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    12 views3 pages

    Synchronous Generator Design End-Ch 16

    Uploaded by

    bilal nagori

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    362 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS (o) igure 16.33 Power flow between two voltage sources. From the sine law for triangles, we have IXsin 8 = Ey/sin ah = Eyfsin (90 + 0) = E\leos @ Consequently, / cos 8 = E, sin 8/X (16.7) Substituting (16.7) in Eq. 16.6, we find E\Ey Pa? sind (16.8) where P = active power transmitted |W] E, = voltage of source 1 1V] E 8 = phase angle between £) and Fs [°] voltage of source 2 |V} X = reactance connecting the sources [2] The active power P received by B is equal to that delivered by A, because the reactance consumes no active power. The magnitude of P is determined by the phase angle between E, and By: the angle 8 be- tween E, and / does not have to be specified, ‘The active power always flows from the leading 10 the kigging voltage. In Fig, 16.33. its obvious that Ey leads Ey: hence power flows from left to right “ample 16-9. —— Referring (o Fig, 16.33a, source A generates a volt- age Ey = 20 kV 25° and source B generates a volt- ISKV 242 The transmission line con- necting them has an inductive reactance of 14 0. Calculate the active power that flows over the Tine and specity which source is actually a load. age Ey Solution The phase angle between the two sources is 42” — 5° = 37°. The voltage of source B leads that of source A because its phase angle is more positive, Consequently, power flows from B to A and so A is actually a load, The active power is given by EE, pa ing (16.8) 2OKV x 15 KV = n 37 im 20000 x 15.000 =* 15.000 4 609 = 12.9 x 10" 4 = 12.9MW Note that, strange as it may seem, power flows from the source having the lower voltage (15 kV) to the one having the higher vattage (20 KV) 16.24 Efficiency, power, and size of electrical machines The physical size of an electrical machine has a pro- found effect upon its efficiency. power output. and temperature rise. The following analysis reveals why these characteristics are inti- mately related Let us consider a small ac generator having the following characteristics: tive cost power output i kW rated voltage 120 V, 3 phase rated current ABA rated speed 1800 r/min efficiency 73% input torque 7.27 Nm morhent of inertia 0.0075 kg-m* external diameter 0.180.m external length 0.15 m mass 20 kz power outputmass 50 Wk, Using this information, we can calculate the losses of the machine: P. a=" x 100 eg. 3.6 n= 4 kW 73 = | x 100 P input power P, = 1.37 kW losses = 1.37 kW ~ LO KW = 0.37kW The losses comprise the ’R losses in the windings, the hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the iron and the windage and friction losses. Let us increase the size of the machine in such a way that its linear dimensions are raised in ex- actly the same proportion, while keeping the same materials throughout. Thus, if a particular type of iron lamination was used in the stator, the same type is used in the larger machine. The same type of insulation is also used, thereby duplicating and magnitying everything, including the bearings, nuts and bolts. In this larger generator we will keep the same current densities (A/m*) as in the original machine. We will also maintain the same flux densities (tes- las) in the Various parts of the magnetic circuit ) Asa result, the £°R losses per em* and the iron losses per em’ will be everywhere the same as in the original machine. It follows that the copper losses and iron losses will increase in proportion te its vol- ume. Let's assume that the windage and friction se the same way. We further assume that the number of slots, con- ductors and interconnections remain the same ay before and that the speed of rotation (1800 s/min) is left unchanged. (core, air gap. stator teeth, et losses also ine SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS 363 Under these conditions. we can predict the prop- erties of the generator as its size is increased. For example, suppose that all the linear dimen- sions are tripled. The volume will therefore in- crease by a factor of 3° = 27. Consequently. the mass will increase by a factor of 27 and so, too, will the losses. The mass of the bigger machine will therefore be 27 x 20 kg = 540 kg. The losses will rise to 27 X 0.37 KW = 10 KW, The slots are 3 times wider and 3 times deeper. Asa result, the cross section of the conductors is 9 times greater which means they can carry 9 times more curtent, The larger machine can therefore de- liver a current of 9 x 4.8A = 43.2. As regards the generated voltage per conductor, it is determined by equation (2.253 E = Bh: We recall that Bis the flux density. /is the length of the conduc tor and ¥ is the speed at which the flux cuts across it The flux density in the larger machine is the same as before. However, the length / hay tripled, Furthermore, the peripheral speed v has increased 3 times because the diameter of the rotor has tripled. As a result, the voltage generated per conductor also in- creases by a fuctor of 9. Because the larger generator has the same number of conductors as before and be- cause they are connected the same way. the genera- tor will produce a voltage of 9 120 V = 1080 V. Thus, by tripling the linear dimensions, the vokt- age and current both increase by a factor of 9. This means that the power output increases 9 x 9 = 81 limes. The power output of the new generator is therefore 81% 1 kW = 81 KW. The power input needed to drive the ac genera. tor is P, = 81 KW + losses = 81 KW + 10 KW 91 KW. The new efficiency is therefore: P mp X 100 eq. 3.6 _ 8EKW ~ OLKW = 0.89 = 89% x 100 The efficieney has increased from 73% to 89% which is a dramatic improvement. The reason is that the power output has increased 81 times, while the 364 ALECTRICAL MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS losses iney ciency of the r

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