©2010 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.

Economic Geology, v. 105, pp. 1071–1096

The Timing and Formation of Platinum-Group Minerals from

the Creighton Ni-Cu-Platinum-Group Element Sulfide Deposit, Sudbury, Canada:
Early Crystallization of PGE-Rich Sulfarsenides
SARAH A. S. DARE,1,† SARAH-JANE BARNES,1 HAZEL M. PRICHARD,2 AND PETER C. FISHER2
1Sciences de la Terre, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Bld. de l’Université, Saguenay, Québec, Canada G7H 2B1
2School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF10 3AT

Abstract
Platinum-group elements (PGE) are typically hosted in base metal sulfides and by platinum-group minerals
(PGM) in Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits. At Sudbury, it appears that the majority of PGE are hosted in PGM.
In order to understand why this is the case we have investigated the origin of PGM from the 402 trough ore-
bodies of the Creighton deposit located on the South Range of Sudbury. These predominantly pyrrhotite-rich
sulfides, with low (Pt + Pd)/(Os + Ir + Ru + Rh) whole-rock ratios, represent cumulates of monosulfide solid
solution (MSS) that crystallized early from the sulfide melt, collected in troughs and embayments at the base
of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, and formed small pendants of ore in the footwall country rock. The major-
ity of PGE (Ir, Rh, Pt ± Os, Ru) show a stronger affinity for the sulfarsenide phases than the cocrystallizing sul-
fide phases which are strongly depleted in these PGE. The precious metal mineralogy is dominated by PGE
sulfarsenides (86%) with subordinate sperrylite (PtAs2: 9%), michenerite (PdBiTe: 5%), and electrum (AgAu2:
0.1%). These discrete minerals are predominantly hosted within pyrrhotite and pentlandite except, however, a
large proportion of michenerite is hosted either entirely by silicates and/or juxtaposed against silicates. The
PGE sulfarsenides are euhedrally zoned with an irarsite (IrAsS) core, an outer layer of hollingworthite
(RhAsS), and a PGE-rich Ni cobaltite rim (CoAsS). Rhenium sulfides, some of which are Os bearing, are doc-
umented for the first time at Sudbury.
Platinum-group minerals may crystallize directly from sulfide melt, form by exsolution during cooling of the
base metal sulfides or recrystallize from them during metamorphism. We propose that zoned PGE sul-
farsenides and sperrylite crystallized from a sulfide melt at high temperatures (1,200°−900°C) and were sub-
sequently surrounded by MSS cumulates, even by disseminated sulfides, that crystallized from the now Ir, Rh,
Pt ± Os, Ru-depleted immiscible sulfide liquid. The base metal sulfides recrystallized with secondary hy-
drosilicates at a late magmatic and/or hydrothermal stage (<540°C) at which time michenerite formed. The
magmatic zoning of the PGE sulfarsenides was preserved during later deformation in shear zones but these
PGM were corroded, fractured, and juxtaposed against silicates.

Introduction indicate that the solubilities of PGE in pure sulfide-oxide liq-

IT IS WELL known that base metal sulfide liquid collects Ni
and platinum-group elements (PGE) and forms magmatic Ni-
Cu-PGE ore deposits (e.g., Naldrett, 2004; Barnes and Light-
foot, 2005). The majority of the PGE, except Pt, in PGE-rich
deposits, such as the Bushveld Complex in the Republic of
South Africa, are hosted predominantly by pyrrhotite and
pentlandite and the balance is accounted for by discrete plat-
inum-group minerals (PGM; Ballhaus and Sylvester, 2000;
Barnes et al., 2006; Godel et al., 2007; Holwell and McDon-
ald, 2007; Godel and Barnes, 2008; Barnes et al., 2008).
Barnes et al. (2008) demonstrated that the PGM primarily ex-
solved during cooling and recrystallization of the base metal
sulfides. In contrast Hutchinson and McDonald (2008) sug-
gested that the amount of As, Sb, Bi, and Te assimilated into
the sulfide melt of the Platreef, Bushveld Complex, from the
surrounding country rock may be critical in determining
whether Pt-bearing PGM crystallized early from the melt at
high temperature or that Pt remains in solid solution in the
base metal sulfides from which they later exsolved as PGM at
lower temperatures. A better understanding of the timing and
formation of PGM has broader implications for the thermo-
dynamics of PGE in magmatic sulfides. Experimental data
1 Corresponding author: e-mail, sasdare@hotmail.com
0361-0128/10/3912/1071-26
uids are high (e.g., Makovicky et al., 1986). However, the
crystallization of PGM, such as PtAs2 and PtSb2 (Hutchinson
and McDonald, 2008), at high temperature suggests that the
solubilities of these PGM are very low in the sulfide melt,
such that these phases are at or close to the liquidus of the
sulfide melt. Moreover, this implies that the activity coeffi-
cients of components such as Pt-As and Pt-Sb in the sulfide
melt are extremely high so that the PGE show a stronger
preference for PGM over sulfide phases. Thus semimetals,
such As, Sb, Bi and Te, are likely to play a major role in PGE
mineralization by reducing the solubility of PGE in the sul-
fide melt via saturation in a PGM phase.
The Sudbury Igneous Complex in Ontario, Canada, is host
to one of the largest Ni-Cu-PGE mining districts in the world
(Farrow and Lightfoot, 2002) and is placed third in PGE pro-
duction in the world behind the Bushveld Complex and No-
ril’sk-Talnakh, northern Siberia (Ames and Farrow, 2007). Al-
though the dataset for the in situ PGE content of base metal
sulfides at Sudbury is at present limited, the PGE apparently
occur as PGM rather than in solid solution in base metal sul-
fides (Cabri and Laflamme, 1976, 1984; Cabri, 1988; Li et al.,
1993; Farrow and Lightfoot, 2002; Huminicki et al., 2005).
The PGM are dominated by tellurides, bismuth-tellurides, ar-
senides, and sulfarsenides and they are generally considered
Submitted : December 8, 2009
1071 Accepted : June 1, 2010
1072 DARE ET AL.

to be late magmatic and/or hydrothermal in origin (Cabri and
Laflamme, 1976; Li and Naldrett, 1993; Li et al., 1993; Far-
row and Watkinson, 1997; Carter et al., 2001, 2009; Mag-
yarosi et al., 2002; Szentpéteri et al., 2002; Péntek et al.,
2008). Huminicki et al. (2005) suggested that the low propor-
tion of PGE hosted in base metal sulfides at the Kelly Lake
deposit, Sudbury, may be related to the reworking of the sul-
fides on the grounds that the PGM occur predominantly in
hydrothermally remobilized and deformed samples (Carter et
al., 2001).
This study examined the phases that host PGE and other
chalcophile elements from the 402 trough at the Creighton
ore deposit (Vale Inco Ltd.), located on the South Range of
Sudbury (Fig. 1). It consists of two parts: a detailed study of
the PGM and other accessory minerals combined with
whole-rock data that is presented in this paper, and a laser
ablation ICP-MS study of the PGE and other chalcophile el-
ements in pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite (Dare et
al., in press). Creighton is one of the largest and oldest mines
at Sudbury yet it has previously received little attention
(Cabri and Laflamme, 1976; Naldrett et al., 1999; Farrow
and Lightfoot, 2002; Darling et al., 2010). This paper relates
PGM and sulfide textures to phases of magmatic activity,
hydrothermal activity, metamorphism, and deformation in
order to better understand the petrogenesis of the PGM at
Sudbury’s largest ore deposit on the South Range of the Sud-
bury mining district.
Geologic Context
The Sudbury Igneous Complex formed at 1.85 Ga (Krogh
et al., 1984) when a meteorite flash melted the crust (e.g., Go-
lightly, 1994) at temperatures >1,800°C (Prevec and
Cawthorn, 2002). It comprises a differentiated impact melt
sheet containing noritic, gabbroic, dioritic, and granophyric
rocks (e.g., Dressler, 1984). In the South Range the target
rocks were the Paleoproterozoic (2.5–2.2 Ga) Huronian Su-
pergroup of the Southern province (Fig. 1), which comprises
metavolcanics (tholeiitic basalts and rhyolites) associated in-
trusions of granite (2.33 Ga Creighton and Murray plutons:
Frarey et al., 1982), metasedimentary rocks (e.g., graywackes,
quartzites, and conglomerates), the ~2.2 Ga Nipissing Gab-
bro Suite, and the ~ 2.4 Ga East Bull Lake Suite. In contrast,
the target rock of the North Range was the Archean Levack
gneiss complex of the Superior province. The Sudbury Igneous
Complex subsequently experienced phases of hydrothermal
activity, deformation, and metamorphism (e.g., James et al.,
2002; Magyarosi et al., 2002; Bailey et al., 2006; Ames and Far-
row, 2007; Ames et al., 2008) during the Penokean orogeny

Whitewater Group
Sedimentary rocks
Ontario
Quebec Podolsky Onaping Formation

Fallback Breccia
U.S.A.
Sudbury Igneous Complex
350 km
an ge
Strathcona th R
Nor Granophyre
Norite
McCreedy East
McCreedy West
Sublayer Norite
SRSZ Diorite ‘offset ’ dykes
Ni-Cu-PGE deposit
Lindsley Falconbridge
ge Palaeoproterozoic
t h Ran Garson
o
46 30’ u
So McKim Metavolcanic and
Z Stobie
SRS Frood
Metasedimentary rocks
Fig. 2
Sudbury N Granite plutons
Gertrude Creighton Fault
Copper Cliff South Archean and Proterozoic
Kelly Lake Gneiss and granite
Worthington Creighton 10 km
Vermilion Fault
Totten
o
81 00’

FIG. 1. Location map (inset) and regional geology of the Sudbury Igneous Complex and its Ni-Cu-PGE deposits (circles).
Deposits mentioned in the text are labeled. Modified from Barnes and Lightfoot (2005) after Souch et al. (1969). Abbrevia-
tion: SRSZ = South Range shear zone.

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 ORIGIN OF PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM THE CREIGHTON Ni-Cu-PGE DEPOSIT, SUDBURY
(1.9–1.7 Ga: Rousell, 1984), the Mazatzal and/or Yavapai
orogeny (1.7–1.6 Ga: Bailey et al., 2004), and the Grenvillian
orogeny (1.0–0.98 Ga: Corfu and Easton, 2000). The Sudbury
and Grenville diabase dike swarms, at 1.24 and 0.59 Ga, re-
spectively (Krough et al., 1987; Dudas et al., 1994), intrude
the Sudbury Igneous Complex and its orebodies.
The Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization and ore environments at
Sudbury are diverse (e.g., Naldrett et al., 1984a, b; Farrow
and Lightfoot, 2002; Farrow et al., 2005; Ames and Farrow,
2007). The main types are (1) Cu-Ni-Pt-Pd−rich offset ore
hosted in quartz diorite offset dikes, which extend radially (up
to 30 km) and lie concentrically around the Complex (e.g.,
Kelly Lake deposit at the Copper Cliff offset and the Totten
deposit at Worthington offset); (2) Cu-Ni-Pt-Pd−rich ore
hosted in quartz diorite in a concentric breccia belt in the
country rocks (e.g., the Frood-Stobie belt); (3) Fe-Ni−rich,
Pt-Pd−poor contact ore hosted in physical depressions,
termed embayments and troughs, at the base of the Complex
(e.g., Gertrude, Creighton, and Garson deposits); (4) Cu-Pt-
Pd-Ni−rich footwall ore hosted in sharp-walled veins in the
brecciated country rock (e.g., McCreedy West, McCreedy
East–153 zone, and Strathcona deposits); (5) hybrid footwall
vein-offset (e.g., Podolsky deposit, Whistle offset); and (6) low
sulfide, high Pt-Pd-Au-Ag enrichment in footwall rocks sur-
rounding contact- and footwall-style orebodies (e.g., Mc-
Creedy West–precious metal zone). This distribution has
been attributed in part to fractional crystallization of mono-
sulfide solid solution from an immiscible sulfide melt to form
Fe-Ni−rich, Pt-Pd−poor contact ore (MSS) and Cu-Pt-
Pd−rich footwall ore (remaining fractionated sulfide liquid;
e.g., Keays and Crocket, 1970; Li et al., 1992; Naldrett et al.,
1999). However, it has been proposed that later hydrothermal
and tectonic remobilization has caused Pt-Pd enrichment in
several North and South Range deposits, especially in footwall
veins and low sulfide, high Pt-Pd−style deposits (Farrow and
Watkinson, 1992, 1997; Molnár et al., 1997, 1999; Hanley et
al., 2004, 2005; Ames and Farrow, 2007; Péntek et al., 2008).
The Creighton deposit is one of the largest deposits in the
Sudbury structure with over 280 million metric tons (Mt) of
ore mined since 1900 and an average tenor of 5.3 percent Ni,
7.1 percent Cu, 2.0 g/t Pt, and 2.2 g/t Pd (Farrow and Light-
foot, 2002). It is situated on the South Range and the deposit
is in direct contact with the footwall rocks that are a mix of
Creighton granite and metagabbros of the Elsie Mountain
Formation (Figs. 1, 2B). The majority of mineralization at
Creighton lies in a number of orebodies hosted in a branch-
ing trough comprising several embayments (the Main embay-
ment and the 402 trough) at the base of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex (Fig. 2). Massive and disseminated contact-style sul-
fides, up to 150 m thick (Pattison, 1979), are hosted in the
hanging-wall noritic phase of the Sudbury Igneous Complex,
which is a magmatic breccia (termed sublayer norite: Souch
et al., 1969). The Main embayment at the Creighton mine
plunges northwest extending 3 km (1200 ft.) along the Sud-
bury Igneous Complex-Creighton pluton contact (Fig. 2A).
Several small pendants of ore (e.g., 125, 403, 461, and 649
orebodies, Fig. 2A, C) are found in the footwall at depth (Far-
row and Lightfoot, 2002) and the 403 and 461 orebodies were
largely remobilized by shear zones. There are no massive
sharp-walled chalcopyrite veins in the footwall (D. Andrews
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1073
pers. commun.) that are typical of footwall deposits from the
North Range (e.g., Strathcona: Li and Naldrett, 1993). At
Creighton, there is also a weakly mineralized quartz diorite
“failed offset” dike that intrudes for several hundred meters
into the footwall rocks and also precious metal enrichment
(low sulfide, high Pt, Pd style) in some of the footwall rocks
surrounding the embayments (Farrow and Lightfoot, 2002).
The 402 trough at Creighton plunges northeast and con-
tains several contact-style orebodies (Gertrude, 402, Plum)
and one footwall orebody (Deep 400 East). The 402 trough
extends from the Gertrude orebody at surface (open pit, 2.5
km west of the Creighton mine) and is connected to the 402
orebody at depth, which is divided into Upper and Lower 402
orebodies for the purpose of this study (Fig. 2B, C). Struc-
tural remobilization is not believed to be a principal control
on the distribution of ores of the 402 trough, except for the
Plum orebody (P. Lightfoot, pers. commun.). The 402 trough
intersects the Main embayment in the location of the Plum
orebody where contact-style massive sulfides fill a dilational
void (90 m wide and 150 m long), which protrudes into the
footwall granite (D. Andrews, pers. commun.). The struc-
turally controlled Plum orebody contains pyrrhotite- and
chalcopyrite-rich layered sulfides (2−3 m) bounded by bi-
otite-schist shear zones. The Deep 400 East orebody (60 m
wide and 100 m long) is a footwall-style deposit located at the
very end of the 402 trough. It is concentrically zoned with an
Fe-Ni−rich center and a Cu-Pt-Pd−rich rim (containing
<30% Ccp). A Sudbury diabase dike (~7 m thick) intrudes the
middle of the Gertrude orebody.
Sampling and Analytical Methods
Twenty samples typical of the range of mineralized rock
types and sulfide textures were investigated from seven loca-
tions which span the length of the 402 trough orebodies at
Creighton deposit (Table 1; Fig. 2B, C). They were chosen
with the aid of Vale Inco staff to be representative of each
orebody of the 402 trough, however, they may not necessarily
be typical of the Creighton deposit as a whole. Twelve of our
samples are from relatively undeformed, contact-style ore-
bodies, i.e., Gertrude West (CRTN1), Gertrude open pit
(CRTN2-4), Upper 402 (CRTN5-7 from 2 locations), and
Lower 402 (CRTN 11-15). Three samples are from the de-
formed, contact-style orebody of the Plum (CRTN 8-10) and
the remaining five are from a relatively undeformed, footwall-
style orebody (Deep 400 East: CRTN 16-20).
At least 1 kg of each sample was crushed and ~200 g ground
in an aluminum Carbide mill at the Université du Québec à
Chicoutimi. Sulfur was determined by a HORIBA EMIA-220
V analyzer (combustion and infrared analysis; Bédard et al.,
2008). Nickel and Cu were analyzed by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry after aqua regia digestion. Gold and PGE
were collected from 15 g of sample (for disseminated ores),
7.5 g of sample (for massive ores), and 5 g of sample (for chal-
copyrite-rich ores) by Ni sulfide fire assay, followed by Te co-
precipitation, followed by ICP-MS solution analysis using a
slight modification of Jackson et al. (1992) described in
Richardson and Burnham (2002). All analyses were carried
out at Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. The trace ele-
ments, i.e., Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Fe, Mo, Pb, Se, Sb, Sn, Re,
Te, and Zn, were determined by ICP-MS after four-acid
1074 DARE ET AL.

A) CREIGHTON Main Embayment

SE- NW Composite Section
7 Shaft Creighton 5 Shaft
A 9 Shaft Surface
open pit B
SE NW
1000L

118/117 OB Sudbury Igneous

Complex

3800L
Footwall
125 OB

5800L 126 OB
0 2000 403 OB
7000L ft
Contact-style orebodies
Footwall-style orebodies 461 OB
Creighton granite footwall Deep 400 OB
380044N

Norite
Sublayer norite Deep 400E OB

10000L 649 OB

B) CREIGHTON C) CREIGHTON Cross Section

Plan N W-E Longitudinal
W E
Sudbury Igneous CRTN1 CRTN2 -4
Complex Gertrude Gertrude Creighton
Deep 400E OB
West open pit Surface open pit
649 OB
B
1290/
401 OB CRTN5 -7
Deep 400 OB 118/117
Ma

U-402OB
OB
Plum OB
in E

387528N 403 OB 125 OB

40
mb

L-402OB CRTN11 -15

Main Embayment
3800L 2T L-402OB
aym

ro 403 OB
U-402OB 125 OB u gh
gh

1290/401
ent
u

OB
Tro

118/117 5800L
OB
402

7000L CRTN8 -10

365076N 461 OB Plum OB
649 OB

Gertrude Creighton open pit

A CRTN16 -20
Deep 400 OB
Gertrude West 10000L Deep 400E OB
Contact-style orebodies Footwall
Footwall-style orebodies Contact-style orebodies
Footwall-style orebodies
Creighton granite footwall
364980E

364980E
360100E

360100E

Norite 0 2500
0 2500
ft ft

FIG. 2. A. North-south section through the Creighton embayment, showing the locations of the sublayer and the sulfide
orebodies. B. Plan view. C. Simplified longitudinal section (W-E) of the Creighton-Gertrude deposits, showing sample loca-
tions along the 402 trough. The mineralization is projected to surface and/or section. Sample locations (black stars) from the
402 trough of Creighton consist of contact-style sulfides from the Gertrude West open pit, Gertrude open pit, Upper 402
orebody (U-402OB), Lower 402 orebody (L-402OB), and the Plum orebody and footwall-style sulfides from the Deep 400
East (Deep 400E) orebody. Sample numbers (CRTN) are marked in C.

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 TABLE 1. Sample Locations, Descriptions, and Whole-Rock Concentrations of Metals and S in Sulfide Samples from the 402 Trough Orebodies, Creighton Deposit, Sudbury

Sample no. D.L. CRTN1 CRTN2 CRTN3 CRTN4 CRTN5 CRTN6 CRTN7 CRTN8 CRTN9 CRTN10 CRTN11 CRTN12 CRTN13
Gertrude Upper Upper Upper Lower Lower Lower
Orebody West1 Gertrude1 Gertrude1 Gertrude1 4021 4021 4021 Plum1 Plum1 Plum1 4022 4022 4022
Deformed Deformed Deformed
Deposit type Contact- Contact- Contact- Contact- Contact- Contact- Contact- contact- contact- contact- Contact- Contact- Contact-

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style style style style style style style style style style style style style
Sulfide texture DISS INCL DISS MASS INCL DISS INCL INCL MASS MASS MASS MASS MASS
Remo- Ccp-rich
Altered Pn, Altered Pn, Altered Pn, Altered Pn, Minor Py/ bilized layer (shear- Po-rich
Comments minor Py minor Py minor Py minor Py Marc breccia4 banded) layer Minor Py

S (wt %) 4.79 10.23 11.18 33.27 28.45 5.35 18.70 24.32 32.46 33.32 31.14 36.47 36.79
Ni (wt %) 0.51 1.10 1.44 4.30 4.53 1.13 3.15 4.88 5.16 7.43 5.65 7.50 5.98
Cu (wt %) 0.28 1.55 0.07 0.03 0.37 0.31 4.28 2.93 21.82 1.54 3.59 0.27 0.40
Os (ppb) 0.50 6 50 17 160 12 5 12 72 71 139 328 406 366
Ir (ppb) 0.05 7 109 46 351 33 12 27 153 295 324 648 797 730
Ru (ppb) 0.24 22 185 55 644 33 20 42 323 384 724 1508 1919 1692
Rh (ppb) 0.16 10 152 128 666 72 20 61 490 512 1022 899 1134 1033
Pt (ppb) 0.17 14 107 112 362 119 72 8 10570 68 49 42 44 41
Pd (ppb) 0.94 20 37 53 200 144 24 143 8314 1188 157 622 214 88
Au (ppb) 0.97 11 38 3 3 7 7 15 326 134 167 188 12 9
Re (ppb) 2.00 42 178 123 597 99 34 86 199 285 462 399 467 474
Ag (ppm) 0.01 2.5 5.2 0.3 0.4 1.5 0.8 11.0 12.9 60.6 5.7 7.4 1.4 1.1

1075
As (ppm) 0.20 0.8 3.8 6.6 3.3 4.2 2.7 3.4 19.5 1.9 2.6 5 3.7 5.4
Bi (ppm) 0.01 1.0 2.5 2.8 1.5 4.2 1.0 3.5 21.0 13.7 11.6 5.3 7.9 7.3
Cd (ppm) 0.02 0.4 3.5 0.2 0.02 0.7 0.2 3.0 4.9 19.7 1.0 2.0 0.1 0.2
Co (ppm) 0.10 255 454 533 1595 1195 280 705 932 1075 1315 1050 1475 1050
Mo (ppm) 0.05 1.5 1.4 2.7 7.1 7.0 1.7 5.6 6.6 9.7 10.6 6.0 7.5 6.0
Pb (ppm) 0.50 12.9 22.3 34.9 5.4 9.8 21.3 57.5 18.1 78.7 9.3 15.1 5.0 5.9
Sb (ppm) 0.05 0.14 0.30 0.38 0.07 0.12 0.20 0.29 0.80 0.23 0.15 0.08 0.15 <0.10
Se (ppm) 1.00 10 16 24 56 92 12 63 139 108 99 96 103 106
Sn (ppm) 0.20 1.0 1.0 2.1 0.4 2.2 1.6 5.9 7.3 18.7 2.2 2.9 1.6 2.2
Te (ppm) 0.05 0.4 0.5 1.4 0.8 1.8 0.3 2.0 17.1 7.0 2.8 2.6 2.9 3.6
Zn (ppm) 2.00 89 258 67 17 70 91 255 244 637 34 162 6 17
wt % sulfides3 12.4 26.8 28.8 85.7 73.8 14.1 50.0 64.4 91.6 87.7 82.2 95.3 95.5
wt % Po3 81.7 71.2 85.2 85.8 81.3 70.9 56.9 65.2 13.5 71.0 67.8 77.0 81.2
wt % Pn3 11.6 11.5 14.0 14.1 17.3 22.5 17.7 21.3 15.8 23.8 19.3 22.1 17.6
wt % Ccp3 6.6 17.2 0.8 0.1 1.5 6.5 25.4 13.5 70.7 5.2 12.9 0.8 1.2
Total Os+Ir+Ru+Rh 45 496 246 1820 149 57 143 1038 1261 2208 3383 4256 3821
Total Pt+Pd 34 144 166 562 263 96 151 18884 1256 206 664 258 129
Ni/S 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.16 0.21 0.17 0.20 0.16 0.22 0.18 0.21 0.16
Cu/S 0.06 0.15 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.23 0.12 0.67 0.05 0.12 0.01 0.01
ORIGIN OF PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM THE CREIGHTON Ni-Cu-PGE DEPOSIT, SUDBURY

Ni/Cu 1.9 0.7 19.3 162.2 12.3 3.6 0.7 1.7 0.2 4.8 1.6 27.5 15.1
Pt/Pd 0.7 2.9 2.1 1.8 0.8 3.0 0.1 1.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.5
Sulfide type Altered- Altered- Altered- Altered- Po-rich Po-rich Po-rich Deformed Deformed Deformed Po-rich Po-rich Po-rich
BMS BMS BMS BMS Po-rich Ccp-rich Po-rich
1075
 TABLE 1. (Cont.)
1076
Sample no. D.L. CRTN14 CRTN15 CRTN16 CRTN17 CRTN18 CRTN19 CRTN20 UQAC quality monitor5 WMS1-a reference material6
Deep 400 Deep 400 Deep 400 Deep 400 Deep 400
Orebody Lower 4022 Lower 4022 East2 East2 East2 East2 East2 This study Working value This study Certified value
Contact- Contact- Footwall- Footwall- Footwall- Footwall- Footwall-
Deposit type syle syle style style style style style Avg ± (n=5) Avg ± Avg ± (n=3) Avg ±
Sulfide texture MASS4 MASS MASS MASS MASS MASS MASS DISS MASS
Comments Minor Py Minor Py

S (wt %) 33.85 35.09 33.71 32.13 34.16 34.12 32.94 0.97 0.12 1.04 0.11 28.46 1.34 28.17 0.69

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Ni (wt %) 11.80 9.12 14.75 8.05 4.95 12.68 10.68 0.12 0.00 0.11 0.02 3.40 0.04 3.02 0.07
Cu (wt %) 6.72 1.85 0.96 1.80 20.71 8.07 6.95 0.13 0.01 0.11 0.02 1.46 0.10 1.40 0.02
Os (ppb) 0.50 374 326 109 74 159 173 148 0.18 0.03 0.18 0.04 142 [150]
Ir (ppb) 0.05 752 622 250 189 428 444 384 0.12 0.02 0.12 0.01 333 322 19
Ru (ppb) 0.24 1680 1399 552 394 909 818 801 1.90 0.14 1.85 0.12 148 145 15
Rh (ppb) 0.16 1119 875 636 483 1069 1127 790 1.55 0.10 1.57 0.11 257 222 18
Pt (ppb) 0.17 43 36 21 15 13690 11770 39 15.44 1.08 15.50 0.95 1997 1910 50
Pd (ppb) 0.94 801 232 834 117 310 783 448 15.14 0.61 15.42 0.76 1578 1450 50
Au (ppb) 0.97 576 21 7 16 7 10 7 1.01 0.90 1.10 0.49 225 300 18
Re (ppb) 2.00 433 508 242 243 391 419 429 7.0 8.4 1.1 216 238 14
Ag (ppm) 0.01 18.4 5.0 4.6 5.0 48.3 20.3 17.7 0.7 0.8 0.3 2.9 3.7 0.5
As (ppm) 0.20 4.7 4.2 2.8 1.5 8.7 10.4 3.2 2.4 2.5 1.1 37.8 30.9 2.9
Bi (ppm) 0.01 8.8 9.1 12.0 10.3 9.6 9.8 7.1 0.8 1.0 0.1 1.0 [1.2]
Cd (ppm) 0.02 4.7 1.0 0.9 1.8 19.7 5.7 5.8 0.4 0.4 0.1 1.2 [1.4]
Co (ppm) 0.10 2630 1925 2030 961 672 1510 1410 76 75 10 1365 1450 80
Mo (ppm) 0.05 11.2 9.3 11.3 6.7 8.5 11.4 10.0 1.6 1.7 0.1 4.5 [3]
Pb (ppm) 0.50 6.1 5.8 7.6 28.0 7.4 5.5 7.3 80 81 1 15 [33]
Sb (ppm) 0.05 0.15 0.18 0.15 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 10.3 10.0 0.3 11.3 6.9 0.7

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Se (ppm) 1.00 101 102 109 91 94 89 98 4.0 2.9 0.2 114 [87]
Sn (ppm) 0.20 3.2 3.9 2.3 7.1 15.6 3.5 4.4 19.0 19.3 0.4 2.2 [2.3]
DARE ET AL.

Te (ppm) 0.05 3.8 3.6 8.5 3.3 7.3 6.3 4.5 0.3 0.4 0.1 4.2 n.a.
Zn (ppm) 2.00 327 81 23 70 567 155 193 115 120 2 118 130 8

Wt % sulfides3 92.8 93.0 91.8 85.1 95.4 94.3 90.1

Wt % Po3 42.8 66.6 51.7 67.2 21.0 36.9 43.8
Wt % Pn3 35.7 27.5 45.2 26.6 14.6 37.8 33.3
Wt % Ccp3 21.5 5.9 3.1 6.3 64.4 25.4 22.9
Total Os+Ir+Ru+Rh 3926 3221 1548 1139 2564 2562 2122
Total Pt+Pd 844 269 855 132 14000 12553 487
Ni/S 0.35 0.26 0.44 0.25 0.14 0.37 0.32
Cu/S 0.20 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.61 0.24 0.21
Ni/Cu 1.76 4.94 15.30 4.47 0.24 1.57 1.54
Pt/Pd 0.05 0.16 0.03 0.12 44.12 15.04 0.09
Sulfide type Po-rich Po-rich Po-rich Po-rich Ccp-rich Po-rich Po-rich

Abbreviations: Ccp = chalcopyrite, DISS = disseminated, INCL = inclusion-bearing massive sulfide, Marc = marcasite, MASS = massive sulfide, Pn = pentlandite, Po = pyrrhotite, Py = pyrite, avg
= average, D.L. = detection limit 3 × standard deviation of the analytical blank (based from Savard et al., in press, for PGE and ALSChemex for other elements); ± 1 standard deviation; n.a. = not ana-
lyzed; Contact-syle deposit: pyrrhotite-rich sulfides hosted in hanging-wall norite at the base of the Sudbury Igneous Complex; footwall-style deposit: pendant of sulfide hosted in footwall granite
1 Grab samples from slopes
2 Samples from drill core
3 Wt % sulfides, Po, Pn, and Ccp were calculated using whole-rock S, Ni, and Cu concentrations and scanning electron microscope values for Cu and S in Ccp (33.7 and 35.2 wt %), Ni and S in Pn

(35.6 and 33.6 wt %) and S in Po (39.7 wt %) determined for these samples by Dare et al. (in press)
4CRTN8 breccia contains clasts of granite, quartz, and biotite schist (Fig. 3C); CRTN14 is a 2-cm-wide Ccp vein, rimmed by Pn, that cuts across CRTN13
5 UQAC quality monitors: BB-235 for PGE and Au and KPT-1 (a quartz diorite from Copper Cliff, Sudbury: Webb et al., 2006) for all other elements
6 WMS1-a certified and provisional [ ] values from CANMET
7 Re values for reference materials by isotope dilution (Savard et al., in press)
 ORIGIN OF PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM THE CREIGHTON Ni-Cu-PGE DEPOSIT, SUDBURY
near-total digestion at ALS-Chemex, Vancouver. Sulfide ref-
erence material (WMS-1a) and Université du Québec à
Chicoutimi quality-control monitors (KPT-1: Webb et al.,
2006, and BB-235) were analyzed to monitor data quality.
The whole-rock data for Creighton sulfides and data quality
are presented in Table 1. Analyses of the reference material
and quality-control monitors agreed with the certified and
working values (defined as a compilation of determinations
done during proficiency testing, e.g., Webb et al., 2006), re-
spectively. The relative standard deviation is generally <5
percent for Ni, Cu, and S, 5 to 10 percent for Ru, Rh, Pt, and
Pd, and ~15 percent for Os and Ir.
A total of 24 representative polished blocks, 2.5 cm in di-
ameter, representing 18 samples, were searched for PGM
using a four-quadrant backscattered detector (4QBSD) on a
ZEISS SMT S360 SEM at Cardiff University (Table 2). Most
PGM were located using a magnification of x100. The images
were collected with an accelerating voltage of 20 kV, a probe
current of 500 pA, and a working distance of 25 mm. The
PGM were then quantitatively analyzed with an Oxford In-
struments INCA ENERGY EDX system on the SEM at
Cardiff University using the above conditions except for a
probe current of 1 nA and 50-s counting times. Pure metal
standards (for PGE, Fe, Ni, Ag, Au, Bi, Co, Cu, Mo, Re, Sb,
and Se), FeS2 (for S), InAs (for As), and PbTe (for Pb and Te)
supplied by Micro Analysis Consultants Ltd. (St. Ives, Cam-
bridgeshire, U.K.) were used for calibration (e.g., Prichard et
al., 2004; Holwell and McDonald, 2007; Barnes et al., 2008).
Instrument drift was monitored using a Co reference mater-
ial. Representative analyses are given in Tables 3 and 4. Each
PGM was carefully measured (length and breadth) directly
from the SEM image during the search for PGM in order to
estimate the grain area. We multiplied the measurements of
length by breadth because the PGM are typically euhedral
and either cubic, pseudocubic, or lath shaped. The grain area
for each polished block is given in the Appendix.
The whole-rock S, Ni, and Cu concentrations and scanning
electron microscope values for the sulfide minerals (deter-
mined by Dare et al., in press) were used to calculate the pro-
portions (wt %) of pentlandite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite in
100 percent sulfides (Table 1). All of the Cu in the whole rock
was assigned to chalcopyrite and all of the Ni to pentlandite,
which includes the component of pentlandite dissolved in
pyrrhotite (~0.7 wt % Ni). Pyrite (estimated to be <1%) con-
tains ~ 4.5 percent Ni but its contribution is negligible to the
Ni whole-rock budget.
Results
Sulfide textures
The sample suite (Table 1) consists of disseminated sulfides
with <30 percent sulfides (n = 3, Fig. 3A), inclusion-bearing
massive sulfides with ~20 to 80 percent sulfides (n = 4, Fig. 3B,
C), pyrrhotite-rich massive sulfides with >80 percent sulfides
(n = 11, Fig. 3D-F), and chalcopyrite-rich massive sulfides (n
= 2, Fig. 3D-E). Disseminated sulfides are hosted in quartz
diorite and norite (Fig. 3A). The inclusion-bearing massive
sulfides typically contain fragments of the hanging-wall norite
and/or quartz diorite (Fig. 3B). A chalcopyrite vein (1 cm
wide), rimmed by coarse-grained pentlandite (0.5 cm wide)
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occurs in pyrrhotite-rich massive sulfide (Fig. 3F). The sam-
ples from the Plum orebody were collected in close proximity
to its bounding shear zone and represent deformed contact-
style sulfides. They include samples from both a pyrrhotite-
rich layer (CRTN10) and a chalcopyrite-rich layer (CRTN9),
which itself is shear banded on a centimetre scale (Fig. 3E),
and a pyrrhotite-rich remobilized breccia (CRTN8), which
contains clasts of Creighton granite from the footwall and bi-
otite schist and quartz from the shear zone (Fig. 3C).
All of the sulfide types display intergrowths of pyrrhotite,
pentlandite, and chalcopyrite (Fig. 4A) and in disseminated
sulfides pyrrhotite and pentlandite are surrounded in many
cases by chalcopyrite (Fig. 4B). Pentlandite has a variety of
exsolution textures: coarse-granular and veins, along pyrrhotite
grain boundaries, and fine-grained flames (see Dare et al., in
press, for more details). Minor amounts of rounded and eu-
hedral magnetite are hosted within the sulfide minerals.
Grain boundaries between the intergrowths of base metal sul-
fides and silicate minerals, in particular amphibole, are irreg-
ular (Fig. 4B-D) in all of the samples, including the deformed
sulfides. In disseminated sulfides, the margins of large sulfide
grains generally have numerous, small grains of base metal
sulfides intergrown with silicates at their edges (Fig. 4D). At
Gertrude, the pyrrhotite-rich sulfides are typically altered
with pentlandite partially replaced by pyrrhotite (Fig. 4E)
and pyrrhotite partially altered to pyrite (0.05–0.3 mm in size)
along cracks (Fig. 4F; Table 1). They are classified as “altered
base metal sulphides” in this study to distinguish them from
the remaining samples that contain unaltered base metal
sulfides. Minor amounts (estimated to be <1%) of pyrite
(0.1–0.2 mm in size) and marcasite are found in pyrrhotite in
only a few of the other samples (Table 1).
Whole-rock PGE
The contact-style pyrrhotite-rich sulfides of the 402 trough
(Gertrude, Upper, and Lower 402 orebodies) contain, on av-
erage, 1.8 ppm Os + Ir + Ru + Rh (IPGE) and 0.4 ppm Pt +
Pd + Au. They have unfractionated PGE profiles, i.e., positive
slopes from Os to Rh and then depleted in Pt and Pd, similar
to Strathcona contact ores from the North Range (Naldrett et
al., 1982), and plot within the field defined by the much
larger published Creighton dataset (Naldrett et al., 1999; Fig.
5A). Negative Pt anomalies (avg abundance 0.08 ppm, <0.3
ppm) are common and the Pd content is low (avg 0.2 ppm,
<0.8 ppm). The Pt/Pd ratio is approximately 1 (0.05 – 3: Table
1). There is little difference in the PGE profiles for (1) dis-
seminated sulfides, inclusion-bearing massive sulfides, and
massive sulfides and (2) samples with altered base metal sul-
fides from Gertrude and those with unaltered base metal sul-
fides from the Upper and Lower 402 orebodies (Fig. 5A).
The deformed, contact-style sulfides of the Plum orebody
on average contain 1.5 ppm IPGE and have a steeply sloping
PGE pattern similar to contact-style sulfides from the Main
embayment and Gertrude norite (Fig. 5B). The remobilized
sulfide breccia (CRTN8) is significantly enriched in Pt (10.6
ppm), Pd (8.3 ppm), and Au (0.3 ppm) compared to the lay-
ered sulfides (0.9 ppm Pt + Pd + Au). These layered sulfides
have a less steeply sloping PGE profile (Fig. 5B) with nega-
tive Pt anomalies (0.06 ppm Pt abundance) and the chalcopy-
rite layer contains higher Pd (1.2 ppm) and slightly less IPGE
1078 DARE ET AL.

TABLE 2. Numbers of Platinum-Group, Precious Metal, and Rhenium Minerals and Their Textural Relationships Identified in
the 402 Trough Orebodies, Creighton Deposit, Sudbury

Rhenium sulfides
PGE Sperrylite Michenerite Electrum Hessite
Sulfide type Host mineral sulfarsenide1 (PtAs2) (PdBiTe) (AgAu2) (Ag2Te) (Re-Fe-Mo-Cu-Os-S) (Re-Fe-Pb-Bi-S)

Po-rich sulfides, undeformed contact-style orebodies (Upper and Lower 402)

N=7 Po 72 1 30
n = 8 blocks Pn 52 3
Ccp 16 1
BMS/BMS 4 1 2
BMS/Sil 2 3
BMS/Mt
Sil 2 7
Mt
present in % of samples 100 43 29 71

Po-rich sulfides, footwall-style orebody (Deep 400 East)

N=3 Po 19 5 (2 in Mo)
n = 4 blocks Pn 2
Ccp 2
BMS/BMS 1
BMS/Sil 1
BMS/Mt
Sil
Mt
present in % of samples 100 67

Ccp-rich sulfide, footwall-style orebody (Deep 400 East)

N=1 Po 10 2 4
n = 1 block Pn 5
Ccp 5 4 (in Mo)
BMS/BMS 1
BMS/Sil
BMS/Mt
Sil
Mt 1
present in % of samples 100 100 100

Po-rich sulfides containing altered BMS from undeformed, contact-style orebody (Gertrude)
N=4 Po 30 1 6
n = 5 blocks Pn
Ccp 2
BMS/BMS
BMS/Sil 2
BMS/Mt 1
Sil
Mt
present in % of samples 100 25 40

Deformed sulfides from contact-style orebody (Plum)

N=3 Po 19 1 (in RhAsS) 3 4 14
n = 6 blocks Pn 1 1
Ccp 1 1
BMS/BMS 2
BMS/Sil 4 2
BMS/Mt
Sil 2 1 1
Mt
present in % of samples 67 33 67 25 100

Total grains in 18 samples 258 3 21 5 6 6 58

present in % of total samples 100 6 28 11 11 11 61
Size range (µm)2 1 × 1 to 7 × 4 to 3 × 1 to 3 × 1 to 2 × 0.5 to 2 × 2 to 5 × 3 2 × 0.7 to 53 × 1
19 × 17 59 × 58 100 × 20 4×2 8×4

Total area of each grain (µm2) 34011 3440 1771 28

Abbreviations: Po = pyrrhotite, Pn = pentlandite, Ccp = chalcopyrite, BMS = base metal sulfide, Sil = silicate, Mt = magnetite, Mo = Molybdenite,
N = number of samples, OB = orebody
1 PGE sulfarsenides comprise, from core to rim, irarsite (IrAsS), hollingworthite (RhAsS), PGE-rich Ni cobaltite, (CoAsS) and PGE-barren Ni cobaltite
2 Size of grain given by length and breadth which were used to estimate the grain area (see Appendix for data)

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 TABLE 3. Representative Scanning Electron Microscope Analyses (wt %) on PGE-rich Sulfarsenides and Other As-bearing Minerals from the 402 Trough Orebodies, Creighton Deposit, Sudbury

Zoned PGE-rich Sample

sulfarsenides Host no. Shape S Fe Co Ni As Ru Rh Os Ir Pt Pd Total Co#1 Rh#2 Atomic formula3

Type 1 (irarsite core, hollingworthite outer layer ± PGE-Ni cobaltite rim)

Irarsite Pn CR11_3C Eu 11.4 1.7 0.5 2.3 25.9 0.6 2.9 n.d. 54.4 n.d. n.d. 99.7 0.2 0.1 (Ir0.77Ni0.11Rh0.08Fe0.08Ru0.02Co0.02)Σ1.08As0.95S0.97
Hollingworthite Pn CR11_3M Eu 16.7 2.4 4.6 4.9 34.8 1.2 32.8 2.7 n.d. n.d. n.d. 100.0 0.5 1.0 (Rh0.62Ni0.16Co0.15Fe0.08Os0.03Ru0.02)Σ1.07As0.91S1.02
PGE-Ni cobaltite Pn CR11_15R Eu 19.9 5.3 16.9 11.5 40.9 2.9 1.0 0.4 n.d. n.d. n.d. 98.9 0.6 1.0 (Co0.48Ni0.33Fe0.16Ru0.05Rh0.02)Σ1.04As0.92S1.04
Irarsite Po CR13_5C Eu 11.6 3.4 0.3 0.0 25.5 0.5 1.8 n.d. 56.4 n.d. n.d. 99.4 1.0 0.1 (Ir0.81Fe0.17Rh0.05Co0.01Ru0.01)Σ1.06As0.94S1.00
Hollingworthite Po CR13_5M Eu 17.3 4.3 5.1 3.5 34.3 2.0 30.0 3.5 n.d. n.d. n.d. 100.0 0.6 1.0 (Rh0.56Co0.17Fe0.15Ni0.12Os0.04Ru0.04)Σ1.07As0.89S1.04

0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
PGE-Ni cobaltite Po CR13_5R Eu 19.5 7.0 15.9 10.8 40.7 1.2 2.9 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 98.2 0.6 1.0 (Co0.46Ni0.31Fe0.21Rh0.05Ru0.02)Σ1.05As0.92S1.03
Hollingworthite7 Po-Sp CR8B_7M1 An 15.6 1.4 4.1 1.8 37.2 n.d. 37.1 n.d. n.d. 4.0 n.d. 101.4 0.7 1.0 (Rh0.73Co0.14Ni0.06Fe0.05Pt0.04)Σ1.02As1.00S0.98
PGE-Ni cobaltite8 Po CR8B_7M2 Eu 18.3 4.5 12.5 11.1 42.6 4.3 4.7 n.d. n.d. 1.7 0.7 100.4 0.5 1.0 (Co0.37Ni0.33Fe0.14Rh0.08Ru0.07Pt0.02Pd0.01)Σ1.02As0.99S0.99
Ni cobaltite9 Po CR8B_7R Eu 19.6 7.1 16.2 12.2 44.2 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 99.3 0.6 n.d. (Co0.46Ni0.34Fe0.21)Σ1.01As0.98S1.01
Irarsite/Holl mix10 Po-Pn CR10_7C An 13.6 2.6 0.0 1.0 28.7 n.d. 18.0 n.d. 37.1 n.d. n.d. 100.9 0.0 0.5 (Ir0.47Rh0.42Fe0.11Ni0.04)Σ1.05As0.93S1.03
Hollingworthite11 Po-Pn CR10_7M Eu 15.4 2.0 2.7 1.7 34.5 n.d. 42.0 1.0 0.5 n.d. n.d. 99.8 0.6 1.0 (Rh0.83Co0.09Fe0.07Ni0.06Os0.01Ir0.01)Σ1.08As0.94S0.98
Ni cobaltite12 Po-Pn CR10_7R Eu 19.6 6.1 20.4 10.9 43.2 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 100.1 0.7 n.d. (Co0.57Ni0.30Fe0.18)Σ1.05As0.95S1.00
Irarsite Po CR17A_4C Eu 12.9 3.2 1.4 0.7 27.5 n.d. 9.1 n.d. 46.5 n.d. n.d. 101.3 0.7 0.3 (Ir0.61Rh0.22Fe0.15Co0.06Ni0.03)Σ1.06As0.92S1.01
Hollingworthite Po CR16_4R Eu 16.0 3.4 3.5 1.5 33.3 n.d. 41.1 1.0 n.d. 1.0 n.d. 100.7 0.7 1.0 (Rh0.80Co0.12Fe0.12Ni0.05Pt0.01Os0.01)Σ1.11As0.89S1.00
PGE-Ni cobaltite Pn CR18_26 Eu 18.9 5.1 14.9 13.4 42.6 3.0 0.6 0.7 n.d. n.d. n.d. 99.0 0.5 1.0 (Co0.43Ni0.39Fe0.16Ru0.05Rh0.01Os0.01)Σ1.04As0.96S1.00
Irarsite Pn CR19_14C Eu 11.6 2.0 0.5 2.4 28.0 n.d. 9.7 n.d. 45.2 n.d. n.d. 99.4 0.2 0.3 (Ir0.61Rh0.25Ni0.11Fe0.09Co0.02)Σ1.08As0.98S0.94
PGE-Ni cobaltite Po CR19_3R Eu 19.0 7.2 16.0 12.2 43.2 1.3 0.5 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 99.4 0.6 1.0 (Co0.45Ni0.35Fe0.22Ru0.02Rh0.01)Σ1.05As0.96S0.99

Type 2 (irarsite/holl mixed core - PGE-Ni cobaltite rim)

Irarsite/Holl mix1 Po-Sil CR2A_8 Eu 13.7 2.7 2.0 n.d. 27.1 n.d. 11.9 n.d. 35.6 6.9 n.d. 99.9 1.0 0.4 (Ir0.46Rh0.29Fe0.12Pt0.09Co0.09)Σ1.04As0.90S1.06
PGE-Ni cobaltite2 Po-Sil CR2A_8 Eu 20.2 5.5 17.1 6.7 37.2 3.3 4.0 2.4 0.6 2.3 n.d. 99.3 0.7 0.9 (Co0.50Ni0.20Fe0.17Rh0.07Ru0.06Pt0.02Os0.02Ir0.01)Σ1.04As0.86S1.10
Irarsite/Holl mix3 Po CR2A_4 An 16.2 4.7 5.6 2.2 31.8 1.5 22.8 n.d. 9.9 4.3 n.d. 98.9 0.7 0.8 (Rh0.46Co0.20Fe0.17Ir0.11Ni0.08Pt0.05Ru0.03)Σ1.08As0.87S1.04

1079
PGE-Ni cobaltite4 Po CR2A_4 Eu 22.0 6.5 13.1 5.2 35.6 8.0 10.0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 100.5 0.7 1.0 (Co0.38Fe0.20Rh0.17Ni0.15Ru0.13)Σ1.03As0.81S1.17
Irarsite/Holl mix5 Po CR4_G1 Sub 14.5 4.1 3.7 1.2 29.9 n.d. 21.6 n.d. 17.8 8.0 n.d. 100.6 0.8 0.7 (Rh0.47Ir0.21Fe0.16Co0.14Pt0.09Ni0.04)Σ1.11As0.89S1.00
PGE-Ni cobaltite6 Po CR4_G1 Eu 20.1 7.7 19.7 8.1 40.7 n.d. 2.5 n.d. n.d. 0.9 n.d. 99.7 0.7 1.0 (Co0.55Fe0.23Ni0.23Rh0.04Pt0.01)Σ1.06As0.90S1.04
Co gersdorffite Pn CR6_1 Eu 19.7 7.1 11.4 17.1 45.0 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 100.2 0.4 (Ni0.48Co0.32Fe0.21)Σ1.00As0.99S1.01

Other arsenic Sample

minerals Host no. S Fe Co Ni Cu As Ru Sb Te Os Pt Au Total Co#1 Atomic formula

Sperrylite Fe-parg CR8A_4A 1.5 39.5 0.4 58.2 99.5 Pt1.05(As1.85Fe0.09Sb0.01)Σ1.95

Sperrylite13 Po-Holl CR8B_7C 0.4 41.6 0.9 54.8 1.8 99.5 (Pt0.97Au0.03)Σ1.00(As1.93Sb0.03)Σ1.95
Ru-As-Te-(S) Po CR18_11 4.0 5.0 0.9 21.7 29.0 3.8 33.1 1.8 99.3 (Ru0.78Fe0.24Ni0.04Os0.03)Σ1.09(As0.78Sb0.08)Σ0.87(Te0.70S0.34)Σ1.09
Maucherite Ccp-Po CR18_19C 0.8 3.6 48.8 45.9 99.1 (Ni10.30Fe0.79)Σ11.09(As7.59S0.32)Σ7.91
Gersdorffite Ccp-Po CR18_19R 20.2 4.5 3.7 27.6 1.4 43.2 100.5 0.1 (Ni0.77Fe0.13Co0.10Cu0.04)Σ1.04As0.94S1.04
Nickeline Po CR19_10 0.7 5.1 41.2 52.1 0.3 99.4 (Ni0.93Fe0.12)Σ1.15(As0.92S0.03)Σ0.95

1Cobaltite-gersdorffite series classified by Co# = Co/(Co+Ni) (atomic) into Ni cobaltite (Co# 0.5–0.8), Co gersdorffite (Co# 0.4–0.5) and gersdorffite (Co# <0.2)
2Irarsite-hollingworthite (holl) series are classified by Rh# = Rh/(Rh+Ir) (atomic) into hollingworthite (Rh# = 1.0), irarsite (Rh# = <0.1), and irarsite/holl mix (Rh# = 0.4-0.7)
3Atomic formulas calculated on 3 atoms (sperrylite and sulfarsenides), 2 atoms ( Ru-As-Te-S and nickeline), and 19 atoms (maucherite)

Superscript numbers 1-13 identify the analyzed grains in Figure 7

Abbreviations: Po = pyrrhotite, Pn = pentlandite, Ccp = chalcopyrite, Sp= sperrylite, Holl = Hollingworthite, Sil = silicate, Fe-parg = Ferro-pargasite, C = core, M = middle, R = rim, Eu = euhe-
ORIGIN OF PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM THE CREIGHTON Ni-Cu-PGE DEPOSIT, SUDBURY

dral, Sub = subhedral, An = anhedral

Formulas of PGE-bearing sulfarsenides from Sudbury
(Ir0.65Pt0.11Rh0.10Co0.07Ni0.01Os0.03Pd0.03)Σ=1.00As0.92S1.07 — Irarsite from Sudbury, Rucklidge (1969).
(Rh0.36Co0.22Fe0.19Ni0.16Ir0.05Pt0.04Os0.03)Σ=1.06(As0.95Sb0.01)S0.98 — Hollingworthite from Copper Cliff South, Szentpéteri et al. (2002)
(Co0.37Ni0.29Fe0.17Ru0.08Rh0.04Pt0.04Cu0.04)Σ=1.02As1.00S0.98 — PGE-cobaltite from Copper Cliff South, Szentpéteri et al. (2002)
Formulae of Sperrylite from Sudbury
Pt1.00(As1.99Sb0.01)Σ2.00 - n = 18, Cabri and Laflamme (1976).
(Pt0.97Fe0.03Cu0.03)Σ1.06(As1.94Sb0.03)Σ1.97 - Copper Cliff South, Magyorosi et al. (2002)
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1080 DARE ET AL.

TABLE 4. Representative Scanning Electron Microscope Analyses (wt %) on Pd-, Bi-, Te-, Ag-, Au- and Re-Bearing Minerals
from the 402 Trough Orebodies, Creighton Deposit, Sudbury

Pd-, Bi-, Te-, Ag- Sample

bearing minerals Host no. S Fe Ni Pd Ag Se Sb Te Pb Bi Total Atomic formula

Michenerite1 Plag-Po CR8B_3 25.1 1.6 29.9 43.8 100.4 Pd1.02(Bi0.91Sb0.06)Σ0.97Te1.02

Michenerite2 Po-Amph CR7_23 25.4 1.9 31.9 40.9 100.1 Pd1.02(Bi0.84Sb0.07)Σ0.91Te1.07
(ab)
crack
infilling
Tsumoite3 CR7_23 1.5 40.8 57.1 99.3 (Bi0.88Fe0.09)Σ0.97Te1.03
Tellurobismuthinite Pn CR4_D 48.5 51.8 100.3 Bi1.97Te3.03
Se-rich Tsumoite Po-Qtz-Ilm CR16_8 1.4 0.7 32.7 65.0 99.8 Bi1.03(Te0.85Se0.03)Σ0.97
Bi-Se-Te4 Biotite
cleavage
infilling CR16_2 6.1 21.3 72.0 99.5 Bi2.92(Te1.42Se0.66)Σ2.08
Pb-Bi-Te-Se-S Pn-Po CR13_10 4.6 1.3 1.2 28.9 12.6 50.4 99.0 (Pb0.77Fe0.31)Σ1.08Bi3.06Te2.87(S1.8Se0.19)Σ1.99
Pb-Bi-Te-Se-S Pn CR14_17 4.5 1.1 1.2 1.3 28.3 12.1 50.9 99.3 (Pb0.73Ni0.26Fe0.24)Σ1.23Bi3.05Te2.77(S1.75Se0.20)Σ1.95
Parkerite5 Po CR10_5B 9.5 27.4 0.4 62.3 99.6 Ni3.07(Bi1.96Sb0.02)Σ1.98S1.95
Hessite6 Ccp CR8A_3 63.0 37.7 100.7 Ag1.98Te1.02
Ag-pentlandite Pn-Ccp CR10_6 31.4 35.6 19.4 13.0 99.5 (Fe5.24Ni2.72)Σ7.96Ag0.99S8.05

Sample
Au-bearing mineral Host no. Ag Au Hg Total Atomic formula (based on 3 atoms)

Electrum Pn CR14_24 22.2 74.7 2.3 99.1 Ag1.04(Au1.91Hg0.06)Σ1.97

Sample
Rhenium sulfides Host no. S Fe Cu Mo Re Os Pb Bi Total Atomic formula (based on 5 atoms)

Re-Fe-Mo-Cu-Os-S7 Po CR_4_I 27.0 6.8 5.5 10.7 47.7 2.5 100.2 (Re0.90Fe0.42Mo0.39Cu0.30Os0.05)2.05S2.95
Re-Fe-Pb-Bi-S Po CR_9_1 21.8 5.5 25.2 38.7 9.8 100.9 (Re0.59Fe0.43)Σ1.02(Pb0.82Bi0.20)Σ1.02S2.96
Re-Fe-Pb-Bi-S8 Po CR_10_4b 22.7 7.7 25.4 34.9 10.1 100.8 (Re0.57Fe0.57)Σ1.14(Pb0.70Bi0.20)Σ0.90S2.95
Re-Fe-Pb-Bi-S Po CR_18_21 23.1 5.5 27.1 38.6 10.4 104.8 (Re0.61Fe0.41)Σ1.02(Pb0.78Bi0.21)Σ0.98S3.00

Notes: Superscript numbers 1-8 identify the analyzed grains in Figures 9 and 11; letters a-b identify the analyzed amphibole grains (a = magnesiohorn-
blende and b = hastingsite) in Figure 9C
7 Re-Fe-Mo-Cu-Os-S phases analyzed by ED for Re, Cu, Fe, and wavelength dispersive (WD) for Mo, S, and Os
8 Re-Fe-Pb-Bi-S phases analyzed by energy dispersive (ED)

Abbreviations: Po = pyrrhotite, Pn = pentlandite, Ccp = chalcopyrite, Amph = amphibole, Plag = plagioclase, Qtz = quartz, Ilm = ilmenite
Formula of michenerite from Sudbury (Cabri, 2002) for comparison with this study
(Pd0.99Ni0.01)Σ1.00(Bi0.79Sb0.13)Σ0.92Te1.07 —from Creighton, Victoria, Copper Cliff, Frood and Crean Hill mines, Ontario (Cabri and Laflamme, 1976)
(Pd0.92Pt0.07Ni0.01)Σ1.00(Bi0.99Sb0.01)Σ1.00Te1.00—Levack West mine (Cabri and Laflamme, 1976)
Other Re-Fe-Mo-Cu-Os sulfides reported from the literature and plotted in Figure 11: Tarkianite: (Cu0.84Fe0.20Ni0.04)Σ1.08(Re2.72Mo1.16)Σ3.88S8.00 from Hi-
tura Ni-Cu-PGE mine, Nivala, west-central Finland (Kojenen et al., 2004); (Cu0.84Fe0.20Ni0.04)Σ1.08(Re2.72Mo1.16)Σ3.88S8.00 from Stillwater, Montana (Tarkian et
al., 1991); (Cu0.88Fe0.21)Σ1.09(Re2.94Mo1.04)Σ3.98S8.00 from Lukkulaisvaara, Karelia,Russia (Barkov and Lednev, 1993); Cu(Mo2Re2)S8 from two localities in Swe-
den (Ekström and Hålenius 1982); Cu1.02(Re3.11Os0.18Mo1.59)Σ4.88S9 from Ekojoki, southwestern Finland (Peltonen et al., 1995);
(Re0.94Mo0.53Fe0.27Cu0.27)Σ2.00S3.00 from Coldwell Complex, Ontario, Canada (Mitchell et al., 1989)

(1.3 ppm) than the pyrrhotite-rich layer (0.2 ppm Pd and 2.2
ppm IPGE). The Pt/Pd ratio is 0.5 (0.1–1.3: Table 1).
Pyrrhotite- and chalcopyrite-rich sulfides from the Deep
400 East footwall orebody have very similar unfractionated to
steeply sloping PGE patterns (Fig. 5C) with pronounced neg-
ative Pd (0.5 and 0.3 ppm Pd abundance, respectively) and
Au anomalies. The Pt/Pd ratios are highly variable and range
from 0.03 to 15 for the pyrrhotite-rich sulfides and are high-
est in the chalcopyrite-rich sample (44: Table 1). The chal-
copyrite-rich sample (CRTN18) contains higher IPGE (2.6
ppm) and Pt + Pd + Au (14 ppm: of which 13.7 ppm is Pt, see
Table 1) compared to the pyrrhotite-rich sulfides (1.8 and 3.5
ppm, respectively). The footwall-style sulfides from the Deep
400 East orebody are similar to contact-style sulfides from the
Main embayment of Creighton and dissimilar to the highly
fractionated PGE profiles of massive chalcopyrite footwall
veins from the North Range (e.g., McCreedy West Cu
stringers: Naldrett et al., 1982).
Platinum-group minerals and Au-, Ag-bearing minerals
A total of 287 grains of precious metal minerals (PGM and
Au minerals) were identified (Table 2). The precious metal
minerals assemblage is estimated from the relative grain area
(Fig. 6) and is dominated (86.5%) by PGE sulfarsenides (irar-
site, hollingworthite, and cobaltite-gersdorffite series) with
minor sperrylite (PtAs2: 8.8%), michenerite (PdBiTe: 4.6%),
and electrum (AgAu2: 0.1%). The PGE sulfarsenides are
zoned with a PGM core of irarsite (IrAsS: n = 175) and in
some cases concentric zones of hollingworthite (RhAsS: n =
134) around the core. Irarsite and hollingworthite are hosted
in PGE-rich Ni cobaltite (CoAsS: n = 218) and in a few cases
there is an outer zone of PGE-poor Ni cobaltite (at least at

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 ORIGIN OF PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM THE CREIGHTON Ni-Cu-PGE DEPOSIT, SUDBURY 1081

A) CRTN1 B) CRTN7

Nor Po

Sulf
blebs
Ccp
Nor

C) CRTN8 D) CRTN18
Nor
Po
Qtz Bi-Sch
Granite
Ccp
Pn
Ccp Po

Qtz

E) CRTN9 F) CRTN14

Pn rim
Po-Pn Po
bands Po

Ccp Ccp-vein

CRTN13

FIG. 3. Representative sulfide samples from the 402 trough orebodies of the Creighton deposit. A. Disseminated ore with
sulfide blebs in norite, Gertrude orebody. B. Inclusion-bearing massive sulfide containing fragments of norite. C. Sulfide
breccia containing inclusions of granite, biotite-schist, and quartz clasts (up to 5 cm), Plum orebody. D. Chalcopyrite-rich
massive sulfide, Deep 400 orebody in the footwall. E. Shear banding (cm scale) in chalcopyrite-rich massive sulfide layer,
Plum orebody shear zone. F. Chalcopyrite vein (1 cm wide), rimmed by coarse-grained pentlandite (0.5 cm wide), in
pyrrhotite-rich massive sulfide, Lower 402 orebody. Circles mark the location of the 2.5-cm polished blocks. Abbreviations:
Bi-sch = biotite-schist, Ccp = chalcopyrite, Nor = norite, Pn = pentlandite, Po = pyrrhotite, Qtz = quartz, Sulf = sulfide.

the detection levels of the SEM). The cobaltite-gersdorffite
series is classified in this study using Co number (atomic ratio
of Co/(Co + Ni)) into Ni cobaltite (Co# = 0.5–0.8), Co gers-
dorffite (Co# = 0.4–0.5), and gersdorffite (Co# <0.2). The
PGE sulfarsenides are present in every sample from both the
contact and footwall orebodies, regardless of sulfide texture
and mineralogy. In contrast, michenerite and electrum are
present in only a few (5–30%) of the samples from the Plum,
Upper, and Lower 402 orebodies. Sperrylite was found only
in one Pt-rich sample (CRTN 8) from the Plum orebody. An
additional 22 samples from orebodies in the upper part of the
402 trough (i.e., Gertrude and Upper 402 orebodies) that
were analyzed by Vale Inco confirm that the precious metal
minerals assemblage described here is representative of the
402 trough. Euhedral cobaltite-gersdorffite containing 10 µm
irarsite rimmed by hollingworthite also occurs at the Wor-
thington offset, Totten deposit (Ames, 2007). The Rh, Ir, Ru
sulfarsenides minerals (hollingworthite, irarsite, and ruarsite)

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1082 DARE ET AL.

A) B) C)
Ccp
Ccp Po
Po Pn
Pn
Po Amph
Amph

500 µ m 500 µ m 500 µ m

Qtz Ccp

D) Pn E) F)
Po Po Py

Pn

Amph
Po
500 µ m Po 50 µm 500 µm

FIG. 4. Photomicrographs of typical sulfide textures in orebodies along the 402 trough, Creighton. A. Pentlandite inter-
grown with chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. Black circles are holes drilled by the laser ablation-ICP-MS (Dare et al., in press),
CRTN 5. B. Amphibole laths (ferro-pargasite) intergrown with chalcopyrite that surrounds pyrrhotite blebs in disseminated
sulfide, CRTN 1. C. Amphibole needles (ferro-anthophyllite) intergrown with pyrrhotite and pentlandite in massive sulfide,
CRTN 9. D. Margin of pyrrhotite surrounded by small pentlandite and pyrrhotite grains intergrown with amphibole (acti-
nolite), CRTN 2. E. Coarse-grained pentlandite (poikilitic) with numerous small inclusions of pyrrhotite, CRTN 1. F. Pyrite
partially replaces pyrrhotite along fractures, CRTN 1. Abbreviations: Amph = amphibole, Ccp = chalcopyrite, Pn = pent-
landite, Po = pyrrhotite, Py = pyrite, Qtz = quartz, CRTN = sample number.

associated with cobaltite-gersdorffite are typical of the South
Range deposits (e.g., Hawley and Stanton, 1962; Cabri and
Laflamme, 1976; Cabri, 1981; Farrow and Watkinson, 1999;
Stewart et al., 1999; Carter et al., 2001; Magyarosi et al., 2002;
Szentpéteri et al., 2002; Ames et al., 2003; Ames, 2007) that
have As-rich footwall Huronian volcanosedimentary rocks
and Nipissing gabbro in the impact target rocks (Ames and
Farrow, 2007).
We have classified the PGE sulfarsenides at Creighton into
two types based on different PGM compositions, zonations,
and textures (Fig. 7). In both types the PGE-rich Ni cobaltite
host is euhedral and ranges in size from 1 × 1 to 20 × 20 µm.
The first type of PGE sulfarsenide (n = 108) contains an irar-
site core and a hollingworthite outer zone, both of which are
close to end-member composition and range in size from1 ×
1 to 20 × 15 µm. The zonation is sharp and parallel faced.
Both irarsite and hollingworthite contain Pt (<4 wt %) in
some cases and, in addition, hollingworthite contains some Os
and Ru (<3 wt %). The PGM are euhedral (58% of the grains)
to subrounded (33%) and they are either cubic (Fig. 7A) or
tabular (Fig. 7B, C). The PGE-rich Ni cobaltite rim is com-
monly thin and partially absent on several faces of the holling-
worthite outer zone (Fig. 7C, D) and contains minor amounts
of Rh (2−4 wt %), Os (<3 wt %), and Ru (<3 wt %). We term
this first type of zoned PGE sulfarsenide as the euhedral, irar-
site core type. The second type of PGE sulfarsenide (n = 66)
comprises a single PGM core (Fig. 7E, H), which is of mixed
irarsite and/or hollingworthite composition (Rh/(Rh + Ir) =
0.4–0.7) and they are generally much smaller (<4 × 2 µm)
than the euhedral, irarsite core type. The mixed irarsite
and/or hollingworthite cores commonly contain Pt (<8 wt %)
FIG. 5. Mantle-normalized whole-rock Ni-PGE-Cu patterns for sulfides
(normalized to 100% sulfides) from the 402 trough orebodies of the
Creighton deposit. A. Pyrrhotite-rich sulfides from undeformed, contact-
style orebodies. Lower and Upper 402 orebodies contain unaltered base
metal sulfides, whereas the Gertrude orebody contains altered base metal
sulfides. Contact-style ore from Strathcona deposit representing MSS cumu-
lates typical of Sudbury (Naldrett et al., 1982) is shown for comparison. B.
Samples from the deformed, contact-style Plum orebody. C. Pyrrhotite- and
chalcopyrite-rich sulfides from the footwall-style Deep 400 East orebody.
Levack West (now called McCreedy West) Cu-rich footwall vein represent-
ing the remaining fractionated Cu-Pt-Pd-Au−rich liquid typical of the North
Range of Sudbury (Naldrett et al., 1982) is shown for comparison. Gertrude
norite (1−3% sulfide) and the shaded fields represent the larger Creighton
PGE dataset from Naldrett and others (n = 370: Naldrett et al., 1999), which
includes sulfides from the Creighton Main embayment orebodies (e.g., Deep
400). The steeply sloping PGE pattern of Gertrude norite is typical of the
gabbronorite-hosted sulfides at Sudbury (Naldrett et al., 1982; Barnes and
Lightfoot, 2005) and represents the case where the remaining fractionated
Cu-Pt-Pd-Au−rich liquid has not separated from the MSS cumulates. Man-
tle-normalization values are taken from McDonough and Sun (1995). Ab-
breviations: BMS = base metal sulfides, Ccp = chalcopyrite, OB = orebody,
Po = pyrrhotite, n = number of samples.

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 ORIGIN OF PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM THE CREIGHTON Ni-Cu-PGE DEPOSIT, SUDBURY 1083

and they are predominantly subrounded (65% of the grains) A) number of grains (n= 287)
to anhedral (21%), the latter typically consisting of multiple Michenerite Electrum 1.7%
grains (Fig. 7G, H). There is a progression from euhedral 7.3%
(Fig. 7F) to anhedral PGM (Fig. 7G, H) in a single polished Sperrylite 1.0%
block and in this case the PGE-rich Ni cobaltite displays an
irregular zonation in PGE (Fig. 7F). The euhedral PGE-rich
Ni cobaltite rim is thick, contains a minor amount of Rh (3−8
wt %: Table 3), and completely surrounds the mixed irarsite
and/or hollingworthite cores (Fig. 7E, F). We term the sec-
ond type of zoned PGE sulfarsenide as the anhedral, mixed- PGE-
core type. sulfarsenides
89.9%

100000
A) Contact, Po-rich, undeformed Gertrude norite B) grain area
10000 Unaltered BMS (Upper and Lower 402 OB, n=8) Michenerite Electrum 0.1%
Altered BMS (Gertrude OB, n=4) 4.6%
Sample/primitive mantle

Sperrylite 8.8%
1000

100

10

PGE-
1 sulfarsenides
86.5%
Strathcona contact ore Gertrude/402 OB (n=134)
0.1
Ni Os Ir Ru Rh Pt Pd Au Cu
FIG. 6. Pie diagrams showing the relative proportions (%) of the precious
100000 metal mineral assemblage identified in 18 samples from the 402 trough ore-
B) Contact, deformed (Plum OB) bodies, Creighton deposit, estimated by (A) number of grains (n = 287) and
Gertrude norite
(B) grain area (total 39,249 µm2). Grain area calculated as length × breadth
10000 Sulfide breccia (n=1)
Po-rich layer (n=1)
of PGM from the SEM images (data given in Appendix). The PGE sul-
Ccp-rich layer (n=1) farsenides are zoned with an irarsite and/or hollingworthite core and PGE-
Sample/primitive mantle

Average (n=3) rich Ni cobaltite rim. The measurement for each zoned PGE sulfarsenide is
1000
taken across the whole grain.

100

The coexistence of the two types of PGE sulfarsenides in

10 the same sample is uncommon. Samples from the Gertrude
orebody, which contain altered base metal sulfides, host the
1 anhedral, mixed-core type of PGE sulfarsenide, whereas the
Creighton Main Embayment remaining samples with unaltered base metal sulfides con-
Contact ores (n=69) tain the euhedral, irarsite core type of PGE sulfarsenide,
0.1
Ni Os Ir Ru Rh Pt Pd Au Cu
with the exception of the Upper 402 orebody which is clos-
est to Gertrude (Fig. 2C). The deformed sulfides of the
100000 Plum orebody contain rather an unusual euhedral, irarsite
C) Footwall (Deep 400 East OB) core type of PGE sulfarsenide. The Pt-rich sulfide breccia
10000
Po-rich sulfide (n=4) (CRTN 8) contains a large (58 × 59 µm), subrounded sper-
Ccp-rich sulfide (n=1) rylite (instead of irarsite) surrounded by a 30-µm-thick
Sample/primitive mantle

1000 Gertrude norite zoned sequence of hollingworthite, PGE-rich Ni cobaltite

and PGE-poor Ni cobaltite (Fig. 7I; Table 3). However, the
sperrylite and hollingworthite have ragged boundaries,
100
whereas the Ni cobaltite rim is euhedral and small fractures
penetrate to the PGM core. When PGE sulfarsenides occur
10 at the boundary of base metal sulfides and silicates the zona-
tion is truncated by the adjacent silicate (Fig. 7J). The PGM
1 Creighton Main Embayment
Footwall ores (n=69)
zonation is often diffuse rather than sharp and fractures are
common (Fig. 7K, L). When they are hosted entirely in sili-
Levack West Cu-rich footwall vein
0.1 cates the PGE-rich Ni cobaltite rims are anhedral and in-
Ni Os Ir Ru Rh Pt Pd Au Cu complete (Fig. 7K).

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1084 DARE ET AL.

A) T-1 B) BiTe T-1 C) (Rh)-Cob T-1

IrAsS
Po
10. 11. 12. Mo
RhAsS IrAsS
Cob
Ccp (RhRu)-Cob (PGE-free)
IrAsS
RhAsS RhAsS Po
Pn
20µ m 10µ m 10µ m

D) T-1-2 E) Rh-IrAsS T-2 F) T-2

Rh-IrAsS Rh-IrAsS

Po
IrAsS 5. Po
Po 6.
1. Sil
(Rh)-Cob 2.

RhAsS
(Rh)-Cob Sil (Rh)-Cob
10µ m 10µ m 8µ m

G) T-2 H) T-2 I) T-1

Rh-IrAsS
4. Po
3. 7. PtAs 2
(Rh)-Cob Rh-IrAsS
9. 8. 13.
(Rh)-Cob Po
RhAsS
Cob
(PGE-poor) (RhRuPd)-
10µ m 3µ m Po 60µ m Cob

J) T-1 K) T-1 L) T-1

Sil
(Rh)-Cob

Po IrAsS
RhAsS
(RhRuPd)- Po
RhAsS
Cob RhAsS
IrAsS
Qtz
30µ m 8 µm 7 µm
FIG. 7. Backscattered electron images of the two types of zoned PGE sulfarsenides identified in samples containing un-
altered base metal sulfides (A-D), samples containing partially altered base metal sulfides (E-H), and deformed sulfides (B,
I-L). The first type (T-1) is termed the euhedral, irarsite core type and comprises an irarsite core, a hollingworthite outer
layer, and a PGE-rich Ni cobaltite rim. The second type (T-2), termed the anhedral, mixed core type, comprises an irarsite
and/or hollingworthite mixed core and a PGE-rich Ni cobaltite rim. A. Typical euhedral, irarsite core type of PGE sul-
farsenide, 400E Deep orebody, CRTN19. B. Atypical euhedral, irarsite core type with an anhedral irarsite core surrounded
by euhedral hollingworthite and PGE-poor cobaltite rim. Tsumoite (BiTe) grains attached to the edge of this zoned PGE sul-
farsenide, Plum orebody, CRTN10. C. Euhedral, irarsite core type with PGE-rich Ni cobaltite rim only on one crystal face,
400E Deep orebody, CRTN17. D. Cluster of euhedral, irarsite core type and anhedral, mixed core type, Lower 402 orebody,
CRTN11. E. Cluster of anhedral, mixed core-type PGE sulfarsenides, Gertrude orebody, CRTN4. F.-H. Progressive corro-
sion of the anhedral, mixed core type from euhedral to anhedral and also the irregular zoning in the euhedral PGE-rich Ni
cobaltite host in (F), Gertrude orebody, CRTN2. I. Euhedral, irarsite core type with sperrylite instead of irarsite as the core;
sperrylite and hollingworthite have ragged grain boundaries and are penetrated by cracks, Plum orebody, CRTN8. J. Lath of
the euhedral, irarsite core type partially hosted in pyrrhotite and truncated by the adjacent silicate, Plum orebody, CRTN10.
K. Anhedral, RuRhPd-rich Ni cobaltite partially encloses a fractured, euhedral, irarsite core-type lath which has diffuse
boundaries, Plum orebody, CRTN8. L. Diffuse zoning of hollingworthite in fractured and anhedral Rh-bearing Ni cobaltite,
Plum orebody, CRTN10. Abbreviations: Cob = PGE-rich Ni cobaltite, Ccp = chalcopyrite, IrAsS = irarsite, Po = pyrrhotite,
Pn = pentlandite, Qtz = quartz, RhAsS = hollingworthite, Rh-IrAsS = irarsite and/or hollingworthite mixture, Sil = silicate;
CRTN = sample number. See Table 3 for the mineral chemistry that corresponds to numbers 1 through 13.

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 ORIGIN OF PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM THE CREIGHTON Ni-Cu-PGE DEPOSIT, SUDBURY 1085

The majority of PGE sulfarsenides (92% avg) are hosted
entirely within the base metal sulfides (predominantly
pyrrhotite and pentlandite but also in chalcopyrite), even in
samples containing low amounts of sulfides (Fig. 8). In both
pyrrhotite-rich sulfides (contact- and footwall-style) and chal-
copyrite-rich footwall-style sulfide (Fig. 8F-H) the PGE sul-
farsenides are hosted almost entirely (>96%) within the base
metal sulfides and only a few are situated either on base metal
sulfides-silicate grain boundaries (<4%) or hosted in the sili-
cates (and in one case euhedral magnetite: CRTN 18) (<5%).
In the pyrrhotite-rich sulfides which contain altered base
metal sulfides (Gertrude orebody: Fig. 8I) a few more PGE
sulfarsenides are hosted on base metal sulfides-silicate grain
boundaries (6%) probably because these samples contain
considerably less base metal sulfides (Fig. 8D) compared to
the pyrrhotite-rich sulfides (Fig. 8A). The deformed
pyrrhotite-rich sulfides from the Plum orebody (Fig. 8J) con-
tain a larger proportion of PGE sulfarsenides on the grain
boundaries of base metal sulfides (7%), base metal sulfides-
silicate (14%), and hosted entirely in silicates (7%) than in the
undeformed pyrrhotite-rich samples even though they both
contain similar proportions of base metal sulfides and silicate
material (Fig. 8A, E).
Michenerite typically forms rounded, individual grains
(Fig. 9A) but in some cases they also form rounded, compos-
ite grains with hessite (Fig. 9B) and Bi-Te phases. In one case

Relative amounts of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite and silicates in each sample type
Sil Sil
8.4% 5.0%

Sil Sil
Po 18.0%
24.3% Ccp 20.0% Po
12.7% 31.6% Po
Po Po 41.0%
Ccp 52.0% 46.5% Pn Sil Ccp
6.9% Ccp 61.0% 24.6%
61.5% 13.9%
Pn Pn
32.3% Pn
16.8% 5.1% Pn
16.4%
Ccp
2.3%
A) Po-rich sulfides (N=7) B) Po-rich sulfides (N=3) C) Ccp-rich sulfides (N=1) D) Altered BMS (N=4) E) Deformed sulfides (N=3)
Contact-style Footwall-style Footwall-style Contact-style Contact-style

Relative proportions of PGE-sulfarsenide grains hosted by BMS and silicates

BMS/Sil BMS/Sil
Sil Mt
BMS/BMS 1.4% 1.4% BMS/BMS 4.0%
BMS/Sil BMS/Mt Sil
2.7% 4.8% 5.7% 2.9% BMS/Sil 6.9%
4.0% Ccp 13.8%
5.7%
Ccp Ccp BMS/BMS
10.8% 8.0% 6.9%
Ccp
Pn 23.8%
Po 8.0% Po
Pn 48.6% 47.6% Po Po
35.1% Po 85.7% 85.7%
76.5% Ccp
Pn 3.4%
23.8%
Pn
3.4%

F) Po-rich sulfides (n=148) G) Po-rich sulfides (n=25) H) Ccp-rich sulfides (n=21) I) Altered BMS (n=35) J) Deformed sulfides (n=29)
Contact-style Footwall-style Footwall-style Contact-style Contact-style

Relative proportions of michenerite grains hosted by BMS and silicates

Po
7.7% Ccp Sil
7.7% BMS/BMS 14.3%
7.7%
Po
Sil 42.9%
53.8% BMS/Sil
BMS/Sil 28.6%
23.1%
Pn
16.4%

K) Po-rich sulfides (n=13) L) Deformed sulfides (n=7)

Contact-style Contact-style
FIG. 8. Pie diagrams for the 402 trough of Creighton, showing the amount (wt %) of pyrrhotite (Po), pentlandite (Pn),
chalcopyrite (Ccp), silicates (Sil) in (A) pyrrhotite-rich sulfides from undeformed contact-style orebodies (Upper and Lower
402); (B) pyrrhotite-rich sulfides from the Deep 400 East footwall-style orebody; (C) chalcopyrite-rich sulfides from the
Deep 400 East footwall-style orebody; (D) pyrrhotite-rich sulfides containing altered base metal sulfides (BMS) from the
Gertrude orebody; and (E) deformed sulfides from the Plum orebody, compared with the relative proportion (%) of PGE
sulfarsenide grains (F)-(J) and michenerite grains (K)-(L) hosted in the base metal sulfides, silicates, and magnetite (Mt) in
each sample type. Abbreviations: N = number of samples, n = number of PGM grains.

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1086 DARE ET AL.

A) BiTe B) Ag2Te Po C)
PdBiTe/
Po BiTe
6.
Po
Amph
b.
a.
Plag 1.

PdBiTe Po
PdBiTe
60µ m 10µ m 70µ m

D) E) F)
BiTe Pb-Bi-Te-Se-S
2.
Po
Bi-Se-Te

3. 4.
Pn
Biotite Pn
PdBiTe Po
60µ m 50µ m 70µ m

G) H) I)
Ni3Bi 2S2
BiTe
Pb-Bi-Te-Se-S
(Rh)-Cob RhAsS 5. Po Cob

Plag
RhAsS
Po
Po
200µ m 10µ m 10µ m
FIG. 9. Backscattered electron images of Pt-, Pd-bearing minerals and other Bi-Te phases. A. Michenerite and tsumoite
on margins of pyrrhotite and silicates, CRTN8. B. Composite grain of michenerite and hessite in pyrrhotite, CRTN8. C.-D.
A large intergrowth of michenerite and tsumoite filling cracks in amphibole, which is altered from magnesiohornblende
(a) to hastingsite (b), CRTN7. E. Bi-Se-Te grains filling cleavage partings in biotite, CRTN16. F. Laths of Pb-Bi-Te-Se sul-
fide aligned along lattice planes in pyrrhotite adjacent to exsolved pentlandite flames, CRTN12. G. Cross section of Pb-Bi-
Te-Se sulfide lath hosted in silicate, CRTN13. H. Subrounded parkerite enclosing two zoned PGE sulfarsenides, CRTN10.
I. Subrounded tsumoite partially enclosing a euhedral PGE-rich Ni cobaltite grain, CRTN18. Abbreviations: Ag2Te = hes-
site, Amph = amphibole, BiTe = tsumoite, Ccp = chalcopyrite, Cob = PGE-rich Ni cobaltite, Ni3Bi2S2 = parkerite, PdBiTe
= michenerite, Plag = plagioclase, Pn = pentlandite, Po = pyrrhotite, RhAsS = hollingworthite, Sil = silicate; CRTN = sam-
ple number. Numbers 1 through 6 and letters a-b identify the analyses given in Tables 4 and 5, respectively.

an intergrowth of michenerite and tsumoite fills a network of
cracks within amphibole (altering from magnesiohornblende
to hastingsite) and pyrrhotite (Fig. 9C, D). In both deformed
and undeformed samples a large proportion of michenerite is
associated with silicate phases: 14 to 54 percent is hosted en-
tirely within silicates and 23 to 29 percent is on the boundary
between base metal sulfides and silicates (Table 2, Fig. 8I, J).
Small (1–4 µm), rounded grains of electrum, a gold alloy con-
taining 22 wt percent Ag (Table 4), are entirely hosted in
pentlandite from the Lower 402 orebody.
Other PGE-bearing phases, most of which are uncommon
and too small to analyze fully in this study, comprise an Ru-
As-Te-S phase (n = 1; Table 3) in one footwall-style sample
and Pd-Bi-Pb sulfide (n = 1) in one contact-style sample. An
Os-bearing rhenium sulfide is described below for the first
time in any Sudbury ores. Other Ag phases include hessite
(Ag2Te), which is hosted in pyrrhotite and present in 10 per-
cent of the samples (exclusive to the footwall Deep 400 East
orebody), and argentian-pentlandite ((FeNi)8AgS8), which is
present in 30 percent of the samples throughout the 402
trough and typically forms intergrowths associated with chal-
copyrite and pentlandite.
Other accessory minerals
Accessory sulfides include pyrite (FeS2: containing ~4.5 wt
% Ni; see Dare et al., in press), marcasite (FeS2), sphalerite
(ZnS: contains ~0.5 wt % Cd), galena (PbS: contains ~1.5 wt
% Se), and molybdenite (MoS2). They are present in 20 to 35
percent of the samples, in both contact- and footwall-style
orebodies, and they are hosted entirely by the base metal sul-

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 ORIGIN OF PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM THE CREIGHTON Ni-Cu-PGE DEPOSIT, SUDBURY 1087

fides. Bismuth telluride (Bi-Te) phases are very common in
the Creighton sulfides (present in 80% of the samples from
all of the orebodies) and they are hosted predominantly in
pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite but also in silicates
and at the boundaries of silicates and base metal sulfides.
They comprise tsumoite (BiTe), Se-bearing tsumoite and tel-
lurobismuthite (Bi2Te3; Table 4). These Bi-Te phases are
common in Sudbury sulfides (Ames et al., 2003) but we have
also identified two other Bi-Te phases: a Bi-Se-Te phase ex-
clusive to the footwall-style sulfides and in one case fills the
cleavage partings of biotite (Fig. 9E), and Pb-Bi-Te-Se sul-
fide, found exclusively in the Lower 402 orebody (n = 19
grains) and hosted in base metal sulfides (94%) and silicates
(6%). The Pb-Bi-Te-Se sulfide forms needlelike laths in
pyrrhotite (less commonly in pentlandite and chalcopyrite), in
one case forming an alignment of laths (Fig. 9F) and occa-
sionally hosted in silicates (Fig. 9G). Other trace Bi phases in-
clude parkerite (Ni3Bi2S2) and native Bi. The Bi-Te phases
and parkerite may form composite grains with hessite, mich-
enerite, and PGE sulfarsenides; as small blebs attached to the
rim of PGE-rich Ni cobaltite (Fig. 7B) and partially or com-
pletely surrounding Ni cobaltite or hollingworthite (Fig. 9H,
I).
Nickel-arsenide minerals are present in only two of the
footwall-style sulfides and comprise subrounded grains (5−15
µm) of nickeline (NiAs: n = 3) and maucherite (Ni11As8: n =
1; Table 3). A few grains of Co gersdorffite (up to 150 µm in
size) and gersdorffite (NiAsS) are noticeably PGE poor (<de-
tection limit of SEM; Table 3) and contain no PGM in their
core. Gersdorffite forms a thin rim to maucherite.
Rhenium sulfides
Rhenium sulfides have not previously been reported from
Sudbury. Here we document two Re sulfides (Tables 2, 4): an
Re-Fe-Mo-Cu-Os sulfide exclusive to altered sulfides from
Gertrude orebody (in 50% of samples) and an Re-Fe-Pb-Bi
sulfide found in 50 percent of samples from all of the re-
maining 402 trough orebodies. Single grains of Re-Os-Pb-Bi
sulfide, Re-Te-Bi sulfide, and an Re-Mo-Rh phase were also
found but too small to analyze. The Re-Fe-Mo-Cu-Os sulfide
forms 2- to 5-µm euhedral, cubic grains (Fig. 10A, B) and all
of the six grains are hosted in pyrrhotite. The Re-Fe-Pb-Bi
sulfide (1 × 53 µm) has a needlelike lath form (Fig. 10C-F)
and they are nearly always hosted in base metal sulfides with
only a few (3%) on the grain boundaries of base metal sulfides
and silicates. Of the 65 grains found the majority (~80%) of
them are included in pyrrhotite, commonly in clusters (Fig.
10D) and as trails of needles; 13 percent are associated with
laths of molybdenite within pyrrhotite or on the border of
pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite (Fig. 10E, F); and 4 percent are
hosted in pentlandite. The Re-Fe-Pb-Bi sulfides hosted in
molybdenite are too small to analyze.
Rhenium sulfides are uncommon in the literature. Apart
from Rheniite (ReS2) and rhenium sulfide (ReS), the only
other named Re-S mineral is tarkianite ((Cu,Fe,Ni,Co)(Re,
Mo,Os)4S8) which is cubic and contains minor Os (<2.7 wt %:
Kojonen et al., 2004). The cubic Re-Fe-Mo-Cu-Os sulfide
from Creighton is most similar to (ReMoFeCu)2S3 from the
Coldwell Complex, Ontario (Mitchell et al., 1989; Table 4,
Fig. 11), which itself probably represents tarkianite (Kojonen

A) B) C)
Po Po
Re-Fe-Pb-Bi-S

7.

Po
Re-Fe-Mo-Cu-Os-S Re-Fe-Mo-Cu-Os-S Pn
6 µm 10µ m 10 µ m

D) E) F) Re-Fe-Pb-Bi-S
Re-Fe-Pb-Bi-S Ccp
Mo
8.
Po PGE-
sulfarsenide
Re-Fe-Pb-Bi-S Mo
Sil Po Po
PGE-sulfarsenide
40µ m 50 µ m 6 µm

FIG.10. Backscattered electron images of rhenium-sulfides. A.-B. Euhedral Re-Fe-Mo-Cu-Os sulfide hosted in
pyrrhotite, CRTN2 and CRTN4. C. Laths of Re-Fe-Pb-Bi sulfide, CRTN8. D. A cluster of Re-Fe-Pb-Bi sulfide needles,
CRTN10. E. Molybdenite lath containing fine needles of Re-Fe-Pb-Bi sulfide, CRTN18. F. Alignment of molybdenite along
lattice planes in pyrrhotite, CRTN17. Abbreviations: Ccp = chalcopyrite, Mo = molybdenite, Pn = pentlandite, Po =
pyrrhotite; CRTN = sample number. Numbers 7 and 8 identify the analyses given in Table 4.

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1088 DARE ET AL.

A) S within the Merensky Reef due to the association of laurite

S (Ru-Os-Ir-S) with chromitite.
In contrast, previous studies on a few of the Ni-Cu-PGE
50 50
sulfide deposits at Sudbury, which includes one footwall-style
deposit (Strathcona: Li et al., 1993), one offset deposit (Kelly
Re+Mo+Os Cu+Fe+Ni+Co Lake at Copper Cliff South: Huminicki et al., 2005), and sul-
fide concentrate from Clarabelle primary mill (Cabri, 1981,
St 1988; Cabri and Laflamme, 1984), indicate that the PGE are
H C not predominantly hosted by the base metal sulfides, with less
L
than 10 percent of Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh and less than 30 percent of
E Crtn
Ru hosted in solid solution in the base metal sulfides. The
PGE are accounted for by discrete PGM and in solid solution
in cobaltite-gersdorffite (e.g., Cabri, 1981, 1988; Huminicki
Re+Mo+Os Cu+Fe+Ni+Co et al. 2005). However, pentlandite may be an important car-
(at.%) rier for Pd at Sudbury on the grounds that Cabri (1981, 1988)
calculated that Pd-bearing PGM account for only 40 percent
B) 30
of the metallurgical mass balance. Thus, in order to under-
29
stand the processes that controlled the distribution of PGE
28 St
S between base metal sulfides and PGM at Sudbury it is critical
S (wt.%)

27 to determine the origin of the PGM.

Crtn C E
26 H
L Timing and formation of PGM from
25
24
23
22
21
20
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Re+Mo+Os (wt.%)
FIG. 11. Average compositions of rhenium-Fe-Mo-Cu-Os sulfide from
Creighton (Crtn) relative to those in other PGE deposits (modified from Ko-
jonen et al., 2004). A. Triangular plot (Cu +Fe + Ni + Co) – (Re + Os + Mo)
– S. B. A binary plot of S vs. (Re + Mo + Os). Other Re sulfides (varieties of
Tarkianite) from the literature plotted for comparison: C = Coldwell, E =
Ekojoki, H = Hitura, L = Lukkulaisvaara, St = Stillwater, S = Sweden. See
Table 4 for references.
et al., 2004). The only other report of an Re-Bi-Pb sulfide
phase is from pyrrhotite-rich sulfides from the Talnotry intru-
sion, Scotland (Power et al., 2004).
Discussion
Mineralogical hosts of PGE in magmatic sulfide deposits
Previous LA-ICP-MS studies on pyrrhotite, pentlandite,
and chalcopyrite from PGE-Ni-Cu sulfide deposits have cal-
culated that a large proportion of the PGE, except Pt, is typ-
ically hosted in solid solution in the base metal sulfides (i.e.,
pyrrhotite and pentlandite) and a minor proportion are
hosted in PGM. Such studies have been carried out on base
metal sulfides from Noril’sk-Talnakh, Siberia (Barnes et al.,
2006), the Merensky Reef and Platreef of the Bushveld Com-
plex, Republic of South Africa (Ballhaus and Sylvester, 2000;
Godel et al., 2007; Holwell and McDonald, 2007), the J-M
reef of the Stillwater Complex, United States (Godel and
Barnes, 2008), Penikat layered intrusion, Finland, and the
Great Dyke, Zimbabwe (Barnes et al., 2008). However, Godel
et al. (2007) reported that the proportion of Os, Ir, and Ru in
the base metal sulfides is notably low in chromitite layers
the Creighton deposit, Sudbury
Sulfide mineralization in both the contact- and footwall-
style orebodies of the 402 trough in the Creighton deposit
contains a primary base metal sulfides assemblage dominated
by pyrrhotite with minor pentlandite and chalcopyrite. Laser
ablation ICP-MS of base metal sulfides from these samples
indicates that less than 10 percent of the bulk Ir, Rh, and Pt
and 50 to 90 percent of Os, Ru, and Pd are hosted in the base
metal sulfides (Dare et al., in press). The PGM assemblage is
dominated by zoned PGE sulfarsenides (irarsite, hollingwor-
thite, and PGE-rich Ni cobaltite) with minor sperrylite and
michenerite. These PGM make up the deficit between the
PGE in the base metal sulfides and that in the whole PGE
analysis (Dare et al., in press). Other deposits on the South
Range of Sudbury commonly contain PGE sulfarsenides in
pyrrhotite-rich assemblages (e.g., Hawley and Stanton, 1962;
Cabri and Laflamme, 1976; Cabri, 1981; Farrow and Watkin-
son, 1999; Stewart et al., 1999; Carter et al., 2001; Magyarosi
et al., 2002; Szentpéteri et al., 2002; Ames et al., 2003; Ames,
2007). However, the origin of PGE sulfarsenides is unclear
and they are commonly attributed to a hydrothermal origin
(e.g., Carter et al., 2001; Magyarosi et al., 2002; Szentpéteri et
al., 2002), but Szentpéteri et al. (2002) did not exclude the
possibility that they could have been magmatic in origin. The
South Range target rocks most likely contributed As to the
melt during and postimpact to produce the strong geographic
control on As in the ores of the entire Sudbury mining camp
(Ames and Farrow, 2007, fig. 17A). Multiple tectonic, hy-
drothermal, and late magmatic events have affected the Sud-
bury Ni-Cu-PGE deposits (e.g., Ames et al., 2008). We pre-
sent our model below (Fig. 12) for the timing and formation
of the PGE mineralization in the 402 trough orebodies of
Creighton deposit, in chronological order. However, it is im-
portant to note that due to the complex history of Sudbury
sulfide deposits, particularly on the South Range, and the fact
that sulfides readily reequilibrate during cooling, associating
specific phases and textures with specific geologic events
poses a challenge.

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 ORIGIN OF PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM THE CREIGHTON Ni-Cu-PGE DEPOSIT, SUDBURY 1089

Early Penokean (1.85 Ga)

A) 1200 - 1000 oC B) < 650 oC C) < 540 oC

Magmatic crystallization Exsolution of sulfides Late-magmatic/hydrothermal activity
Intergrowth
of secondary Fluids
Sperrylite silicates with
Liquid Ccp sulfides Ccp
Zoned
PGE-sulfarsenides
Pn Pn
Re-sulfides,
Pb-Bi-Te-S &
MSS MoS2
Michenerite Po
Po exsolves or
Sil Sil crystallizes Sil

D) (~1.6 - 1.7 Ga) E) (1.24 Ga)

Late-stage deformation in shear zones Late-stage alteration near diabase dyke

Corrosion of Corrosion of Pentlandite alters

PGE-sulfarsenide Sil PGM cores Ccp to pyrrhotite
rims
PnPn Pn
Po Shear banding
of sulfides Pyrrhotite alters
Ccp Heat & to pyrite
Fluids Po
Sil Sil

FIG. 12. Schematic model for the timing and formation of the PGM and sulfides from the 402 trough, Creighton. A. Early
crystallization of minute volumes of euhedrally zoned PGE sulfarsenides and sperrylite from a sulfide liquid and their in-
clusion into MSS. B. Exsolution of sulfide minerals, including rhenium sulfides, during cooling to temperatures below
650°C. C. Late magmatic and/or hydrothermal activity and the subsequent recrystallization of base metal sulfides with sec-
ondary silicates contemporaneous with the formation of michenerite, hessite, and Bi-Te phases either as exsolution from base
metal sulfides or from crystallization from small volumes of trapped melt. D. Remobilization of sulfides during late-stage de-
formation in shear zones and the corrosion of preexisting PGE sulfarsenides so that they end up at grain boundaries and/or
surrounded by silicates. E. Very late stage alteration of pyrrhotite and pentlandite and the corrosion of irarsite and/or holling-
worthite cores of the PGE sulfarsenides associated with the intrusion of a Mesoproterozoic diabase dike into the Gertrude
deposit. The time taken for the Sudbury Igneous Complex to cool from 1,800° to 500°C (i.e., events (A) to (C)) is ~1.5 m.y.
based on the conductive cooling estimates of Ivanov and Deutsch (1999) and Riller (2005). The effects of Penokean meta-
morphism are not shown because there is no conclusive evidence but the low-temperature phases (e.g., michenerite and Bi-
Te phases) may have melted and remobilized during this event. Abbreviations: BMS = base metal sulfides, Ccp = chalcopy-
rite, MSS = monosulfide solid solution, Pn = pentlandite, Po = pyrrhotite.

Magmatic: MSS crystallized at high temperature (1,180°–
950°C) from the sulfide liquid (Fig. 12A). The majority of the
remaining fractionated Cu-rich liquid drained away down the
402 trough leaving behind Fe-rich MSS cumulates (i.e.,
pyrrhotite-rich sulfides), which have unfractionated PGE pat-
terns with low (Pt + Pd)/(Os + Ir + Ru + Rh) ratios (Fig. 5)
due to the partitioning of Os, Ir, Ru, and Rh (IPGE) into MSS
during sulfide fractionation, whereas Pt, Pd, Au, and Cu par-
titioned into the remaining fractionated sulfide liquid (e.g.,
Distler et al., 1977; Naldrett et al., 1982; Li et al., 1996;
Barnes et al., 1997, 2001). The MSS cumulates at the bottom
of the 402 trough and the Main embayment of Creighton, in
both contact- and footwall-style orebodies, contain a large
proportion of fractionated Cu-Pt-Pd−rich liquid as evidenced
by their steeply sloping PGE patterns (Fig. 5C). Further-
more, these Pt-Pd−rich contact-style sulfides in the deep
parts of the Main embayment (e.g., Deep 400 orebody) com-
monly contain numerous Pt-, Pd-bearing minerals, such as
sperrylite, michenerite, froodite (PdBi2), moncheite (PtTe2),
merenksyite (PdTe2), kotulskite (PdTe), and Pd melonite
(Ni,Pd)(Te,Bi)2 in addition to the PGE sulfarsenides de-
scribed in this study (Vale Inco, pers. commun.).
Small amounts of PGE sulfarsenides and sperrylite crystal-
lized from the sulfide melt early and these were included in
the MSS cumulates (Fig. 12A) with very few enclosed in sili-
cates or magnetite, even in disseminated sulfide samples.
Most of the PGE (Ir, Rh, Pt ± Os, and Ru) had a higher affin-
ity for the sulfarsenide phases than the sulfide phases and
thus PGE were depleted in the sulfide melt before or during
the crystallization of MSS (Dare et al., in press). Magmatic
crystallization resulted in euhedral, parallel-face zoning (the
euhedral, irarsite core-type PGE sulfarsenides of Fig. 7) in

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1090 DARE ET AL.

the order irarsite (or sperrylite in Pt-rich samples), holling-
worthite, PGE-rich Ni cobaltite, and PGE-poor cobaltite. By
the time Ni cobaltite crystallized the concentration of PGE
(Ir, Pt, Rh) was largely depleted so that it incorporated a
minor amount of Rh, Ru, and Os (but in preference to Pd)
from the sulfide melt. The zoning can be explained by epitax-
ial growth because sperrylite, irarsite, and hollingworthite
have a cubic structure and cobaltite has a pseudocubic struc-
ture and they all have similar-sized lattice parameters (5.6–5.9
Å). Magmatic resorption during overgrowth may explain the
rounded PGM boundaries in some cases. The PGE-rich Ni
cobaltite reequilibrated between 550° and 610°C (Fig. 13).
The irarsite and hollingworthite are enclosed in this cobaltite
and therefore must have crystallized above this temperature.
Experimental work supports the model that PGE sul-
farsenides and sperrylite crystallized at high temperatures:
sperrylite crystallizes at ~1,400°C (Hansen and Anderko,
1958; Bennett and Heyding, 1966) and hollingworthite and
cobaltite are stable to at least 850°C (Makovicky, 2002) and
800°C (Maurel and Picot, 1974), respectively. High-tempera-
ture crystallization of PGE sulfarsenides directly from a sul-
fide melt has also been proposed for MSS cumulates from the
Talnotry diorite intrusion, Scotland (Power et al., 2004) and
for the low sulfide, PGE-bearing rocks in the ultramafic com-
plex of western Andriamena, Madagascar (McDonald, 2008).
At temperatures below 650°C pyrrhotite and pentlandite
exsolved from MSS and chalcopyrite from ISS (Fig. 12B). Ac-
cessory sulfides (Re-Fe-Pb-Bi sulfide, Pb-Bi-Te-Se sulfide,
molybdenite, and probably Re-Fe-Mo-Cu-Os sulfide) most
12). The exsolution of PGE sulfarsenides from base metal sul-
fides has been described from the Penikat layered intrusion
(Barnes et al., 2008) and from the Dundonald South Beach
komatiite (Hanley, 2007). In these cases the PGE sul-
farsenides are small (<5 µm) and form either individual laths
of irarsite or hollingworthite in pyrrhotite (Barnes et al., 2008,
fig. 3) or homogenously zoned sperrylite-gersdorffite (Han-
ley, 2007, fig. 4). These exsolution textures are different to the
magmatically zoned PGE sulfarsenides at Creighton which
are heterogeneous in size (1−20 µm) and shape (Fig. 7).
Late magmatic and/or hydrothermal: The base metal sul-
fides in all of the samples from the 402 trough orebodies re-
crystallized to produce nonequilibrium textures (e.g., Penikat
intrusion: Barnes et al., 2008), resulting in irregular grain
boundaries between base metal sulfides and amphiboles (Fig.
4B-D). These amphiboles are similar in composition (e.g.,
actinolite, ferro-anthophyllite, actinolite-hornblende: Table 5)
to secondary amphiboles that are intergrown with base metal
sulfides at the Copper Cliff South deposit, Sudbury, where
Magyarosi et al. (2002) argued that the base metal sulfides re-
crystallized with secondary hydrous minerals (e.g., amphibole,
epidote, chlorite, stilpnomelane, and biotite) during late mag-
matic and/or hydrothermal activity. This secondary hydrous
TABLE 5. Scanning Electron Microscope Analyses (wt %) of Amphiboles
from the 402 Trough Orebodies, Creighton Deposit, Sudbury
Mineral Act Fe-anth Act hbl Mg hbl Hast
Sample no. CR2A_2b CR9_1 CR2A_2a 1CR7_23a 1CR7_23b

likely also exsolved from MSS and formed euhedral laths and
needles aligned along lattice planes in pyrrhotite and pent- K2O n.d. 2.0 n.d. 0.2 0.9
SiO2 55.1 45.9 50.1 48.5 39.3
landite (e.g., Peregoedova et al., 2004). Small needles of Re- FeO 12.9 35.0 11.4 23.0 25.1
Fe-Pb-Bi sulfide also exsolved from molybdenite laths (Fig. CaO 11.3 n.d. 11.8 10.4 10.9
Na2O n.d. 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.6
TiO2 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.3 0.4
FeAsS Al2O3 0.8 6.2 7.1 6.2 13.4
MnO 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.6 0.5
300°C NiO n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
PGE-rich Ni Cobaltite 400°C
500°C MgO 16.7 2.1 15.3 8.8 4.2
Co-gersdorffite 600°C Sum 96.7 93.3 96.5 98.9 96.3
650°C Cl n.d. 0.2 0.2 n.d. 0.7
Gersdorffite

Formula recalculation based on 23 oxygens

650°C Si (a.p.f.u) 7.91 7.63 7.26 7.27 6.24
Al(IV) 0.14 0.09 0.83 0.90 1.84
600°C Al(VI) 0.00 1.16 0.37 0.18 0.63
Ti 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.05
Fe 0.44 4.86 0.76 2.88 3.34
500°C Mn 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.07 0.06
Ni 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mg 3.61 0.52 3.27 1.96 0.98
400°C
K 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.04 0.18
300°C
Ca 1.71 0.00 1.81 1.68 1.85
Na 0.00 0.14 0.19 0.26 0.50
Sum 13.80 15.08 14.49 15.27 15.69

1 Amphibole CR7_23 is host to michenerite-tsuomite (Fig. 9C-D)

CoAsS NiAsS
mol %
FIG.13. Mineral chemistry of the cobaltite-gersdorffite series from the
402 trough orebodies of the Creighton deposit plotted in the ternary phase
diagram (CoAsS-FeAsS-NiAsS) for sulfarsenides. The isotherms for upper
limits of immiscibility (two-phase fields) are shown at various temperatures
(Klemm, 1965). The hatched area corresponds to the one-phase field above
650°C.
Amphibole classification based on Mg/Mg+Fe vs. Si a.p.f.u. classification
scheme of Leake et al. (1997)
Abbreviations: Act = actinolite; Fe-anth = Ferro-anthophyllite; Act-hbl =
actinolite-hornblende, Mg-hbl = magnesio-hornblende; Hast = hastingsite;
n.d = not detected; a.p.f.u. = atoms per formula unit
Calibration standards used: K = orthoclase; Si= SiO2; Fe = Fe; Ca = wol-
lastonite; Na = albite; Ti = Ti; Al = Al2O3; Mn = Mn; Ni = Ni; Mg = MgO;
Cl = AgCl

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 ORIGIN OF PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM THE CREIGHTON Ni-Cu-PGE DEPOSIT, SUDBURY
mineral assemblage is also common in the sulfides from the
undeformed Gertrude and 402 orebodies (Vale Inco, pers.
commun.). Polovina et al. (2004; figs. 3C, 4C) described sim-
ilar irregular intergrowth textures between base metal sul-
fides and secondary hydrous silicates in hydrothermally al-
tered rocks from the J-M reef, Stillwater Complex. Following
the interpretations of Magyarosi et al. (2002) and Polovina et
al. (2004) we attribute the nonequilibrium base metal sul-
fides-hydrosilicate textures at Creighton to the recrystalliza-
tion of base metal sulfides during late magmatic and/or hy-
drothermal activity (Fig. 12C).
Michenerite (PdBiTe) and other Bi-Te phases, such as
tsumoite, formed at this late magmatic and/or hydrothermal
stage (<540°C; Fig. 12C), supported by evidence from exper-
iments that show that these minerals are stable only at tem-
peratures lower than 500° to 540°C (Elliott, 1965; Hoffman
and MacLean, 1976). It is difficult to assign any one process
to the origin of michenerite because they are uncommon in
our samples. They could have exsolved from the base metal
sulfides (e.g., Merensky Reef: Barnes et al., 2008) and formed
solitary, rounded grains and/or crystallized from small vol-
umes of a late-stage melt (e.g., Sudbury: Cabri and LaFlamme,
1976) and formed composite grains of michenerite-hessite
trapped in base metal sulfides (Fig. 9B). In some cases, this
late-stage melt may have migrated to the margins of base
metal sulfides, as a result of the recrystallization of base metal
sulfides with hydrous silicates, and formed michenerite-
tsumoite intergrowths filling a fractured and altered amphi-
bole (Fig. 9C, D). Later hydrothermal and/or metamorphic
fluids may have partially modified the primary mineral as-
semblage by dissolving the more soluble base metal sulfides
and leaving behind a large proportion (Fig. 8K-L) of preex-
isting, insoluble grains of michenerite on grain boundaries
between base metal sulfides and silicates (Fig. 9A) or en-
closed entirely in silicates (e.g., Main sulfide zone, Great
Dyke: Oberthür et al., 2003; Raglan Ni-Cu-PGE deposit,
Cape Smith, Canada: Seabrook et al., 2004; Merensky Reef:
Li et al., 2004).
Late magmatic and/or hydrothermal activity involving low-
temperature (540°–130°C) aqueous fluids is well docu-
mented in footwall-style deposits of the North Range of Sud-
bury (Farrow, 1994; Watkinson, 1994; Farrow and Watkinson,
1999; Marshall et al., 1999; Molnár et al., 1997, 1999, 2001;
Magyarosi et al., 2002; Hanley, 2005; Hanley and Bray, 2009;
Carter et al., 2009). These studies have shown that the hy-
drothermal fluids are highly saline and chloride rich and com-
prise a mixture of late magmatic fluids, metamorphic fluids,
and formational brines. Although these researchers suggested
that the chloride-rich fluids are responsible for remobilizing
PGE and forming Pt- and Pd-bearing PGM at Sudbury, Han-
ley (2005) argued that this is not possible on the evidence that
the experiments of Wood (2002) demonstrated that Pt and Pd
are not soluble in chloride-rich fluids under the reduced and
neutral pH conditions found in Ni-Cu-PGE deposits. More-
over, in natural systems the presence of S, Fe, Te, Se, As, Sn,
Sb, Cu, Bi, and Ag will limit the solubility of PGE in hydro-
thermal fluids (Wood, 2002). Instead the association between
Cl-rich phases and Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization at Sudbury
could be magmatic in origin on the ground that Mungall and
Brenan (2003) demonstrated that the halogens are soluble in
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1091
sulfide melts and that they could be expelled during the final
crystallization of the sulfide liquid to form Cl-rich minerals
within the massive sulfide ore or hypersaline fluids when
mixed with aqueous fluids in the country rocks. Therefore, at
Creighton it is unlikely that the hydrothermal fluids remobi-
lized the PGE to form the zoned PGE sulfarsenides (cf.
Ohnenstetter et al., 1991; Barkov et al., 1996, 1999; Carter et
al., 2001; Magyarosi et al., 2002), sperrylite, and michenerite.
Late-stage deformation associated with South Range shear
zone: During the development of shear banding in sulfides
from the deformed Plum orebody the base metal sulfides re-
crystallized by pressure solution (Fig. 12D). The PGE sul-
farsenides remained static, preserving their magmatic zona-
tion, and became isolated on grain boundaries or hosted in
silicates (Fig. 8J). The PGE sulfarsenides were commonly
fractured, their PGE-rich Ni cobaltite rims were partially cor-
roded into irregular shapes (Fig. 7J-L) and the PGM zonation
became less well defined (Fig. 7K). Fragments of biotite
schist from the shear zone were incorporated into the sulfide
breccia (Fig. 3C). Shearing of sulfides into pyrrhotite- and
chalcopyrite-rich layers proximal to late-stage shear zones is
common on the South Range of Sudbury, such as the Copper
Cliff South deposit near the Creighton fault (Magyarosi et al.,
2002) and the Thayer Lindsley deposit (Bailey et al., 2006).
Bailey et al. (2004, 2006) attributed this late-stage deforma-
tion to the Mazatzal and/or Yavapai orogeny (1.7−1.6 Ga)
during which time regional metamorphism reached green-
schist facies (500°C: Spear, 1993) but locally reached lower
amphibolite grade in the shear zones (Bailey et al., 2006).
These metamorphic temperatures would have been high
enough to melt preexisting michenerite and Bi-Te phases
(e.g., Tomkins et al., 2007) but not high enough to melt the
PGE sulfarsenides.
The PGE sulfarsenides were also partially remobilized dur-
ing shear zone development in pyrrhotite-rich sulfides in the
Las Aguilas Ni-Cu-PGE deposit, Argentina (Gervilla et al.,
1997), where they also retained their primary magmatic zona-
tion and suffered partial dissolution and fracturing, albeit
more extreme than that observed at Creighton. Furthermore,
in the Las Aguilas deposit the PGE sulfarsenides showed no
signs of melting even during high-grade metamorphism
(600°−800°C), in contrast to michenerite (Gervilla et al.,
1997) and this adds further evidence that the PGE sul-
farsenides have high melting temperatures (> 800°C).
Late-stage alteration of base metal sulfides associated with
intrusion of a Sudbury diabase dike: Heat and fluids associ-
ated with the late (1.235 Ga) intrusion of a Sudbury diabase
dike into the middle of the Gertrude deposit (Fig. 12E) par-
tially altered pentlandite (to pyrrhotite) and pyrrhotite (to
pyrite: Fig. 4E, F) to form the “altered base metal sulfides”
samples. This event may also have corroded the primary, eu-
hedral irarsite core of the PGE sulfarsenides to produce an-
hedral, mixed-core texture (Fig. 7F-H) on the grounds that
these corrosion textures are only found in orebodies
(Gertrude and Upper 402 orebodies) proximal to the diabase
dike. The euhedral PGE-rich Ni cobaltite rims of the zoned
PGE sulfarsenides were not altered because they formed at
lower temperatures (~800°−900°C) than the irarsite and
hollingworthite centers (~1,200°–1,000°C) and so the rims
were more likely to be stable than cores. The PGE (Ir and Rh
1092 DARE ET AL.
in particular) were not mobilized extensively during this late-
stage alteration as the whole-rock PGE profiles of samples
containing altered and unaltered base metal sulfides do not
change (Fig. 5A). The degree of alteration decreases away
from the dike with sulfides from the Upper 402 orebody lo-
cated farther from the dike containing corroded PGE sul-
farsenides and unaltered base metal sulfides. A thick diabase
dike also cuts sulfide ores at the Garson and McKim deposits
and they contain similarly altered pentlandite and pyrrhotite
(D. Andrews, pers. commun.).
The importance of arsenic in controlling the distribution
of PGE in magmatic sulfide deposits
Several studies have shown that As-rich phases, crystallized
from immiscible arsenide melts and/or precipitated as As-
bearing minerals directly from a sulfide melt, are important
collectors of PGE and Au in magmatic sulfide systems (e.g.,
Fleet et al., 1993; Gervilla et al., 1996, 1997; Cabri et al.,
2002; Makovicky, 2002; Wood, 2003; Power et al., 2004; Han-
ley, 2007). The timing of formation of these As-rich phases is
critical in influencing the concentrations of PGE in the coex-
isting sulfide phases and this in turn will be influenced by
when and how much As was added into the sulfide melt. The
experiments of Fleet et al. (1993) and Wood (2003) have
demonstrated that the PGE (in particular Pt and Pd) have a
stronger affinity for arsenide melts than sulfide melts and that
the partitioning of the PGE between As-rich and sulfide
phases depends on when the arsenide melt formed. An early-
forming arsenide melt that separates from the sulfide melt
before MSS crystallization sequesters the PGE, such as Ir and
Pd, so that the subsequent crystallizing MSS and sulfide min-
erals are depleted in PGE (Wood, 2003). In contrast, a late,
fractionated arsenide melt that forms after the crystallization
of MSS (e.g., at the Las Aguilas Ni-Cu-PGE deposit: Gervilla
et al., 1997; Talnotry intrusion, Scotland: Power et al., 2004)
is enriched in Pt and Pd and depleted in Ir which already par-
titioned into MSS (Fleet et al., 1993). The immiscible ar-
senide melt typically crystallizes as a PGE-rich nickeline-
maucherite-gersdorffite assemblage (e.g., Serranía de Ronda
and Beni Bousera: Gervilla et al., 1996; Talnotry intrusion,
Scotland: Power et al., 2004; Dundonald Beach South ko-
matiite, Canada: Hanley, 2007).
Based on the above partitioning behavior of PGE between
an arsenide melt and sulfide phases we argue that the zoned
Ir-Rh−rich sulfarsenides hosted in an MSS cumulate assem-
blage in the Creighton deposit, Sudbury, could not have crys-
tallized from an arsenide melt at any time. This is because Pd
should have partitioned into the As phases in preference to
the sulfide phases. This is clearly not the case in this study as
a large proportion of Pd is present in pentlandite, a small pro-
portion in Pd-Bi-Te minerals, and only a negligible amount in
the sulfarsenides. Secondly, it seems unlikely that Ir-Rh−rich
sulfarsenides could have originated from a late, fractionated
arsenide melt, as proposed by Gervilla et al. (1997) for the
Las Aguilas deposit, Argentina, because this arsenide melt
should be depleted in IPGE after the crystallization of MSS.
Furthermore, rock-forming quantities of a nickeline-
maucherite-gersdorffite assemblage, which are indicative of
an arsenide melt, have not been found at Creighton after
more than 100 years of mining (D. Andrews, pers. commun.).
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This all implies that the remaining fractionated liquid at
Creighton most likely did not reach arsenide liquid satura-
tion, which requires ~0.1 wt percent As in the sulfide melt as
determined by the experiments of Fleet et al. (1993).
Instead, this study has demonstrated that at the Creighton
deposit, Sudbury, small amounts of zoned PGE sulfarsenides
and sperrylite crystallized at high temperatures (~1,200°–
900°C) from the sulfide melt and became incorporated in the
MSS cumulates, which were consequently depleted in these
elements. This implies that the activity coefficients for Pt-As,
Ir-As, and Rh-As in the sulfide melt were extremely high on
the evidence that these PGE show a stronger preference for
forming As minerals (sperrylite, irarsite, and hollingworthite,
respectively) than remaining in solid solution in the sulfide
phases. We suggest that the activity coefficients for Ru-As,
Os-As, and Pd-As were lower on the evidence that these PGE
are hosted in minor amounts in both As minerals (e.g., Ni-
rich cobaltite) and sulfide minerals (e.g., pyrrhotite and pent-
landite). The amount of arsenic required for sulfarsenide
and/or diarsenide phase saturation is not presently con-
strained by experimental work and it is difficult to ascertain
the As content of the sulfide melt at Creighton because the
As-bearing PGM are in MSS cumulates.
However, other deposits on the South Range of Sudbury,
such as Garson, Falconbridge, Worthington, Vermilion, and
Frood, do contain late-stage veins of a nickeline-maucherite-
gersdorffite assemblage (Hawley and Stanton, 1962; Ames
et al., 2003; D. Andrews, pers. commun.). Further work
should investigate whether these nickeline-maucherite-
gersdorffite assemblages at Sudbury could have formed
from an immiscible arsenide melt because this could be en-
riched in Pt and Pd. Therefore arsenic could be an impor-
tant exploration tool for PGE mineralization at Sudbury be-
cause of the strong affinity of arsenic for the PGE (Keays
and Crocket, 1970; Ames and Farrow, 2007). Ames and Far-
row (2007, fig. 17A) demonstrated that the South Range
ores and target rocks contain higher concentrations of As
than those on the North Range. They attributed the regional
distribution in As to the contamination of the sulfide melt
with As from the local assimilation of the country rocks (i.e.,
Huronian volcanosedimentary and Paleoproterozoic Nipiss-
ing mafic intrusion). Recent isotopic work on the igneous
sequence of rocks from the South Range of Sudbury (in-
cluding the 402 orebody at Creighton) reveals the preserva-
tion of cells of magma (1–2 km across) of differing isotopic
composition and metal depletion (Darling et al., 2010). Fur-
thermore, they confirmed that the dominant source for the
South Range melt sheet was the Huronian metasediments
and mafic rocks which implies that large volumes of melt
were generated postimpact by continued melting of footwall
rocks and entrained clasts. The combination of modeling of
the volumes of initial shock melt and 15 percent bulking up
by digest clast melt volumes by assimilation of target rocks
required at Sudbury (Pope et al., 2004) suggests that the
timing of As contamination to the shock melt to form the
impact melt is likely quite early in the evolution of the Sud-
bury ores (D. Ames, pers. commun.). The source and timing
of the trace elements such as As, Sb, Sn, Hg, and Se should
be the subject of future work. We suggest that the contribu-
tion of metals, such as As, from the country rock to the melt
 ORIGIN OF PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM THE CREIGHTON Ni-Cu-PGE DEPOSIT, SUDBURY
was heterogeneous on a local scale (e.g., Darling et al.,
2010) and may explain why some of the deposits on the
South Range are more rich in As than others.
Conclusions
The 402 trough orebodies of Creighton deposit, located on
the South Range of Sudbury, predominantly contain pyrrhotite-
rich magmatic sulfides, with minor pentlandite and chalcopy-
rite. They have low to moderate (Pt + Pd)/(Os + Ir + Ru +
Rh) ratios and represent MSS cumulates. The PGE sul-
farsenides dominate the platinum-group mineralogy and they
are euhedrally zoned with an irarsite (IrAsS) core, a holling-
worthite (RhAsS) outer layer, and a PGE-rich Ni cobaltite
(CoAsS) rim. Platinum- and palladium-bearing minerals, i.e.,
sperrylite (PtAs2) and michenerite (PdBiTe), are subordinate
and uncommon, as supported by the whole rock depletion of
the mineralized samples in Pt and Pd.
The arsenic content of the sulfide melt was sufficient for
sulfarsenide and/or diarsenide phase saturation. Although
volumetrically insignificant the crystallization of zoned sul-
farsenides and diarsenides from the sulfide melt (1200°−
900°C) had a strong influence on PGE mineralization in the
South Range deposits, particularly in the Creighton deposit.
The majority of PGE (Ir, Rh, Pt ± Os, Ru) had a stronger
affinity for the sulfarsenides and/or diarsenides than the ac-
companying MSS, which are depleted in these PGE. Thus
the mineralogical host site of the PGE, except Pd, was largely
determined at an early magmatic stage and later tectonic, hy-
drothermal, and metamorphic processes had a minimal effect
on remobilizing the PGE sulfarsenides and sperrylite. The
palladium-bearing mineral, michenerite, formed at a late
magmatic stage (~500°C) and was most likely susceptible to
remobilization by later processes.
Acknowledgments
We thank Vale Inco for partially funding the project and
thank the technical support from the Creighton mine and the
Exploration groups from Vale and Vale Inco. We also thank
Dany Savard and Richard Cox for their support with whole-
rock and LA-ICP-MS analyses. Thanks go to Tony Naldrett
for kindly giving us the data from his Naldrett et al. (1999)
paper. We thank Doreen Ames and Jacob Hanley for their
constructive reviews, Steve Barnes and Larry Meinert for
their editorial handling, and Peter Lightfoot, David Andrews,
and Louis Cabri for their helpful comments all of which
greatly improved this manuscript. This work was funded by
the Canadian Research Chair in Magmatic Metallogeny, Nat-
ural Sciences and Engineering Research Council.
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