Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Effect of silver nanoparticle (AgNp) on mechanical and microstructural

properties of aluminium 6063 alloy
Adefemi Omowole Adeodu a, Adekunle Akanni Adeleke b, Adeolu Adesoji Adediran b,⇑,
Peter Pelumi Ikubanni b, Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan c
a
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
c
Department of Industrial Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The effect of silver nanoparticle (AgNp) on the mechanical and microstructural properties of aluminium
Received 14 January 2020 6063 alloy was investigated. Aluminium 6063 matrix was homogenously mixed with silver nanoparticles
Received in revised form 3 March 2020 impregnated with calcium carbonate at 2, 4 and 6 wt% fractions. The mixture was used to produce refined
Accepted 6 March 2020
samples through stir casting method. Measurement of hardness and tensile strength of the produced
Available online xxxx
samples at ambient temperature were done following standard procedure. The microstructural analysis
of the refined samples was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). From the results
Keywords:
obtained, the hardness values (56.49–183.70 BHN) of all the samples with AgNp/CaCO3 reinforcements
Al6063 alloy
Brinell hardness
were higher than the as-cast Al alloy (38.05 BHN). However, the sample with 6 wt% AgNp gave the opti-
Calcium carbonate mum hardness value (183.70 BHN). The composite with 6 wt% CaCO3 gave the highest tensile strength
Elongation (178.66 MPa) and percentage elongation (2.5%). Conversely, the highest modulus (20250.05 MPa) was
Silver nanoparticles obtained from the sample with 6% AgNp reinforcement. The SEM images revealed that the surface of
AgNp (CaCO3)-Al6063 composites were with dimples and there was a micro-void formation in CaCO3-
Al6063 composite. The adoption of stir-casting technique appeared to have influenced the homogeneity
and microstructure of the AgNps composites produced. The Al-silver nanocomposites possess better
qualities in terms of hardness and strength, and can replace conventional aluminium alloy based on its
performance.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Sympo-
sium on Nanostructured, Nanoengineered and Advanced Materials. This is an open access article under
the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction varying temperature and as well adapted perfectly for treatment in

Aluminium metal matrix composites are becoming more rele-
vant in engineering applications as a result of their excellent phys-
ical and mechanical properties [1]. The choice of aluminium alloy
has gained serious attention in the area of automobile, aerospace
and marine due to its higher strength, better resistance to corro-
sion, better ductility and light weight [2,3]. Its application in aero-
space and marine industries can be attributed to its minimal
density, increased strength, stiffness, resistance to fatigue and
stable dimension at high temperature [4]. The adoption in metal
matrix composites (MMCs) is also an emerging trend owing to its
excellent mechanical properties. It has ability to solidify at a large
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +234-803-245-8545.
E-mail address: adediran.adeolu@lmu.edu.ng (A.A. Adediran).
the semi-solid state [5,6]. Aluminium matrix composites are par-
ticularly influential due to best combination of strength, ductility,
toughness and most especially can be process via conventional
method [7]. Reinforcement type acts as a key function in the prop-
erty reliability of the MMCs, especially aluminium matrix compos-
ite [7]. The reinforcement may either be a reactive or non-reactive
type and should be stable in the specified temperature [8]. The
frequently used reinforcements are silicon carbide (SiC) and alu-
minium oxide (Al2O3) [7,9], resulting in increased tensile strength,
compressive strength, hardness and wear resistance [7]. In situa-
tions where the reinforcements are particles with nanometric
sizes, the composite or alloy is known to be nanocomposites [10]
which are more stable at medium temperature [11]. Alloying with
silver nanoparticle (AgNp) is gaining attention in the field of engi-
neering owing to its uniqueness in optical, electrical and thermal

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.153
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Symposium on Nanostructured, Nanoengineered and Advanced Materials.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: A. O. Adeodu, A. A. Adeleke, A. A. Adediran et al., Effect of silver nanoparticle (AgNp) on mechanical and microstructural prop-
erties of aluminium 6063 alloy, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.153
2 A.O. Adeodu et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
properties as its being delivered into products ranging from photo-
voltaic to biological and chemical sensors [12,13]. AgNps are
unique and can considerably change physical, chemical, and bio-
logical properties due to their surface-to-volume ratio [14,15]. Var-
ious methods have been adopted for its synthesis. Generally,
conventional physical and chemical methods seem to be very
expensive and hazardous [16,17]. Interestingly, biologically-
prepared AgNPs show high yield, solubility, simple, rapid, non-
toxic, dependable, and high stability [16]. Also, green chemistry
approach for the synthesis of AgNPs shows much promise and
can produce well-defined size and morphology under optimized
conditions for translational research [18]. An emerging application
areas of silver nanoparticles are in antimicrobial coatings, textiles
and biomedical devices [19]. Stir casting technique has been
adopted for it commercial production due to its simplicity, flexibil-
ity in the control of matrix and most importantly, cost effective-
ness [20]. It offers greater matrix reinforcement bonding than the
other conventional methods due to the stirring action, coupled
with appropriate processing parameters [21]. Optimal mechanical
properties of the alloy or composite materials is a function of the
level of homogeneity, which must be reasonably high [4]. The
porosity level must also be minimal [22,23]. Different studies by
authors on the wear of the materials was as results of the distance
between the loading and sliding [24,25]. The sliding wear resis-
tance of the composite was examined at different sliding speed
over different loading and distance levels. There is increase in wear
behaviour as the loads and distances are increasing while the
material exhibits less wear with increase in speed of sliding.
Another study on the microhardness of composite of aluminium
7075 alloy with silver nanoparticles by Flores-campos et al. [26]
shows that microhardness value increases with increasing AgNp
in relation with the aluminium alloy, both in the powder and
extruded conditions. In this study, the effects of silver nanoparti-
cles (AgNp) impregnated with calcium carbonate on hardness
and tensile strength properties of aluminium 6063 alloy were
examined.
2. Materials and method
The materials utilized in the study are silver nanoparticles
(AgNp) impregnated with calcium carbonate, incorporated into
aluminium 6063 alloy as based matrix. Al6063 was obtained as
scrap aluminium profile sourced from some construction sites
within Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The percentage
mass fraction of the compositions of Al6063 alloy is shown in
Table 1. Silver nanoparticles of about 80 nm used for this study
was synthesized using cob web from Biology Department of
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo-
State, Nigeria [18,27,28]. Also Calcium carbonate was sourced
locally from a supplier at Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Table 2 shows the
property values of aluminium matrix and silver nanoparticles.
2.1. Sample preparation
2.1.1. Impregnation of silver nanoparticles with calcium carbonate
AgNp (95 ml) was measured, mixed with 158 g of calcium car-
bonate thoroughly using Heidolph rzr 20,121 automatic stirrer in a
beaker at 1783 rpm into slurry form. The slurry was then sun-dried
for 5 h for solidification. It was later grinded into powder using
Table 1
Chemical composition of Al 6063 (mass fraction %).
Si Fe Cu Mn
0.86 0.19 0.01 0.04
Please cite this article as: A. O. Adeodu, A. A. Adeleke, A. A. Adediran et al., Effect of silver nanoparticle (AgNp) on mechanical and microstructural prop-
erties of aluminium 6063 alloy, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.153
crucible and sieved through a 425 mm mesh to obtain even particle
size distribution
2.1.2. Recycling of aluminium 6063 scrap
Al 6063 scraps was first washed with clean water and detergent
and then dried in open air to remove stains and sand contaminants.
It was then melted in a diesel fired crucible furnace till 900 °C. Salt
flux was added to absorb the contaminants and protect the alu-
minium metal against oxidation. Slag was separated by refinement
process and then formed into billets by pouring it into a preheated
mould at 600 °C prepared in a sand core. Details of the procedure
are presented in Fig. 1.
2.1.3. Preparation of aluminium composites
The modified silver nanoparticles (AgNps) was used to prepare
850 g metal matrix composite of aluminium-silver nanoparticles
(Al-AgNp) by melt stirred technique. The aluminium billets were
divided into seven (7) portions, measured and labelled as samples
1–6 and C (control sample). Each billet portion was first preheated
to 450 °C to be able to incorporate the modified AgNp before finally
melted at 750 °C in a crucible furnace. The modified AgNP of spec-
ified percentage weight fraction of 2, 4 and 6% were weighed and
preheated at 100 °C before incorporating into the melted alu-
minium billets. The mixture was thoroughly mixed at 200 rpm
for 10 min and poured into 30 200 mm cylindrical mould heated
to 600 °C. These procedures were repeated for Al-CaCO3 only at the
same specified percentage weight fraction. Masses of the base
metal matrix and percentage weight fractions of the reinforce-
ments are described in Table 3.
2.2. Characterization of the produced cast
The hardness analysis was carried out using Brinel hardness
testing machine with 1.5 mm diameter ball and 100 kg load in
accordance with ASTM E384 standard. The tensile test was carried
in a Universal Instron 3369 Tensile Machine based on ASTM E8/
E8M-13a standard in order to obtain the tensile strength, elonga-
tion and modulus of elasticity. One (1) sample each was prepared
from the casting samples for microstructural study. The samples
were etched using abrasive paper of grade 800 and finally polished
to obtain a reflective surface finish. Matrix grain structure was
observed with an optical microscope while the tensile fractographs
were taken with a scanning electron microscope.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Hardness
Hardness testing using the normal Brinell hardness measure-
ment was conducted to determine the level of brittleness of AgNP
(CaCO3) and CaCO3-Al6063 composites as compared to as-cast
Al6063 alloy. Fig. 2 shows the variation of Brinell hardness num-
bers of the composites with increase in percentage weight frac-
tions of the reinforcements. There is continuous increase in the
hardness number as the percentage weight fractions of the rein-
forcements increase (Fig. 2). The increase can be said to be due
to substantial homogeneous dispersion of the reinforcements in
the aluminium matrix [26] and therefore act as barriers to the
motion of dislocation [25]. Hardness of the composites is a function
Mg Cr Zn Ti Al
0.51 0.01 0.01 0.008 Bal.
 A.O. Adeodu et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 3

Table 2
Properties of Al6063 and AgNps [4].

Material Elastic Modulus (GPa) Density (Kg/m3) Poisson Ratio Hardness (HB 500) Tensile Strength (MPa) Melting point (°C) Boiling Point (°C)
Al 6063 70–80 2.70 0.33 95 310 652 2519
AgNps 72–76 10.49 0.37 206 360 962 2212

Fig. 1. Remelting of Al6063 scraps (b) Melt Al6063 (c) Al6063 Billets.

Table 3
Mixing ratio of base metal and reinforcements.

Sample Percentage fraction of AgNp/CaCO3 (%) Mass fraction of Al (g) Mass fraction of AgNp (g) Mass fraction of CaCO3 (g) Mass of Composite (g)
1 2.00 833.00 17.00 – 850
2 4.00 816.00 34.00 – 850
3 6.00 799.00 51.00 – 850
4 2.00 833.00 – 17.00 850
5 4.00 816.00 – 34.00 850
6 6.00 799.00 – 51.00 850
7 C 850.00 – – –

Fig. 2. The hardness values of the produced samples and as-cast.

of the reinforcement and matrix [29]. The presence of silicon in
excess as part of the composition of aluminium matrix increases
the brittleness and hardness of Al6063 composites [30]. There
appears to be a marginal increment in hardness between AgNP
(CaCO3)-Al6063 and CaCO3-Al6063 composites as shown in
Fig. 2. This increase is associated with the increase in the percent-
age weight fraction of hard and brittle phases of the AgNP (CaCO3)
particles in Al6063 alloy [31]. The presence of CaCO3 mixed with
AgNPs in the Al6063 alloy raises the dislocation density at the par-
ticle–matrix interface due to differences in the thermal expansion
coefficient between AgNP reinforcement and Al metal matrix
causing plastic in-cohesion between the matrix and reinforcement
[32–35].
3.2. Tensile properties
Figs. 3 and 4 show the variations of tensile strength, elongation
and modulus of elasticity to percentage weight fractions of the

Please cite this article as: A. O. Adeodu, A. A. Adeleke, A. A. Adediran et al., Effect of silver nanoparticle (AgNp) on mechanical and microstructural prop-
erties of aluminium 6063 alloy, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.153
4 A.O. Adeodu et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. Tensile strength and elongation of the produced cast compared with as-cast.

Fig. 4. Modulus of Elasticity against percentage weight fraction of the composites.

composites. Fig. 3 shows similar trends in variation of the tensile
strength and elongation to increase in percentage weight fraction
of the composites. There was initial increase in tensile strength
and elongation of AgNP (CaCO3)-Al6063 between 0 and 2% rein-
forcement as a result of excellent distribution of the silver nano
particles into the matrix; leading to higher reinforcement effect
[36,37]. This is followed by stepwise decrease in the tensile
strength and elongation between 2 and 6% AgNP (CaCO3), reflecting
the effect of AgNP content on the ductility of as-cast Al6063. Rise in
ductility is linked to soft silver nanoparticle reinforcing phase in
Al6063 alloy. The gradual decrease in the tensile strength and elon-
gation of the composites at further loading of AgNP (CaCO3) is
caused by agglomeration of the silver nanoparticles at increase
amount [38–40]. Agglomeration of particles flaws the surface of
the material thereby restraining stress flow which leads to reduc-
tion in the tensile strength [41]. The increase in the modulus of
elasticity of the composites is linked to random dispersion of AgNPs
[4].
3.3. Microstructural studies
Fig. 5(a) reveals micrograph for the grain structure of Al6063
Matrix. Fig. 5(b) shows the micrograph of Al-AgNps. The silver
nanoparticles were spread within the interior of the grain also
along the grain boundaries of the Al6063 alloy. Fig. 5(c) shows
the micrograph of Al-CaCO3. In Fig. 5(b) and (c), there was evenly
distribution of AgNPs and CaCO3 particles within the Al6063 alloy.
Fig. 6 (a–c) shows the tensile fractographs of the as-cast Al6063,
AgNP (CaCO3)-Al6063 and CaCO3-Al6063, respectively. These frac-
tographs were analysed in order to determine the mode of failure.
Fig. 6a shows that Al6063 has a relatively flat fracture surface with
different patterns of cleavage. Moreover, there is also very little
dimpled feature observation on fracture surface. Fig. 6b shows
more evidence of dimples within the surface of Al6063 matrix at
2% AgNP (CaCO3). Fig. 6c shows dislocation trapped by AgNps par-
ticles via back scattered electron detector based on electron chan-
nelling contrast imaging. The occurrence of the type of fracture is
due to micro-void formation and coalescence [4].
4. Conclusions
Al6063 composites were successfully fabricated via stir casting
process using silver nanoparticles synthesized from cob web and
calcium carbonate. The effects of silver nanoparticle impregnated
with calcium carbonate on mechanical and microstructural prop-
erties of Al6063 alloy were examined. The morphology of AgNPs

Please cite this article as: A. O. Adeodu, A. A. Adeleke, A. A. Adediran et al., Effect of silver nanoparticle (AgNp) on mechanical and microstructural prop-
erties of aluminium 6063 alloy, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.153
 A.O. Adeodu et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 5. (a) Matrix grain structure of Al6063 (b) Micrograph of Al-AgNp (c) Al-CaCO3.
Fig. 6. (a) SEM Fractograph of As-Cast Al6063 (b) 2% AgNP (CaCO3)-Al6063 (c) 2% CaCO3-Al6063.
shows average particle size of 800 nm. Hardness of the composites
increases with increase in percentage weight fraction of the rein-
forcement. The tensile strength and elongation of the composite
increase within 2% percentage weight fraction of the reinforce-
ment but decrease at percentage weight fraction above 2% due to
formation of agglomeration of the AgNP (CaCO3) particles with
the metal matrix. The tensile fractographs of the samples revealed
flat fracture surface in as-cast Al6063 alloy. Evidence of dimples
surfaces was observed in AgNP (CaCO3)-Al6063 and micro-void for-
mation was observed in CaCO3-Al6063 composite. Application of
the AgNP (CaCO3)-Al6063 composite in window frame will be very
good in terms of hardness and tensile properties especially when
strength to weight ratio is a deciding factor.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Adefemi Omowole Adeodu: Supervision, Conceptualization,
Methodology, Software. Adekunle Akanni Adeleke: Conceptual-
ization, Data curation, Writing - original draft. Adeolu Adesoji
Adediran: Data curation, Writing - review & editing. Peter Pelumi
Ikubanni: Visualization, Investigation. Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan:
Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
A.A.A. acknowledged Landmark University Centre for Research,
Innovation and Development (LUCRID) for their support.
Please cite this article as: A. O. Adeodu, A. A. Adeleke, A. A. Adediran et al., Effect of silver nanoparticle (AgNp) on mechanical and microstructural prop-
erties of aluminium 6063 alloy, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.153
5
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