1.

Atomic Radius
2. Ionic Radius
3. Ionization Energy
4. Electron Affinity
5. Electronegativity
6. Metallic vs non metallic

1. Atomic Radius
o Definition
 Distance from center to the outer most region
 Bohr model has orbits, thus radius can be measured easily however we
know that this is highly simplistic. Electrons are found in orbitals
 Way of finding radius would be to measure distance between two
atoms in diatomic molecule X  and divide by two for the radius. R = 1/2d
2

 Trends
 Atomic radius decreases across period from left to right. Nucleus’s
positive charge is greater relative to charge of electrons in same shell,
pulling electrons closer to nucleus and thus reducing atomic radius
 Atomic radius increase down group from top to bottom. Each new
period begins with new energy level which is farther from nucleus,
increasing atomic radius.
2. Ionic Radius
o Definition
 Distance from center to the outer most region in ion
 Radii of cations and anions are different from parent atoms
 Trends
 Radii of cations (e.g. Mg ) are smaller than their parent. This is because
+

there are more protons than electrons in the cation, so valence are more
strongly attracted to nucleus.
  Radii of anions(e.g. Cl ) are larger than their parent. This is because the
–

extra electron in the anion results in greater repulsion between valence

electrons, thus larger radius.
3. Ionization Energy (IE)
o Definition
 The minimum energy required to remove 1 mol of electrons from 1
mol of neutral gaseous atoms in ground-state.
 First ionization energy IE  relates to process:
1

  
 Second ionization energy IE  is energy required to remove electron
2

from IE 1

 Positive sign meaning energy used (endothermic)

 Trends
 IE increases across period from left to right. This is because since
electrons are pulled closer to nucleus (see atomic radius), more difficult to
remove them.
 IE decreases down a group from top to bottom. This is because atomic
radii increase down group, making easier to remove electron. Also because
of shielding effect weakens forces between nucleus and outer electrons.
4. Electron Affinity
o Definition
 The change in energy released which accompanies addition of an
electron to an atom in gaseous state.

 Negative sign meaning energy released (exothermic)
 Trends
 Increases across a period from left to right (becomes more negative.
With some exceptions)
 Decreases down a group from top to bottom (becomes less negative.
With some exceptions)
5. Electronegativity
o Definition
 Relative attractions that an atom has for a shared pair of electrons in a
covalent bond
 Trends
 Same as ionization energy for same reasons
 Electronegativity increases across period from left to right. This is
because since electrons are pulled closer to nucleus (see atomic radius),
more difficult to remove them.
 Electronegativity decreases down a group from top to bottom. This is
because atomic radii increase down group, making easier to remove
electron. Also because of shielding effect weakens forces between nucleus
and outer electrons.
6. Metallic & Non-metallic
 o Definition
 These trends occur due to combination of trends above
 Trends
 Metallic character decreases across period from left to right
 Metallic character increases down a group from top to bottom
 Tend to have low IE values – tend to lose electrons. Thus they
are oxidized
 

1. Aufbau Principle: electrons fill lowest-energy orbital first

2. Pauli exclusion principle: each orbital can hold maximum of 2 electrons, each with
opposite spin
3. Hunds rule: When filling degenerate orbitals (orbitals of equal energy), electron fill
all orbitals singly before occupying them in pairs
4. Full electron configuration
5. Condensed electron configuration
6. Arrow in box orbital diagram