Topic Entropy & Free Energy

S:
S = start of lesson S:

E = end of lesson E: E:

Grading= 1-5 Practise exam

questions
Evaluate the feasibility of a chemical reaction
S: at a given temperature.
Learning
E:
Outcomes
Progress Calculate entropy change (ΔS)
Arrow: and free energy (ΔG).
S:

E:

Define the term entropy.

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 Entropy
• Entropy (S) is
_________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23831841-100-how-t
o-think-about-entropy/
 Probabilities
This can be explained in terms of probabilities. Disordered
states are simply more likely to exist (or emerge) than
ordered states. The spontaneous direction of change is
from a less probable to a more probable state, as
illustrated below.

220 ways to arrange

Coronavirus & Entropy
 Entropy & States
• ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

S˚(Br2liquid) < S˚(Br2 gas) S˚(H2O solid) < S˚(H2O liquid)

Describe the relationship with entropy and
phase change and temperature
 Entropy Change (ΔS)
At 0 K there is ________________________, so entropy will have a
value of 0 J K-1 mol-1.
As all systems above 0 K will have some energy dispersed within it,
entropy will always have a positive value.
However within a system there can be an entropy change (ΔS) if the
amount of ‘randomness’ changes:
• ______________________________________= +ΔS
• e.g. boiling a liquid
• _______________________________________= –ΔS
• e.g. freezing a liquid
 Predicting Entropy Change
Entropy change can be predicted by determining the change in the
____________________________that are present.
Determine if the entropy of the system increases or decreases:
1. Hydrogen + Oxygen

2. Sodium Carbonate + HCl

3. Formation of Ammonia

4. Sulfur Dioxide + Oxygen → Sulfur Trioxide

 Standard Entropy
Standard entropy (So)
_______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________(100 kPa and 298 K).
• Always positive values. ______________________
The entropy change of a reaction can be calculated using standard entropies:
____________________________________
What is the entropy change for: 3 H2(g) + N2(g) → 2 NH3(g)?

N2(g) H2(g) NH3(g)

S (J K-1 mol-1) +192 +131 +193
 Factors affecting entropy
An increase in disorder produces a +ve ΔS:
1. Decomposition reactions
2. Changes in state
3. Dissolution reactions
4. Increases in temperature

An increase in the number of moles of gas

ΔS: ___________________; Entropy: _________________________
A decrease in the number of moles of gas
ΔS: ____________________; Entropy: __________________________
An increase in temperature
ΔS: _____________________; Entropy: ______________________________
 Practice 1
• Calculate the standard entropy change for the following reaction: H2
(g) + ½O2 (g) → H2O(l)
ΔS⁰(H2 ) = 130.7J/Kmol ΔS⁰(O2 ) = 205.1J/Kmol
 Practice 2

Calculate the entropy change for:

1. 2 NO(g) + O2(g) → N2O4(g)
2. C6H6(l) + 7½ O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l)
NO(g) O2(g) N2O4(g) C6H6(l) CO2(g) H2O(l)
S (J K-1 mol-1) +211 +205 +304 +173 +214 +70
 Practice 3
For each one, explain why ∆So has the sign it does
∆So are written underneath the formula if not in data booklet.
Practice 4
Practice 5
 Free Energy & Feasibility
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________.
The free energy change (ΔG) during a reaction is the overall energy change
caused by the:
• ___________________________________________________________
_
• ________________________________________________________
The Gibbs’ Equation relates these energies: ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
________________________________________________________
A reaction is feasible when ΔG < 0
• _____________________________________________________
 Practice 6
• Is the reaction of ethene with hydrogen (to form ethane),
spontaneous at room temperature (298K)?
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
▶ What happens if we increase the temperature?
▶ Since ∆H and both ∆S are both negative, ∆G can be either
positive or negative depending on the temperature
▶ A high temperature will make the ‘T∆S’ term large enough to
counter-balance the ∆H term
• ▶ At any temperature below a certain point, the reaction will be
spontaneous
◻ This does not mean that the reaction will be fast, just that it will (in
theory) happen
 Gibbs Free Energy
Possible Combinations for free energy change:
DGo = DHo – T DSo
DG DH DS DH-TDS
Always Spontaneous < 0 (-) < 0 (-) > 0 () Always ( )

Never Spontaneous > 0 (+) > 0 (+) < 0 (-) Always ()

Spontaneous at High < 0 (-) > ( ) if T large

Temperature 0 (+) > 0 (+) > 0 (+) ( ) if T small
Spontaneous at Low > 0 (+) ( ) if T large
Temperature < 0 (-) < 0 (-) < 0 (-) ( ) if T small

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 Gibbs Free Energy
Possible Combinations for free energy change:
DGo = DHo – T DSo
DG DH DS DH-TDS
Always Spontaneous < 0 (-) < 0 (-) > 0 () Always (-)

Never Spontaneous > 0 (+) > 0 (+) < 0 (-) Always (+)

Spontaneous at High < 0 (-) > ( -) if T large

Temperature 0 (+) > 0 (+) > 0 (+) (+ ) if T small
Spontaneous at Low > 0 (+) ( -) if T large
Temperature < 0 (-) < 0 (-) < 0 (-) ( + ) if T small

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 Practice 7
• Calculate Gibbs free energy change of reaction for the combustion of
ethanol (C2H5OH).
 Practice 8
• Determine if the following reaction will be spontaneous at 298K.
Practice 9
Practice 10
 Practice 11
Determine the minimum temperature, in °C, that the thermal
decomposition of zinc carbonate could occur:
ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2(g) ΔH = +71 kJ mol-1
Gibbs free energy & Equilibrium
Free Energy Questions
Pick from the following:
D Mild: Calculate the minimum temperature, in °C, for the thermal
decomposition of ammonium chloride to take place.
Y Warm: 1. Determine the value for ΔS for the forward reaction to form
hydrogen.
2. Show that the forward reaction does not take place at 25 °C.
3. Calculate the minimum temperature required for the forward
reaction to take place.

I Hot: For each reaction:

a. Calculate ΔS at 25 °C
b. Calculate ΔG at 25 °C
c. Determine the minimum temperature for the reaction to be
feasible, and comment what happens to the feasibility if
temperature were to increase.
 Specification Points
Entropy (S) refers to the distribution of available energy among the
particles. The more ways the energy can be distributed the higher the
entropy.
• Gibbs free energy (G) relates the energy that can be obtained from a
chemical reaction to the change in enthalpy (ΔH), change in entropy (ΔS), and
absolute temperature (T).
• Entropy of gas>liquid>solid under same conditions.
• Prediction of whether a change will result in an increase or decrease in
entropy by considering the states of the reactants and products.
• Calculation of entropy changes (ΔS) from given standard entropy values (S°).
• Application of ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° in predicting spontaneity and calculation of
various conditions of enthalpy and temperature that will affect this.
• Relation of ΔG to position of equilibrium.