VL6BLZ-OF-L60: xed | NI VAWr Ls08-Szt0 : e101, L8U6LZ ‘BzVBLZ 1 SUD ! 280 009-QVSVHIGAH ‘sebeurjea “val GALANT SIVIINLOITA IVPIA Jo12611g |eoluyoa4, UIWN AE TUS, | 4g WALSAS NOILNGINLSIG AH 4ISVHd-4IDNISSINGLE-PHASE HV DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 1. INTRODUCTION ‘The LV Distribution System accounts for about 1/3rd of the total T&D losses in India. The main contributing factor of this loss is the present practice of using 3-Phase Distribution Transformers of considerable capacity which leads to the use of very long LV lines, This system is called the LT Distribution System. The situation prevailing {s that LT lines ate extended irrespective of voltage drops upto full capacity of Distribution Transformers and ‘some times over and above the transformer capacity. This leads to the present problems of very severe voltage drops, high tine losses, chances of un-authorised connections, etc. The only practical and feasible solution isto eliminate or minimise the LV lines by switching over to Single-phase HT Distribution System; where the HT line is taken as near the load as possible and small capacity Single-phase Distribution Transformers are installed. This system is ideally sulted to meet rural scattered loads with low load densities. Studies in Japan, Canada, USA, etc., have shown that distribution losses can be brought down considerably by suitable Single-phase HT Distribution System. In India, the AP. State Electricity Board has Conducted extensive studies and established that the distribution losses can be brought down to levels prevalling nadvanced countries by changing over to Single - phase system. The A P. State Electricity Board has purchased ‘more than 18,000 units of Single phase Transformers in 1987 & 1988 for adopting this system for new installations, and the Board now continues to purchase and install Single-phase Distribution Transformers. ‘Single-phase Distribution System offers following distinct advantages: 1, Distribution losses are reduced by 75% or more depending on load factor. 2, Reduction of system faults because of length of LV lines are extremely low. 3. _ In Single-phase system, only a few number of consumers are connected to a transformer and as a result chanoes of unauthorised connections and theft of energy are reduced. 4. This is the cost effective method to electrity remote villages and hamlets where bringing a 9 Phase line is. & tly due to low demand, The Single-phase circuits can be upgraded to 2 phase or 3 phase circuits in future, ifload growth warrants it. Thus the Electricity Boards can keep the investment low and cut-down the expenses during the initial Period of low demand and electrity remote rural areas. Countries like Japan and Korea having Transmission and Distribution Losses at about 20% in the Sixties. ‘educed them to around 8% at present. One of the major factors that helped them In reducing these losses. 's by adoption of Single-phase HV Distribution System. {tisalso worth mentioning that Bangladesh and Philippines are using only Single - phase HV Distribution ‘System for Rural Electrification,2. 21. 22 2 SINGLE -PHASE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION : Primary Voltage The primary voltage of the system can be chosen as V/V/3 or V. In India, the standard primary distribution voltage Is 11000 and hence, 11000/V3 is equal to 6,351 V or 11,000 Volt can be selected. Out of this the most widely used system is V/V3 with one phase line and one neutral line feeding to the primary of the Single-phase Distribution Transformer. The HV line bushing of transformer is connected to the line and the HV neutral bushing of the trangformer is connected to the HV neutral wire of the system. ‘The transformer neutral can be solidly grounded inside the tank or it can be taken out through a bushing and grounded. The cost of the transformer and the losses of the transformer is the lowest with this configuration. However, 11 KV system neutral will have tobe run from the sub-station to allthe transformers, which is not the present practice in India. In this system the Single-phase Transformers cannot be ‘connected in delta formation, because of the grounded neutral on the transformer HV side. ‘The other alternative for HV side is to connect 2 phases of the HV to the distribution transformer. In this system the cost of the transformer and the losses are higher when compared to the ViV3 system. The advantage is that neutral wire need not be run from the sub-station for the HV system and that the transformers can be connected in delta formation, ifthe need arises. Secondary voltage: Several alternatives are avallable for LV voltage. a) 230 V with 2 LV bushings. b) —_230-0-230 V with 3 LV bushings. ©) 230/460 V with 4 LV bushings (suitable for series or parallel connection) ‘The 460 V supply (from alternative ‘a’ or ‘c’) is connected to single- phase motors and 230 V is ‘conriected for lighting loads. Any other desired secondary system voltage also can be selected. ‘A typical connection diagram of single-phase transformer with 290-0-290 V with a single-phase motor connestion is shown in Fig. 1LV weuTRaL- UNE DIAGRAM SHOWING CONNECTIONS FROM SINGLE PHASE HT. SUPPLY TO MOTOR THROUGH SINGLE PHASE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER. NEUTRAL MkV UNE 2u-2n.-230 vouTs GROUNDING EARTH J-—— SINGLE PHASE TRANSFoRWER, Fuse cuTour sues, PANEL BOARD [swtcne: EARTH SINGLE Go puase ! Moron. cienmamenceas| Figure No.1 2u-2y--460 VOLTS — FOR MOTOR, FOR LiGHTING iva Enonaso vours | FO" USay i COMPARISON OF HV DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM & LV DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM : A typical LV Distribution System (LVDS) with 1 No. 100 kVA, 3-phase transformer is compared with a HV Distribution System (HVDS) with 12 Nos. 10 kVA, single-phase transformers. It is assumed that 8 circuits (3-phase, 4 wire) are taken from the 3- phase transformer and 10 Nos. of 3 HP, S-phase Pumps are connected on each circuit (total 30 Nos. of 3 HP Pumps). 42 Nos. of 10 kVA Single-phase Transformers can be used for supplying the above load, assuming that 4 Nos. of Single-phase Transformers are connected per circuit. For comparison purpose equal spacing of pumpsets in the circuit is assumed. Figures 2 and 3 show the schematic diagram for the LVDS and HVDS respectively.5 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF DISTRIBUTION USING ‘LV DS’ CIRCUIT -3 Fig 100KVA 3 PHASE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER 300M 1M 3004 200M 100M 300M fon Lo 12 to13 6 u jo 16 Lo 17 Lo 18 000M 900 800% 700M oom SOOM 400 Io 19 Lo 20 CIRCUIT -2 110.90 > 3 HP, 3-phase Motors. Each circuit ls 3-phase, 4-wire with 35 mm Distance from transformer to each motor is. line conductor and 25 mm? neutral wire. given in Meters.SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF DISTRIBUTION USING *HV_DS @ -+ i-phase, 10 kVA Transformer. © -» 3 HP Single-phase Motor. HV line and neutral conductor 16 mn? Aluminium. LT line and neutral to motor 16 mm? Aluminium. UP line lengths - 100 M from transformer for Motors 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, etc, and 10 M for transformers7 COMPARISON OF HVDS & LVDS AMETERS Hv DS tvs jsformer KVA 10 100 nber of transformers 12 1 | number of motors 30 30 per motor 3 3 Aber of circults - 3 ors per circuit - 10 length of HV tine 900 Micax2=5400 M - (1line+ Neutral) length of LT line (1800+ 120) x2M = 3840M 1000 Mx3 = 3000 Mof_ (1 phase + Neutral) ‘S-phase 4 W 16 Sq. mm Aluminium 9000 M - 35 Sq. mm + 3000 M - 25 Sq. mm line (3-phase 4 wire line) 35 Sq.mm for line + 25 Sq.mm for neutral oF current A 61 48 ductor weight Kg. 399 1053 (Total for LT & HT tine) (Total for 3-phase + neutral) 08s of HV line kw 0.099 08s of LV line kW 0.313 LI¢R loss of for 30 motors) kW 0412 7.983 ed on motor current only)8 COMPARISON OF LVDS & HVDS - LyDs HyDS oe Rs. 42,000 1,44,000 O-LOAD LOSS Watt, 260 480 DAD LOSS: Wat, 1760 2700 NO-LOAD Loss kWh 2277.6 4204.8 LOAD LOSS kWh 1830.8 2808.7 OSSES AR NEAR Rs. 30,000 18,000, Re 1.95000 —_1.12,600 Rs. 2,37,000 e "2,56,600 t Rs,1.9/kWh, = (12,412.7 ~ 7,442.1) x 1.9 = 4970.6 x 1.9 = Reged \VDS = (2,56,500 - 2,37,000)- Bs 19500aa 42 43 SINGLE-PHASE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS In single-phase HV distribution system, comparatively more number of transformers are used. For example, instead of 63 KVA and 100 KVA 3- phase transformers, the typical ratings of single-phase transfoimers are 10 KVA and 15 KVA. The saliont design features of the single-phase distribution transformers are explained below . Core construction Wound coreype construction is used instead of the conventional stacked Core construction, to reduce the no-load losses of the transformer, Core'type arrangement with windings on both limbs is generally tised for amorphous core design. Shell - type or coretype construction can Be used for designs with CAGO core. The core cross section is rectangular and normally core lamination ‘of only one width Is used for core construction. This feature is distinct from the normal stacked core: construction using several step widths, Fig 4 shows the schematic arrangement of stacked core and ‘wound core construction. Aa Ul a, STACKED CORE WOUND CORE Fig. 4 Windings CCopper/Aluminium windings are used. The winding is made in rectangular shape instead of circular shape to get better space factor with the wound core construction. To reduce the short circuit forces on the windings, LV-HV-LV. arrangement can be used stead of the LV-HV arrangement. In LV-HV-LV ‘arrangement 50% of the LV is first wound and then the HV is wound and the remaining 80% of LV Is wound on the outside of HV. Inthis case. the short ciroult forces on the windings are reduced to 25% when compared to the LV-HV atrangement. The leakage flux distribution of LV-HV. and LV-HV-LV arrangement is shown in Fig. Ww HV wW HV Ww LV-HV ARRANGEMENT Fig. 5 LV-HV-LV ARRANGEMENT44. 10 Interlacing of LV winding Is required for core-type construction when multiple secondary circuits are used ‘or when series parallel connection is taken from secondary. Impedance : ‘One of the purposes of using single-phase distribution system Is to reduce the voltage drops, and to ‘achieve lower voltage regulation, a lower transformer impedance is recommended. Typical impedance for single-phase distribution transformers is 2.5% when LV-HV-LV winding arrangement is used, the short circuit forces are 25% of the conventional arrar.yement and hence, the lower impedance of the order of 2.5% doesnot give rise ta.high short circuit forces. 45 Other features : Circular tank with dome shaped top cover is a normal feature of single- phase distribution transformer. ‘The tank Is fitted with pole-mounting brackets, Iiting lugs and pressure relief device. HV line Is mounted. on the top cover and LV bushings & HV neutral bushing are mounted on the side cover. ‘These transformers can be equipped with internal oll--mmersed LV Circuit Breaker, oll-immersed HV Fuse Link and Lightning Arrester to offer CSP features. SINGLE-PHASE MOTORS FOR APPLICATION WITH SINGLE-PHASE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ‘When single-phase transformers are used with single-phase HV distribution system, single-phase integral HP motors are to be used. These are capacitor start, capacitor run motors which offers the following advantages when used in a single-phase HV distribution system, © Terminal voltage at the motor is neatly equal to the transformer secondary voltage. In the case of ‘S-phase system the voltage at the motor terminal is lower than the transformer terminal voltage on ‘account of LV line drop. The consumer neednot install capacitors. The power factor of these motors are nearly equal to unity and this improves the system power factor and overall efficiency. ‘¢ The problem of buming of 3-phase motors due o single-phasing doesnot occur. CONCLUSION ‘Acchangeover of 3-phase LV distribution system to single-phase HV distribution system s the only practical solution for reducing the exhorbitantly high losses in the Indian distribution System. Use of single-phase wound core transformers using amorphous core material and single-phase Integral HP capacitor start capacitor run motors gives further reduction of the distribution losses. Implementation of the above will reduce the losses of the distribution system by a minimum of 5 to percent and hence the above will have to be taken up on top priority on a national level