GIBBS FREE ENERGY

01 Hess Law

02 Gibbs Free Energy

03 Exercises
–Hess’s Law:

–DH reaction = DH products - DH reactants

– Another Example:
2H2 (g) + 2CO2 (g) à 2H2O (g) + 2CO (g)
DH reaction = DH products - DH reactants
DH reaction = [2(-241.8) + 2(-110.5)]
– [2(0) + 2(-393.5)]
DH reaction = 82.4 kJ
–Entropy What
is a measure of randomness or disorder of a
is Entropy?
system.
–It is symbolized by S.
–So, if there is a increase in disorder, DS is positive
–Some Examples of an increase of entropy
–Diffusion – the process of dispersion
–Reduction of pressure of a gas
–Production of more gas in a chemical reaction
–Total number of moles of products is greater than the
number of moles of reactants
–[Example: 2NI3 (s) à N2 (g) + 3I2 (g)]
 Hess’s Law and Entropy
–Hess’s law can also be applied to entropy in the
same way as it is applied to enthalpy.
–Therefore, DS reaction = DS products - DS reactants
–Example:
Calculate the change in entropy for the following
reaction using values and that CH3OH has an S0 of
126.8 J/mol.K:
CO (g) + 2H2 (g) à CH3OH (l)
 GIBBS FREE ENERGY, G
1.Is the thermodynamic function
That is most useful for biochemistry
1.G is a function of Enthalpy, H, a
measure of energy (heat content) of
the system at constant pressure, and
2.Entropy, S, a measure of randomness
(disorder) of the system.
3.Gibbs free energy equation :
G = H - TS
• The Change in Gibbs free energy (△G) for a reaction
quantitatively measure the energy available to do
useful work.
• It is related to change in enthalpy and the change in
entropy
• So if isothermal :
△G = △H -T△S
Gibbs showed that a reaction will be spontaneous
(proceed to right) if and only if
△G < 0
Spontaneaous (direction that we want)
where :

△G < 0
△H < 0
△S > 0
• △G is negative, the forward reaction is
spontaneous.
• If △G is 0, that the system is at equilibrium.
• If △G is positive, the reaction is spontaneous in
the reverse direction.
 DH DS DG Spontaneous?

Relating Negative Positive Negative Yes, at all temperatures

Enthalpy
and Entropy Negative Negative Either Only if T < DH/ DS
Changes to
Positive Positive Either Only if T > DH/ DS
Spontaneity
Positive Negative Positive Never
FREE ENERGY AS ASOURCE OF WORK
• Change in Free Energy indicates that the
reaction could be used to perform useful
work.
• If △G < 0 , we can do work
• If △G > 0, We need to do work to make the
reaction occured
WHAT KIND OF WORK?
• Movement (flagella, muscles)
• Chemical work :
- Transport molecules against concentration
gradients.
- Transport ions against potential gradients.
• To drive otherwise endergonic reactions
- by direct coupling reactions
- - by depletion of products.
 GIBB’S FREE ENERGY
△Suniv = △Ssys + △Ssurr > 0

△Gsys < 0 △Ssurr = - △Hsys / T

Spontaneous
process △Suniv = △Ssys - △Hsys / T

T △Suniv = △Gsys = △Hsys -T△S

Exercise
Given the following data, calculate △G for this
reaction, and state whether it is spontaneous.

CH3CH2OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O

△H = -495.2 kJ
△S = -136 J/K
T = 298 K
Exercise
–Using the following values, compute the DG
value for each reaction and predict whether they
will occur spontaneously.
Reaction DH (kJ) Temperature DS (J/K)
1 +95 298 K +45
2 -96.1 157 K +119
3 -266 400 °C +54
EXERCISE
EXERCISE
All the best