which contain regional statistics and indicators for OECD member countries.