SECOND LAW OF

THERMODYNAMIC
S -2
with SIR MANNY P. VISTA
GRADE 12 STEM GEN CHEM 2
Subject Teacher
Learning Objectives:

 Explain the second law of

thermodynamics and its significance
Focus :

 Explain the Gibbs free energy.

 Recall:
Entropy ( S ) – a measure of the number of possible
arrangements the atoms in a system can have a
measure of disorder or randomness

The Second Law of Thermodynamics implies that the

total entropy is equal to the sum of ∆S sys + ∆S surr,
∆Sttl = ∆S sys + ∆S surr

Note : ∆Sttl = positive , the reaction is spontaneous in a

certain direction
∆Sttl = negative, the reaction is in opposite
direction
ApplicationSecond Law of Thermodynamics
A cup of hot tea is at 45oC and its surrounding is at 25oC
and tea is absorbing heat of 10J, find the total entrophy.
Given : Q = +10 J Tsys = 45 + 273 = 318 K
Tsurr= 25 + 273 = 298 K
Find : ∆Sttl

Solution :
Change in entropy : ∆S = Q/T
∆Sttl = ∆S sys + ∆S surr
= (10J/318 K ) + (– 10J/298 K)
= – 0.002 k/J
Note : The negative value, means the direction of the
heat involve should be on the opposite direction.
It means also the tea could not gain heat but
releases heat only!
 Gibbs Free Energy
- The relationships of enthalpy, temperature and
entropy can help to predict the spontaneity of the
reaction :
∆G = ∆H - T ∆S
- Where : ∆G – the free energy
∆H – the change in enthalpy
T – the temperature, K
∆S – the change in entrophy
- free energy – or Gibbs free energy, G, is the
energy available in a system to do useful work
and is different from the total energy change of a
chemical reaction
- the available energy to do work
 Gibbs Free Energy
 The value of ∆G determines the
spontaneity of a chemical
reaction at a constant pressure
and temperature.
- if ∆G is negative the reaction is
spontaneous
Example : melting of ice Melting of Ice

 if ∆G is positive the reaction is

non-spontaneous
Example : lighting a candle

 if ∆G is zero, the system is in

equilibrium. Lighting a candle
 Gibbs Free Energy
 The reaction to be spontaneous or non-
spontaneous, can be predicted using the
following table:
∆S ∆H PREDICTION
+ - Spontaneous at certain direction
at any given temperature
+ + Spontaneous at certain direction
at high temperature
- - Spontaneous at certain direction
at low temperature
- + Spontaneous in an opposite
direction irection at any given
temperature
 Standard Free Energy Change
- The standard free energy change ( Go) refers to
the change in the free energy under standard
condition of 1 atm and 25 oC which can be
obtained from the standard enthalpy change
(∆Ho ) and entrophy change (∆So)
Expressed as: ∆Go = ∆Ho - T ∆So
- Sample Problem : Consider the following enthalpy
and entrophy data for water in both the liquid and
gaseous state : H20 (l)  H20 (g)
∆Ho , ( kJ/mol) ∆So , ( J/ mol K)

H2O (l) -286 70

H2O (g) -241 188.8
What is the free energy change for the vaporization of
water at room temperature?
 Standard Free Energy Change
Given : H20 (l)  H20 (g) T = 25 + 273 = 298K ∆Go = ?

∆Ho , ( kJ/mol) ∆So , ( J/ mol K)

H2O (l) -286 70

H2O (g) -241 188.8

Solution :
∆Ho = ∆H product – ∆H reactant
= - 241 - ( - 286 ) = 45 kJ/mol
∆So = ∆S product + ∆S reactant
= 188 – 70 = 118.8 J/ mol K
∆Go = ∆Ho - T ∆So
= 45 kJ/mol – ( 298 K ) ( 118.8 J x 1 kJ
mol K 1000 J
= 9.6 kJ/mol ∆G is positive the reaction is non-spontaneous
 Standard Free Energy Change
Example : In a give system ∆Go = 0 ∆Ho = - 176 kJ
and ∆So = - 284 J/K
Find : Temperature

Solution :
∆Go = ∆Ho - T ∆So
T = ∆Go - ∆Ho
- ∆So
= 0 - ( -176 kJ) ( 1000 J) / 1 kJ
- 284 J / K
= 619.71 K
Good bye for now . . .